A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Explained

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
Office:11th President of India
Term Start:25 July 2002
Term End:25 July 2007
Predecessor:K. R. Narayanan
Primeminister:Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Manmohan Singh
Successor:Pratibha Patil
Vicepresident:Krishan Kant
Bhairon Singh Shekhawat
Office1:1st Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India
Term Start1:November 1999
Term End1:November 2001
President1:K. R. Narayanan
Primeminister1:Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Predecessor1:Office established
Successor1:Rajagopala Chidambaram
Birth Date:15 October 1931
Birth Place:Rameswaram, Madras Presidency, British India (modern–day Tamil Nadu, India)
Death Place:Shillong, Meghalaya, India
Resting Place:Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Memorial, Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, India
Signature:Abdul kalam autograph.jpg
Awards:Full list
Blank1:Notable work(s)
Module:
Embed:yes
Fields:Aerospace engineering
Party:Independent

Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam (; 15 October 193127 July 2015) was an Indian aerospace scientist and statesman who served as the 11th president of India from 2002 to 2007. Born and raised in a Muslim family in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, he studied physics and aerospace engineering. He spent the next four decades as a scientist and science administrator, mainly at the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and was intimately involved in India's civilian space programme and military missile development efforts. He thus came to be known as the Missile Man of India for his work on the development of ballistic missile and launch vehicle technology.[1] [2] [3] He also played a pivotal organisational, technical, and political role in India's Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998, the first since the original nuclear test by India in 1974.[4]

Kalam was elected as the 11th president of India in 2002 with the support of both the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party and the then-opposition Indian National Congress. Widely referred to as the "People's President",[5] he returned to his civilian life of education, writing and public service after a single term. He was a recipient of several prestigious awards, including the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.

While delivering a lecture at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong, Kalam collapsed and died from an apparent cardiac arrest on 27 July 2015, aged 83.[6] Thousands, including national-level dignitaries, attended the funeral ceremony held in his hometown of Rameswaram, where he was buried with full state honours.[7]

Early life and education

Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was born on 15 October 1931, to a Tamil Muslim family in the pilgrimage centre of Rameswaram on Pamban Island, then in the Madras Presidency and now in the State of Tamil Nadu. His father Jainulabdeen Marakayar was a boat owner and imam of a local mosque;[8] his mother Ashiamma was a housewife.[9] [10] [11] [12] His father owned a ferry that took Hindu pilgrims back and forth between Rameswaram and the now uninhabited Dhanushkodi.[13] [14]

Kalam was the youngest of four brothers and one sister in his family.[15] [16] [17] His ancestors had been wealthy Marakayar traders and landowners, with numerous properties and large tracts of land. Marakayar are a Muslim ethnic group found in coastal Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka who claim descent from Arab traders and local women. The family business had involved trading groceries between the mainland and the island and to and from Sri Lanka, as well as ferrying pilgrims between the mainland and Pamban. With the opening of the Pamban Bridge to the mainland in 1914, however, the businesses failed and the family fortune and properties were lost by the 1920s, apart from the ancestral home. The family was poverty-stricken by the time Kalam was born. As a young boy he had to sell newspapers to add to the family's meager income. [18] [19]

In his school years, Kalam had average grades but was described as a bright and hardworking student who had a strong desire to learn. He spent hours on his studies, especially Mathematics. After completing his education at Schwartz Higher Secondary School, Ramanathapuram, Kalam went on to attend the St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli from where he graduated in Physics in 1954.[20]

Kalam moved to Madras in 1955 to study aerospace engineering in Madras Institute of Technology. While Kalam was working on a senior class project, the Dean was dissatisfied with his lack of progress and threatened to revoke his scholarship unless the project was finished within the next three days. Kalam met the deadline, impressing the Dean, who later said to him, "I was putting you under stress and asking you to meet a difficult deadline."[21] He narrowly missed achieving his dream of becoming a fighter pilot, as he placed ninth in qualifiers, and only eight positions were available in the IAF.[22]

Career as a scientist

After graduating from the Madras Institute of Technology in 1960, Kalam joined the Aeronautical Development Establishment of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (by Press Information Bureau, Government of India) as a scientist after becoming a member of the Defence Research & Development Service (DRDS). He started his career by designing a small hovercraft, but remained unconvinced by his choice of a job at DRDO.[23] Kalam joined the INCOSPAR, working under Vikram Sarabhai, the renowned space scientist. He was interviewed and recruited into ISRO by H. G. S. Murthy, the first Director of Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS).[24] In 1969, Kalam was transferred to the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) where he was the project director of India's first Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV-III) which successfully deployed the Rohini satellite in near-earth orbit in July 1980; Kalam had first started work on an expandable rocket project independently at DRDO in 1965.[25] In 1969, Kalam received the government's approval and expanded the programme to include more engineers.

In 1963 to 1964, he visited NASA's Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia; Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland; and Wallops Flight Facility.[26] Between the 1970s and 1990s, Kalam made an effort to develop the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and SLV-III projects, both of which proved to be successful.

Kalam was invited by Raja Ramanna to witness the country's first nuclear test Smiling Buddha as the representative of TBRL, even though he had not participated in its development. In the 1970s, Kalam also directed two projects, Project Devil and Project Valiant, which sought to develop ballistic missiles from the technology of the successful SLV programme. Despite the disapproval of the Union Cabinet, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi allotted secret funds for these aerospace projects through her discretionary powers under Kalam's directorship. Kalam played an integral role convincing the Union Cabinet to conceal the true nature of these classified aerospace projects.[27] His research and educational leadership brought him great laurels and prestige in the 1980s, which prompted the government to initiate an advanced missile programme under his directorship. Kalam and Dr V S Arunachalam, metallurgist and scientific adviser to the Defence Minister, worked on the suggestion by the then Defence Minister, R. Venkataraman on a proposal for simultaneous development of a quiver of missiles instead of taking planned missiles one after another.[28] R Venkatraman was instrumental in getting the cabinet approval for allocating 3.88 billion for the mission, named Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) and appointed Kalam as the chief executive. Kalam played a major part in developing many missiles under the mission including Agni, an intermediate range ballistic missile and Prithvi, the tactical surface-to-surface missile, although the projects have been criticised for mismanagement and cost and time overruns.[29]

Kalam served as the Chief Scientific Adviser to the Prime Minister and Secretary of the Defence Research and Development Organisation from July 1992 to December 1999. The Pokhran-II nuclear tests were conducted during this period in which he played an intensive political and technological role. Kalam served as the Chief Project Coordinator, along with Rajagopala Chidambaram, during the testing phase.[30] Media coverage of Kalam during this period made him the country's best known nuclear scientist.[31] However, the director of the site test, K Santhanam, said that the thermonuclear bomb had been a "fizzle" and criticised Kalam for issuing an incorrect report.[32] Both Kalam and Chidambaram dismissed the claims.[33]

In 1998, along with cardiologist Soma Raju, Kalam developed a low cost coronary stent, named the "Kalam-Raju Stent".[34] [35] In 2012, the duo designed a rugged tablet computer for health care in rural areas, which was named the "Kalam-Raju Tablet".[36]

Presidency

Kalam served as the 11th president of India, succeeding K. R. Narayanan. He won the 2002 presidential election with an electoral vote of 922,884, surpassing the 107,366 votes won by Lakshmi Sahgal. His term lasted from 25 July 2002, to 25 July 2007.[37]

On 10 June 2002, the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) which was in power at the time, expressed that they would nominate Kalam for the post of President,[38] [39] and both the Samajwadi Party and the Nationalist Congress Party backed his candidacy.[40] [41] After the Samajwadi Party announced its support for Kalam, Narayanan chose not to seek a second term in office, leaving the field clear.[42] Kalam said of the announcement of his candidature:

On 18 June, Kalam filed his nomination papers in the Indian Parliament, accompanied by Vajpayee and his senior Cabinet colleagues.[43]

The polling for the presidential election began on 15 July 2002, in Parliament and the state assemblies, with the media claiming that the election was a one-sided affair and Kalam's victory was a foregone conclusion; the count was held on 18 July.[44] Kalam became the 11th president of the Republic of India in an easy victory,[45] and moved into the Rashtrapati Bhavan after he was sworn in on 25 July.[46] Kalam was the third President of India to have been honoured with a Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour, before becoming the President Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1954) and Zakir Husain (1963) were the earlier recipients of Bharat Ratna who later became the President of India.[47] He was also the first scientist and the first bachelor to occupy Rashtrapati Bhawan.[48]

During his term as president, he was affectionately known as the People's President,[49] [50] [51] saying that signing the Office of Profit Bill was the toughest decision he had taken during his tenure.[52] [53] [54] Kalam was criticised for his inaction in deciding the fate of 20 out of the 21 mercy petitions submitted to him during his tenure. Article 72 of the Constitution of India empowers the President of India to grant pardons, and suspend or commute the death sentence of convicts on death row. Kalam acted on only one mercy plea in his five-year tenure as president, rejecting the plea of rapist Dhananjoy Chatterjee, who was later hanged.[55] Perhaps the most notable plea was from Afzal Guru, a Kashmiri terrorist who was convicted of conspiracy in the December 2001 attack on the Indian Parliament and was sentenced to death by the Supreme Court of India in 2004.[56] While the sentence was scheduled to be carried out on 20 October 2006, the pending action on his mercy plea resulted in him remaining on death row. He also took the controversial decision to impose President's Rule in Bihar in 2005.[57]

In September 2003, in an interactive session in PGI Chandigarh, Kalam supported the need of Uniform Civil Code in India, keeping in view the population of the country.[58] [59] [60] [61] At the end of his term, on 20 June 2007, Kalam expressed his willingness to consider a second term in office provided there was certainty about his victory in the 2007 presidential election.[62] However, two days later, he decided not to contest the Presidential election again stating that he wanted to avoid involving Rashtrapati Bhavan from any political processes.[63] He was proposed by third front named United National Progressive Alliance leader J. Jayalalithaa and coordinator Chandrababu Naidu other leaders Mulayam Singh Yadav and Om Prakash Chautala, but he did not have the support of the left parties, Shiv Sena and UPA constituents, to receive a renewed mandate.[64] [65]

Nearing the expiry of the term of the 12th President Pratibha Patil on 24 July 2012, media reports in April claimed that Kalam was likely to be nominated for his second term.[66] [67] [68] After the reports, social networking sites witnessed a number of people supporting his candidature.[69] [70] The BJP potentially backed his nomination, saying that the party would lend their support if the Trinamool Congress, Samajwadi Party and Indian National Congress proposed him for the 2012 presidential election.[71] [72] A month ahead of the election, Mulayam Singh Yadav and Mamata Banerjee also expressed their support for Kalam.[73] Indian National Congress opposed the nomination of Kalam in 2012.[74] Days afterwards, Mulayam Singh Yadav backed out, leaving Mamata Banerjee as the solitary supporter.[75] On 18 June 2012, Kalam declined to contest the 2012 presidential poll. He said of his decision not to do so:

Post-presidency

After leaving office, Kalam became a visiting professor at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong, the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, and the Indian Institute of Management Indore; an honorary fellow of Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore;[76] chancellor of the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology Thiruvananthapuram; professor of Aerospace Engineering at Anna University; and an adjunct at many other academic and research institutions across India. He taught information technology at the International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, and technology at Banaras Hindu University and Anna University.[77]

In 2011, Kalam was criticised by civil groups over his stand on the Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant; he supported the establishment of the nuclear power plant and was accused of not speaking with the local people.[78] The protesters were hostile to his visit as they saw him as a pro-nuclear scientist and were unimpressed by the assurances he provided regarding the safety features of the plant.[79]

In May 2012, Kalam launched a programme for the youth of India called the What Can I Give Movement, with a central theme of defeating corruption.[80] [81]

Death

See also: Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Memorial. On 27 July 2015, Kalam travelled to Shillong to deliver a lecture on "Creating a Livable Planet Earth" at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong. While climbing a flight of stairs, he experienced some discomfort, but was able to enter the auditorium after a brief rest.[82] At around 6:35 p.m. IST, only five minutes into his lecture, he collapsed.[83] He was rushed to the nearby Bethany Hospital in a critical condition; upon arrival, he lacked a pulse or any other signs of life. Despite being placed in the intensive care unit, Kalam was confirmed dead of a sudden cardiac arrest at 7:45p.m. IST.[84] [85] [86] His last words, to his aide Srijan Pal Singh, were reportedly: "Funny guy! Are you doing well?"[87]

Following his death, Kalam's body was airlifted in an Indian Air Force helicopter from Shillong to Guwahati, from where it was flown to New Delhi on the morning of 28 July in an air force C-130J Hercules. The flight landed at Palam Air Base that afternoon and was received by the then President Pranab Mukherjee, the then Vice-President Hamid Ansari, the Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Chief Minister of Delhi Arvind Kejriwal, and the three service chiefs of the Indian Armed Forces, who laid wreaths on Kalam's body.[88] His body was then placed on a gun carriage draped with the Indian flag and taken to his Delhi residence at 10 Rajaji Marg; there, the public and numerous dignitaries paid homage, including former prime minister Manmohan Singh, Congress President Sonia Gandhi and Vice-president Rahul Gandhi, and Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Akhilesh Yadav.[89]

On the morning of 29 July, Kalam's body, wrapped in the Indian flag, was taken to Palam Air Base and flown to Madurai in an air force C-130J aircraft, arriving at Madurai Airport that afternoon. His body was received at the airport by the three service chiefs and national and state dignitaries, including cabinet ministers Manohar Parrikar, Venkaiah Naidu, Pon Radhakrishnan and the governors of Tamil Nadu and Meghalaya, K Rosaiah and V. Shanmuganathan. After a brief ceremony, Kalam's body was flown by air force helicopter to the town of Mandapam, from where it was taken in an army truck to his hometown of Rameswaram. Upon arriving at Rameswaram, his body was displayed in an open area in front of the local bus station to allow the public to pay their final respects until 8p.m. that evening.[90] [91]

On 30 July 2015, the former president was laid to rest at Rameswaram's Pei Karumbu Ground with full state honours. Over 350,000 people attended the last rites, including the Prime Minister, the governor of Tamil Nadu and the chief ministers of Karnataka, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh.[92] [93]

Reactions

India reacted to Kalam's death with an outpouring of grief; numerous tributes were paid to the former president across the nation and on social media.[94] The Government of India declared a seven-day state mourning period as a mark of respect.[95] President Pranab Mukherjee, Vice-president Hamid Ansari, Home Minister Rajnath Singh, and other leaders condoled the former President's demise. Prime Minister Narendra Modi said "Kalam's death is a great loss to the scientific community. He took India to great heights. He showed the way."[96] Former Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh, who had served as prime minister under Kalam, said, "our country has lost a great human being who made phenomenal contributions to the promotion of self-reliance in defence technologies. I worked very closely with Dr. Kalam as prime minister and I greatly benefited from his advice as president of our country. His life and work will be remembered for generations to come."[97] ISRO chairman A. S. Kiran Kumar called his former colleague "a great personality and a gentleman", while former chairman G. Madhavan Nair described Kalam as "a global leader" for whom "the downtrodden and poor people were his priority. He always had a passion to convey what is in his mind to the young generation", adding that his death left a vacuum which none could fill.[98] [99]

South Asian leaders expressed condolences and lauded the late statesman. The Bhutanese government ordered the country's flags to fly at half-staff to mourn Kalam's death and lit 1000 butter lamps in homage. Bhutanese Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay expressed deep sadness, saying Kalam "was a leader greatly admired by all people, especially the youth of India who have referred to him as the people's President".[100] Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina described Kalam as "a rare combination of a great statesman, acclaimed scientist, and a source of inspiration to the young generation of South Asia" and termed his death an "irreparable loss to India and beyond". Bangladesh Nationalist Party chief Khaleda Zia said "as a nuclear scientist, he engaged himself in the welfare of the people". Ashraf Ghani, the President of Afghanistan, called Kalam "an inspirational figure to millions of people," noting that "we have a lot to learn from his life". Nepalese Prime Minister Sushil Koirala recalled Kalam's scientific contributions to India: "Nepal has lost a good friend and I have lost an honoured and ideal personality." The President of Pakistan, Mamnoon Hussain, and Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif also expressed their grief and condolences on his death.[101] [102] [103] The President of Sri Lanka, Maithripala Sirisena, also expressed his condolences. "Dr. Kalam was a man of firm conviction and indomitable spirit, and I saw him as an outstanding statesman of the world. His death is an irreparable loss not only to India but to the entire world."[104] Maldivian President Abdulla Yameen and Vice-president Ahmed Adeeb condoled Kalam's death, with Yameen naming him as a close friend of the Maldives who would continue to be an inspiration to Indians and generations of South Asians. Former President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, who had made an official visit to India during Kalam's presidency, termed his demise as a great loss to all of humankind.[105] The Commander-in-Chief of the Myanmar Armed Forces, Senior General Min Aung Hlaing, expressed condolences on behalf of the Myanmar government.[106] The Dalai Lama expressed his sadness and offered condolences and prayers, calling Kalam's death "an irreparable loss".[107]

Kathleen Wynne, the Premier of Ontario, which Kalam had visited on numerous occasions, expressed "deepest condolences ... as a respected scientist, he played a critical role in the development of the Indian space programme. As a committed educator, he inspired millions of young people to achieve their very best. And as a devoted leader, he gained support both at home and abroad, becoming known as 'the people's President'. I join our IndoCanadian families, friends, and neighbours in mourning the passing of this respected leader."[108] United States President Barack Obama extended "deepest condolences to the people of India on the passing of former Indian President Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam", and highlighted his achievements as a scientist and as a statesman, notably his role in strengthening US–India relations and increasing space co-operation between the two nations. "Suitably named 'the People's President', Dr. Kalam's humility and dedication to public service served as an inspiration to millions of Indians and admirers around the world."[109] Russian President Vladimir Putin expressed sincere condolences and conveyed his sympathy and support "to the near and dear ones of the deceased leader, to the government, and entire people of India". He remarked on Kalam's outstanding "personal contribution to the social, economic, scientific, and technical progress of India and in ensuring its national security," adding that Kalam would be remembered as a "consistent exponent of closer friendly relations between our nations, who has done a lot for cementing mutually beneficial RussianIndian cooperation."[110] Other international leaders—including former Indonesian president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak, Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, President of the United Arab Emirates Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, and vice-president and Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates and emir of Dubai Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum—also paid tribute to Kalam.[111] [112] In a special gesture, Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon visited the Permanent Mission of India to the UN and signed a condolence book. "The outpouring of grief around the world is a testament of the respect and inspiration he has garnered during and after his presidency. The UN joins the people of India in sending our deepest condolences for this great statesman. May he rest in peace and eternity", Ban wrote in his message.[113]

Memorial

The Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam National Memorial[114] was built in memory of Kalam by the DRDO in Pei Karumbu, in the island town of Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu. It was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in July 2017.[115] [116] On display are the replicas of rockets and missiles which Kalam had worked with. Acrylic paintings about his life are also displayed along with hundreds of portraits depicting the life of the mass leader. There is a statue of Kalam in the entrance showing him playing the Veena. There are two other smaller statues of the leader in sitting and standing posture.[117]

Personal life

Kalam was the youngest of five siblings, the eldest of whom was a sister, Asim Zohra, followed by three elder brothers: Mohammed Muthu Meera Lebbai Maraikayar (5 November 1916 – 7 March 2021),[118] [119] Mustafa Kalam and Kasim Mohammed .[120] He was extremely close to his elder siblings and their extended families throughout his life, and would regularly send small sums of money to his older relations, himself remaining a lifelong bachelor.[121] Kalam was noted for his integrity and his simple lifestyle.[122] He never owned a television, and was in the habit of rising at 6:30 or 7a.m. and sleeping by 2a.m.[123] His few personal possessions included his books, his veena, some articles of clothing, a CD player and a laptop; at his death, he left no will, and his possessions went to his eldest brother, who survived him.[124] [125]

Religious and spiritual views

Religion and spirituality were very important to Kalam throughout his life.[126] He made his own spiritual journey the subject of his final book, .[127]

Islam

Daily namaz and fasting during Ramadan were integral to the life of Kalam, a practising Sunni Muslim.[128] His father, the imam of a mosque in his hometown of Rameswaram, had strictly instilled these Islamic customs in his children. His father had also impressed upon the young Kalam the value of interfaith respect and dialogue. As Kalam recalled: "Every evening, my father A. P. Jainulabdeen, an imam, Pakshi Lakshmana Sastry, the head priest of the Ramanathaswamy Hindu temple, and a church priest used to sit with hot tea and discuss the issues concerning the island."[129] [130] Such early exposure convinced Kalam that the answers to India's multitudinous issues lay in "dialogue and cooperation" among the country's religious, social, and political leaders. Moreover, since Kalam believed that "respect for other faiths" was one of the key cornerstones of Islam, he was fond of saying: "For great men, religion is a way of making friends; small people make religion a fighting tool."[131]

Syncretism

One component of Kalam's widespread popularity among diverse groups in India, and an enduring aspect of his legacy, is the syncretism he embodied in appreciating various elements of the many spiritual and cultural traditions of India.[132] [133] In addition to his faith in the Quran and Islamic practice, Kalam was well-versed in Hindu traditions; he learnt Sanskrit,[134] [135] read the Bhagavad Gita[136] [137] and he was a vegetarian.[138] Kalam also enjoyed writing Tamil poetry, playing the veena (an Indian string instrument),[139] and listening to Carnatic devotional music every day.[140] In 2002, in one of his early speeches to Parliament after becoming president, he reiterated his desire for a more united India, stating that "during the last one year I met a number of spiritual leaders of all religions ... and I would like to endeavour to work for bringing about unity of minds among the divergent traditions of our country". Describing Kalam as a unifier of diverse traditions, Congress leader Shashi Tharoor stated, "Kalam was a complete Indian, an embodiment of the eclecticism of India's heritage of diversity". BJP leader L. K. Advani concurred that Kalam was "the best exemplar of the Idea of India, one who embodied the best of all the cultural and spiritual traditions that signify India's unity in immense diversity. This was most strikingly evident in the second-to-last book he published, presciently titled Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swami".

Pramukh Swami as Guru

Kalam's desire to meet spiritual leaders to help create a more prosperous, spiritual, and unified India was what initially led him to meet Pramukh Swami, the Hindu guru of the BAPS Swaminarayan Sampradaya, who Kalam would come to consider his ultimate spiritual teacher and guru. The first of eight meetings between Kalam and Pramukh Swami over a fourteen-year period took place on 30 June 2001, in New Delhi, during which Kalam described being immediately drawn to Pramukh Swami's simplicity and spiritual purity. Kalam stated that he was inspired by Pramukh Swami throughout their numerous interactions. One such incident occurred the day following the terrorist attack on BAPS' Akshardham, Gandhinagar complex in September 2002; Pramukh Swami prayed for, and sprinkled holy water upon, the sites of all of the deceased, including the terrorists, demonstrating the view that all human life is sacred. Kalam recalled being moved by Pramukh Swami's equanimity and compassion, citing this incident as one of his motivations for writing .[141] Summarising the effect that Pramukh Swami had on him, Kalam stated that "[Pramukh Swami] has indeed transformed me. He is the ultimate stage of the spiritual ascent in my life ... Pramukh Swamiji has put me in a God-synchronous orbit. No manoeuvres are required any more, as I am placed in my final position in eternity."[142] Following Kalam's death a month after his final book was released, co-author Arun Tiwari pointed to this passage as potentially prophetic and premonitory of Kalam's death.[143]

Writings

In his book India 2020, Kalam strongly advocated an action plan to develop India into a "knowledge superpower" and a developed nation by 2020. He regarded his work on India's nuclear weapons programme as a way to assert India's place as a future superpower.[144]

Kalam describes a "transformative moment" in his life when he asked Pramukh Swami, the guru of the BAPS Swaminarayan Sampradaya, how India might realise this five-pronged vision of development.  Pramukh Swami's answer—to add a sixth area developing faith in God and spirituality to overcome the current climate of crime and corruption—became the spiritual vision for the next 15 years Kalam's life, which he describes in his final book, , published just a month before his death.[145]

It was reported that there was considerable demand in South Korea for translated versions of books authored by him.[146]

Kalam took an active interest in other developments in the field of science and technology, including a research programme for developing biomedical implants. He also supported open source technology over proprietary software, predicting that the use of free software on a large scale would bring the benefits of information technology to more people.[147]

Kalam set a target of interacting with 100,000 students during the two years after his resignation from the post of scientific adviser in 1999. He explained, "I feel comfortable in the company of young people, particularly high school students. Henceforth, I intend to share with them experiences, helping them to ignite their imagination and preparing them to work for a developed India for which the road map is already available." His dream is to let every student to light up the sky with victory using their latent fire in the heart.[148]

Awards and honours

See main article: List of honors and awards received by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam. Kalam received 7 honorary doctorates from 40 universities.[149] [150] The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 1981 and the Padma Vibhushan in 1990 for his work with ISRO and DRDO and his role as a scientific advisor to the Government.[151] In 1997, Kalam received India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, for his contribution to the scientific research and modernisation of defence technology in India.[152] In 2008 Kalam was the recipient of Hoover Medal.[153] And in 2013, he was the recipient of the Von Braun Award from the National Space Society "to recognize excellence in the management and leadership of a space-related project".[154]

In 2012, Kalam was ranked number 2 in Outlook India's poll of the Greatest Indian.[155]

Following his death, Kalam received numerous tributes. The Tamil Nadu state government announced that his birthday, 15 October, would be observed across the state as "Youth Renaissance Day;" the state government further instituted the "Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Award", constituting an 8-gram gold medal, a certificate and . The award will be awarded annually on Independence Day, beginning in 2015, to residents of the state with achievements in promoting scientific growth, the humanities or the welfare of students.[156]

On the anniversary of Kalam's birth in 2015 the CBSE set topics on his name in the CBSE expression series.[157]

Prime Minister Narendra Modi ceremonially released postage stamps commemorating Kalam at DRDO Bhawan in New Delhi on 15 October 2015, the 84th anniversary of Kalam's birth.

Researchers at the NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) had discovered a new bacterium on the filters of the International Space Station (ISS) and named it Solibacillus kalamii to honour the late president Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam.[158]

Several educational and scientific institutions and other locations were renamed or named in honour of Kalam following his death.

Island

Wheeler Island, a national missile test site in Odisha, was renamed Abdul Kalam Island in September 2015.[168]

Road

A prominent road in New Delhi was renamed from Aurangzeb Road to Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Road[169] [170] in August 2015.[171]

Plant species

In February 2018, scientists from the Botanical Survey of India named a newly found plant species as Drypetes kalamii, in his honour.[172]

Fish species

In 2022 a newly discovered species of footballfish, Himantolophus kalami was named in Kalam's honour.[173]

Other awards and honours

Year of award or honour Name of award or honour Awarding organisation
2014Honorary professorBeijing University, China[174]
2014Doctor of ScienceEdinburgh University, UK[175]
2013Von Braun AwardNational Space Society[176]
2012Doctor of Laws (Honoris Causa)Simon Fraser University[177]
2011IEEE Honorary MembershipIEEE[178]
2010Doctor of EngineeringUniversity of Waterloo[179]
2009Honorary DoctorateOakland University[180]
2009International von Kármán Wings AwardCalifornia Institute of Technology, USA[181]
2008Doctor of ScienceUniversiti Sains Malaysia[182]
2008Hoover MedalASME Foundation, USA[183]
2008Doctor of Engineering (Honoris Causa)Nanyang Technological University, Singapore[184]
2008Doctor of Science (Honoris Causa)Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh[185] [186]
2007Honorary Doctorate of Science and TechnologyCarnegie Mellon University[187]
2007King Charles II MedalRoyal Society, UK[188] [189] [190]
2007Honorary Doctorate of ScienceUniversity of Wolverhampton, UK[191]
2000Ramanujan AwardAlwars Research Centre, Chennai[192]
1998Veer Savarkar AwardGovernment of India
1997Indira Gandhi Award for National IntegrationIndian National Congress
1997Bharat RatnaPresident of India[193]
1995Honorary FellowNational Academy of Medical Sciences,[194]
1994Distinguished FellowInstitute of Directors (India)[195]
1990Padma VibhushanGovernment of India[196]
1981Padma BhushanGovernment of India

Legacy

See main article: List of things named after A. P. J. Abdul Kalam.

Books, documentaries and popular culture

Kalam's writings
Biographies
Popular culture

See also

References

Footnotes
Citations

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: Pruthi, R. K.. President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. Anmol Publications. 2005. 978-81-261-1344-6. Ch. 4. Missile Man of India. 61–76. 9 October 2015. 25 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230725112548/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ee3PR5HFBCAC. live.
  2. Web site: India's 'Mr. Missile': A man of the people. 30 July 2015. 30 July 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150925135024/http://www.torontosun.com/2015/07/29/indias-mr-missile-a-man-of-the-people?token=8bebcb17cfd851eb0bc06642519e8767. 25 September 2015.
  3. Web site: Kalam's unrealised 'Nag' missile dream to become reality next year. . 30 July 2015. 30 July 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170103225412/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Kalams-unrealised-Nag-missile-dream-to-become-reality-next-year/articleshow/48267342.cms. 3 January 2017.
  4. Book: Sen, Amartya. https://books.google.com/books?id=IjZA-bQde1wC&pg=RA1-PA169. India and the Bomb. Prisoners of the Nuclear Dream. M. V. Ramana. C. Rammanohar Reddy. 167–188. Sangam Books. 2003. 978-81-250-2477-4. 8 June 2020. 25 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230725112558/https://books.google.com/books?id=IjZA-bQde1wC&pg=RA1-PA169. live.
  5. Web site: Amarnath k Menon. Why Abdul Kalam was the 'People's President'. DailyO.in. DailyO. 20 August 2015. 28 July 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150813121059/http://www.dailyo.in/politics/why-apj-abdul-kalam-was-the-peoples-president/story/1/5270.html. 13 August 2015.
  6. News: Rishi Iyengar. India Pays Tribute to 'People's President' A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. 20 August 2015. Time Inc.. 28 July 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150731002329/http://time.com/3974357/apj-abdul-kalam-death-tributes-condolences/. 31 July 2015.
  7. News: Neha Singh. 'People's President' APJ Abdul Kalam Buried with Full State Honours in Rameswaram. 20 August 2015. International Business Times. IANS. 30 July 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150819065006/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/modi-expected-attend-apj-abdul-kalams-funeral-rameswaram-today-640977. 19 August 2015.
  8. Akbar . M J . 9 July 2012 . APJ Abdul Kalam speaks to Editorial Director M.J. Akbar about presidential elections 2012 . India Today . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150731011511/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/abdul-kalam-presidential-elections-2012-new-book-turning-points/1/203064.html . 31 July 2015 . 23 July 2024.
  9. News: Dr Abdul Kalam, People's President in Sri Lanka. 3 May 2012. . 23 January 2012. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130518223333/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2567111001.html. 18 May 2013.
  10. Book: Kalam. Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul. Tiwari. Arun. Wings of Fire: An Autobiography. 1999. Universities Press. 978-81-7371-146-6. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20131013011216/http://books.google.com/books?id=c3qmIZtWUjAC. 13 October 2013.
  11. Book: Jai, Janak Raj. Presidents of India, 1950–2003. 2003. Regency Publications. 978-81-87498-65-0. 296. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20131012224650/http://books.google.com/books?id=r2C2InxI0xAC&pg=PA295. 12 October 2013.
  12. Web site: Bio-data: Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam . . 1 March 2012 . 1 March 2012 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20100608115449/http://pib.nic.in/profile/apjak.asp . 8 June 2010 .
  13. Web site: APJ Abdul Kalam, the unconventional President who learnt the art of the political. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150729043804/http://www.abplive.in/incoming/2015/07/28/article664629.ece/APJ-Abdul-Kalam-the-unconventional-President-who-learnt-the-art-of-the-political. 29 July 2015.
  14. Web site: The greatest student India ever had. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150730224338/http://www.dailyo.in/politics/apj-abdul-kalam-peoples-president-greatest-student-india-ever-had/story/1/5271.html. 30 July 2015.
  15. Web site: Brother awaits Kalam last trip. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150729155853/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150729/jsp/nation/story_34253.jsp. 29 July 2015.
  16. Web site: How two orthodox Brahmins played a crucial role in APJ Abdul Kalam's childhood. 28 July 2015 . live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150729090458/http://qz.com/465515/how-two-orthodox-brahmins-played-a-crucial-role-in-apj-abdul-kalams-childhood/. 29 July 2015.
  17. Web site: Day before death, Kalam enquired about elder brother's health. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150730205650/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/day-before-death-kalam-enquired-about-elder-brothers-health-1026767.html. 30 July 2015.
  18. Web site: Not aware of any will left by Kalam: nephew . 31 July 2015 . . 31 July 2015 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150803120645/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Not-aware-of-any-will-left-by-Kalam-Nephew/articleshow/48297059.cms. 3 August 2015.
  19. Book: Sharma . Mahesh . Das . P.K. . Bhalla . P. . Pride of the Nation: Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam. 2004. Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. . 978-81-288-0806-7 . 13 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20131013011056/http://books.google.com/books?id=TkGyzKt-l6cC&pg=PA13 . 13 October 2013.
  20. News: Kalam meets the teacher who moulded him. 29 June 2012. The Hindu. 24 September 2006. K. Raju. S. Annamalai. Chennai, India. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130928165057/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/24/stories/2006092404791000.htm. 28 September 2013.
  21. Web site: Dixit. Sumita Vaid. The boy from Rameswaram who became a President. Rediff.com. 4 July 2012. 18 March 2010. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20120702010920/http://getahead.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/mar/18/slide-show-1-achievers-indias-best-students-apj-abdul-kalam.htm. 2 July 2012.
  22. News: Failed in my dream of becoming a pilot : Abdul Kalam in new book. 18 August 2013. The Hindu. 18 August 2013. Chennai, India. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20130818165820/http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/failed-in-my-dream-of-becoming-pilot-abdul-kalam-in-new-book/article5035287.ece. 18 August 2013.
  23. News: Gopalakrishnan. Karthika. Kalam tells students to follow their heart. 4 July 2012. The Times of India. 23 June 2009. Chennai, India. https://web.archive.org/web/20130523213320/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-23/chennai/28168542_1_kalam-primary-school-maths-class. 23 May 2013. dead.
  24. Web site: I'm proud that I recommended him for ISRO: EV Chitnis. Ashwini. Pawar. 29 July 2015. DNA India. 30 December 2022. 9 July 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210709211836/https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-i-m-proud-that-i-recommended-him-for-isro-ev-chitnis-2109096. live.
  25. Book: A to C (Abd Allah ibn al-Abbas to Cypress).. 2000. Encyclopædia Britannica (India). New Delhi. 978-0-85229-760-5. 2. Ramchandani. Dale Hoiberg. 10 August 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20160829192223/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kpd9lLY_0-IC. 29 August 2016. live.
  26. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: Science and Public Affairs. November 1989. Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science . 32. 0096-3402. 9 October 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20160511004955/https://books.google.com/books?id=6AUAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA32. 11 May 2016. live.
  27. Web site: Missile Chronology, 1971–1979. James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at Monterey Institute of International Studies, Nuclear Threat Initiative. July 2003. 1 March 2012. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20121120103945/http://www.nti.org/media/pdfs/india_missile.pdf?_=1316466791. 20 November 2012.
  28. News: The prime motivator . . 5 July 2002 . 5 July 2012 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20061021161310/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1913/19131240.htm . 21 October 2006.
  29. News: Missile plan: Some hits, misses . . Rajat . Pandit . TNN . 9 January 2008 . 1 March 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111118112401/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-01-09/india/27782318_1_akash-visual-range-air-to-air-missile-missile-development-programme . 18 November 2011 . dead .
  30. Book: Jerome M. Conley. Indo-Russian military and nuclear cooperation: lessons and options for U.S. policy in South Asia. 2001. Lexington Books. 978-0-7391-0217-6. 106. 9 October 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20160425020736/https://books.google.com/books?id=SZRk_z3dhtYC&pg=PA106. 25 April 2016. live.
  31. News: Koodankulam nuclear plant: A. P. J. Abdul Kalam's safety review has failed to satisfy nuke plant protestors, expert laments. 20 June 2012. The Economic Times. 8 November 2011. ANI. Chennai, India. 10 April 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200410003051/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-11-08/news/30373196_1_safety-review-safety-norms-koodankulam. live.
  32. News: Pokhran row . Frontline . Ramachandran . R. . 25 September 2009 . 5 July 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110203180132/http://frontlineonnet.com/fl2619/stories/20090925261902000.htm . 3 February 2011.
  33. Web site: Hardnews bureau. Pokhran II controversy needless: PM. Hard News. August 2009. 1 March 2012. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120525092955/http://www.hardnewsmedia.com/2009/08/3161. 25 May 2012.
  34. News: Story of indigenous stents. The Hindu-Businessline. 15 August 2001. India. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20120528085930/http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2001/08/15/stories/041567so.htm. 28 May 2012.
  35. News: The stent man. Rediff-News. 19 December 1998. India. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20130518111556/http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/dec/19ap.htm. 18 May 2013.
  36. News: Now, 'Kalam-Raju tablet' for healthcare workers. 19 April 2012. The Hindu. India. M. Sai. Gopal. 22 March 2012. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20120425093504/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article3025860.ece. 25 April 2012.
  37. Web site: Former Presidents, Rashtrapati Bhavan . 28 July 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141016060850/http://presidentofindia.nic.in/former-presidents.htm . 16 October 2014 .
  38. News: NDA's smart missile: President Kalam. 29 April 2012. The Economic Times. 11 June 2002. Times News Network. Times News Network. https://web.archive.org/web/20130523202053/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-06-11/news/27348497_1_nda-alliance-nda-today-president-kalam. 23 May 2013. live.
  39. Web site: With him at the helm, there is hope that things might change. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150729224243/http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jul/11spec.htm. 29 July 2015.
  40. Web site: SP to support Kalam for President's post . 11 June 2002 . . 1 March 2012 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20130522075344/http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jun/11prez3.htm . 22 May 2013 .
  41. Web site: NCP supports Kalam's candidature for presidentship . 11 June 2002 . . 1 March 2012 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20130522072307/http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jun/11prez2.htm . 22 May 2013 .
  42. Web site: Narayanan opts out, field clear for Kalam . 11 June 2002 . . 1 March 2012 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20130518112930/http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jun/11prez5.htm . 18 May 2013 .
  43. Web site: Presidential nominee Abdul Kalam files nomination papers . 18 June 2002 . . 1 March 2012 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20130518111105/http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jun/18prez1.htm . 18 May 2013 .
  44. Web site: Polling for presidential election begins . 15 July 2002 . . 1 March 2012 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20130518112418/http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jul/15prez1.htm . 18 May 2013 .
  45. News: Kalam is 11th President in 12th term . 26 July 2002 . . 4 July 2012 . Ved . Mahendra . https://web.archive.org/web/20130530003810/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-07-26/india/27318326_1_neelam-sanjiva-reddy-p-j-abdul-kalam-rashtrapati-bhavan . 30 May 2013 . dead .
  46. News: Abdul Kalam elected President. The Hindu. 18 July 2002. 1 March 2012. Chennai, India. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20131113191656/http://hindu.com/2002/07/19/stories/2002071905340100.htm. 13 November 2013.
  47. Web site: List of Bharat Ratna Awardees . 2 . Ministry of Home Affairs, India . 12 March 2013 . 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130203061751/http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/Recipients-BR.pdf . 3 February 2013 .
  48. Web site: A P J Kalam is sworn in as India's eleventh President . 25 July 2002 . . 1 March 2012 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120130222012/http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jul/25prez5.htm . 30 January 2012 .
  49. Book: Tyagi. Kavita. Misra. Padma. Basic Technical Communication. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. 978-81-203-4238-5. 124. 23 May 2011. 9 October 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20160603050016/https://books.google.com/books?id=N3ixJ62qwqcC&pg=PA124. 3 June 2016. live.
  50. News: APJ Abdul Kalam is people's president: Mamata Banerjee. 19 June 2012. CNN-IBN. Press Trust of India. 4 July 2012. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120620094235/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/abdul-kalam-is-peoples-president-mamata/266740-37-64.html. 20 June 2012.
  51. News: The people's President does it again. Perappadan. Bindu Shajan. 14 April 2007. The Hindu. 1 March 2012. Chennai, India. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120125233936/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/14/stories/2007041411130100.htm. 25 January 2012.
  52. Web site: My toughest decision as president was returning the Office of Profit Bill to Parliament. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150731003929/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/my-toughest-decision-as-president-was-returning-the-office-of-profit-bill-to-parliament------------------------/214046. 31 July 2015.
  53. News: how a 110 years old became friend of APJ Kalam. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160819200510/http://www.thebetterindia.com/64306/life-lesson-dr-p-j-abdul-kalam-srijan-pal-singh/. 19 August 2016.
  54. News: Signing office of profit bill was toughest decision: A P J Kalam. 2 May 2012. The Economic Times. 18 July 2010. Coimbatore. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20130511055231/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/dateline-india/signing-office-of-profit-bill-was-toughest-decision-a-p-j-kalam/articleshow/6182455.cms. 11 May 2013.
  55. News: The journey of a mercy plea. 21 May 2010. 5 July 2012. The New Indian Express. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20121128051841/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-journey-of-a-mercy-plea/621586/0. 28 November 2012.
  56. News: Mercy Guidelines . April 2009 . 5 July 2012 . Frontline . V. . Venkatesan . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130129214855/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2607/stories/20090410260703400.htm . 29 January 2013 .
  57. Web site: APJ Abdul Kalam: The People's President. NDTV. 28 July 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150727173548/http://www.ndtv.com/people/apj-abdul-kalam-the-peoples-president-1201126. 27 July 2015.
  58. News: President Kalam votes for uniform civil code. . 29 September 2003 . live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150730204431/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/President-Kalam-votes-for-uniform-civil-code/articleshow/208444.cms. 30 July 2015.
  59. Web site: Kalam calls for uniform civil code. 1 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20160305142527/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-09-30/news/27555155_1_uniform-civil-code-moon-mission-secular-credentials. 5 March 2016. live.
  60. Web site: Uniform Civil Code essential: Kalam. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150928084617/http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/29prez.htm. 28 September 2015.
  61. Web site: Puri seer rallies for uniform civil code. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20151009042336/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1031104/asp/jamshedpur/story_2532611.asp. 9 October 2015. 4 December 2018.
  62. Web site: Kalam not to contest presidential poll. 22 June 2007. Rediff.com. 2 March 2012. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20130518114128/http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jun/22prezpoll6.htm. 18 May 2013.
  63. News: Kalam not to contest Presidential polls. 2 March 2012. The Times of India. 22 June 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20130523223931/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-06-22/india/27955990_1_unpa-leaders-united-national-progressive-alliance-nda-leaders. 23 May 2013. dead.
  64. News: Kalam not to contest Presidential polls. 3 March 2012. The Times of India. 22 June 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20130523223931/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-06-22/india/27955990_1_unpa-leaders-united-national-progressive-alliance-nda-leaders. 23 May 2013. dead.
  65. News: Talks under way on Presidential election . Chennai, India . 10 May 2007 . 2 March 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120317101008/http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/10/stories/2007051008450100.htm . . 17 March 2012.
  66. News: Prafulla Marapakwar. Next President should be apolitical: Pawar. 23 April 2012. 23 April 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120616111353/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-23/india/31386583_1_consensus-candidate-sharad-pawar-parties. 16 June 2012. The Times of India. dead.
  67. News: Raj. Rohit. Virtual world seeks second term for Abdul Kalam. 23 April 2012. Deccan Chronicle. 23 April 2012. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120423195211/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/nation/south/virtual-world-seeks-second-term-abdul-kalam-590. 23 April 2012.
  68. News: Race for Rashtrapati Bhawan: APJ Abdul Kalam a good choice, says SP; backs Pawar. 23 April 2012. NDTV. 23 April 2012. NDTV Correspondent. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20120424001728/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/race-for-rashtrapati-bhawan-apj-abdul-kalam-a-good-choice-says-sp-backs-pawar-200986. 24 April 2012.
  69. News: Azeez. Parwin. Kalam for President clicks on social networks. 8 May 2012. 8 May 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120616111409/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-08/chennai/31625398_1_p-j-abdul-kalam-social-media-social-networking. 16 June 2012. The Times of India. dead.
  70. News: Netizens campaign for second term to Kalam. 27 April 2012. Deccan Herald. 26 April 2012. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20131114034934/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/245135/netizens-campaign-second-term-kalam.html. 14 November 2013.
  71. News: President poll: BJP rejects Pranab Mukherjee, Hamid Ansari, may back Kalam. 30 April 2012. CNN-IBN. 30 April 2012. New Delhi. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20131208161314/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/president-poll-bjp-rejects-pranab-may-back-kalam/253558-37.html. 8 December 2013.
  72. News: Presidential polls: We will not support Pranab Mukherjee, BJP says. 30 April 2012. 30 April 2012. Press Trust of India (PTI). New Delhi. https://web.archive.org/web/20120517162025/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-30/india/31505985_1_pranab-mukherjee-presidential-polls-sushma-swaraj. 17 May 2012. The Times of India. dead.
  73. News: Prez poll: Mulayam, Mamata suggest APJ Kalam, Manmohan Singh, Somnath Chatterjee. 13 June 2012. DNA India. 13 June 2012. 10 April 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200410000348/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-prez-poll-mulayam-mamata-reject-pranab-suggest-manmohan-1701902. live.
  74. Benedict . Kay . 14 June 2012 . Congress opposes APJ Abdul Kalam's name for President . India Today . 24 July 2023.
  75. News: Mamata turns to Facebook, seeks support for Kalam. 16 June 2012. 16 June 2012. Press Trust of India. Kolkata, India. https://web.archive.org/web/20120617112446/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-16/social-media/32268498_1_mamata-banerjee-apj-abdul-kalam-missile-man. 17 June 2012. The Times of India. dead.
  76. Web site: Honorary Fellowship of IISc . Iisc.ernet.in . 27 May 2008 . 10 July 2013 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20130709223659/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/news/press_rel.htm . 9 July 2013 .
  77. Book: Kalam. A. P. J. Abdul. Turning Points: A Journey Through Challenges. HarperCollins Publishers. 978-9350295434. 30 June 2015. 5 September 2012. 48, 69. 22 June 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20160517061603/https://books.google.com/books?id=HykusumG6YkC&pg=PT48. 17 May 2016. live.
  78. News: 7 November 2011. Dr Kalam's 'assurance' on nuclear power plants draws flak. Financial Magazine. live. 11 November 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111108023921/http://www.moneylife.in/article/dr-kalams-assurance-on-nuclear-power-plants-draws-flak/21199.html. 8 November 2011.
  79. News: 7 November 2011. Kalam bats for Kudankulam but protesters unimpressed. The Times of India. dead. 5 July 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20130523204808/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-07/india/30369212_1_kudankulam-plant-kudankulam-nuclear-power-project-kasinath-balaji. 23 May 2013.
  80. Web site: About us . What Can I Give . 1 March 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110522051003/http://www.whatcanigive.info/BlankBodyWGnrlRightPanl.php?PageTitle=AboutUs . 22 May 2011 .
  81. News: Take part in movement against corruption: Kalam . https://archive.today/20120911233506/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article2137285.ece . dead . 11 September 2012 . . 26 June 2011 . 1 March 2012 . Mallady, Shastry . Chennai, India .
  82. News: Kalam had no property. Scott, D.J. Walter. 3 August 2015. The Hindu. 28 December 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20161222044729/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kalam-had-no-property/article7493734.ece. 22 December 2016.
  83. Web site: Abdul Kalam, former president of India, passes away at 84. 27 July 2015. The Indian Express. 27 July 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150728170754/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/former-president-abdul-kalam-passed-away-following-sudden-illness/. 28 July 2015.
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  85. Web site: End of an era: 'Missile man' APJ Abdul Kalam passes away after cardiac arrest. Firstpost. 28 July 2015. 28 July 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150728112529/http://www.firstpost.com/india/former-president-apj-abdul-kalam-passes-away-after-collapsing-during-lecture-at-iim-shillong-2366030.html. 28 July 2015.
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  166. Web site: India, US Launch Fulbright-Kalam Climate Fellowship . Ndtv.com . 12 March 2016 . 17 April 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170217101021/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-us-launch-fulbright-kalam-climate-fellowship-1286399 . 17 February 2017 .
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  168. News: Odisha's Wheeler Island to be renamed after APJ Abdul Kalam. 4 September 2015. Hindustan Times. 21 September 2015. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150909091009/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/odisha-s-wheeler-island-to-be-renamed-after-former-indian-president-apj-abdul-kalam/article1-1387528.aspx. 9 September 2015.
  169. Web site: Delhi exits 'cruel' Aurangzeb Road for 'kind' Abdul Kalam . 27 February 2018 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170701212557/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhis-aurangzeb-road-to-be-renamed-abdul-kalam-road/ . 1 July 2017 . 29 August 2015 .
  170. News: Aurangzeb Road is now Abdul Kalam Road . 27 February 2018 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180227114944/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/aurangzeb-road-is-now-abdul-kalam-road/article7613198.ece . 27 February 2018 . The Hindu . 4 September 2015 . Nath . Damini .
  171. Web site: Aurangzeb Road Renamed After APJ Abdul Kalam, Arvind Kejriwal Tweets 'Congrats' . 27 February 2018 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180228041412/https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/delhis-aurangzeb-road-to-be-named-after-president-apj-abdul-kalam-tweets-arvind-kejriwal-1211984 . 28 February 2018 .
  172. News: New plant species from West Bengal named after former President Abdul Kalam . 27 February 2018 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180303121557/http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/new-plant-species-from-west-bengal-named-after-former-president-abdul-kalam/article22845140.ece . 3 March 2018 . The Hindu . 24 February 2018 . Pacha . Aswathi .
  173. Web site: Order LOPHIIFORMES (part 2): Families CAULOPHRYNIDAE, NEOCERATIIDAE, MELANOCETIDAE, HIMANTOLOPHIDAE, DICERATIIDAE, ONEIRODIDAE, THAUMATICHTHYIDAE, CENTROPHRYNIDAE, CERATIIDAE, GIGANTACTINIDAE and LINOPHRYNIDAEE . Christopher Scharpf . 3 June 2024 . 28 June 2024 . The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database . Christopher Scharpf . v. 3.0.
  174. Web site: 印度前总统卡拉姆博士接受北京大学名誉教授称号，入选"大学堂"顶尖学者讲学计划 . University of Beijing . 27 March 2019 . 14 November 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190327142331/http://www.oir.pku.edu.cn/info/1105/3024.htm . 27 March 2019 . live .
  175. Web site: Ex-President of India Abdul Kalam visits the Forum . University of Edinburgh . 27 May 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140528022039/http://www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/informatics/news-events/recentnews/abdul-kalam-visit . 28 May 2014 .
  176. Web site: NSS Wernher Von Braun Memorial Award . 3 August 2017 . . 24 July 2020 . 5 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200805142002/https://space.nss.org/nss-wernher-von-braun-memorial-award/ . live .
  177. Web site: Honorary Degrees – Convocation . Simon Fraser University . 31 August 2012 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120617114214/http://www.sfu.ca/convocation/honorary-degrees.html . 17 June 2012 .
  178. Web site: IEEE Honorary Membership Recipients . IEEE . 1 . 28 August 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110629021316/http://www.ieee.org/documents/hon_mem_rl.pdf . 29 June 2011 .
  179. Web site: Yet another honorary doctorate for Kalam. 6 October 2010. Rediff.com. 13 March 2012. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20120107001319/http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/oct/06/yet-another-honorary-doctorate-for-kalam.htm. 7 January 2012.
  180. Web site: A.P.J Abdul Kalam – Honorary Degree, 2009. Oakland University. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20130107110300/http://www.oakland.edu/?id=15918. 7 January 2013.
  181. Web site: Caltech GALCIT International von Kármán Wings Award . galcit.caltech.edu . 1 March 2012 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120330193211/http://www.galcit.caltech.edu/ahs/recipients/2009Kalam.html . 30 March 2012 .
  182. Web site: A.P.J Abdul Kalam – Honorary Degree, 2008. Universiti Sains Malaysia. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20211017131751/https://www.usm.my/images/pdf/konvo53.pdf. 17 October 2021.
  183. News: Former President Kalam chosen for Hoover Medal. 27 March 2009. The Times of India. 30 October 2010. New York. https://web.archive.org/web/20131113185338/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-27/india/28029908_1_president-kalam-rural-areas-eminent-scientist. 13 November 2013. dead.
  184. Web site: Dr Abdul Kalam, former President of India, receives NTU Honorary Degree of Doctor of Engineering . Nanyang Technological University . 26 August 2008 . 28 August 2011 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20110823054102/http://news.ntu.edu.sg/pages/newsdetail.aspx?URL=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.ntu.edu.sg%2Fnews%2FPages%2FNR2008_Aug26.aspx&Guid=3728913b-4ced-4d53-b9c3-f17ed2bdaa78&Category=&MonthGroup=808 . 23 August 2011 .
  185. Web site: AMU to honour Kalam with doctorate . The Economics Times. 28 August 2015 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150801132050/http://www.amu.ac.in/pro.jsp?did=10065&lid=Important%20Landmarks . 1 August 2015 .
  186. Web site: AMU to honour Kalam with doctorate . Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com . 5 June 2008 . 17 April 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160305121129/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-06-05/news/27702555_1_doctorate-amu-kalam . 5 March 2016 . live .
  187. Web site: Carnegie Mellon University Awards Honorary Doctorate To Former India President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. cmu.edu. Carnegie Mellon University. 28 July 2015. 26 October 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150506150619/http://www.cmu.edu/news/archive/2007/October/oct26_kalam.shtml. 6 May 2015.
  188. News: King Charles II Medal for President . 12 July 2007 . 1 March 2012 . Chennai, India . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131113191656/http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/12/stories/2007071253391300.htm . . 13 November 2013 .
  189. News: King Charles II Medal for Kalam . The Economic Times . India . 11 July 2007 . 1 March 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160305021340/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-07-11/news/27675690_1_president-kalam-p-j-abdul-kalam-road-map . 5 March 2016 . live .
  190. Web site: Royal Society King Charles II Medal. Royal Society. 14 November 2012. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20121003082554/http://royalsociety.org/awards/king-charles-medal/. 3 October 2012.
  191. News: Kalam conferred Honorary Doctorate of Science . India . 23 October 2007 . 1 March 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131113185701/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-10-23/uk/27960584_1_p-j-abdul-kalam-wolverhampton-creative-leadership . 13 November 2013 . . dead .
  192. Web site: Dr. Abdul Kalam's Diverse Interests: Prizes/Awards. Indian Institute of Technology Madras. 1 March 2012. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120528081946/http://www.techmotivator.iitm.ac.in/TGTech%20APJ.htm#1. 28 May 2012.
  193. Web site: List of recipients of Bharat Ratna . Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India . 1 March 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120131100950/http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/Recipients-BR.pdf . 31 January 2012 .
  194. Web site: List of Fellows – NAMS . National Academy of Medical Sciences . 2016 . 19 March 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055036/http://nams-india.in/downloads/fellowsmembers/ZZ.pdf . 4 March 2016.
  195. Web site: List of Distinguished Fellows. Institute of Directors. 9 November 2014. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20141110005724/http://iodonline.com/about-iod/distinguished-fellows.html. 10 November 2014.
  196. News: Bharat Ratna conferred on Dr Abdul Kalam . . 26 November 1997 . 1 March 2012 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120717032654/http://www.rediff.com/news/nov/26kal.htm . 17 July 2012 .
  197. Web site: Developments in Fluid Mechanics and Space Technology. National Informatics Centre. 1 March 2012. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20120130092420/http://abdulkalam.nic.in/fluid.html. 30 January 2012.
  198. Book: Kalam. A.P.J. Abdul. Y.S.. Rajan. India 2020: A Vision for the New Millennium. New York. 1998. 978-0-670-88271-7. 8 November 2020. 25 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230725113053/https://books.google.com/books?id=pCN7NwAACAAJ&q=vision+2020+abdul+kalam. live.
  199. Book: Kalam. A.P.J. Abdul. Ignited minds: unleashing the power within India. Viking. 2002. 978-0-670-04928-8. 8 June 2020. 25 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230725113550/https://books.google.com/books?id=kypuAAAAMAAJ&q=ignited+minds. live.
  200. Book: Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul. The luminous sparks : a biography in verse and colours. 2004. Punya Pub.. Bangalore. 978-81-901897-8-1.
  201. Book: Rajan, A.P.J. Abdul Kalam with Y.S.. Mission India : a vision for Indian youth. 2005. Puffin Books. New Delhi, India. 978-0-14-333499-6.
  202. Book: Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul. Inspiring thoughts. 2007. Rajpal & Sons. Delhi. 978-81-7028-684-4.
  203. Book: Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul. Indomitable Spirit. 2006. Rajpal & Sons. Delhi. 978-81-7028-654-7.
  204. Book: Kalam . Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul . Pillai . A. Sivathanu . Envisioning an Empowered Nation: Technology for Societal Transformation . 2004 . Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company . 978-0-07-053154-3 . 24 July 2020 . en . 25 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230725113624/https://books.google.com/books?id=HCXbAAAAMAAJ . live .
  205. Book: You Are Born To Blossom : Take My Journey Beyond . January 2010 . Ocean Books . 978-81-8430-037-6 . New Delhi, India.
  206. Web site: Turning Points:A journey through challenges . HarperCollins India . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20121001024222/http://www.flipkart.com/turning-points-9350293471/p/itmda654mcrqdgfh . 1 October 2012 .
  207. Book: Kalam . Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul . My Journey: Transforming Dreams Into Actions . 2014 . Rupa Publications India . 978-81-291-2491-3 . 24 July 2020 . en . 25 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230725113554/https://books.google.com/books?id=96XCAgAAQBAJ . live .
  208. Web site: Dr. Abdul Kalam's new Book A Manifesto for Change to release on July 14. news.biharprabha.com. 27 June 2014. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140707150021/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/06/dr-abdul-kalams-new-book-a-manifesto-for-change-to-release-on-july-14/. 7 July 2014.
  209. Book: Abdul Kalam. A P J. Forge Your Future: Candid, Forthright, Inspiring. 29 October 2014. Rajpal & Sons. 978-93-5064-279-5. .
  210. Book: Abdul Kalam. A P J. Pal Singh. Srijan. Reignited: Scientific Pathways to a Brighter Future. 14 May 2015. Penguin India. 978-0-14-333354-8. .
  211. Book: Dr. Abdul Kalam's new Book Transcendence My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji to release on 15 June . HarperCollins India Publication. .
  212. Book: A P J. Abdul Kalam. Srijan. Pal Singh. Advantage India: From Challenge to Opportunity. 978-9351776451. 20 October 2015. HarperCollins Publishers India .
  213. News: Rohde. David. Nuclear Scientist, 70, a Folk Hero, Is Elected India's President. 29 June 2012. The New York Times. 19 July 2002. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20121109144604/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/19/world/nuclear-scientist-70-a-folk-hero-is-elected-india-s-president.html. 9 November 2012.
  214. Book: Pruthi, Raj. President Apj Abdul Kalam. 2003. Anmol Publications. 978-81-261-1344-6. 9 October 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20160603190326/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ee3PR5HFBCAC. 3 June 2016. live.
  215. Book: Bhushan. K.. Katyal. G.. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: The Visionary of India. 2002. APH Publishing. 978-81-7648-380-3. 9 October 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20160507014259/https://books.google.com/books?id=W3K3wQsM9PUC. 7 May 2016. live.
  216. News: Documentary on Kalam released . 12 January 2008. 27 March 2009. Chennai, India. https://web.archive.org/web/20090511012413/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/25/stories/2008012550520200.htm. 11 May 2009 . The Hindu. dead.
  217. Book: Nair, P. M.. The Kalam Effect: My Years with the President. 2008. HarperCollins Publishers, a joint venture with the India Today Group. 978-81-7223-736-3. 9 October 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20160426081144/https://books.google.com/books?id=NldWPgAACAAJ. 26 April 2016. live.
  218. Book: Fr A K George. My Days with Mahatma Abdul Kalam. 2009. Novel Corp. 978-81-904529-5-3. 9 October 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20160513053103/https://books.google.com/books?id=PyvbRgAACAAJ. 13 May 2016. live.
  219. Book: Tiwari, Arun. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: A Life. HarperCollins. 2015. 9789351776918. 5 September 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190905181325/https://harpercollins.co.in/book/a-p-j-abdul-kalam-a-life/. 5 September 2019. live.
  220. Book: Khan, S M. The People's President: Dr A P J Abdul Kalam. Bloomsbury. 2016. 9789386141521. 5 September 2019. 30 March 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220330121500/https://www.bloomsbury.com/in/the-peoples-president-9789386141521/. live.
  221. News: I Am Kalam: Movie Review. 3 March 2012. The Times of India. 4 August 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20130523204749/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-04/news-interviews/29849681_1_film-nila-madhab-panda-harsh-mayar. 23 May 2013. dead.
  222. Web site: My Hero Kalam (2018) . Indiancine.ma . 17 February 2021 . 18 August 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210818013129/https://indiancine.ma/CFYH/info . live .
  223. Web site: 15 January 2021. Biopic to be streamed as tribute to Dr APJ Abdul Kalam. filmsdivision.org. 11 June 2021. 11 June 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210611165852/https://filmsdivision.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/15.pdf. live.
  224. Web site: Mega Icons Season 1 Episode 1. 11 June 2021. Disney+ Hotstar. en. 11 June 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210611165844/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/mega-icons/1260000382/virat-kohli/1770018765. live.
  225. News: Meet the man who's Kalam but not Kalam . 29 April 2022 . India Today . 27 July 2016 . en . 29 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220429101432/https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/apj-abdul-kalam-sheikh-mydeen-look-alike-331642-2016-07-27 . live .
  226. Web site: 'Rocket Boys' Begins Well, Then Turns Into Hagiography With a Blatantly Communal Touch . 1 July 2022 . The Wire . 4 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220304105826/https://thewire.in/culture/rocket-boys-review . live .
  227. News: Chellappan. Kumar . 8 December 2013 . True lies. . 2 April 2021 . 19 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210419131302/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/sunday-edition/true-lies.html . live.

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