Doug Crawford Explained

John Douglas (Doug) Crawford is a Canadian neuroscientist and the Scientific Director of the Connected Minds program. He is a professor at York University where he holds the York Research Chair in Visuomotor Neuroscience and the title of Distinguished Research Professor in Neuroscience.

Biography

Crawford grew up in London Ontario, where he attended the University of Western Ontario. He completed his BSc in Physiology & Psychology in 1987, studying electrophysiology with Stanley Caveney and Gordon Mogenson. He then studied three-dimensional eye movements with Tutis Vilis at Western, where he held a Medical Research Council (MRC) Studentship (1989-1992) and earned his PhD in Physiology in 1993. Following that, he spent two years (1993-1994) studying head-unrestrained gaze control as an MRC post-doctoral fellow with Daniel Guitton at the Montreal Neurological Institute. in 1995 he joined York University's Department of Psychology and York Centre for Vision Research in Toronto as an assistant professor, later attaining cross appointments to the department of Biology, School of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, and the Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program. During this period he held a MRC Faculty Scholarship (1996-2001), Tier II Canada Research Chair (2001-2007) and Tier I Canada Research Chair (2007-2021)[1] and Now York Research Chair. He became an Associate Professor in 1999, Full Professor in 2005, and Distinguished Research Professor in 2013.[2]

Leadership

Crawford was the founding National Coordinator of the Canadian Action and Perception Network (CAPnet),[3] the founding Canadian director of the Brain in Action International Research Training Program,[4] and the founding coordinator of the York Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program.[5] He founded York's neurophysiology laboratories,[6] was a founding member of Melvyn A. Goodale's CIHR Group for Action and Perception [7] and founding co-principal investigator for the CIHR Strategic Training Program in Vision Health Research.[7] He Founded the VSS Canadian Vision Social[8] and is a member of the Canadian Brain Research Strategy Neuroscience Leaders Group.[9] He has the distinction of being the principal investigator and founding Scientific Director of two Canada First Research Excellence Fund (CFREF)-funded programs: 'Vision: Science to Applications' (VISTA),[10] (2016-2023) and then 'Connected Minds: Neural and Machine Systems for a Healthy, Just Society' (2023-).

Training

Crawford has supervised over 60 graduate students and post-doctorals, many graduating to successful careers in academia, medicine, and industry.[11] Among his noteworthy former trainees are Pieter Medendorp, Director of the Donders Centre for Cognition in Nijmegen,[12] Julio Martinez-Trujillo, Provincial Endowed Academic Chair in Autism at Western University,[13] Gunnar Blohm, Queens Professor and Founding Co-Director of the International Summer School in Computational Sensory-Motor Neuroscience[14] and Neuromatch Academy,[15] Aarlenne Khan, Canada Research Chair in Vision and Action at Université de Montréal,[16] and Denise Henriques, York Professor and principal investigator of York University's Sensorimotor Control Lab.[17] For these activities Crawford received York University's 2003 Faculty of Graduate Studies Teaching Award[18] and 2019 Post-Doctoral Supervisor of the Year Award.[19]

Research

Crawford's research investigates the neural mechanisms of visuospatial memory and sensorimotor transformations for eye, head, and hand motion.[20] [21] Recurrent themes in his work include 1) the idea that early representations of movement goals are stored in visual coordinates, updated during self-motion, and then transformed into three-dimensional (3D) commands for different body parts, 2) the use of theory-driven, multimodal neuroscience techniques, and 3) the use of 3D measurements and analysis of eye and body orientation.[22] His specific contributions can be grouped into three areas:

Physiology of the Primate Gaze System Crawford and colleagues performed the first recordings of 3D Vestibulo–ocular reflex axes and Listing's law during head rotation,[23] and identified the midbrain neural integrators for holding vertical and torsional orientation of both the eye [24] and head.[25] They used brain stimulation neurophysiological recordings to investigate the role of the superior colliculus[26] and frontal cortex [27] in eye-head coordination and reference frame coding, and track their egocentric[28] and allocentric[29] coding mechanisms through time. They also showed that remembered visual stimuli are continuously updated across the superior colliculus during smooth pursuit eye movements.[30]

Human Vision and Eye Movements Crawford and colleagues showed that ocular dominance reverses for left and right visual stimuli,[31] how Listing's law of two eyes interacts with stereopsis[32] and that optimal integration theory can explain perisaccadic change blindness.[33] His lab has used TMS [34] and neuroimaging [35] to show the roles of occipital, parietal, and frontal cortex in Transsaccadic memory of visual features.

Eye-Hand Coordination During Reach. Crawford and colleagues used psychophysics and fMRI to show that human parietal lobe retains and updates saccade and reach goals in gaze-centered coordinates,[36] [37] fMRI and TMS to map saccade vs. reach function in human posterior parietal cortex,[38] fMRI and MEG[39] to track the visuomotor transformations forr reach, and psychophysics,[40] neuroimaging,[41] to determine how allocentric and egocentric representations are stored and integrated for goal-directed reaches.

Crawford has also collaborated with clinician scientists to investigate how these various sensorimotor mechanisms fail during disorders such as amblyopia,[42] cervical dystonia[43] and optic ataxia.[44]

Research Awards

Crawford has been listed amongst the world's top 2% researchers.[45] In addition to the research fellowships, research chairs and teaching awards cited above, Crawford has received various research awards. In 1993, he was awarded the Governor General's Academic Gold medal[46] for his PhD work with Tutis Vilis. Since then, he has won various research prizes, including the 1995 Polanyi Prize in Physiology/Medicine,[47] an Alfred P Sloan Fellowship,[48] the 2000 Ontario Premier's Research Excellence Award, the 2002 CIFAR Young Explorer Award (awarded to the "top 20 young investigators in Canada"), the 2004 Steacie Prize (awarded to "a scientist or engineer of 40 years of age or less for outstanding scientific research carried out in Canada."),[49] the 2016 Canadian Physiological Society Sarrazin Award,[50] and the 2018 York President's Research Excellence Award.[51]

References

  1. Web site: 25 April 2001 . York U. Psychologist Doug Crawford wins Canada Research Chair in visual functions of the brain . 2018-04-03 . news.yorku.ca . en-US.
  2. Web site: Two profs awarded 2013 Distinguished Research Professor title . 7 May 2013 . yfile.news.yorku.ca.
  3. Web site: Western, York and Queens joint neuroscience initiative. Robarts Research. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20180710011215/http://www.robarts.ca/western-york-and-queens-announce-joint-neur. 10 July 2018. 1 December 2008. 4 April 2018. live.
  4. Web site: A spotlight on: 'Brain in Action'. DFG, German Research Foundation. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233703/https://www.dfg.de/en/dfg_profile/head_office/dfg_abroad/north_america/reports/2016/160122_mts/index.html. 8 August 2018. 4 June 2020. live.
  5. Web site: SIGNAL/NOISE newsletter. 2018-04-04. 2018-04-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20180404202000/http://www.health.yorku.ca/psyc/pdf/sn_080606.pdf. dead.
  6. Web site: Faculty of Health: John Douglas Crawford . YorkU . 31 January 2024.
  7. Web site: Unknown.
  8. Web site: Vision Sciences Society Program . 2018 . visionsciences.org . 22 . 31 January 2024.
  9. Web site: Who We Are . Canadian Brain Research Strategy . 31 January 2024.
  10. Web site: World Leading Vision Research Program Receives Canada's Premiere Grant . sandramc . news.yorku.ca. 8 September 2016. en-US. 31 January 2024.
  11. Web site: Alumni. The Visuomotor Neuroscience Lab . 31 January 2024.
  12. Web site: Prof. W.P. Medendorp (Pieter) . Radboud Universiteit.
  13. Web site: Dr. Julio Martinez-Trujillo appointed Academic Chair in Autism | Robarts Research . 2018-08-08 . 2018-08-08 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180808202824/http://www.robarts.ca/dr-julio-martinez-trujillo-appointed-academic-chair-autism . dead .
  14. Web site: Dr Gunnar BLOHM - CV.
  15. Web site: Team . neuromatch academy.
  16. Web site: Chaire de recherche du Canada sur la vision et l'action . fr . Université de Montréal: École d'optométrie.
  17. Web site: People . Sensorimotor Control Lab.
  18. Web site: Faculty Teaching Award.
  19. Web site: Postdoctoral Supervisor of the Year Award.
  20. Crawford. JD. Martinez-Trujillo. JC. Klier. EM. 2003. Neural control of three-dimensional eye and head movements. Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 13. 6. 655–662. 10.1016/j.conb.2003.10.009. 14662365. 353894. 0959-4388.
  21. Crawford. J. D.. Medendorp. W. P.. Marotta. J. J.. 2004. Spatial Transformations for Eye–Hand Coordination. Journal of Neurophysiology. 92. 1. 10–19. 10.1152/jn.00117.2004. 15212434. 0022-3077. 2066/64567. free.
  22. Crawford. J. Douglas. Henriques. Denise Y.P.. Medendorp. W. Pieter. 2011. Three-Dimensional Transformations for Goal-Directed Action. Annual Review of Neuroscience. 34. 1. 309–331. 10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113749. 21456958. 0147-006X.
  23. Crawford. J. D.. Vilis. T.. 18736605. 1991. Axes of eye rotation and Listing's law during rotations of the head. Journal of Neurophysiology. 65. 3. 407–423. 10.1152/jn.1991.65.3.407. 2051188. 0022-3077.
  24. Crawford. J.. Cadera. W.. Vilis. T.. 15724175. 1991. Generation of torsional and vertical eye position signals by the interstitial nucleus of Cajal. Science. 252. 5012. 1551–1553. 10.1126/science.2047862. 2047862. 1991Sci...252.1551C. 0036-8075.
  25. Klier. E. M.. 2002. Midbrain Control of Three-Dimensional Head Orientation. Science. 295. 5558. 1314–1316. 10.1126/science.1067300. 11847347. 2002Sci...295.1314K. 35528598. 0036-8075.
  26. Klier . Eliana M. . Wang . Hongying . Crawford . J. Douglas . 2001 . The superior colliculus encodes gaze goals in retinal coordinates . Nature Neuroscience . 4 . 6 . 627–632 . 10.1038/88450 . 1097-6256 . 11369944 . 4930662.
  27. Martinez-Trujillo . Julio C. . Medendorp . W.Pieter . Wang . Hongying . Crawford . J.Douglas . 2004 . Frames of Reference for Eye-Head Gaze Commands in Primate Supplementary Eye Fields . Neuron . 44 . 6 . 1057–1066 . 10.1016/j.neuron.2004.12.004 . 0896-6273 . 15603747 . free. 2066/64351 . free .
  28. Sajad . Amirsaman . Sadeh . Morteza . Yan . Xiaogang . Wang . Hongying . Crawford . John Douglas . 2016 . Transition from Target to Gaze Coding in Primate Frontal Eye Field during Memory Delay and Memory–Motor Transformation . eNeuro . 3 . 2 . 10.1523/ENEURO.0040-16.2016 . 4829728 . 27092335.
  29. Bharmauria . Vishal . Sajad . Amir . Li . Jirui . Yan . Xiaogang . Wang . Hongying . Crawford . John Douglas . 2020 . Integration of Eye-Centered and Landmark-Centered Codes in Frontal Eye Field Gaze Responses . Cerebral Cortex . 30 . 9 . 4995–5013 . 10.1093/cercor/bhaa090 . 32390052.
  30. Dash . Suryadeep . Yan . Xiaogang . Wang . Hongying . Crawford . John Douglas . 2015 . Continuous Updating of Visuospatial Memory in Superior Colliculus during Slow Eye Movements . Current Biology . 25 . 3 . 267–274 . 10.1016/j.cub.2014.11.064 . 0960-9822 . 25601549 . free. 2015CBio...25..267D .
  31. Khan . Aarlenne Z . Crawford . J.Douglas . 2001 . Ocular dominance reverses as a function of horizontal gaze angle . Vision Research . 41 . 14 . 1743–1748 . 10.1016/S0042-6989(01)00079-7 . 0042-6989 . 11369037 . free.
  32. Schreiber . Kai . Crawford . J. Douglas . Fetter . Michael . Tweed . Douglas . 2001 . The motor side of depth vision . Nature . 410 . 6830 . 819–822 . 2001Natur.410..819S . 10.1038/35071081 . 0028-0836 . 11298450 . 25404329.
  33. Niemeier . Matthias . Crawford . J. Douglas . Tweed . Douglas B. . 2003 . Optimal transsaccadic integration explains distorted spatial perception . Nature . 422 . 6927 . 76–80 . 2003Natur.422...76N . 10.1038/nature01439 . 0028-0836 . 12621435 . 1239586.
  34. Prime . S. L. . Vesia . M. . Crawford . J. D. . 2011 . Cortical mechanisms for trans-saccadic memory and integration of multiple object features . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences . 366 . 1564 . 540–553 . 10.1098/rstb.2010.0184 . 0962-8436 . 3030828 . 21242142.
  35. Baltaretu . Binaca R . Monaco . Simona . Velji-Ibrahim . Jena . Luabeya . Gaelle N . Crawford . John Douglas . 2020 . Parietal Cortex Integrates Saccade and Object Orientation Signals to Update Grasp Plans . Journal of Neuroscience . 40 . 23 . 4525–4535 . 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0300-20.2020 . 7275863 . 32354854.
  36. Henriques. D. Y.. Klier. E. M.. Smith. M. A.. Lowy. D.. Crawford. J. D.. 1998-02-15. Gaze-centered remapping of remembered visual space in an open-loop pointing task. The Journal of Neuroscience. 18. 4. 1583–1594. 0270-6474. 9454863. 6792733. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-04-01583.1998.
  37. Medendorp. W. Pieter. Goltz. Herbert C.. Vilis. Tutis. Crawford. J. Douglas. 2003-07-16. Gaze-centered updating of visual space in human parietal cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience. 23. 15. 6209–6214. 1529-2401. 12867504. 6740538. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-15-06209.2003.
  38. Vesia. M.. Prime. S. L.. Yan. X.. Sergio. L. E.. Crawford. J. D.. 2010. Specificity of Human Parietal Saccade and Reach Regions during Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Journal of Neuroscience. 30. 39. 13053–13065. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1644-10.2010. 20881123. 6633525. 0270-6474.
  39. Blohm. G. Alikhanianac. H. Gaetz. W. Goltz. H.C.. DeSouzabce. J.F.X.. Cheyne. D.O.. Crawford. J.D.. 2019. Neuromagnetic signatures of the spatiotemporal transformation for manual pointing. NeuroImage. 197. 306–319. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.04.074. 31051295. 140255761.
  40. Byrne. Patrick. Crawford. John Douglas. 2010. Cue reliability and a landmark stability heuristic determine relative weighting between egocentric and allocentric visual information in memory-guided reach. Journal of Neurophysiology. 103. 6. 3054–3069. 10.1152/jn.01008.2009. 20457858.
  41. Chen. Ying. Monaco. Simona. Byrne. Byrne. Yan. Xiaogang. Henriques. Denise Y.P.. Crawford. John Douglas. 2014. Allocentric versus egocentric representation of remembered reach targets in human cortex. Journal of Neuroscience. 10. 37. 12515–12526. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1445-14.2014. 25209289. 6615499.
  42. Niechwiej-Szwedo. Ewa. Goltz. Herbert C. Chandrakumar. Manokaraananthan. Hirji. Zahra. Crawford. John Douglas. Wong. Agnes M. F.. 2011. Effects of Anisometropic Amblyopia on Visuomotor Behavior, Part 2: Visually Guided Reaching. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 52. 2. 795–803. 10.1167/iovs.10-6092. 21051723. 5115912.
  43. Shaikh. Aasef G.. Zee. David S.. Crawford. J. Douglas. Jinnah. Hyder A.. 2016. Cervical dystonia: a neural integrator disorder. Brain. 139. 10. 2590–2599. 10.1093/brain/aww141. 27324878. 5840887. 0006-8950.
  44. Khan. A Z. Pisella. L. Vighetto. A. Cotton. F. Luauté. J. Boisson. D. Salemme. R. Crawford. J D. Rossetti. Y. 2005. Optic ataxia errors depend on remapped, not viewed, target location. Nature Neuroscience. 8. 4. 418–420. 10.1038/nn1425. 15768034. 24813342. 1097-6256.
  45. Ioannidis. John P. A.. Boyack. Kevin W.. Baas. Jeroen. 2020-10-16. Updated science-wide author databases of standardized citation indicators. PLOS Biology. en. 18. 10. e3000918. 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000918. 1545-7885. 7567353. 33064726 . free .
  46. Web site: J. Douglas Crawford . Governor General of Canada.
  47. Web site: Polanyi Prize Winners . Council of Ontario Universities.
  48. Web site: Past Fellows. 2018-04-03. sloan.org. 2018-03-14. https://web.archive.org/web/20180314000756/https://sloan.org/past-fellows.
  49. Web site: Recipients . The Steacie Prize.
  50. Web site: Sarrazin Award Lectureship . Canadian Physiological Society.
  51. Web site: Professors Doug Crawford and Sapna Sharma honoured with President's Research Awards . 16 May 2018 . yfile.news.yorku.ca.

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