The Scottish Renaissance humanist George Buchanan gave a long list of Scottish Kings in his history of Scotland—published in Latin as Rerum Scoticarum Historia in 1582[1] [2] —most of whom are now considered by historians to be figures of legend, or completely misrepresented. The list went back around 1900 years from his time, and began with Fergus I. James VI of Scotland, who was Buchanan's pupil, adopted the story of Fergus I as his ancestor, and the antiquity of the line was emphasised by the House of Stuart.
The genealogy of Scottish kings, going back to Fergus mac Ferchar (i.e. Fergus I) and beyond, was in place by the middle of the 13th century when it was recited at the 1249 inauguration of Alexander III of Scotland.[3] In 1301 Baldred Bisset was involved in a hearing at the Papal Curia, on the Scottish side of the debate on Edward I of England's claims, and at least helped prepare material dealing with the mythological history that was being adduced as relevant, on both sides.
The question of the antiquity of the Scottish royal lineage, and even the details of the associated origin myth, became particularly significant from 1542 when Mary, Queen of Scots came to the Scottish throne. Buchanan alluded to Mary's long ancestry in his Epithalamium written for her 1559 marriage to Francis II of France.[4] In the period before Mary's betrothal, a marriage to Prince Edward, the future Edward VI of England, was much discussed. As part of that debate, the list of legendary kings of Britain became involved, in the form of the "Brutus myth", promoted by Edward Hall over the doubts of Polydore Vergil. Publicists on the English side of the argument, including John Elder, James Henrisoun, and William Lamb, had cast doubt on Scottish history.[5]
When James VI entered Edinburgh in 1579 the pageantry included a public posting of the genealogy of the Scottish kings; and when his son Charles I visited in 1633, portraits of 107 kings were displayed, some of which (by George Jamesone) survive.[6] [7] Another series of 110 imagined portraits of the monarchs from the list was painted for Charles II by Jacob de Wet II, and hung in Holyrood Palace. The de Wet portrait collection later became a noted sight for tourists, for example as written about by John Macky, A Journey through Scotland.[8]
While Rerum Scoticarum Historia was published only in the year of Buchanan's death, he had worked on it during much of his life. It was published with his De jure regni apud Scotos, first printed in 1579. Of the two works, the Historia for Buchanan served as a source of precedents on dealing with bad kings (tyrants in the list inevitably come to a sorry end at the hands of the people, in line with Buchanan's monarchomach position), while the De jure is cast as a humanist dialogue between Buchanan himself and Thomas Maitland, and concentrates on classical exemplars. Both works were dedicated to James VI.[9] King James came to regard the chronicles of Buchanan and John Knox as "infamous invectives".[10]
The king-list of the Historia was, therefore, in that work, only incidental to Buchanan's purpose in the book, whatever later uses it may have been put to. After the later scholarly work of Thomas Innes, this list was given little credence in its initial parts. It was, however, the culmination of centuries of development of king-lists for the Kingdom of Scotland. Much fictional material had been introduced into these lists by the humanist Hector Boece, writing half a century before Buchanan. Peter Hume Brown in his biography of Buchanan describes him as somewhat more sceptical than Boece in what he accepted as historical; but less so than John Mair, writing earlier.[11] Buchanan has been called inconsistent in his treatment of classical sources since his rejection of the legend of Gathelus does not extend to the early Scottish kings, who are equally unsupported by classical authors.[12]
Writers who perpetuated the Boece tradition, as put into form by Buchanan, included:
The antiquity of the line was attacked by William Lloyd, who argued that Scotland was not settled before the 6th century; George Mackenzie published the 1685 Defence of the Antiquity of the Royal Line of Scotland against Lloyd, and a sequel the next year against Edward Stillingfleet, who had given a sceptical account of Boece's history in Chapter V of his Origines Britannicae.[15] The work of Innes, which in effect terminated the scholarly debate, was published in 1729, but the tradition continued.
Subsequently, John Pinkerton and William Forbes Skene contributed to the study of the king-lists. Reference works continued, however, to copy Buchanan's list, and the mythological history took many years to drop out of circulation, persisting in print as factual well into the 19th century (for example the fourth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1810), the Encyclopædia Perthensis (1816),[19] the London Encyclopedia (1829), and the individual kings in reference books by George Crabb[20] and John Platts[21]).
See list of Scottish monarchs for the view of contemporary historians of Scotland. The first historical figure in Buchanan's list is Caratacus. The rediscovery of the works of Tacitus prompted Boece to include this well-attested figure from the period of the Roman occupation of Britain.
The last legendary figure is more complex to discuss. The kings in the list from about the 6th century (in the Fifth Book of Buchanan) onwards may have some relationship to historical figures in the Kingdom of Dalriada, extending in present-day terms from western Scotland to part of Ireland. See list of Kings of Dál Riata. But the Kingdom of Scotland (i.e. Alba) was not a historical reality until Kenneth MacAlpin created it in the year 843, and what was said about his predecessors in the list by Buchanan may have little historical foundation.
The list of Kings of the Picts includes other historical figures reigning in parallel with the Dalriada kings, in other areas of what is now Scotland. The critical Essay (1729) of Innes, while demolishing the king-list going back to Boece, substituted in part kings of the Picts, and is now regarded as questionable in its own way. Innes was a Jacobite and concerned therefore to lay emphasis on legitimacy of descent and primogeniture.
| Numbering (Buchanan) | Name | Accession date (Buchanan) | Alternate names | Comments | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fergus I | 330 BC | The first king of Scotland, according to the fictitious chronology of Boece and Buchanan. He is said to have come to Scotland from Ireland about 330 BC to assist the Scots already settled in Scotland against the joint attack of the Picts and Britons. He is then said to have gone back to Ireland to quell disturbances, and to have been drowned in the passage off the rock or port which got the name of Carrick Fergus from him. According to John Fordoun, Andrew of Wyntoun, and most of the earlier genealogical lists of Scottish kings, the same account is given of the settlement of the Scots from Ireland by a King Fergus, son of Ferchard. According to other lists, Ferchard or Feardach, the father of Fergus, was the first and Fergus the second king.[22] | ||
| 2 | Feritharis | 305 BC | Ferithais (Bellenden)[23] | Brother of Fergus, and in Buchanan's view elected king.[24] | |
| 3 | Mainus | 290 BC | |||
| 4 | Dornadilla | 262 BC | Dorvidilla (Bellenden) | The identification of Dun Dornaigil as Dornadilla's castle is mentioned in Itinerarium septentrionale (1726) by Alexander Gordon.[25] Dorvidilla, in Boece, was fond of hunting dogs, and made laws regulating hunting.[26] | |
| 5 | Nothatus | 232 BC | Nathak (Bellenden) | In legend, killed by Dovallus; a story adopted by Clan Macdowall for their ancestry.[27] | |
| 6 | Reutherus | Reuther (Boece),[28] Rewthar (Bellenden) | Claimed as the eponym of Rutherglen.[29] | ||
| 7 | Reuthra | Rewtha (Bellenden) | |||
| 8 | Thereus | ||||
| 9 | Josina | Josyne (Bellenden) | |||
| 10 | Finnanus | Fynnane (Bellenden) | |||
| 11 | Durstus | ||||
| 12 | Evenus I | ||||
| 13 | Gillus | ||||
| 14 | Evenus II | ||||
| 15 | Ederus | ||||
| 16 | Evenus III | ||||
| 17 | Metallanus | According to Boece, he received Roman ambassadors.[30] |
| Numbering (Buchanan) | Name | Accession date (Buchanan) | Alternate names | Comments | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 18 | Caractacus | ||||
| 19 | Corbredus I | ||||
| 20 | Dardannus | ||||
| 21 | Corbredus II Galdus | ||||
| 22 | Luctacus | Lugthacus (Boece) | Boece says some of his crimes must go unmentioned (and then mentions them).[31] | ||
| 23 | Mogaldus | Mogallus (Boece) | |||
| 24 | Conarus | ||||
| 25 | Ethodius | ||||
| 26 | Satrael | Satrahel (Boece) | |||
| 27 | Donaldus I | Boece makes him the first Christian king. | |||
| 28 | Ethodius II | ||||
| 29 | Athirco | Athircon, son of Echodius (James Ussher)[32] | |||
| 30 | Nathalocus | A usurper killed by a servant, a story which was the subject of an 1845 poem by James Clerk Maxwell.[33] | |||
| 31 | Findochus | Findocus (Boece) | |||
| 32 | Donaldus II | ||||
| 33 | Donaldus III | ||||
| 34 | Crathilinthus | Crathlinthus (Boece) | |||
| 35 | Fincormachus | ||||
| 36 | Romachus | ||||
| 37 | Angusianus | ||||
| 38 | Fethelmachus | Fethelmacus (Boece) | |||
| 39 | Eugenius I | Evenus I | Thought to have possibly been the same person as Eochaid Muinremuir father of Erc of Dalriada |
| Numbering (Buchanan) | Name | Accession date (Buchanan) | Alternate names | Comments | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 40 | Fergusius II | Fergus II, Fergus the Great | See Fergus Mór. | ||
| 41 | Eugenius II | Evenus II | |||
| 42 | Dongardus | 452 | Domangart | See Domangart Réti. | |
| 43 | Constantine I | 457 | Polydore Vergil (Anglica Historia, 1555) gives from here a succession close to Buchanan.[34] | ||
| 44 | Congallus I | 479 | See Comgall mac Domangairt. | ||
| 45 | Goranus | 501 | Gabhran Goranus,[35] Conranus (Boece). | See Gabrán mac Domangairt. | |
| 46 | Eugenius III | 535 | Father of St Kentigern; see Owain mab Urien. | ||
| 47 | Congallus II | 558 | Convallus (Boece). | See Conall mac Comgaill. | |
| 48 | Kinnatellus | 574 | Kynnatillus (Boece), Cumatillus,[36] Amtillus. | ||
| 49 | Aidanus | 575 | See Áedán mac Gabráin | ||
| 50 | Kennethus I | 605 | Kenneth I Keir (Boece) | See Connad Cerr | |
| 51 | Eugenius IV | 606 | See Eochaid Buide. | ||
| 52 | Fearchair I[37] | 626 | Ferquart | See Ferchar mac Connaid | |
| 53 | Donaldus IV | 638 | See Domnall Brecc | ||
| 54 | Ferchardus II[38] | 652 | Ferquhardus I (Boece), Fearchair Fada. | See Ferchar Fota. | |
| 55 | Maldvinus | 670 | Malduinus (Boece) | ||
| 56 | Eugenius V | 690 | See Eochaid mac Domangairt. | ||
| 57 | Eugenius VI | 694 | |||
| 58 | Amberkelethus | 704 | Ambirkelethus (Boece), Ainbhealach, Ambercletus in Polydore Vergil.[39] | See Ainbcellach mac Ferchair. | |
| 59 | Eugenius VII | 706 | Likely duplicates Eugenius VI. Also see Eochaid mac Echdach | ||
| 60 | Mordacus | 723 | See Muiredach mac Ainbcellaig. | ||
| 61 | Etfinus | 730 | Ethfinus (Boece) | See Áed Find | |
| 62 | Eugene VIII | 761 | See Eógan mac Muiredaig. | ||
| 63 | Fergus III | 764 | See Fergus mac Echdach | ||
| 64 | Solvathius | 767 | Selvach.[40] | See Selbach mac Ferchair and the legend of Sholto Douglas. | |
| 65 | Achaius | 788 | See Eochaid mac Áeda Find. Also supposed to have concluded a treaty with the Emperor Charlemagne[41] | ||
| 66 | Congallus III | 819 | Convallus II (Boece) | See Conall Crandomna but at a great chronological distance. | |
| 67 | Dongallus | 824 | |||
| 68 | Alpinus | See Alpín mac Echdach. | |||
| 69 | Kennethus II | See Kenneth MacAlpin. |