As a signatory to the World Anti-Doping Code, the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) prohibits the use of banned performance-enhancing substances by competitors at the World Championships in Athletics. A list of WADA-banned substances is regularly published to the public and amended as scientific knowledge expands.[1] The IAAF and anti-doping bodies undertake in-competition sampling of athletes blood and urine in order to detect where athletes have taken banned substances. This is also complemented by out-of-competition tests during the tournament and in the preceding period.[2]
Where a banned substance is detected in-competition the athlete's performance will be annulled and—depending on the severity of the infraction—the athlete may be banned from the sport for a set period. Where an out-of-competition sample tests positive for a banned substance, any performances by the athlete after that date may also be annulled. Athletes may also be banned via doping regulations if the athlete fails to submit to testing, tampers or interferes with the undertaking of anti-doping procedures, or is found in possession of banned substances.[2] Where a performance is annulled, any medals won by the athlete will be stripped from the athlete and the IAAF may decided to reallocate the medal(s) to the next best performers. This includes disqualification of whole national relay teams should one member break anti-doping rules. Samples are stored for future retesting, as improved methods over time may lead to previously unidentified cases of doping. The IAAF began a long-term storage approach from the 2007 World Championships onwards.[3]
A total of 162 athletes (69 men and 93 women) have had their results annulled at the World Championships, and 40 of these have been stripped of medals as a result. A total of 53 medals have been stripped as a result of doping infractions. The first doping failure pre-dates the main championships and comes from Spanish hurdler Rosa Colorado at the 1980 World Championships in Athletics – an event which only featured two women's events not on the Olympic programme. World champions to be banned include North American sprinters Ben Johnson, Marion Jones, Tim Montgomery and Kelli White. Other prominent champions to have been banned include Russian middle-distance runner Mariya Savinova, steeplechaser Yuliya Zaripova and racewalker Olga Kaniskina. The majority of stripped medallists have come from Russia.[4]
There has been an upward trend in the number of doping violations at the championships, with a peak of 50 athletes having had their performances annulled at the 2011 event, though it is assumed that this reflects improved detection rather than increased overall doping – an anonymous survey at that championships revealed over 30% of athletes had used banned substances during their career.[5]
Given the susceptibility of the sport of athletics to doping issues, the IAAF has been central in the development of anti-doping standards and anti-doping measures have been were present at World Championships since the first edition in 1983.[6] The anti-doping approach had a new development at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics, where all Russian athletes were banned due to state-sponsored doping and had to request dispensation to compete at Authorised Neutral Athletes.[7]
.
| Edition | Year | Host city | Host country | Athletes disqualified | Medals stripped | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| - | 1976 | Malmö | Sweden | 0 | 0 | |
| - | 1980 | Sittard | Netherlands | 1 | 0 | |
| 1st | 1983 | Helsinki | Finland | 0 | 0 | |
| 2nd | 1987 | Rome | Italy | 3 | 2 | |
| 3rd | 1991 | Tokyo | Japan | 3 | 1 | |
| 4th | 1993 | Stuttgart | Germany | 4 | 2 | |
| 5th | 1995 | Gothenburg | Sweden | 0 | 0 | |
| 6th | 1997 | Athens | Greece | 7 | 3 | |
| 7th | 1999 | Seville | Spain | 7 | 3 | |
| 8th | 2001 | Edmonton | Canada | 17 | 9 | |
| 9th | 2003 | Saint-Denis | France | 11 | 6 | |
| 10th | 2005 | Helsinki | Finland | 11 | 4 | |
| 11th | 2007 | Osaka | Japan | 9 | 5 | |
| 12th | 2009 | Berlin | Germany | 31 | 5 | |
| 13th | 2011 | Daegu | South Korea | 50 | 10 | |
| 14th | 2013 | Moscow | Russia | 21 | 3 | |
| 15th | 2015 | Beijing | China | 7 | 0 | |
| 16th | 2017 | London | United Kingdom | 3[8] | 0 | |
| 17th | 2019 | Doha | Qatar | |||
| 18th | 2021 | Eugene | United States |
This table collates the total number of athletes who have been disqualified for doping at the championships by nation. Athletes with multiple disqualifications are counted as one. Where a relay team is disqualified, this is counted as one disqualification, though multiple team members may have been sanctioned.
Last updated 17 March 2018
| Nation | Men disqualified | Women disqualified | Total | Medals stripped |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 14 | 38 | 52 | 24 | |
| 4 | 10 | 14 | 2 | |
| 8 | 5 | 13 | 14 | |
| 8 | 3 | 11 | 0 | |
| 0 | 8 | 8 | 1 | |
| 4 | 3 | 7 | 4 | |
| 2 | 4 | 6 | 1 | |
| 3 | 2 | 5 | 1 | |
| 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | |
| 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | |
| 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | |
| 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | |
| 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
This table collates the total number of disqualifications within a given event. Where the same athlete has been disqualified at multiple editions of the championships, each athlete disqualified per year is counted.Last updated 17 March 2018
| Event | Male disqualifications | Female disqualifications | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 100 metres | 8 | 11 | 19 | |
| 200 metres | 2 | 10 | 12 | |
| 400 metres | 7 | 9 | 16 | |
| 800 metres | 0 | 11 | 11 | |
| 1500 metres | 4 | 14 | 18 | |
| 5000 metres | 6 | 4 | 10 | |
| 10,000 metres | 0 | 2 | 2 | |
| Sprint hurdles | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
| 400 metres hurdles | 2 | 3 | 5 | |
| 3000 metres s'chase | 2 | 8 | 10 | |
| 4 × 100 metres relay | 7 | 7 | 14 | |
| 4 × 400 metres relay | 5 | 7 | 12 | |
| Marathon | 9 | 4 | 13 | |
| 20 km walk | 7 | 6 | 13 | |
| 50 km walk | 5 | 0 | 5 | |
| High jump | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
| Pole vault | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| Long jump | 0 | 3 | 3 | |
| Triple jump | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
| Shot put | 11 | 4 | 12 | |
| Discus throw | 2 | 5 | 7 | |
| Javelin throw | 2 | 1 | 3 | |
| Hammer throw | 4 | 6 | 10 | |
| Combined events | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Athlete | Nation | Sex | Event | Year(s) | Result | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | 1st | Ran in B-final | |||||
| Men | 4th place Canadian relay team disqualified | ||||||
| Women | |||||||
| Women | 5th | 6th place Canadian relay team disqualified | |||||
| Men | |||||||
| Women | 8th (semis) | ||||||
| Women | 6th (semis) | ||||||
| Men | |||||||
| Men | |||||||
| Men | 4th | ||||||
| Women | 7th | ||||||
| Men | |||||||
| Men | 6th (heats) | ||||||
| Men | 7th (1997) 5th (1999) 4th (2001) | 1997, 1999 and 2001 gold medal-winning American relay teams disqualified. Disqualified at three editions. | |||||
| Men | 10th | ||||||
| Women | |||||||
| Women | (semis) | ||||||
| Women | 15th (q) | ||||||
| Men | 6th (semis) | ||||||
| Men | 4th (q-finals) | Bronze medal-winning Nigerian relay team disqualified | |||||
| Men | 7th (semis) | ||||||
| Men | |||||||
| Men | 4th (1999) 4th (semis, 2001) | 2001 and 2003 gold medal-winning American relay teams disqualified. Disqualified at three editions | |||||
| Women | 6th (h) | Liberian relay team disqualified | |||||
| Men | 60th | ||||||
| Men | 7th (q-finals) | French relay team disqualified | |||||
| Men | 8th (q-finals) | ||||||
| Men | 10th (2001) 5th (2005) (2007) 7th (2009) (2011) | Banned for life, disqualified at five editions | |||||
| Men | (2001) 5th (2003) | 2001 Gold medal-winning American relay team disqualified. Disqualified at two editions | |||||
| Men | |||||||
| Men | 4th | ||||||
| Women | 8th (q-finals) | ||||||
| Women | 2001 gold medal-winning American relay team disqualified | ||||||
| Women | 5th (heats) | ||||||
| Women | 6th (heats) | ||||||
| Women | |||||||
| Women | 5th (semis) | ||||||
| Women | 10th (q) | ||||||
| Women | 7th (100 m, 2001) (200 m, 2001) (100 m, 2003) (200 m, 2003) | 2001 gold medal-winning American relay team disqualified. Disqualified at two editions. | |||||
| Men | 4th | Silver medal-winning British relay team disqualified | |||||
| Men | 8th | ||||||
| Men | 6th | Gold medal-winning American relay team disqualified | |||||
| Men | 5th | ||||||
| Men | 4th | ||||||
| Women | (100 m, 2003) 4th (200 m, 2003), 5th (200 m semis, 2005) | Disqualified at two editions | |||||
| Women | 6th (semis) | ||||||
| Women | 12th | ||||||
| Men | 4th | ||||||
| Men | 12th | ||||||
| Men | |||||||
| Men | 15th (q) | ||||||
| Women | 9th (q) | ||||||
| Women | 4th | ||||||
| Women | |||||||
| Women | |||||||
| Women | |||||||
| Men | 4th (semis) | ||||||
| Women | 5th (5000 m, 2007) (10,000 m, 2007) (10,000 m, 2009) | Disqualified at two editions | |||||
| Women | 6th (h) | ||||||
| Women | 7th | ||||||
| Women | |||||||
| Women | 10th | ||||||
| Women | |||||||
| Women | |||||||
| Men | 12th (h, 2009) 13th (2001 | Disqualified at two editions | |||||
| Men | (2009) (2011) | Disqualified at two editions | |||||
| Men | (final) | ||||||
| Men | 20th (q) | ||||||
| Men | Disqualified at two editions | ||||||
| Men | (2009) (2011) | Disqualified at two editions | |||||
| Men | 45th | ||||||
| Men | 7th | ||||||
| Men | 12th | ||||||
| Women | 7th (q-finals) 5th (h) | ||||||
| Women | (final) | ||||||
| Women | 10th (semis) | ||||||
| Women | 17th (q) | ||||||
| Women | 6th (semis) | Nigerian relay team disqualified | |||||
| Women | 11th (1500 m heats, 2009) 13th (5000 m, 2009) 9th (5000 m heats, 2011) | Disqualified at two editions | |||||
| Women | 4th | Russian relay team disqualified | |||||
| Women | |||||||
| Women | 10th (h) 14th | Disqualified at two editions | |||||
| Women | (2009) (2011) | Disqualified at two editions | |||||
| Women | 7th (2009) (2011) | 2009 and 2011 bronze medal-winning Russian relay teams disqualified. Disqualified at two editions | |||||
| Women | 5th (semis) | ||||||
| Women | 8th (q, 2009) 11th (q, 2011) | Disqualified at two editions | |||||
| Women | 11th | ||||||
| Women | 14th (q, 2009) 8th (2011) | Disqualified at two editions | |||||
| Women | (semis) (semis) | ||||||
| Women | 5th (h) 8th | Disqualified at two editions | |||||
| Women | 8th (q) | ||||||
| Women | 6th (semis) (h) | 2009 Russian relay team disqualified. Disqualified at two editions | |||||
| Women | 8th | Bronze medal-winning Russian team for the 2009 World Marathon Cup disqualified | |||||
| Men | 4th | Russian relay team disqualified | |||||
| Men | 27th | ||||||
| Men | |||||||
| Men | 4th | ||||||
| Men | 7th (q) | ||||||
| Men | 5th (h) | South Korean relay team disqualified | |||||
| Men | |||||||
| Men | 7th (q-finals) | ||||||
| Men | 12th | ||||||
| Men | (h) | ||||||
| Men | 5th | ||||||
| Men | |||||||
| Women | 10th (semis) | ||||||
| Women | 36th | ||||||
| Women | 4th (h) | ||||||
| Women | 15th | ||||||
| Women | 4th (semis) | 4th-placed Trinidad and Tobago relay team disqualified | |||||
| Women | 6th (q-finals) | ||||||
| Women | 6th (h) | ||||||
| Women | 5th | ||||||
| Women | 5th | Disqualified at two editions | |||||
| Women | 9th (semis) 6th | Disqualified at two editions | |||||
| Women | 17th | ||||||
| Women | 12th | ||||||
| Women | |||||||
| Women | 10th | ||||||
| Women | 12th (q) | ||||||
| Women | 8th | ||||||
| Women | 6th (h) | Turkish relay team disqualified | |||||
| Women | Disqualified at two editions | ||||||
| Women | 9th (h) | ||||||
| Women | 9th (semis) | ||||||
| Women | 9th | ||||||
| Women | 7th | ||||||
| Women | 4th (semis) | Fifth-place Ukrainian relay team disqualified | |||||
| Women | 10th | ||||||
| Women | |||||||
| Men | 5th | ||||||
| Men | 8th (h) | ||||||
| Men | |||||||
| Men | 7th (h) 13th (h) | Disqualified at two editions | |||||
| Men | 9th (q) | ||||||
| Men | 52nd | ||||||
| Men | 7th (h) | Australian relay team disqualified | |||||
| Men | 33rd | ||||||
| Men | 14th (h) | ||||||
| Men | 13th (q) | ||||||
| Women | 5th | ||||||
| Women | 5th (semis) | Ukrainian relay team disqualified | |||||
| Women | 7th (q) | ||||||
| Women | |||||||
| Women | 5th | ||||||
| Women | 27th | ||||||
| Women | Gold medal-winning Russian relay team disqualified | ||||||
| Women | 6th (h) | ||||||
| Men | |||||||
| Men | 9th (semis) | ||||||
| Women | 5th (h) | Fourth-placed Nigerian relay team disqualified | |||||
| Women | 6th (h) | ||||||
| Women | 8th (h) | Nigerian relay team disqualified | |||||
| Women | (semis) |