Douglas Bruce Explained

Douglas Bruce
Width:125
State House:Colorado
District:15th
Term Start:January 14, 2008
Term End:January 7, 2009[1]
Preceded:Bill Cadman
Succeeded:Mark Waller
Birth Name:Douglas Edward Bruce
Birth Date:26 August 1949
Birth Place:Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Party:Republican
Education:Pomona College (BA)
University of Southern California (JD)

Douglas Edward Bruce (born August 26, 1949) is an American conservative activist, attorney, convicted felon, and former legislator who served as a member of the Colorado House of Representatives from 2008 to 2009.

He is also known for being the author of Colorado's Taxpayer Bill of Rights (TABOR). A strict advocate for limited government, Bruce wrote and promoted TABOR, a spending limitation measure approved by Colorado voters in 1992. His name is so associated with the measure that attempts to bypass its restrictions are known as "de-Brucing."

After two unsuccessful campaigns for the Colorado Senate in 1996 and 2000, Bruce was elected to the El Paso County Commission in 2004. Bruce was appointed to a vacant seat in the Colorado House of Representatives in December 2007 and represented House District 15, which includes eastern Colorado Springs.[2] After kicking a Rocky Mountain News photographer on the day he was sworn in, Bruce became the first legislator in Colorado history to be formally censured. He was later removed from a House committee overseeing veterans affairs after refusing to sponsor a ceremonial resolution honoring veterans. Although defeated for election to a full term in the August 2008 Republican Party primary, Bruce continued his activism to reduce government expenditures and taxes in Colorado Springs and statewide.

In 2010, Bruce was indicted for money laundering, attempted bribery of a public official, and tax fraud involving the use of a charitable organization and anti-tax activism.[3] In 2011, Bruce was convicted of all counts in the indictment, including four counts of felony criminal activity including money laundering, attempted improper influence of a public official, and tax fraud. He was discovered to be using a small-government charity he founded to hide millions of dollars from the state department of revenue. He was sentenced on February 13, 2012 to a total of 180 days in jail, ordered to pay a total of $49,000 in fines, and subject to six months of probation which included extensive disclosure requirements.[4]

Early life and education

Born in Los Angeles, California, Bruce graduated from Hollywood High School at the age of 16 and then from Pomona College with a double major in history and government.[5] [6] [7] He earned a Juris Doctor from the USC Gould School of Law in 1973 and worked as a Los Angeles County deputy district attorney from 1973 to 1979, resigning amid frustration with the court system.[8] [9]

Career

In 1980, Bruce ran a largely self-financed campaign for the California State Assembly, running in the Democratic Primary for the 38th Assembly district, which, at that time, centered on Pacific Palisades and Malibu. Running with the campaign slogan "Specifics, Not Safe Generalities," Bruce ran what a local newspaper described as "something of an anomaly, a law and order primary campaign by a Democrat." Bruce lost by five percentage points in a high-turnout primary. His opponent, Steven Afriat, narrowly lost the general election to Republican Marion W. La Follette.

Move to Colorado and rental properties

During the late 1970s, Bruce acquired a number of rental properties in the Los Angeles area, which he managed full-time after leaving the district attorney's office. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, Bruce was embroiled in several protracted tax disputes with the Internal Revenue Service. In 1986, Bruce acquired several properties in Colorado Springs and moved to Colorado permanently. Shortly before moving to Colorado, Bruce changed his political party affiliation from Democrat to Republican.

In addition to his Colorado Springs properties, Bruce acquired rental properties in Denver and Pueblo, Colorado. He has been cited repeatedly by law and code enforcement officials regarding the upkeep of his properties,[10] although most of the dozens of citations brought against him have been overturned.[11] In connection with charge of operating an unsafe building, Bruce spent eight days in jail in 1995 on a contempt of court citation.[12] In response to the numerous complaints filed against him, Bruce has questioned the constitutionality of city code provisions, and accused city officials of selective prosecution and carrying out a "vendetta" against him personally.

In 2003, Bruce announced that he intended to sell his rental properties in order to devote more time to political activism, but was cited by Colorado Springs for keeping dilapidated properties as recently as 2007.[13] In 2008, Bruce was cited by Colorado Springs for two properties they considered "dilapidated," in part because of windows boarded up under orders from the city, but the charges were ultimately dropped when Bruce sold the buildings.[14] Shortly before his August 2008 legislative primary, Colorado Springs declared a four-plex owned by Bruce as "dilapidated;" Bruce responded that he had put money into repairing the building and readying it for sale.[15] In early 2010, Colorado Springs told Bruce that it would charge him $40,000 to restart water service at seven of his rental properties, a charge that Bruce said amounted to political retaliation, but that city staff justified by noting all of the properties had been abandoned.[16]

Taxpayer's Bill of Rights

Although similar tax-limitation measures had been rejected by voters over the previous decades, in 1988, Bruce authored and led the campaign that was eventually successful in enacting TABOR, a "Taxpayer Bill of Rights," in Colorado. Among other provisions, TABOR mandated voter approval of any tax increases and constrained state government spending to grow at a rate no greater than the rates of population growth and inflation. Although TABOR did not pass in 1988, garnering only 42% of the vote in a statewide reference, Bruce revised the measure and it was placed on the ballot again in 1990, when it received 49% support. A third attempt in 1992 was successful, and TABOR was passed with 54% of the vote and became part of Colorado's constitution.[17] [18] In 1997, TABOR's restrictions on state spending were triggered for the first time, resulting in refunds to taxpayers.

During these campaigns, Bruce was the primary spokesperson for TABOR, often trading barbs with TABOR opponent and Colorado governor Roy Romer. In one frequently-cited incident, Romer likened the TABOR proposal to "economic terrorism;" in response, Bruce printed personal business cards reading "Douglas Bruce: Terrorist."[17] [19] [20] The passage of TABOR was Bruce's most prominent political accomplishment; years later, Bruce's personalized license plate read "MRTABOR."[21] Bruce also wrote and successfully passed a similar spending limitation measure in Colorado Springs in 1991. The statewide and local effects of TABOR on government finances led Colorado College political science professor Bob Loevy, in 2009, to call Bruce "the most influential Colorado politician of his time."

Since the passage of TABOR in 1992, hundreds of local jurisdictions in Colorado have sought voter approval to temporarily or permanently exceed the spending limitations of TABOR, measures which became known as "de-Brucing," in reference to TABOR's author. By 2007, over half of Colorado's school district and counties had "de-Bruced," as had many municipalities.[22] [23] TABOR's budget restrictions were frequently cited by officials in Bruce's native El Paso County as resulting in deficiencies in health, law enforcement, and administrative services,[24] and on the state level, creating financial difficulties for higher education.[25]

In 2005, after several years of tight budgets brought about by recession, the spending limitations of TABOR, and other budgetary obligations, the Colorado General Assembly referred Referendum C, a statewide "de-Brucing" measure, to Colorado voters.[26] Bruce was a vocal opponent of Referendum C, facing off against supporters including Gov. Bill Owens, who had supported the original passage of TABOR.[27] Referendum C, which was ultimately passed by voters, authorized a five-year "time-out" from some of TABOR's spending restrictions.[28] Although Bruce threatened a lawsuit against the state of Colorado if the referendum passed, the measure was ultimately enacted into law, raising state revenue by several billion dollars.[29]

In 2008, following his term in the state legislature, Bruce argued against a measure to reverse some of the spending restrictions of the Taxpayer's Bill of Rights.[30] The initiative, known as the Savings Account for Education, would divert refunds given to taxpayers under TABOR to a special fund for K-12 education. Bruce opposed the measure in legislative hearings and then filed a legal challenge once House Speaker Andrew Romanoff, its primary proponent, sought to place the measure on the Colorado ballot as a citizen initiative.[31] The measure was ultimately placed on the November 2008 statewide ballot as Amendment 59, and Bruce launched a website opposing it.[32]

State senate campaigns

Bruce's first attempt to seek elected office in Colorado came in 1996, when Bruce challenged incumbent Republican state senator Ray Powers in the Republican Party primary. Bruce lost to Powers, who went on to become the Colorado State Senate President.[33] Because of the negativity of Bruce's campaign against Powers, Bruce was the only person banned from Powers' ranch, a frequent site for Colorado Springs Republican fundraisers.[34]

Bruce also ran unsuccessfully for the Colorado State Senate in 2000, losing a hotly contested Republican party primary to Ron May in the solidly Republican district. Running with the slogan "Ron May, but Bruce will," Bruce faced institutional opposition from statewide Republican leaders, including Governor Bill Owens, who had once supported Bruce's TABOR initiatives.[35] May ultimately won by only 112 votes.[36]

El Paso County commissioner

2004 election

Bruce sought election to the El Paso County, Colorado, county commission in 2004, winning the Republican Party nomination by defeating Colorado Springs councilwoman Maraget Radford in the party primary.[37] In the general election, Bruce defeated Democrat Stanley Hildahl and two Republicans who ran as write-in candidates with the backing of some party leaders.[38] [39] [40] Bruce won the general election with 58% of the vote.[41] Bruce self-funded his campaign, refusing to accept outside donations.

Policy positions

While serving on the El Paso County Commission, Bruce was frequently the only opposition to measures supported by the other four county commissioners.[42] He cast the only vote against implementing mail ballot elections,[43] against county interference in the proposed incorporation of Falcon, Colorado (although he also opposed the incorporation),[44] against a package of road improvement projects recommended by the Colorado Department of Transportation,[45] against the appointment of County Administrator Jeff Greene,[46] against stricter building codes for mobile homes,[47] and against awarding a county grant to an anti-poverty agency, calling it handouts for "deadbeats."[48]

He was unsuccessful in attempting to reduce the number of paid holidays taken by county employees,[49] but was instrumental in lowering property tax rates[50] and in negotiating the expansion of a gravel pit operation.[51] He also spoke in favor of turning over management of the county fair to a volunteer organization[52] [53] and called for the number of volunteer boards and commissions to be reduced.[54] Bruce was also outspoken in support of deportation for illegal immigrants,[55] and went against his normal practice of refusing to support ceremonial resolutions[56] to support a resolution in favor of the creation of an Immigration and Customs Enforcement office in El Paso County.[57]

Conflicts with county staff and commissioners

When Bruce joined the commission, he sought to have his salary of over $60,000 per year directed to charity, per a campaign promise. Designating Active Citizens Together, an educational non-profit he helped found, as the recipient, Bruce sought to have the county not withhold income tax from his checks, as the money would go directly to charity and he would receive no direct personal benefit. After ten months of disputing arrangements with county staff, Bruce agreed to accept checks with taxes and deductions withheld.[58] In 2007, Bruce attempted to use the non-profit group to donate copies of the U.S. Constitution for local school districts to distribute to graduating seniors; several districts refused his donation on logistical grounds or policies forbidding distribution of external material.[59] [60] The nonprofit group has purchased tens of thousands of copies of the constitution, with the goal of giving one to every graduating high school senior in Colorado.[61] [62]

He also refused to accept a VIP pass from the Colorado Springs Airport, characterizing it as a "bribe;"[63] he also objected to the introduction of public prayer during county commission meetings.[64] Bruce also objected to the inclusion of his name (alongside other county commissioners) on a plaque marking county support of a new courthouse expansion, threatening to physically remove his name from the plaque;[65] his opposition to financing methods for the courthouse had been a driving factor behind his 2004 county commission campaign.[66]

Bruce's debating and speaking style during county commission meetings led to occasional conflicts with county staff and other commissioners. During his first year, an escalating series of disputes with Commissioner Sallie Clark led to her ruling, at a meeting which she chaired, that Bruce was not allowed to discuss Colorado Springs city politics.[67] In 2006, Bruce was also accused of intervening in a county bidding process for a copying contract in favor of a campaign supporter.[68]

In 2006, El Paso County Attorney Bill Louis denounced Bruce as a "narcissist, sociopath and crackpot enabler" for supporting Colorado's Amendment 38, a referendum designed to ease rules for petitioning measures onto election ballots. Bruce and Louis verbally tangled after Louis called Bruce's tactics "guerrilla" and Louis announced: "I plan to do everything in my limited power to make sure that [Bruce's tenure in elected office] comes to an end at some point for the good not only of this community but for all of Colorado and the nation."[69]

Tensions also rose during Bruce's final weeks on the county commission, as he sought a vacancy committee's appointment to the state legislature. Bruce criticized county staff for being unresponsive to his inquiries, and Sheriff Terry Maketa responded by accusing Bruce of harming the morale of county staff, and told Bruce that he supported his bid for the legislature in order "to put you in an environment that will match your ineffectiveness," a statement applauded by other county staff. During his final commission meetings, Bruce was also repeatedly cut off by other commissioners during his comments; other members of the commission described his behavior as an increase in "grandstanding" prior to the vacancy committee's meeting.[42]

Activism in Colorado Springs

In June 2000, Bruce was called to appear as a potential juror for a sexual assault trial in Colorado Springs. During the jury selection process, Bruce distributed leaflets written by the Fully Informed Jury Association in support of jury nullification. After defense attorneys objected to Bruce's actions, the presiding judge dismissed Bruce and 50 other potential jurors who had received the fliers, resulting in a two-week delay for the trial.[70]

Bruce authored two measures, Issues 200 and 201, which appeared on the November 2006 Colorado Springs election ballot, and would have reduced the city's sales tax rate, eliminated its property tax, and restricted the city's ability to borrow money.[71] The legality of the measures was challenged by city officials; the dispute rose to the Colorado Court of Appeals, which ruled in favor of the measures' placement on the ballot.[72] Bruce also unsuccessfully contested both the editing of statements of support for the measures in ballot summaries mailed to voters,[73] and what he claimed was deceptive wording in other taxation measures that election.[74] [75]

Bruce was also the subject of several criminal citations - first in May 2006, stemming from charges that he campaigned against a tax increase for the Falcon Fire Protection District at a polling place closer than the legal 100feet limit,[76] and then in August 2009, when he and another man were charged with trespassing after being asked by police to stop soliciting signatures outside a Costco[77] for the second time in a year.[78] [79] Bruce alleged that the City of Colorado Springs attempted to "bully" him and violate his First Amendment rights, a charge city officials denied.[80] A trial was eventually held after paperwork errors,[81] [82] [83] a tainted jury pool,[84] [85] and claims by Bruce of selective prosecution;[86] after a three-day trial, both were acquitted.[87] Bruce later filed an unsuccessful complaint alleging professional misconduct by the case's prosecutor and judge.[88] [89]

Colorado House of Representatives

Appointment, swearing-in, and censure

In October 2007, Bruce was chosen over two other Republican contenders for the state house seat vacated by Rep. Bill Cadman, following a short but contentious battle for the appointment. Bruce received two-thirds of the votes from the 66-member vacancy committee.[90] Although eligible to be sworn in immediately after his appointment was certified, Bruce postponed the oath of office in order to be eligible to serve a full four terms beyond the partial term under Colorado's term limits rules, an action which was criticized by both Republican and Democratic lawmakers.[91] His delay led to the enactment of legislation requiring legislators to be sworn in within 14 days of their selection.[92] Bruce cast the only dissenting vote on the measure.[93]

Bruce also demanded to be sworn in in front of the full house, a request denied by both Republican and Democratic leadership.[94] [95] He acquiesced to an individual swearing-in ceremony on January 14 after House Republicans voted 22-1 to call for a representative to be named for District 15 if Bruce did not take the oath of office by the end of the day.[96]

On the morning before he was sworn in, Bruce kicked a Rocky Mountain News photographer who took Bruce's picture during the prayer; Bruce accused the photographer of "violating the order and decorum" of the house, and refused to apologize, describing his action instead as a "nudge or a tap."[97] A six-member legislative panel recommended 6-0 that Bruce be censured by the House for his actions.[98] On January 24, the full House of Representatives voted 62-1 to censure Bruce. He became the first representative in the recorded history of the state house to be formally censured.[99]

Legislative agenda

For the 2008 session of the Colorado General Assembly, Bruce was named to seats on the House Finance Committee and the House State, Veterans, and Military Affairs Committee.[100] Before the session began, Bruce denounced much of the House Republican caucus' legislative agenda as "streamlining socialism."[101] Bruce was similarly critical of the proposed state budget debated during the 2008 legislative session;[102] however, his budget amendment proposals were unsuccessful.[103] [104]

All of the legislation introduced by Bruce died in House committees, including proposals to distribute copies and require instruction on the Declaration of Independence and U.S. Constitution to high school seniors,[105] [106] to prohibit counties from assessing any charges other than property taxes on property tax bills,[107] to raise legislative pay and index pay to inflation,[108] and to create a bipartisan panel to draw up Colorado's congressional and legislative districts.[109]

Bruce routinely objected to the practice of attaching a "safety clause" to bills, the inclusion of which declares the bill as "necessary for the immediate preservation of the public peace, health or safety," enacting it into law sooner and prohibiting challenges to the legislation via the petition process.[110] He offered amendments to a number of bills to remove the safety clause,[111] which often failed on account of legislators' personal hostility towards him;[112] however, in 2008, 41% of bills passed had no safety clause, up from 25% the previous year.[113] Bruce also opposed proposals to raise signature requirements for citizen-initiated constitutional amendments,[114] [115] and opposed a bill to impose new requirements on landlords, despite criticism that voting on the measure constituted a conflict of interest.[116] [117]

Removal from committee

Consistent with Bruce's practice as a county commissioner,[118] Bruce opposed ceremonial resolutions in the legislature, and on February 13, was the lone legislator who refused to sign on as a cosponsor to a resolution recognizing Military and Veterans Appreciation Day.[119] Other Republican legislators denounced Bruce in a public letter for "callous indifference" towards veterans,[120] and Republican Minority Leader Mike May removed Bruce from the House State, Veterans and Military Affairs Committee.[121] Bruce offered as evidence of his support for veterans his successful amendment to a house bill to include interest in a state repayment to the Colorado Veterans Trust Fund, a move which resulted in an additional $636,000 repaid to the fund.[122] Bruce would later cite this as one of his major accomplishments during the 2008 session.[112]

"Illiterate peasants" comments

On April 21, 2008, Bruce voiced opposition during house debate on a bill sponsored by Rep. Marsha Looper (R) to create a guest worker program to facilitate temporary employment visas for agricultural workers from Mexico. After speaking against illegal immigration and being advised to restrict comments to the bill by debate chair Rep. Kathleen Curry, Bruce took the floor a second time and commented:

Bruce was immediately gavelled to order by Rep. Kathleen Curry, who ruled that he would no longer be recognized during debate on the bill.[123] [124] Bruce's comments were denounced by legislators on both sides of the aisle,[125] as well the Mexican consulate in Denver. Bruce proudly defended his remarks as being factually accurate, citing dictionary definitions of "illiterate" and "peasant."[126] [127] Legislators responded to Bruce's propensity for generating controversy by declaring that they would "start ignoring him."[128] [129] The following weekend, Bruce's comments were the target of a local protest in Colorado Springs.[130] [131] [132] [133]

2008 election

Bruce announced in November 2007 that he would stand in the 2008 general election for the House District 15 seat.[134] He faced a challenge for the Republican nomination from attorney and Iraq War veteran Mark Waller.[90] Bruce funded his own campaign with over $30,000 of personal funds, refusing to accept private campaign donations;[135] [136] Waller, however, received endorsements or contributions from at least five sitting state representatives,[137] and Colorado Attorney General John Suthers.[137] Waller received 57% of the vote at the Republican assembly in March, claiming the top line on the August Republican primary ballot;[138] he did not differ publicly with Bruce on political positions, but argued that Bruce's temperament caused him to be an ineffective legislator.[139]

Both Bruce and Waller accused each other of inappropriate conduct while campaigning; Bruce was accused of inappropriately distributing campaign flyers to Republican representatives on the House floor,[140] [141] of mailing flyers promoting his charity shortly before the primary,[142] and of inappropriately listing endorsements on his web site.[143] In turn, Bruce filed several campaign finance complaints against Waller,[144] one of which resulted in Waller's campaign being fined for failing to properly disclose a campaign contribution.[145] Ultimately, Bruce was defeated for the Republican nomination in the August 12 party primary, taking 48 percent of the vote to Waller's 52 percent.[146]

Later career

Colorado Springs

In 2007, Bruce began a series of challenges to the City of Colorado Springs' creation of a Stormwater Enterprise Fee, which he contended amounted to an illegal tax collected by a government entity. After his first attempt at a ballot measure to end the fee was held to violate Colorado's single subject rule,[147] [148] Bruce gained permission for a second petition following a year-long battle over wording,[149] and placed the measure on the November 2008 ballot following struggles to collect the necessary number of signatures[150] [151] [152] but were rejected by voters.[153]

Bruce was again successful at placing a measure targeting the Stormwater Enterprise on the ballot in 2009, despite challenges from the city that signatures were not submitted in time,[154] [155] [156] but not after Bruce lost disputes over the wording of the ballot measures.[157] Bruce's Issue 300 was passed by voters with about 55 percent of the vote, and mandated that enterprise payments to Colorado Springs be phased out over eight years.[158] Bruce and city officials disputed, even before the election, as to whether his measure would apply to the city's Stormwater Enterprise Fee;[159] [160] [161] and after threatening to launch a ballot initiative to cut property taxes after an initial 5-4 vote by the city council over two years,[162] [163] the city council then voted 5-4 to phase out the authority immediately.[164] Bruce, however, objected to the city council's proposed implementation of the initiative, which would allow the city to collect payments from the authority in exchange for services rendered. Bruce claimed that this would "undo the plain meaning of issue 300,"[165] [166] and made similar claims regarding a local government restructuring proposal made by Colorado Springs mayor Lionel Rivera.[167]

In March 2010, Bruce filed suit against the city of Colorado Springs and its city council, charging that they had illegally hired outside legal counsel. He also accused the council members of receiving benefits greater than that authorized by law.[168]

In June 2010, Bruce filed a ballot measure to dramatically expand the powers of the city's mayor, including eliminating the positions of city manager, chief financial officer, and communications staff, as well as giving the mayor power to veto ordinances, lower taxes, and excuse city code violations.[169] [170]

Statewide ballot measures

Although Bruce attempted to distance himself from three statewide ballot measures aimed at limiting Colorado governments' power to raise and borrow money, several petitioners for the measures were linked to Bruce[171] through records showing that they temporarily resided at one of his Colorado Springs apartment buildings,[172] and through their past work on TABOR initiatives in other states and petitioning for Bruce's Issue 300 in Colorado Springs.[173] [174] The three measures - Amendment 60, Amendment 61 and Proposition 101 - would impose restrictions or tax cuts, eliminate governments' ability to borrow money without voter approval, cut the state income tax from 4.63 to 3.5 percent, and eliminate vehicle ownership taxes.[175] [176]

Opponents of the ballot measures filed a complaint alleging the backers violated Colorado campaign finance laws by failing to disclose contributions and expenditures. Bruce was subpoenaed to testify in a hearing related to the case in March,[177] but contested the summons unsuccessfully. During the month of May 2010, the state attempted 29 times to serve a notice of a court order testify to Bruce at his Colorado Springs residence; Bruce stated that he was out of town at the time, although both notices and delivered newspapers were removed during that period.[178] [179]

At a hearing in late May, one of the ballot measures' sponsors, Michelle Northrup, testified that she had met with Bruce before the measures were filed and that he provided advice on submitting the initiates and other legal matters.[180] [181] In early June, an administrative law judge ruled that the evidence showed Bruce was behind the three measures and imposed fines on their proponents,[182] [183] and state attorney general John Suthers' office stated that they would seek a contempt citation against Bruce in district court.[184] [185] [186]

Crime, trial, conviction and sentence

In 2010, Bruce was charged with money laundering, attempted bribery of a public official, and tax fraud, after he was discovered to be using a small-government charity he founded to hide millions of dollars from the Colorado Department of Revenue, pocketing interest and using the revenue to fund his political activism. The case went to trial during which Bruce acted as his own attorney. During the trial, Bruce showed up late to proceedings and introduced evidence by throwing documents onto the floor.[187] [188] After eight days of trial, on December 22, 2011, jurors convicted Bruce on four counts. On February 13, 2012, he was sentenced to two consecutive 90-day jail terms and six months of probation, during which he would have to make extensive financial disclosures to the court aimed to ensure he did not become a repeat offender. Bruce was also ordered to pay around $21,000 to cover the cost of prosecution, and about $29,000 to cover the taxes that were owed. Bruce defiantly denounced the trial, saying, "This was the dirtiest trial I have seen in 38 years, regardless of the outcome."

Bruce began serving his sentence February 17, 2012. He spent 104 days in jail, and was paroled under 20 terms and conditions. After a year, the probation department of the Denver District Court brought two complaints against Bruce, claiming that he failed to submit financial disclosures and tax filings, did not disclose a financial deal with Colorado Springs Councilwoman Helen Collins, and did not report code violations and court cases related to six personal properties in Ohio, Wisconsin and Illinois, nor nearly $22,000 in delinquent taxes on three Ohio properties.

On March 11, 2016, Bruce was found in violation of his probation and sentenced to two years. He served his sentence in several locations, including the Colorado Territorial Correctional Facility in Cañon City, Colorado and Delta, Colorado. On July 28, 2016, Bruce appeared before the Colorado State Board of Parole, where he was granted parole on his eligibility date of September 3, 2016. Bruce was quoted as saying "I accept responsibility for all my actions. I deeply regret them. It will never happen again."

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: House Journal - January 7, 2009 . January 9, 2009 . Colorado General Assembly.
  2. Web site: State House District 15 . January 19, 2008 . COMaps . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080304221010/http://www.comaps.org/district15h.html . March 4, 2008 .
  3. News: Douglas Bruce convicted of tax evasion, faces prison time . Denver Post . Jessica . Fender . December 22, 2011.
  4. News: Judge slams Bruce's attitude, sends TABOR father to jail . The Gazette . John . Schroyer . February 14, 2012 . February 14, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120214034725/http://www.gazette.com/articles/bruce-133420-jail-tax.html . February 14, 2012 . dead . mdy-all .
  5. News: Lynn . Bartels . Doug Bruce is in the house . Rocky Mountain News . April 25, 2008 . April 26, 2008 .
  6. Web site: Background . October 19, 2008 . Douglas Bruce .
  7. Book: Who's Who, Marquis . September 1, 1997 . Who's Who in the West 1998-1999 . . 9780837909288.
  8. News: Cara . DeGette . Douglas Edward Bruce -- Colorado dreamin' . Colorado Springs Independent . August 24, 1994 .
  9. Web site: Douglas Bruce - Class of 1973. https://web.archive.org/web/20080524031844/http://law.usc.edu/alumni/events/reunion/detail.cfm?detailid=61390. May 24, 2008. March 19, 2008. USC Gould School of Law.
  10. News: Cara . DeGette . The landlord's cribs . Colorado Springs Independent . August 3, 2000 . November 12, 2007 .
  11. News: Alan . Prendergast . Vendetta . Westword . May 16, 2002 . November 11, 2007 . June 30, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130630193304/http://www.westword.com/2002-05-16/news/vendetta/ . dead .
  12. News: Perry . Swanson . Bruce leaving landlord business . Colorado Springs Gazette . August 14, 2003 . November 11, 2007 .
  13. News: Bill . Vogrin . Owners of dilapidated buildings get final notice . https://archive.today/20130124024224/http://www.gazette.com/articles/city_25709___article.html/dilapidated_bruce.html. dead. January 24, 2013. Colorado Springs Gazette . August 5, 2007 . February 23, 2008 .
  14. News: Pam . Zubeck . City drops building case against Douglas Bruce . https://archive.today/20130123215820/http://www.gazette.com/articles/city_36557___article.html/bruce_building.html . dead . January 23, 2013 . Colorado Springs Gazette . May 21, 2008 . June 13, 2008 .
  15. News: Pam . Zubeck . Bruce under fire for empty property . Colorado Springs Gazette . July 18, 2008 . August 8, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080829111545/http://www.gazette.com/articles/down_38382___article.html/thomsen_property.html . August 29, 2008 .
  16. News: Eileen . Welsome . Bruce slammed with utility fees . Colorado Springs Gazette . February 22, 2010 . March 14, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110711025430/http://thecountyseat.freedomblogging.com/2010/02/22/bruce-slammed-with-utility-fees/687/comment-page-1/ . July 11, 2011 .
  17. News: Ed . Sealover . A confident Bruce says he will seek appointment to house seat . Colorado Springs Gazette . October 23, 2007 . November 11, 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071026014616/http://www.gazette.com/articles/bruce_28797___article.html/seat_county.html . October 26, 2007 .
  18. "Conference by Douglas Bruce" at Francisco Marroquin University. Guatemala, May 2004
  19. News: Vimal . Patel . Story 2 of 5: Douglas Bruce and Freedom . https://archive.today/20110708175544/http://media.www.collegian.com/media/storage/paper864/news/2005/10/25/NewsregionalAndState/Story.2.Of.5.Douglas.Bruce.And.Freedom-1708311.shtml . dead . July 8, 2011 . Rocky Mountain Collegian . October 25, 2005 . March 20, 2008 .
  20. News: Cara . DeGette . Toppling King Kong . Colorado Springs Independent . November 30, 2006 . March 20, 2008 . January 22, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160122041123/http://www.csindy.com/gyrobase/Content?oid=oid%3A19744 . dead .
  21. News: Joe . Hanel . Bruce's baby is loved by Republicans, feared by Democrats . Durango Herald . January 4, 2010 . March 14, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110710160234/http://durangoherald.com/sections/News/2010/01/04/Bruces_baby_is_loved_by_Republicans_feared_by_Democrats/ . July 10, 2011 . dead . mdy-all .
  22. News: Perry . Swanson . Kyle Henley . Taking the teeth out of TABOR . https://archive.today/20110524025356/http://www.gazette.com/articles/tabor_7196___article.html/budget_district.html . dead . May 24, 2011 . Colorado Springs Gazette . March 28, 2007 . November 11, 2007 .
  23. News: Brent . Gardner-Smith . The frustrated taxpayer's guide to special districts . Aspen Daily News . June 26, 2009 . December 15, 2009 .
  24. News: Karen . Auge . Home of TABOR in a pinch . March 1, 2009 . December 15, 2009 . Denver Post.
  25. News: Siegler . Kirk . Lawmaker Predicts Peril for Higher Ed . December 14, 2009 . December 15, 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20091217194651/http://www.publicbroadcasting.net/kunc/news.newsmain/article/1/0/1588073/Regional/Lawmaker.Predicts.Peril.for.Higher.Ed . December 17, 2009 .
  26. News: Mark P. . Couch . Bruce is still on a mission . Denver Post . September 15, 2005 . November 11, 2007 .
  27. News: Tom . McAvoy . Owens, Bruce to square off on Ref C & Dn . Pueblo Chieftain . October 11, 2005 . November 11, 2007 .
  28. News: Stuart . Steers . Muscle puts C over top . Rocky Mountain News . November 2, 2005 . November 11, 2007 .
  29. News: Stephen K. . Paulson . Bruce threatens to file lawsuit if Referendum C wins voter approval . Aurora Sentinel . August 17, 2005 .
  30. News: Tim . Hoover . Ballot budget-repair text OK'd . Denver Post . May 22, 2008 . June 13, 2008 .
  31. News: Joe . Hanel . Campaign starts to halt amendments . https://archive.today/20130121180949/http://archive.durangoherald.com/asp-bin/article_generation.asp?article_type=news&article_path=/news/08/news080701_7.htm . dead . January 21, 2013 . Durango Herald . July 1, 2008 . August 5, 2008 .
  32. News: Berny . Morson . Amendment 59: does it shore up education or undermine TABOR? . Rocky Mountain News . September 7, 2008 . October 17, 2008 .
  33. News: John . Dicker . Into the blender . Colorado Springs Independent . June 10, 2004 . November 11, 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110611071543/http://www.csindy.com/gyrobase/Content?oid=oid%3A119211 . June 11, 2011 .
  34. News: Cara . DeGette . Ray Powers: A rich life, a dying breed . Colorado Independent . September 22, 2008 . October 31, 2008 .
  35. News: Cara . DeGette . Grudge Match . Colorado Springs Independent . August 3, 2000 . October 21, 2007 . January 22, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160122041123/http://www.csindy.com/gyrobase/Content?oid=oid:1995 . dead .
  36. News: Jennifer . Brown . Springs Republican May leaving state Senate . Denver Post . October 19, 2007 . October 21, 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071020201823/http://origin.denverpost.com/news/ci_7226128 . October 20, 2007 . dead . mdy-all .
  37. News: De Yoanna . Michael . Null takes on Bruce . Colorado Springs Independent . October 7, 2004 . November 11, 2007 .
  38. News: Botkin . Naomi . Republicans split over Bruce candidacy . Cos Online . 2004 . November 11, 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060922011312/http://www2.coloradocollege.edu/dept/en/cos/Bruce.asp . September 22, 2006.
  39. News: Swanson . Perry . Lively race keeps with District 2 tradition . Colorado Springs Gazette . October 4, 2004 . November 11, 2007 .
  40. News: Perry . Swanson . Area's political brass support write-in Null . Colorado Springs Gazette . October 23, 2004 . November 11, 2007 .
  41. Web site: 2004 General Election . November 10, 2007 . El Paso County Election Summary Reports .
  42. News: Carlyn Ray . Mitchell . Tension high as Bruce slams county . Colorado Springs Gazette . November 2, 2007 . February 23, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110524011214/http://www.gazette.com/articles/bruce_29255___article.html/county_staff.html . May 24, 2011 .
  43. News: Carlyn Ray . Mitchell . Voters should get mail-in ballots as early as today . Colorado Springs Gazette . October 13, 2007 . February 23, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110524011333/http://www.gazette.com/articles/mail_28436___article.html/ballot_elections.html . May 24, 2011 .
  44. News: Jennifer . Wilson . Falcon cityhood faces flak . Colorado Springs Gazette . May 9, 2007 . February 23, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110524012630/http://www.gazette.com/articles/incorporation_22119___article.html/falcon_town.html . May 24, 2011 .
  45. News: Staff Reports . County tags $2.3M for handful of road projects . Colorado Springs Gazette . August 3, 2007 . February 23, 2008 . dead . https://archive.today/20130123222606/http://www.gazette.com/articles/projects_25572___article.html/county_handful.html . January 23, 2013 .
  46. News: Bill . Hethcock . Commissioners OK Greene . Colorado Springs Gazette . October 20, 2006 . February 23, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110524012806/http://www.gazette.com/articles/greene_18895___article.html/administrator_job.html . May 24, 2011 .
  47. News: Bill . Hethcock . Documents emphasize fire hazards in old trailers, backing new policy . Colorado Springs Gazette . February 15, 2006 . February 23, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110524012819/http://www.gazette.com/articles/mobile_18071___article.html/homes_building.html . May 24, 2011 .
  48. News: Staff Reports . The week in review . Colorado Springs Gazette . March 31, 2006 . February 23, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110524012838/http://www.gazette.com/articles/city_7409___article.html/council_fee.html . May 24, 2011 .
  49. News: Carlyn Ray . Mitchell . Bruce's bid to reduce paid holidays fails . Colorado Springs Gazette . January 1, 2008 . February 23, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080103085541/http://www.gazette.com/articles/holidays_31502___article.html/bruce_paid.html . January 3, 2008 .
  50. News: Carlyn Ray . Mitchell . County lowers '08 property tax rate . Colorado Springs Gazette . December 17, 2007 . February 23, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110524012905/http://www.gazette.com/articles/tax_31016___article.html/rate_year.html . May 24, 2011 .
  51. News: Bill . McKeown . County OKs expansion of gravel pit . Colorado Springs Gazette . October 17, 2007 . February 23, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110524012920/http://www.gazette.com/articles/pit_28579___article.html/day_truck.html . May 24, 2011 .
  52. News: Perry . Swanson . Commissioner candidates vary on how to save county fair . Colorado Springs Gazette . September 23, 2004 . February 23, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110524012935/http://www.gazette.com/articles/fair_15775___article.html/support_candidates.html . May 24, 2011 .
  53. News: Jane . Reuther . County to eliminate fair chief . Colorado Springs Gazette . December 2, 2005 . February 23, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110524013228/http://www.gazette.com/onset?id=17769&template=article.html . May 24, 2011 .
  54. News: Perry . Swanson . County looks for volunteers . Colorado Springs Gazette . February 3, 2005 . February 23, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110524013050/http://www.gazette.com/articles/boards_16833___article.html/advisory_board.html . May 24, 2011 .
  55. News: Staff Reports . Immigration issues and trends locally and in the West . Colorado Springs Gazette . April 2, 2006 . February 23, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110524013121/http://www.gazette.com/articles/immigrants_7688___article.html/illegal_border.html . May 24, 2011 .
  56. News: Perry . Swanson . 'Idea man' makes splash . Colorado Springs Gazette . February 7, 2005 . February 23, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110524013107/http://www.gazette.com/articles/bruce_7418___article.html/courthouse_clark.html . May 24, 2011 .
  57. News: Pam . Zubeck . Rumor has it Hefley quietly went to Oklahoma . Colorado Springs Gazette . September 7, 2007 . February 23, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110524013141/http://www.gazette.com/articles/county_26979___article.html/percent_office.html . May 24, 2011 .
  58. News: Perry . Swanson . Bruce, county end pay . Colorado Springs Gazette . November 16, 2005 . February 23, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110524013204/http://www.gazette.com/articles/bruce_8989___article.html/tax_going.html . May 24, 2011 .
  59. News: Brian . Newsome . 2 districts don't care for Bruce's civic gift . Colorado Springs Gazette . August 21, 2007 . February 23, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110524013224/http://www.gazette.com/articles/bruce_26316___article.html/constitution_school.html . May 24, 2011 .
  60. News: Editorial Board . OUR VIEW: Schools balk at constitutions from Bruce (vote in poll) . Colorado Springs Gazette . May 1, 2010 . May 29, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100506213637/http://www.gazette.com/opinion/bruce-97998-taxpayer-author.html . May 6, 2010 . dead . mdy-all .
  61. News: Andrea . Brown . Dream City series: Douglas Bruce's impact on the region . Colorado Springs Gazette . April 5, 2009 . December 15, 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100512235514/http://www.gazette.com/articles/city-51223-dream-dreamcity2020.html . May 12, 2010 .
  62. Web site: Exciting New Project for ACT . March 20, 2010 . Active Citizens Together . https://web.archive.org/web/20100409002802/http://actcolorado.org/ . April 9, 2010 . dead . mdy-all .
  63. News: Pam . Zubeck . Columnist: Mr. Mayor goes to Paris — but don't expect a souvenir . Colorado Springs Gazette . November 30, 2007 . February 23, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110524013235/http://www.gazette.com/articles/city_30348___article.html/mayor_airport.html . May 24, 2011 .
  64. News: Bill . Hethcock . Bruce admonishes commissioners about public prayer . Colorado Springs Gazette . May 22, 2006 . February 23, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110524013309/http://www.gazette.com/articles/bruce_7123___article.html/commissioner_commission.html . May 24, 2011 .
  65. News: Perry . Swanson . Bruce wants name off court plaque . Colorado Springs Gazette . November 4, 2005 . February 23, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110524013319/http://www.gazette.com/articles/bruce_8903___article.html/courthouse_plaque.html . May 24, 2011 .
  66. News: Perry . Swanson . Officials suggest courthouse be named for county administrator . Colorado Springs Gazette . September 20, 2005 . February 23, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110524013404/http://www.gazette.com/articles/named_8617___article.html/harris_administrator.html . May 24, 2011 .
  67. News: Perry . Swanson . Bickering on agenda for Bruce, Clark . Colorado Springs Gazette . September 11, 2005 . February 23, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110524013500/http://www.gazette.com/articles/bruce_17502___article.html/clark_commissioner.html . May 24, 2011 .
  68. News: Bill . Hethcock . Bruce accused of aiding backer . Colorado Springs Gazette . January 19, 2006 . February 23, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110524013934/http://www.gazette.com/articles/bircham_9415___article.html/danka_bruce.html . May 24, 2011 .
  69. News: Bill . Hethcock . Election 2006 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071225133103/http://www2.gazette.com/display.php?id=1325476&secid=1 . dead . December 25, 2007 . Colorado Springs Gazette . October 20, 2006 . February 23, 2008 .
  70. News: Cara . DeGette . Jurors dismissed, Doug Bruce tainting alleged . Colorado Springs Independent . June 15, 2000 . February 23, 2008 .
  71. News: Rich . Laden . Costco says it will open store on Powers in '07 . Colorado Springs Gazette . November 3, 2007 . February 23, 2008 . dead . https://archive.today/20110524064727/http://www.gazette.com/articles/costco_10875___article.html/nevada_brotman.html . May 24, 2011 .
  72. News: Ed . Sealover . Tax measures reluctantly put on ballot . Colorado Springs Gazette . September 7, 2006 . February 23, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110524013650/http://www.gazette.com/articles/city_18721___article.html/council_bruce.html . May 24, 2011 .
  73. News: Ed . Sealover . Bruce battling initiative summaries . Colorado Springs Gazette . September 28, 2006 . February 23, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110524013702/http://www.gazette.com/articles/bruce_18806___article.html/city_ballot.html . May 24, 2011 .
  74. News: Kyle . Henley . Streetlight fee to stand . Colorado Springs Gazette . April 5, 2006 . February 23, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110524013826/http://www.gazette.com/articles/fee_9893___article.html/city_bruce.html . May 24, 2011 .
  75. News: Ed . Sealover . A boost for parks, open space . Colorado Springs Gazette . February 28, 2006 . February 23, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110524013840/http://www.gazette.com/articles/tax_9694___article.html/court_city.html . May 24, 2011 .
  76. News: Kyle . Henley . Complaint against Bruce probed . Colorado Springs Gazette . August 2, 2006 . February 23, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110524013918/http://www.gazette.com/articles/bruce_18569___article.html/polling_fire.html . May 24, 2011 .
  77. News: Howard . Pankratz. Bruce issued summons for trespassing in Springs . Denver Post . August 17, 2009 . December 16, 2009 .
  78. News: Wayne . Harrison . Douglas Bruce's Costco Arrest Was 2nd in Year . TheDenverChannel.com . August 19, 2009 . December 16, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090822125216/http://www.thedenverchannel.com/news/20458487/detail.html . August 22, 2009 . dead .
  79. News: Maria . St. Louis-Sanchez . Bruce wore out welcome at Costco last year . Colorado Springs Gazette . August 18, 2009 . December 16, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090822121558/http://www.gazette.com/news/bruce-60385-costco-last.html . August 22, 2009 . dead . mdy-all .
  80. News: Maria . St. Louis-Sanchez . Bruce accuses city of 'bullying' him with trespassing ticket . Colorado Springs Gazette . August 17, 2009 . December 16, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090820044055/http://www.gazette.com/articles/trespassing-60316-bruce-conference.html . August 20, 2009 . dead . mdy-all .
  81. News: John C. . Ensslin . Judge tosses trespassing charge over Bruce's objections . Colorado Springs Gazette . September 21, 2009 . December 16, 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090925023525/http://www.gazette.com/news/judge-62426-bruce-charge.html . September 25, 2009 .
  82. News: Michael . Roberts . The Douglas Bruce-Costco battle limps on . Colorado Springs Gazette . September 22, 2009 . December 16, 2009 .
  83. News: Zach . Thaxton . Douglas Bruce Trial: Citing Officer's Competence Questioned . KRDO . December 7, 2009 . December 17, 2009 .
  84. News: John C. . Ensslin . Jury tampering delays Bruce trespassing trial . Colorado Springs Gazette . December 13, 2009 . December 17, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091117163656/http://www.gazette.com/articles/bruce-73979-trial-jury.html . November 17, 2009 . dead . mdy-all .
  85. News: Samantha . Anderson . Tainted Jury Delays Douglas Bruce Trial . KRDO . November 13, 2009 . December 17, 2009 .
  86. News: Daniel . Chacon . Bruce blankets city with subpoenas in trespassing case . Colorado Springs Gazette . December 10, 2009 . December 17, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091114124600/http://www.gazette.com/articles/bruce-67493-city-trespassing.html . November 14, 2009 . dead . mdy-all .
  87. News: John C. . Ensslin . Jury: Bruce not guilty of trespassing at Costco . Colorado Springs Gazette . December 7, 2009 . December 17, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091213032542/http://www.gazette.com/articles/bruce-90391-trial-testimony.html . December 13, 2009 . dead . mdy-all .
  88. News: John C. . Ensslin . Douglas Bruce files complaint in trespassing case . Colorado Springs Gazette . December 21, 2009 . March 14, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091225142544/http://www.gazette.com/articles/city-91192-complaint-bruce.html . December 25, 2009 . dead . mdy-all .
  89. News: John C. . Ensslin . Watchdog agency dismisses Bruce complaint . Colorado Springs Gazette . January 8, 2010 . March 14, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100120181520/http://www.gazette.com/articles/colorado-92066-bruce-complaint.html . January 20, 2010 . dead . mdy-all .
  90. News: Ed . Sealover . GOP chooses Bruce to fill House seat . Colorado Springs Gazette . December 3, 2007 . December 16, 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071203181453/http://www.gazette.com/articles/bruce_30390___article_pluck.html/seat_vacancy.html . December 3, 2007 .
  91. News: Ed . Sealover . Douglas Bruce plans a late start in house . Colorado Springs Gazette . December 5, 2007 . December 16, 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110524014053/http://www.gazette.com/articles/bruce_30507___article.html/jan_seat.html . May 24, 2011 .
  92. News: Michael . Davidson . Bill aims to head off Bruce-like late shows . Colorado Springs Gazette . February 22, 2008 . February 23, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080328090655/http://www.gazette.com/articles/state_33394___article.html/weissmann_bill.html . March 28, 2008 .
  93. News: Michael . Davidson . House OKs bill requiring legislators to take office within 14 days . Colorado Springs Gazette . April 9, 2008 . April 11, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080411055622/http://www.gazette.com/articles/bill_35093___article.html/bruce_law.html . April 11, 2008 .
  94. News: Ed . Sealover . Bruce wants things his way . The Colorado Springs Gazette . January 12, 2008 . January 12, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080115085415/http://www.gazette.com/articles/house_31855___article.html/bruce_romanoff.html . January 15, 2008 .
  95. News: Alan . Gathright . Bruce demands audience for oath . Rocky Mountain News . January 12, 2008 . January 12, 2008 .
  96. News: Chris . Barge . Alan Gathright . Bruce alive and kicking in House . Rocky Mountain News . January 14, 2008 . January 14, 2008 .
  97. News: Chris . Barge . House kicks up an investigation . Rocky Mountain News . January 15, 2008 . January 19, 2008 .
  98. News: Jennifer . Brown . House panel chides Bruce over kick . Denver Post . January 18, 2008 . January 19, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080605092158/http://origin.denverpost.com/rapids/ci_8010233?_requestid=1919337 . June 5, 2008 . dead . mdy-all .
  99. News: Staff Reports . House censures Douglas Bruce . Denver Post . January 24, 2008 . January 24, 2008 .
  100. Web site: House Committees of Reference . January 19, 2008 . Colorado General Assembly.
  101. News: Cara . DeGette . Douglas Bruce's Message To His Party: No! No! No! . Colorado Confidential . January 11, 2008 . January 19, 2008 .
  102. News: Staff Reports . Roll call, March 27 . Rocky Mountain News . March 27, 2008 . March 28, 2008 .
  103. News: Ed . Sealover . House Dems thwart GOP efforts to pare down state budget . Colorado Springs Gazette . March 26, 2008 . March 28, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080328162739/http://www.gazette.com/articles/state_34631___article.html/budget_workers.html . March 28, 2008 .
  104. News: Jane . Slater . House Takes Up State's Budget . TheDenverChannel.com . March 26, 2008 . March 28, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110606133130/http://www.thedenverchannel.com/news/15714444/detail.html . June 6, 2011 . dead .
  105. News: Ed . Sealover . Assembly Glance: Thursday in review . Colorado Springs Gazette . January 18, 2008 . January 19, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080605092158/http://origin.denverpost.com/rapids/ci_8010233?_requestid=1919337 . June 5, 2008 . dead . mdy-all . l
  106. News: Michael . Davidson . Ed Sealover . Assembly glance . Colorado Springs Gazette . February 1, 2008 . February 4, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110524010947/http://www.gazette.com/articles/bill_32621___article.html/house_state.html . May 24, 2011 .
  107. News: Ed . Sealover . Michael Davidson . Tuesday in the General Assembly . Colorado Springs Gazette . February 19, 2008 . February 23, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110524014148/http://www.gazette.com/articles/tax_33336___article.html/colorado_bruce.html . May 24, 2011 .
  108. News: Associated Press . Colo. Plan Would Limit Lawmaker Pay . Conde Nast Portfolio.com . February 22, 2008 . February 23, 2008 .
  109. News: Michael . Davidson . 2 bills seek to change how Colorado's electoral districts are drawn . Colorado Springs Gazette . March 28, 2008 . March 29, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080401004337/http://www.gazette.com/articles/gordon_34721___article.html/party_voters.html . April 1, 2008 .
  110. News: Staff Reports . Bruce rips legislation's "safety clause." . Denver Post . January 16, 2008 . February 15, 2008 .
  111. News: Ed . Sealover . Venerable "safety clause" an early Bruce target . Colorado Springs Gazette . January 16, 2008 . February 15, 2008 .
  112. News: Ed . Sealover . Douglas Bruce: A pariah or a beleaguered reformer? . Colorado Springs Gazette . March 1, 2008 . March 2, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080304005655/http://www.gazette.com/articles/bruce_33745___article.html/committee_waller.html . March 4, 2008 .
  113. News: Joe . Hanel . Bruce wins small changes on "safety clause" . https://archive.today/20130122014953/http://archive.durangoherald.com/asp-bin/article_generation.asp?article_type=news&article_path=/news/08/news080628_6.htm . dead . January 22, 2013 . Durango Herald . June 28, 2008 . July 20, 2008 .
  114. News: Joe . Hanel . Panel: Make it tougher to amend constitution . https://archive.today/20130121182250/http://archive.durangoherald.com/asp-bin/article_generation.asp?article_type=news&article_path=/news/08/news080410_7.htm . dead . January 21, 2013 . Durango Herald . April 10, 2008 . April 11, 2008 .
  115. News: Joe . Hanel . Liberal groups, Bruce join forces . https://archive.today/20130123004205/http://archive.durangoherald.com/asp-bin/article_generation.asp?article_type=news&article_path=/news/08/news080502_4.htm . dead . January 23, 2013 . Durango Herald . May 2, 2008 . May 2, 2008 .
  116. News: Tim . Hoover . House gives initial OK to bill on tenant rights . Denver Post . April 24, 2008 . April 24, 2008 .
  117. News: Staff Reports . Bruce Defends Voting On Landlord-Tenant Bill . TheDenverChannel.com . April 24, 2008 . April 24, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080429161721/http://www.thedenverchannel.com/news/15983568/detail.html . April 29, 2008 . dead .
  118. News: Ed . Sealover . Bruce riles GOP over veterans resolution . Colorado Springs Gazette . February 14, 2008 . February 15, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080220001908/http://www.gazette.com/articles/bruce_33094___article.html/veterans_resolution.html . February 20, 2008 .
  119. News: Alan . Gathright . Daniel J. Chacon . Bruce snubs military tribute . Rocky Mountain News . February 13, 2008 . February 15, 2008 .
  120. News: Marshall . Zelinger . Rep. Doug Bruce Refuses To Honor Military . https://web.archive.org/web/20161220063051/http://www.krdo.com/Global/story.asp?S=7870154 . dead . December 20, 2016 . KRDO.com . February 13, 2008 . February 15, 2008 .
  121. News: Daniel J. . Chacon . Rep. Bruce tossed off panel . Rocky Mountain News . February 15, 2008 . February 15, 2008 .
  122. News: Ed . Sealover . Michael Davidson . Bruce yanked off veterans committee . https://web.archive.org/web/20080219191627/http://www.gazette.com/articles/bruce_33171___article.html/veterans_committee.html . dead . February 19, 2008 . Colorado Springs Gazette . February 15, 2008 . February 15, 2008 .
  123. News: Staff Reports . Bruce: Illegal immigrant workers are 'illiterate peasants'. Rocky Mountain News . April 21, 2008 . April 21, 2008 .
  124. News: Chris . Barge . Alan Gathright . Rebukes envelop Bruce . Rocky Mountain News . April 21, 2008 . April 29, 2008 .
  125. News: Michael . Davidson . Bruce calls farmworkers 'illiterate peasants' . Colorado Springs Gazette . April 21, 2008 . April 21, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080424122104/http://www.gazette.com/articles/workers_35510___article.html/bruce_rep.html . April 24, 2008 .
  126. News: Steven K. . Paulson . Colo. lawmaker removed from podium over Mexicans remark. Associated Press . April 21, 2008 . April 21, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080504235016/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5gjejGz2ScBlo-Eccugkvp2u9HLZQD906JKB00 . May 4, 2008.
  127. News: Jessica . Fender . Bruce barred from speaking after 'illiterate' remark . Denver Post . April 21, 2008 . April 21, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080605122839/http://origin.denverpost.com/rapids/ci_9003612 . June 5, 2008 . dead . mdy-all .
  128. News: Tim . Hoover . No ethics probe for Bruce over Mexican comment . Denver Post . April 22, 2008 . April 22, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080607053757/http://origin.denverpost.com/headlines/ci_9014237 . June 7, 2008 . dead . mdy-all .
  129. News: Charlie . Brennan . Threats in Wake of Bruce Controversy . MyFoxColorado . April 23, 2008 .
  130. News: Annette . Espinoza . Bruce quote sparks protest . Denver Post . April 27, 2008 . April 27, 2008 .
  131. News: Terry . Jessup . Migrant Workers Protest Bruce's 'Peasant' Comments . CBS4Denver.com . April 27, 2008 . April 27, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080506085110/http://cbs4denver.com/local/bruce.migrant.workers.2.706714.html . May 6, 2008 . dead .
  132. News: John . Ingold . Brigade of Bruce defenders fires e-mail barrage . Denver Post . April 24, 2008 . April 24, 2008 .
  133. News: Michael . Davidson . Legislative glance: Wednesday in Review . Colorado Springs Gazette . April 24, 2008 . April 24, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110524015346/http://www.gazette.com/articles/fallout_35607___article.html/glance_legislative.html . May 24, 2011 .
  134. News: Julia C. . Martinez . Douglas Bruce among three vying for House seat . Denver Post . November 27, 2007 . November 27, 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080527213154/http://blogs.denverpost.com/opinion/2007/11/27/douglas-bruce-among-three-vying-for-house-seat/ . May 27, 2008.
  135. News: Pam . Zubeck . POLITIGAB: Bruce says no to dependency . Colorado Springs Gazette . July 2, 2008 . August 5, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110524020206/http://www.gazette.com/news/parade_37868___article.html/crank_district.html . May 24, 2011 .
  136. News: Perry . Swanson . POLITIGAB: Thousands spent in primary runs . https://archive.today/20110524043205/http://www.gazette.com/news/candidates_39058___article.html/state_primary.html . May 24, 2011 . Colorado Springs Gazette . August 7, 2008 . August 10, 2008 . dead .
  137. News: Colleen . Slevin . Douglas Bruce fighting to keep seat in Legislature . CBS4Denver.com . August 12, 2008 .
  138. News: Ed . Sealover . Bruce knocked to No. 2 on the ballot . Colorado Springs Gazette . March 8, 2008 . March 9, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080310224207/http://www.gazette.com/articles/bruce_33993___article.html/waller_saturday.html . March 10, 2008 .
  139. News: Perry . Swanson . Waller has a tough fight in race with Douglas Bruce . Colorado Springs Gazette . July 12, 2007 . August 7, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110524020508/http://www.gazette.com/articles/tough_38171___article.html/waller_bruce.html . May 24, 2011 .
  140. News: Ed . Sealover . Bruce draws fire over fliers . Colorado Springs Gazette . April 1, 2008 . April 2, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110524020632/http://www.gazette.com/articles/bruce_34830___article.html/house_fliers.html . May 24, 2011 .
  141. News: John . Ingold . Jessica Fender . Bruce fliers bring rebuke . Denver Post . April 1, 2008 . April 2, 2008 .
  142. News: Pam . Zubeck . Politigab: Jeff Crank launches another radio ad . Colorado Springs Gazette . July 8, 2008 . August 6, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110524020700/http://www.gazette.com/news/bruce_38016___article_news.html/waller_act.html . May 24, 2011 .
  143. News: Ed . Sealover . Backers named on Bruce Web site say endorsement from 2004 . Rocky Mountain News . July 21, 2008 . August 8, 2008 .
  144. News: Perry . Swanson . Bruce, Waller face off . Colorado Springs Gazette . July 27, 2008 . August 8, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110524020810/http://www.gazette.com/articles/face_38692___article.html/republican_candidates.html . May 24, 2011 .
  145. News: Perry . Swanson . Waller campaign fined for failing to report funds . Colorado Springs Gazette . September 4, 2008 . September 6, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120606140434/http://www.gazette.com/articles/waller_40196___article.html/campaign_schuck.html . June 6, 2012 .
  146. News: Perry . Swanson . Waller defeats Bruce . Colorado Springs Gazette . August 12, 2008 . August 13, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110524021237/http://www.gazette.com/articles/bruce_39268___article_news.html/waller_republican.html . May 24, 2011 .
  147. News: Dennis . Huspeni . Date set for Bruce to dispute fees . Colorado Springs Gazette . October 11, 2007 . February 23, 2008 . dead . https://archive.today/20130124023712/http://www.gazette.com/articles/bruce_28350___article.html/city_gilbert.html . January 24, 2013 .
  148. News: Pam . Zubeck . Is stormwater a city entity? . Colorado Springs Gazette . August 1, 2007 . February 23, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070825175627/http://www.gazette.com/articles/stormwater_25507___article.html/city_enterprise.html . August 25, 2007 .
  149. News: J. Adrian . Stanley . Forever indebted . Colorado Springs Independent . June 26, 2008 . July 8, 2008 .
  150. News: Pam . Zubeck . THE SPYGLASS: Bruce says help with enterprise petitions dried up when he left . Colorado Springs Gazette . May 23, 2008 . June 13, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110524015940/http://www.gazette.com/articles/enterprise_36627___article.html/help_left.html . May 24, 2011 .
  151. News: Eric . Singer . Douglas Bruce Petition Push . KRDO . May 15, 2008 . December 17, 2009 .
  152. News: Pam . Zubeck . Bruce gets signatures to put anti-Stormwater plan on ballot . Colorado Springs Gazette . June 17, 2008 . June 21, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080620110445/http://www.gazette.com/articles/city_37398___article.html/stormwater_tax.html . June 20, 2008 .
  153. News: Daniel . Chacon . City going after delinquent Stormwater fees . Colorado Springs Gazette . April 2, 2009 . December 15, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120422032142/http://www.gazette.com/articles/city-51953-stormwater-property.html . April 22, 2012 . dead . mdy-all .
  154. News: Daniel . Chacon . Bruce disputes missing deadline to turn in ballot petitions . Colorado Springs Gazette . August 5, 2009 . December 16, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120606141019/http://www.gazette.com/articles/bruce-59616-young-deadline.html . June 6, 2012 . dead . mdy-all .
  155. News: Daniel . Chacon . Mayor's poll broke the law, media lawyer says . Colorado Springs Gazette . August 26, 2009 . December 16, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120606141124/http://www.gazette.com/news/violated-60868-mayor-broke.html . June 6, 2012 . dead . mdy-all .
  156. News: Staff Report . Douglas Bruce Initiative to be on November Ballot . KKTV . September 1, 2009 . December 16, 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110726085542/http://www.kktv.com/news/headlines/56661597.html . July 26, 2011 .
  157. News: John C. . Ensslin . Judge rejects Bruce ballot challenge . Colorado Springs Gazette . September 9, 2009 . December 16, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090912061817/http://www.gazette.com/articles/bruce-61718-judge-request.html . September 12, 2009 . dead . mdy-all .
  158. News: R. Scott . Rappold . Voters give Bruce victory, but battle over stormwater fee isn't over . Colorado Springs Gazette . November 3, 2009 . December 16, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091107094854/http://www.gazette.com/articles/stormwater-65179-bruce-enterprise.html . November 7, 2009 . dead . mdy-all .
  159. News: Dean . Toda . Did Bruce misfire with latest assault on stormwater fee? . Colorado Springs Gazette . September 29, 2009 . December 16, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091003023655/http://www.gazette.com/articles/kelly-62945-bruce-proposal.html . October 3, 2009 . dead . mdy-all .
  160. News: R. Scott . Rappold . Is Issue 300 all about Stormwater? Bruce says yes; city says no . Colorado Springs Gazette . October 16, 2009 . December 16, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091023125555/http://www.gazette.com/articles/issue-63948-says-springs.html . October 23, 2009 . dead . mdy-all .
  161. News: Daniel . Chacon . City officials facing reality: making do with millions less . Colorado Springs Gazette . November 4, 2009 . December 16, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091108095127/http://www.gazette.com/articles/city-65479-reality-voters.html . November 8, 2009 . dead . mdy-all .
  162. News: Daniel . Chacon . Stormwater Enterprise to end in 2011 . Colorado Springs Gazette . November 24, 2009 . December 17, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091127102246/http://www.gazette.com/articles/enterprise-89742-city-stormwater.html . November 27, 2009 . dead . mdy-all .
  163. News: Daniel . Chacon . Cut stormwater or I'll cut taxes, Bruce threatens city . Colorado Springs Gazette . November 20, 2009 . December 17, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091124113650/http://www.gazette.com/articles/cut-89620-bruce-city.html . November 24, 2009 . dead . mdy-all .
  164. News: Daniel . Chacon . Stormwater Enterprise will keep equipment while work continues . Colorado Springs Gazette . December 16, 2009 . December 17, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120609113801/http://www.gazette.com/articles/equipment-90934-stormwater-keep.html . June 9, 2012 . dead . mdy-all .
  165. News: Daniel . Chacon . Council, Bruce disagree about proposed 'issue 300' ordinance . Colorado Springs Gazette . December 21, 2009 . March 14, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110813151518/http://www.gazette.com/articles/today-91165-council-city.html . August 13, 2011 . dead . mdy-all .
  166. News: Daniel . Chacon . Bruce balks at city's attempt to implement issue 300 . Colorado Springs Gazette . January 11, 2010 . March 14, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110711030459/http://citydesk.freedomblogging.com/2010/01/11/bruce-balks-at-citys-attempt-to-implement-issue-300/1183/ . July 11, 2011 .
  167. News: Daniel . Chacon . Rivera floats strong-mayor concept for November . Colorado Springs Gazette . April 9, 2010 . 2010-04-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100413012949/http://www.gazette.com/articles/mayor-96877-strong-november.html . April 13, 2010 . dead . mdy-all .
  168. News: Daniel . Chacon . Bruce accuses city attorney of charter violations in latest lawsuit . Colorado Springs Gazette . March 9, 2010 . March 14, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120609114141/http://www.gazette.com/articles/city-95363-latest-lawsuit.html . June 9, 2012 . dead . mdy-all .
  169. News: Daniel . Chacon . Ballot measure would ban Springs marijuana shops . Colorado Springs Gazette . June 9, 2010 . June 13, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100613015444/http://www.gazette.com/articles/city-100017-mayor-springs.html . June 13, 2010 . dead . mdy-all .
  170. News: Lindsay . Watts . Douglas Bruce Wants To Cut City Staff . KRDO.com . June 9, 2010 . June 13, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110718221240/http://www.krdo.com/news/23853484/detail.html . July 18, 2011 .
  171. News: Lynn . Bartels . Taxes, spending: Reaction sharp to Colo. ballot issues . Denver Post . February 22, 2010 . March 14, 2010.
  172. News: Eileen . Welsome . Douglas Bruce tied to 3 anti-tax initiatives . Denver Post . January 26, 2010 . March 14, 2010.
  173. News: Eileen . Welsome . Petition circulators no strangers to tax limitation measures . Colorado Springs Gazette . January 28, 2010 . March 14, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100201232821/http://www.gazette.com/articles/petition-93260-november-initiatives.html . February 1, 2010 . dead . mdy-all .
  174. News: Eileen . Welsome . Petition circulators link Bruce to statewide ballot initiatives . Colorado Springs Gazette . January 26, 2010 . May 29, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100130155721/http://www.gazette.com/articles/bruce-93113-state-statewide.html . January 30, 2010 . dead . mdy-all .
  175. News: Beverly . Corbell . State Amendments on Nov. Ballot Would Sharply Cut Services . https://archive.today/20130208195403/http://www.telluridewatch.com/view/full_story/6463876/article-State-Amendments-on-Nov--Ballot-Would-Sharply-Cut-Services?instance=secondary_stories_left_column . dead . February 8, 2013 . Telluride Watch . February 25, 2010 . March 14, 2010 .
  176. News: Peter . Marcus . Group challenges anti-tax ballot proposals . Denver Daily News . January 6, 2010 . March 14, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100415195358/http://www.thedenverdailynews.com/article.php?aID=6870 . April 15, 2010 .
  177. News: Eileen . Welsome . AG wants to compel Douglas Bruce to testify in campaign finance hearing . Colorado Springs Gazette . May 3, 2010 . May 29, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100507085938/http://www.gazette.com/articles/colorado-98107-bruce-state.html . May 7, 2010 . dead . mdy-all .
  178. News: Tim . Hoover . Colorado has tried to serve Douglas Bruce 29 times . Denver Post . May 29, 2010 . May 29, 2010.
  179. News: Daniel . Chacon . Douglas Bruce: "I went to Pennsylvania. So what?" . Colorado Springs Gazette . June 8, 2010 . June 13, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100611085121/http://www.gazette.com/articles/bruce-99964-went-pennsylvania.html . June 11, 2010 . dead . mdy-all .
  180. News: Eileen . Welsome . Witness ties Douglas Bruce to three ballot measures . Colorado Springs Gazette . May 24, 2010 . May 29, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100528164301/http://www.gazette.com/articles/bruce-99325-three-douglas.html . May 28, 2010 . dead . mdy-all .
  181. News: Eileen . Welsome . Hearing lifts veil on campaign for disputed measures . Colorado Springs Gazette . May 26, 2010 . May 29, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100528113716/http://www.gazette.com/articles/professional-99390-head-california.html . May 28, 2010 . dead . mdy-all .
  182. News: Tim . Hoover . Ruling links Bruce to ballot measures; AG pursues contempt motion . Denver Post . June 11, 2010 . June 13, 2010.
  183. News: Tim . Hoover . Judge rules evidence proves Douglas Bruce behind 3 anti-tax initiatives . Denver Post . June 12, 2010 . June 13, 2010.
  184. News: Eileen . Welsome . Judge singles out Bruce, fines supporters of ballot measures . Colorado Springs Gazette . June 11, 2010 . June 13, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100615185004/http://www.gazette.com/articles/measures-100157-ballot-supporters.html . June 15, 2010 . dead . mdy-all .
  185. News: Eileen . Welsome . A.G. may seek court action against Douglas Bruce . Colorado Springs Gazette . May 26, 2010 . May 29, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100530113857/http://www.gazette.com/articles/douglas-99442-bruce-court.html . May 30, 2010 . dead . mdy-all .
  186. News: Eileen . Welsome . Attorney general wants Bruce found in contempt . Colorado Springs Gazette . June 11, 2010 . June 13, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100613180826/http://www.gazette.com/articles/court-100124-motion-denver.html . June 13, 2010 . dead . mdy-all .
  187. News: Doug Bruce sentenced to 180 days in jail, six years of strict probation for tax evasion. Denver Post . Jessica . Fender .
  188. http://durangoherald.com/article/20120214/NEWS01/702149944/-1/s The Durango Herald 02/14/2012 | Doug Bruce gets jail time in tax case

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