Doris Tsao Explained

Doris Tsao
Birth Place:Changzhou, China
Citizenship:American
Alma Mater:California Institute of Technology (BS)
Harvard University (PhD)
Thesis Title:Stereopsis
Thesis Url:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12895427/
Thesis Year:2002
Doctoral Advisor:Margaret Livingstone
Known For:Face perception
Field:Neuroscience
Visual perception
Work Institution:University of California, Berkeley

Doris Ying Tsao is an American neuroscientist and professor of neurobiology and molecular cell biology at the University of California, Berkeley. She was formerly on the faculty at the California Institute of Technology for 12 years.[1] She is recognized for pioneering the use of fMRI with single-unit electrophysiological recordings and for discovering the macaque face patch system for face perception. She is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator and the director of the T&C Chen Center for Systems Neuroscience.[2] She won a MacArthur "Genius" fellowship in 2018.[3] Tsao was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2020.[4] In 2024 she was awarded a Kavli Prize in neuroscience along with Nancy Kanwisher and Winrich Freiwald for the discovery and study of specific areas in the brain that perform facial recognition.[5] After joining UC Berkeley in 2021, her current research[6] explores visual perception in primates in order to understand how the brain creates our sense of reality.

Early life and education

Tsao was born in Changzhou, China before her family immigrated to the United States when she was four.[7] She grew up in College Park, Maryland and attended Springbrook High School.[8] Her interest in science and in visual neuroscience in particular was inspired by the Feynman Lectures and Kant's Critique of Pure Reason.[9] She completed her B.S. in biology and mathematics in just three years at Caltech in 1996. She then worked with Margaret Livingstone at the Harvard Medical School, where she received her PhD in neuroscience in 2002 and continued to work as a postdoctoral fellow.[10] In 2004 she received the Sofia Kovalevskaya Award from the Humboldt Foundation, which allowed her to start her own independent research group at the University of Bremen in Germany from 2004 to 2008.[11] In 2009 she joined the faculty at Caltech to teach biology, where she also became a Leadership Chair of the Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Center for Systems Neuroscience.[12] [13] She went on to join the Allen Institute for Brain Science symposium in 2010.[14]

Career and research

As a PhD student working with Margaret Livingstone, Tsao began by studying stereopsis in macaques using single-unit electrophysiological recordings. She then became interested in using fMRI, a technique usually used to visualize the activity of brain areas in humans, to image brain regions in macaques. She collaborated with Roger Tootell to use fMRI to image brain regions involved in depth perception, and then collaborated with Winrich Freiwald, a postdoctoral fellow working with Nancy Kanwisher at MIT, to combine single-unit electrophysiology with fMRI to study face perception in macaques. Similar to the fusiform face area identified in humans with, they discovered a series of small brain areas, referred to as the macaque face patch system, that contain neurons which are selectively activated by faces.[15] [16] [17] Tsao and her lab have continued to make significant advances in understanding the specific facial features that cause neurons in these face patches to be activated.[18] In 2017, her lab "cracked the code" of how our brains recognize faces,[19] identifying the feature dimensions that cause face-selective neurons in different face patches of the IT cortex to respond to faces. Thus, the images of faces presented to the monkeys could be precisely reconstructed from face-selective neurons' activity.[20]

Tsao was named in MIT Technology Review's TR35 list in 2007.[21] She is serving on the Advisory Committee to the NIH Director (BRAIN Initiative Working Group 2.0) established in 2018, the group that advises on allocation of $1.511 billion toward neuroscience research.[22]

Publications

Doris Tsao has authored or co-authored numerous influential publications in the field of neuroscience, particularly in the areas of visual perception and the neural basis of cognition. Among Dr. Doris Tsao's extensive body of work,[23] several publications have garnered significant attention and acclaim within the field of neuroscience.

Her landmark paper, A cortical region consisting entirely of face-selective cells,[24] published in Science (journal) in 2006, revealed the existence of specialized brain regions dedicated to processing faces. Tsao and her colleagues identified "face patches" in the brains of macaque monkeys, providing crucial insights into the neural mechanisms underlying the facial recognition system. Functional compartmentalization and viewpoint generalization within the macaque face-processing system,[25] published in Science (journal) in 2008, provides insights into the organization and function of the face-processing system in the macaque brain. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), they identify specialized regions in the inferior temporal cortex that respond strongly to faces. Within these regions, they discover functional compartmentalization, with different sub-regions specialized in processing specific facial features like identity or expression. Another notable contribution published in Nature Neuroscience in 2009 was her paper on Faces and objects in macaque cerebral cortex,[26] where Tsao and her team further explored the organization of face-selective cells in the macaque cortex, shedding light on the distinction between processing faces and other objects.

These publications represent just a fraction of Tsao's extensive body of work, which has significantly advanced our understanding of the neural basis of visual perception and cognition.

Other popular publications:

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Doris Tsao Simons Foundation. 2024-06-06. www.simonsfoundation.org/people/doris-tsao/.
  2. Web site: Svitil. Kathy. Caltech and the Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute Launch Major Neuroscience Initiative. California Institute of Technology. 6 December 2016.
  3. News: How does the brain see? MacArthur fellow Doris Tsao says the answer will reveal how the brain works. Los Angeles Times. Melissa. Healy. October 4, 2018.
  4. Web site: 2020 NAS Election.
  5. Web site: UC Berkeley Neuroscientist and Nanoscientist Among This Year’s Kavli Prize Winners Research UC Berkeley . 2024-07-30 . vcresearch.berkeley.edu.
  6. Web site: Doris Y. Tsao ResearchGate. www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Doris-Y-Tsao-40028808 . 2024-06-06.
  7. Web site: Doris Tsao – tsaolab. www.tsaolab.caltech.edu. 2019-09-07. 2019-09-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20190908224159/https://www.tsaolab.caltech.edu/dortsao/. dead.
  8. News: National Merit Semifinalists. Washington Post. 24 September 1992.
  9. Web site: Doris Tsao. Tsao Lab. en-US. 2024-06-06.
  10. Tsao. Doris. 2006-10-06. Eppendorf 2006 Grand Prize Winner. Science. en. 314. 5796. 72–73. 10.1126/science.314.5796.73. 17023645. 0036-8075.
  11. Web site: Doris Tsao - Class of 2018. en. www.macfound.org/fellows/class-of-2018/doris-tsao. 2024-06-06.
  12. Web site: Tsao Lab. tsaolab.berkeley.edu. en. 2024-06-06.
  13. Web site: Doris Tsao - Simons Foundation. 14 October 2014. Simons Foundation. 15 February 2018.
  14. Web site: Doris Tsao: 2010 Allen Institute for Brain Science Symposium. www.frontiersin.org/video/Doris_Tsao_2010_Allen_Institute_for_Brain_Science_Symposium/1173. en-US. 2024-06-06.
  15. Web site: 2014: Tsao. The Golden Brains. Minerva Foundation. 5 June 2017. November 2014.
  16. Tsao. Doris Y.. Freiwald. Winrich A.. Knutsen. Tamara A.. Mandeville. Joseph B.. Tootell. Roger B. H.. September 2003. Faces and objects in macaque cerebral cortex. Nature Neuroscience. en. 6. 9. 989–995. 10.1038/nn1111. 12925854. 8117179. 549696. 1097-6256.
  17. Tsao. Doris Y.. Freiwald. Winrich A.. Tootell. Roger B. H.. Livingstone. Margaret S.. 2006-02-03. A Cortical Region Consisting Entirely of Face-Selective Cells. Science. en. 311. 5761. 670–674. 10.1126/science.1119983. 0036-8075. 2678572. 16456083. 2006Sci...311..670T.
  18. Web site: Doris Tsao - MacArthur Foundation. www.macfound.org. 2019-09-07.
  19. Web site: How We Save Face--Researchers Crack the Brain's Facial-Recognition Code. Sheikh. Knvul. Scientific American. en. 2019-09-07.
  20. Chang. Le. Tsao. Doris Y.. 2017-06-01. The Code for Facial Identity in the Primate Brain. Cell. English. 169. 6. 1013–1028.e14. 10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.011. 0092-8674. 28575666. 8088389. free.
  21. Web site: Singer. Emily. Innovator Under 35: Doris Tsao, 31. MIT Technology Review. 5 June 2017. 2007. 29 April 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160429020237/http://www2.technologyreview.com/tr35/profile.aspx?TRID=630. dead.
  22. Web site: Advisory Committee to the NIH Director - Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) - National Institutes of Health (NIH). www.braininitiative.nih.gov. en. 2018-04-27.
  23. Web site: Doris Tsao on Research.com. research.com/u/doris-y-tsao. en. 2024-06-06.
  24. Tsao . Doris Y. . Freiwald . Winrich A. . Tootell . Roger B. H. . Livingstone . Margaret S. . A cortical region consisting entirely of face-selective cells . Science . 3 February 2006 . 311 . 5761 . 670–674 . 10.1126/science.1119983 . 16456083 . 1095-9203. 2678572 . 2006Sci...311..670T .
  25. Freiwald . Winrich A. . Tsao . Doris Y. . Functional compartmentalization and viewpoint generalization within the macaque face-processing system . Science . 5 November 2010 . 330 . 6005 . 845–851 . 10.1126/science.1194908 . 21051642 . 1095-9203. 3181095 . 2010Sci...330..845F .
  26. Tsao . Doris Y. . Freiwald . Winrich A. . Knutsen . Tamara A. . Mandeville . Joseph B. . Tootell . Roger B. H. . Faces and objects in macaque cerebral cortex . Nature Neuroscience . September 2003 . 6 . 9 . 989–995 . 10.1038/nn1111 . 12925854 . 1097-6256. 8117179 .
  27. Tsao . Doris Y. . Livingstone . Margaret S. . Mechanisms of face perception . Annual Review of Neuroscience . 2008 . 31 . 411–437 . 10.1146/annurev.neuro.30.051606.094238 . 18558862 . 0147-006X. 2629401 .
  28. Tsao . Doris Y. . Moeller . Sebastian . Freiwald . Winrich A. . Comparing face patch systems in macaques and humans . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 9 December 2008 . 105 . 49 . 19514–19519 . 10.1073/pnas.0809662105 . free . 19033466 . 1091-6490. 2614792 . 2008PNAS..10519514T .
  29. Freiwald . Winrich A. . Tsao . Doris Y. . Livingstone . Margaret S. . A face feature space in the macaque temporal lobe . Nature Neuroscience . September 2009 . 12 . 9 . 1187–1196 . 10.1038/nn.2363 . 19668199 . 1546-1726. 2819705 .
  30. Chang . Le . Tsao . Doris Y. . The Code for Facial Identity in the Primate Brain . Cell . 1 June 2017 . 169 . 6 . 1013–1028.e14 . 10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.011 . 28575666 . 8088389 . 1097-4172.
  31. Moeller . Sebastian . Freiwald . Winrich A. . Tsao . Doris Y. . Patches with links: a unified system for processing faces in the macaque temporal lobe . Science . 6 June 2008 . 320 . 5881 . 1355–1359 . 10.1126/science.1157436 . 18535247 . 8344042 . 2008Sci...320.1355M . 1095-9203.
  32. Alivisatos . A. Paul . Andrews . Anne M. . Boyden . Edward S. . Chun . Miyoung . Church . George M. . Deisseroth . Karl . Donoghue . John P. . Fraser . Scott E. . Lippincott-Schwartz . Jennifer . Looger . Loren L. . Masmanidis . Sotiris . McEuen . Paul L. . Nurmikko . Arto V. . Park . Hongkun . Peterka . Darcy S. . Reid . Clay . Roukes . Michael L. . Scherer . Axel . Schnitzer . Mark . Sejnowski . Terrence J. . Shepard . Kenneth L. . Tsao . Doris . Turrigiano . Gina . Weiss . Paul S. . Xu . Chris . Yuste . Rafael . Zhuang . Xiaowei . Nanotools for neuroscience and brain activity mapping . ACS Nano . 26 March 2013 . 7 . 3 . 1850–1866 . 10.1021/nn4012847 . 23514423 . 3665747 . 1936-086X.
  33. Tsao . Doris Y. . Vanduffel . Wim . Sasaki . Yuka . Fize . Denis . Knutsen . Tamara A. . Mandeville . Joseph B. . Wald . Lawrence L. . Dale . Anders M. . Rosen . Bruce R. . Van Essen . David C. . Livingstone . Margaret S. . Orban . Guy A. . Tootell . Roger B. H. . Stereopsis activates V3A and caudal intraparietal areas in macaques and humans . Neuron . 31 July 2003 . 39 . 3 . 555–568 . 10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00459-8 . 12895427 . 0896-6273.

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