Rhetoric of Donald Trump explained

The political rhetoric of Donald Trump, the president of the United States from 2017 to 2021, has been examined in an extensive body of reporting and analysis by linguists, political scientists, and others.[1] Generally categorized as populist, emotional, and antagonistic, Trump's style of rhetoric has been identified as a central reason behind his persuasiveness.[2] Trump's rhetoric, mannerisms, statements and idiolect have been described as Trumpisms and Trumpspeak.

Overview

Trump's rhetoric has its roots in a populist political method that suggests nationalistic answers to political, economic, and social problems.[3] It employs absolutist framings and threat narratives[4] characterized by a rejection of the political establishment.[5] His absolutist rhetoric emphasizes non-negotiable boundaries and moral outrage at their supposed violation,[6] and heavily favors crowd reaction over veracity, with a large number of falsehoods which Trump presents as facts,[7] which have been described as using the big lie, and firehose of falsehood propaganda technique.

Trump's scenic construction (introduction of characters and setting stage depicting an issue) uses black and white terms like "totally", "absolutely", "every", "complete", and "forever" to describe malevolent forces, or the coming victory. For example, Trump described John Kerry as a "total disaster", and said that Obamacare would "destroy American health care forever". Kenneth Burke referred to this type of "all or none" staging as characteristic of "burlesque" rhetoric.[8]

Analysis

Trump uses rhetoric that political scientists have deemed to be both dehumanizing and connected to physical violence by his followers.[9] Sociologist Arlie Hochschild states that emotional themes in Trump's rhetoric are fundamental, writing that his "speeches—evoking dominance, bravado, clarity, national pride, and personal uplift—inspire an emotional transformation," deeply resonating with their "emotional self-interest".[10] [11] One study suggests that the use of spectacular racist rhetoric aided in the significant environmental deregulation that occurred during the first year of the Trump administration. According to the authors, this served political objectives of dehumanizing its targets, eroding democratic norms, and consolidating power by emotionally connecting with and inflaming resentments among the base of followers, but most importantly served to distract media attention from deregulatory policymaking by igniting intense media coverage of the distractions, precisely due to their radically transgressive nature.[12]

According to civil rights lawyer Burt Neuborne and political theorist William E. Connolly, Trump's rhetoric employs tropes similar to those used by fascists in Germany[13] to persuade citizens (at first a minority) to give up democracy, by using a barrage of falsehoods, half-truths, personal invective, threats, xenophobia, national-security scares, religious bigotry, white racism, exploitation of economic insecurity, and a never-ending search for scapegoats.[14] Connolly presents a similar list in his book Aspirational Fascism (2017), adding comparisons of the integration of theatrics and crowd participation with rhetoric, involving grandiose bodily gestures, grimaces, hysterical charges, dramatic repetitions of alternate reality falsehoods, and totalistic assertions incorporated into signature phrases that audiences are strongly encouraged to join in chanting.[15] Despite the similarities, Connolly stresses that Trump is no Nazi but "is rather, an aspirational fascist who pursues crowd adulation, hyperaggressive nationalism, white triumphalism, and militarism, pursues a law-and-order regime giving unaccountable power to the police, and is a practitioner of a rhetorical style that regularly creates fake news and smears opponents to mobilize support for the Big Lies he advances."

Trumpisms

Trumpisms or Trump-speak are the mannerisms, rhetoric, and characteristic phrases or statements of former President Trump.[16] [17] They have been described as colorful comments that "only Trump could get away with".[18] [19] By 2016, Politico observed that what used to be called Trump's gaffes now had the official designation of "Trumpisms".[20] [21] They have become well-known and are the subject of numerous comedic impersonations that imitate Trump's confident exaggerations and general lack of detail.[22] [23] An MIT student built a Twitter bot that used artificial intelligence to parody the President with "remarkably Trump-like statements".[24] Artificial intelligence has also been used to analyze Trump-speak.[25] Trump's children have acknowledged his atypical speech patterns, with both Ivanka and Eric Trump stating that they share some of their father's Trumpisms.[26]

Journalist Emily Greenhouse noted in a 2015 Bloomberg article that Trump may be most quotable man in politics and highlighted the following example:[27]

Trumpisms frequently come in the form of insults directed at his critics, labeling them "dogs", "losers", and "enemies of the people".[28] [29]

Violence and dehumanization

In 2023, Reuters released a series of reports examining the highest levels of politically-motivated violence since the 1970s that started in 2016 when Trump first ran for President which has seen relatively more violence directed at people instead of property. Reuters notes a few theories for this increase, including the 'coarsening' political rhetoric of the Trump era.[30] They also found that the people who murdered others for political reasons since January 6, 2021 have mostly been associated with the extreme right.[31]

Trump's rhetoric has been described as using "Argumentum ad baculum," or an appeal to force and intimidation to coerce behavior.[32] Trump has been noted to use either direct or veiled comments with plausible deniability suggesting the possibility of violence by his supporters.[33] [34] [35] [36] [37] In Politico, Michael Schaffer wrote, "In the 45th and possibly 47th president, America has a leading political figure of unprecedented rhetorical violence."[38]

2016 presidential campaign

See also: Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign.

Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign announcement has been criticized for its dehumanizing rhetoric about Mexican immigrants with his comments that "When Mexico sends its people, they're not sending their best... They're sending people that have lots of problems, and they're bringing those problems with [them]. They're bringing drugs. They're bringing crime. They're rapists. And some, I assume, are good people."[39] [40]

On February 1, 2016, in response to an individual throwing two tomatoes at Trump, he told his rally at Cedar Rapids, Iowa that should a similar incident happen, the audience should, "knock the crap out of ‘em, would you?"[41] [42]

On February 23, 2016, after a heckler was removed from one of his rallies at Las Vegas, Nevada, Trump told the audience that, "I'd like to punch him in the face, I tell you,"[43]

As of 2016, stochastic terrorism was an "obscure" academic term according to professor David S. Cohen.[44] During an August 9, 2016 campaign rally, then-candidate Donald Trump remarked "If [Hillary Clinton] gets to pick her judges, nothing you can do, folks. Although the Second Amendment people, maybe there is. I don't know." These comments were widely condemned as instigating violence, and described by Cohen as "stochastic terrorism", further popularizing the term.[45] [46]

Presidency

See also: Presidency of Donald Trump. On July 28, 2017, while giving a speech to police officers, Trump said "don't be too nice" when arresting suspects.[47] His remarks were criticized by NYPD commissioner James O'Neill.[48]

On February 5, 2018, Trump implied that Democrats that didn't applaud him during his State of The Union may have commmited "treason".[49] His comment was criticized by Senator Dick Durbin.[50]

In May 2019, during a Trump campaign rally, an audience member suggested shooting illegal migrants crossing the border, to which Trump responded with a joke, saying, "only in the Panhandle you can get away with that".[51] [52] [53] [54]

2020 presidential campaign and aftermath

See also: Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign. During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Trump routinely used the phrases "China virus" and "Kung flu" which were scrutinized due to their perceived insensitivity to the rising hate crimes against Asian Americans.[55] [56] Trump also criticized Antifa and BLM protestors in language that some found concerning.[57] [58] Trump also repeatedly criticized election methods (especially mail-in voting) in certain states which led to election workers being harassed.[59] Assaults and threats against election workers by supporters of Trump increased significantly after the election inspired by his false claims that the election was stolen, which Reuters called "a campaign of intimidation that is stressing the foundation of American democracy."[60] Reuters explicitly labeled some of the death threats as inspired by Donald Trump.[61] The Justice Department has reviewed over 2000 threats made to election workers, various jurisdictions have brought charges against some of those threatening election workers and 12 states have strengthened laws protecting election workers.[62] [63]

On May 30, 2020, ABC News published a story that found 54 instances of violence, alleged assaults and threats where Trump was explicitly invoked in court records or other documents, with 41 echoing Trump and 13 in defiance to Trump.[64] On January 9, 2021, Vox published "a comprehensive timeline of Trump encouraging hate groups and political violence."[65]

2024 presidential campaign

See also: Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign. Trump's 2024 campaign has been noted for using increasingly dehumanizing and violent rhetoric against his political enemies.[66] [67] [68] [69] Examples include Trump calling for shoplifters to be shot and for Mark Milley, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff appointed by him, to be executed for treason. He also made fun of the hammer attack that critically injured the husband of the then House speaker Nancy Pelosi. Throughout his 2024 campaign, Trump has repeatedly criticized the witnesses, judges, and families of individuals involved in his criminal trials.[70] [71] [72] Trump has repeatedly attacked law enforcement in relation to their criminal investigations into his attempts to overturn the 2020 election and his handling of classified documents,[73] calling them "political monsters," telling people to "go after" New York attorney general Letitia James, and warning that an indictment against him by Manhattan District Attorney Alvin L. Bragg would bring "potential death and destruction," among other comments,[74] which have all raised concerns over officers' physical safety.[75] Trump has played down but not ruled out violence after the 2024 election if he does not win, stating, "it depends."[76]

While discussing the auto industry in a rally on March 16, 2024, Trump promised to place tariffs on cars manufactured abroad if he won the election, adding "Now, if I don't get elected, it's going to be a ... blood bath for the country."[77] On March 30, 2024, Trump was criticized for posting a video on his social media showing a hog-tied Joe Biden.[78]

Trump has used Nazi racial hygiene rhetoric and has stated multiple times since fall 2023[79] that undocumented immigrants are "poisoning the blood of our country", language echoing white supremacists and Adolf Hitler.[80] [81] [82] Trump's anti-immigration tone is noted to have grown harsher from his previous time as president, where, as reported in The New York Times, he "privately mused about developing a militarized border like Israel’s, asked whether migrants crossing the border could be shot in the legs and wanted a proposed border wall topped with flesh-piercing spikes and painted black to burn migrants’ skin." Other rhetoric from his 2024 campaign includes statements that foreign leaders are deliberately emptying insane asylums to send "prisoners, murders, drug dealers, mental patients, terrorists"[83] across America's southern border as migrants, and comparing migrants to the fictional serial killer Hannibal Lecter.[84] Trump has repeatedly said that undocumented immigrants are "not people,"[85] "not humans,"[86] and "animals."[87] Trump has described immigrants as deadly snakes during his rallies, repurposing lyrics from the 1968 song "The Snake."

In a campaign speech and social media post, Trump called some of his political opponents "vermin", promising to "root out" the "communists, Marxists, fascists and the radical left thugs that live like vermin within the confines of our country that lie and steal and cheat on elections".[88] [89] The term “vermin” was used by dictators Hitler and Benito Mussolini and in Nazi propaganda to dehumanize people, and Trump said they were a greater threat to the United States than countries such as Russia, China, and North Korea. Trump campaign spokesman Steven Cheung responded to criticism by saying:According to The New York Times, scholars are undecided about whether Trump's "rhetorical turn into more fascist-sounding territory is just his latest public provocation of the left, an evolution in his beliefs, or the dropping of a veil." Some experts say that Trump "exhibits traits similar to current strongmen like Viktor Orban of Hungary or Recep Tayyip Erdogan of Turkey."[90]

Falsehoods

See main article: False or misleading statements by Donald Trump. During and after his term as President of the United States, Trump made tens of thousands of false or misleading claims. The Washington Posts fact-checkers documented 30,573 false or misleading claims during his presidential term, an average of about 21 per day.[91] [92] [93] The Toronto Star tallied 5,276 false claims from January 2017 to June 2019, an average of 6.1 per day. Commentators and fact-checkers have described the scale of Trump's mendacity as "unprecedented" in American politics, and the consistency of falsehoods a distinctive part of his business and political identities.[94] Scholarly analysis of Trump's tweets found "significant evidence" of an intent to deceive.

By June 2019, after initially resisting, many news organizations began to describe some of his falsehoods as "lies".[95] The Washington Post said his frequent repetition of claims he knew to be false amounted to a campaign based on disinformation.[96] Trump campaign CEO and presidency chief strategist Steve Bannon said that the press, rather than Democrats, was Trump's primary adversary and "the way to deal with them is to flood the zone with shit."[97] [98]

As part of their attempts to overturn the 2020 U.S. presidential election, Trump and his allies repeatedly falsely claimed there had been massive election fraud and that Trump had won the election. Their effort has been characterized as an implementation of the big lie propaganda technique,[99] and has been described as a "firehose of falsehood."[100]

On June 8, 2023, a grand jury indicted Trump on one count of making "false statements and representations", specifically by hiding subpoenaed classified documents from his own attorney who was trying to find and return them to the government.[101] In August 2023, 21 of Trump's falsehoods about the 2020 election were listed in his Washington, D.C. indictment,[102] while 27 were listed in his Georgia indictment.[103]

In what Philip Rucker describes as "an apparent nod" to Trump, former FBI Director James Comey reflects on "the psychology of liars". Comey recalls being a prosecutor against the Mafia, his time in the Trump administration, and the loyalty pledge he was asked to make but refused:

A 2024 New Republic article examined the relationship between lies Trump tells and his approval among voters, suggesting it has a significant impact on his support.[104]

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Collinson . Stephen . 2023-11-14 . Analysis: Trump's extreme rhetoric conjures the prospect of a presidency like no other CNN Politics . 2023-12-14 . CNN . en.
  2. Web site: Goldhill . Olivia . 2017-04-22 . Rhetoric scholars pinpoint why Trump's inarticulate speaking style is so persuasive . 2024-02-03 . Quartz . en.
  3. Rowland . Robert C. . 2019 . The Populist and Nationalist Roots of Trump's Rhetoric . Rhetoric and Public Affairs . 22 . 3 . 343–388 . 10.14321/rhetpublaffa.22.3.0343 . 1094-8392 . 10.14321/rhetpublaffa.22.3.0343 . 211443408.
  4. Marietta . Morgan . Farley . Tyler . Cote . Tyler . Murphy . Paul . 2017-07-26 . The Rhetorical Psychology of Trumpism: Threat, Absolutism, and the Absolutist Threat . The Forum . 15 . 2 . 330 . 10.1515/for-2017-0019 . 1540-8884.
  5. News: Tarnoff . Ben . 2016-11-09 . The triumph of Trumpism: the new politics that is here to stay . en-GB . The Guardian . 2023-12-16 . 0261-3077.
  6. Marietta . Morgan . Farley . Tyler . Cote . Tyler . Murphy . Paul . 2017-07-26 . The Rhetorical Psychology of Trumpism: Threat, Absolutism, and the Absolutist Threat . The Forum . 15 . 2 . 313, 317 . 10.1515/for-2017-0019 . 1540-8884.
  7. News: Kessler . Glenn . Kelly . Meg . 2021-12-07 . Analysis President Trump has made more than 2,000 false or misleading claims over 355 days . en-US . Washington Post . 2023-12-16 . 0190-8286.
  8. Appel . Edward C. . 2018-03-15 . Burlesque, Tragedy, and a (Potentially) "Yuuuge" "Breaking of a Frame": Donald Trump's Rhetoric as "Early Warning"? . Communication Quarterly . en . 66 . 2 . 157–175 . 10.1080/01463373.2018.1439515 . 0146-3373.
  9. Nacos . Brigitte L. . Shapiro . Robert Y. . Bloch-Elkon . Yaeli . 2020 . Donald Trump: Aggressive Rhetoric and Political Violence . Perspectives on Terrorism . 14 . 5 . 2–25 . 2334-3745 . 26940036.
  10. Book: Hochschild, Arlie Russel . Strangers in their own land: anger and mourning on the American right . 2016 . The new press . 978-1-62097-225-0 . New York London .
  11. Web site: Thompson . Derek . 2020-12-29 . The Deep Story of Trumpism . 2023-12-16 . The Atlantic . en.
  12. Pulido . Laura . Bruno . Tianna . Faiver-Serna . Cristina . Galentine . Cassandra . 2019-03-04 . Environmental Deregulation, Spectacular Racism, and White Nationalism in the Trump Era . Annals of the American Association of Geographers . en . 109 . 2 . 520–532 . 10.1080/24694452.2018.1549473 . 2469-4452.
  13. Book: Connolly, William E. . Aspirational fascism: the struggle for multifaceted democracy under Trumpism . 2017 . University of Minnesota Press . 978-1-5179-0512-5 . Forerunners . Minneapolis . 7.
  14. Book: Neuborne, Burt . When at Times the Mob is Swayed: A Citizen's Guide to Defending Our Republic . 2019 . New Press . 978-1-62097-358-5 . 32 . en.
  15. Book: Connolly, William E. . Aspirational fascism: the struggle for multifaceted democracy under Trumpism . 2017 . University of Minnesota Press . 978-1-5179-0512-5 . Forerunners . Minneapolis . 11.
  16. Homolar . Alexandra . Scholz . Ronny . 2019-05-04 . The power of Trump-speak: populist crisis narratives and ontological security . . 32 . 3 . 344–364 . 10.1080/09557571.2019.1575796 . 150639180 . 0955-7571. free .
  17. Web site: Bradner . Eric . Mattingly . Phill . 2016-06-06 . GOP to Trump: Stop alienating Latinos . 2023-03-03 . . en . 2023-04-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230406065953/https://www.cnn.com/2016/06/05/politics/gop-fears-donald-trump-judge-attack/index.html . live .
  18. News: The 6 Trumpisms Donald Trump will trumpet in the Trump debate . en-US . . Amber . Phillips . 2023-03-03 . 0190-8286 . 2023-02-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230222143010/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/08/05/the-6-trumpisms-donald-trump-will-trumpet-in-the-trump-debate/ . live .
  19. Web site: 2015-09-06 . 6 'Trumpisms' that would mean a political end for anyone but Trump . 2023-03-03 . . en-us . 2023-02-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230222151418/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/trumpisms-mean-political-end-anyone-trump . live .
  20. Web site: The 155 Craziest Things Trump Said This Election . 2023-03-03 . . 5 November 2016 . en . 2022-12-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221202165103/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/11/the-155-craziest-things-trump-said-this-cycle-214420/ . live .
  21. News: 2016-11-11 . Mythbuster: What Donald Trump didn't say about Africa . en-GB . . 2023-04-06 . 2023-04-07 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230407024630/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37949183 . live .
  22. Web site: 2016-09-12 . 'Believe me': People say Trump's language is affecting political discourse 'bigly' . 2023-03-03 . . Lisa . Mascaro . en-US . 2023-03-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230301014345/https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-trump-language-20160912-snap-story.html . live .
  23. Web site: Stieb . Matt . 2022-08-25 . Jamie Foxx Is Secretly a World-Class Trump Impersonator . 2023-03-03 . Intelligencer . en-us . 2023-04-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230406065953/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/jamie-foxx-is-secretly-a-world-class-trump-impersonator.html . live .
  24. News: Misener . Dan . 2016-10-25 . Twitter bot creates 'remarkably Trump-like' tweets . . 2023-03-05 . 2023-03-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230305123838/https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/trump-twitter-bot-1.3820362 . live .
  25. Web site: 2020-05-07 . Can't decipher Trump-speak? Meet Margaret, the computer bot . 2023-03-05 . Los Angeles Times . Noah . Bierman . en-US . 2023-03-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230318001056/https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2020-05-07/cant-decipher-trump-speak-meet-margaret-the-computer-bot . live .
  26. Web site: Effron . Lauren . 2015-11-19 . Donald Trump's Children Dish on Their Dad's 'Trumpisms' and What They Think of His Hair . 2023-03-03 . . en . 2023-02-11 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230211235649/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/donald-trumps-children-dish-dads-trumpisms-hair/story?id=35293200 . live .
  27. News: 2015-06-01 . Donald Trump: 'I'm the Most Successful Person Ever to Run for the Presidency' . en . . Emily . Greenhouse . 2023-03-03 . 2023-04-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230401031739/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-06-01/donald-trump-i-m-the-most-successful-person-ever-to-run-for-the-presidency- . live .
  28. 2019-10-24 . On "Human Scum" and Trump in the Danger Zone . 2023-03-05 . The New Yorker . Susan B. . Glasser . en-US . 2023-03-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230305082345/https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-trumps-washington/on-human-scum-and-trump-in-the-danger-zone . live .
  29. Web site: Pappas . Stephanie . 2016-02-25 . Trumpisms: Political Insults Erode Voters' Faith . 2023-03-05 . . en . 2023-03-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230305083843/https://www.livescience.com/53839-trumpisms-political-insults-erode-voters-faith.html . live .
  30. News: Parker . Ned . Eisler . Peter . August 9, 2023 . Political violence in polarized U.S. at its worst since 1970s . Reuters.
  31. News: Parker . Ned . Eisler . Peter . Tanfani . Joseph . November 15, 2023 . U.S. political violence driven by new breed of 'grab-bag' extremists . Reuters.
  32. News: Trump's Violent Language Toward EVs. The New York Times . March 18, 2024. Friedman. Lisa. March 21, 2024. 0362-4331.
  33. Web site: Timmons . Heather . 2018-10-26 . Stochastic terror and the cycle of hate that pushes unstable Americans to violence . 2024-06-19 . Quartz . en.
  34. Web site: Hasan . Mehdi . 2019-08-04 . After El Paso, We Can No Longer Ignore Trump's Role in Inspiring Mass Shootings . 2024-06-19 . The Intercept . en-US.
  35. News: Kayyem . Juliette . 2023-12-06 . The Proud Boys Love a Winner . 2024-06-19 . The Atlantic . en . 2151-9463.
  36. News: Blake . Aaron . March 18, 2024 . 'Bloodbath' aside, Trump's violent rhetoric is unambiguous . March 21, 2024 . The Washington Post . 0190-8286.
  37. Web site: Murai . Ruth . March 30, 2024 . Donald Trump just stooped to his lowest low yet . 2024-06-19 . Mother Jones . en-US.
  38. News: Schaffer . Michael . July 19, 2024 . I've Never Seen Washingtonians So Scared: The rise of political violence has reshaped life in the nation's capital . Politico . Does Trump mean it more than any of the others? His defenders say no, it’s just the rhetorical style of someone trained outside professional politics. But people know it only takes one person to interpret things literally. And the past few years have offered a lot more than one example..
  39. News: Epstein, Reid J. . Donald Trump Transcript: 'Our Country Needs a Truly Great Leader'—Washington Wire . . June 16, 2015 . March 18, 2024.
  40. News: Scott . Eugene. In reference to 'animals,' Trump evokes an ugly history of dehumanization . . May 16, 2018 . March 18, 2024.
  41. News: Trump urges crowd to 'knock the crap out of' anyone with tomatoes. POLITICO. February 1, 2016. July 15, 2024.
  42. Donald Trump Tells Crowd to 'Knock the Crap Out Of' Hecklers. TIME. February 1, 2016. July 15, 2024.
  43. News: Donald Trump on a protester: 'I'd like to punch him in the face'. The Washington Post. February 23, 2016. July 15, 2024.
  44. Cohen . David S. . August 9, 2016 . Trump's Assassination Dog Whistle Was Even Scarier Than You Think . August 11, 2023 . . en-US.
  45. Web site: Crockett . Emily . 10 August 2016 . Trump's 2nd Amendment comment wasn't a joke. It was 'stochastic terrorism.'  . 4 October 2023 . Vox.com.
  46. Keats . Jonathon . 21 January 2019 . How Stochastic Terrorism Lets Bullies Operate in Plain Sight . 2023-08-11 . Wired . en-US . 1059-1028.
  47. News: Trump tells police not to worry about injuring suspects during arrests. The Washington Post. July 28, 2017. July 15, 2024.
  48. News: NYPD Calls Trump's Police Quip About Use of Force 'Irresponsible'. NBC News. July 28, 2017. July 15, 2024.
  49. Web site: Trump calls Democratic lawmakers who didn't applaud him 'treasonous,' 'un-American'. The Washington Post. February 5, 2018. July 15, 2024.
  50. Web site: Republicans join Democrats' stand against Trump's 'treasonous' claims. Reuters. February 6, 2018. July 15, 2024.
  51. News: Kelly Taylor . Hayes . 'Only in the Panhandle': Trump chuckles at suggestion to 'shoot' migrants during Florida rally . August 18, 2022 . . May 9, 2019 . July 27, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220727044408/https://www.fox10phoenix.com/news/only-in-the-panhandle-trump-chuckles-at-suggestion-to-shoot-migrants-during-florida-rally . live .
  52. News: William . Cummings . August 18, 2022 . August 5, 2019 . 'Only in the Panhandle': Trump chuckles when audience member suggests shooting migrants . . July 27, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220727044401/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2019/05/09/trump-chuckles-shooting-migrants/1150160001/ . live .
  53. News: When a rallygoer suggested shooting immigrants in May, Trump made a joke . August 18, 2022 . August 5, 2019 . JM . Rieger . . Washington, D.C. . 0190-8286 . 1330888409 . April 11, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210411090725/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/08/05/when-rally-goer-suggested-shooting-immigrants-may-trump-made-joke/ . live .
  54. News: Trump turns shooting migrants into a punchline at Florida rally . May 9, 2019 . Aaron . Rupar . . August 18, 2022 . June 18, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220618090540/https://www.vox.com/2019/5/9/18538124/trump-panama-city-beach-rally-shooting-migrants . live .
  55. News: Itkowitz . Colby . 2020-06-24 . Trump again uses racially insensitive term to describe coronavirus . 2024-04-08 . Washington Post . en-US . 0190-8286.
  56. Web site: Klein . Maegan Vazquez, Betsy . 2020-03-17 . Trump again defends use of the term 'China virus'. 2024-04-08 . CNN . en.
  57. Web site: Westwood . Kevin Liptak,Sarah . 2020-06-01 . Trump threatens military force if violence in states isn't stopped . 2024-04-08 . CNN . en.
  58. Web site: Dale . Daniel . 2020-08-31 . Fact check: Trump shares White nationalist's video in retweet falsely blaming Black Lives Matter for 2019 subway assault . 2024-04-08 . CNN . en.
  59. News: Sonmez . Felicia . 2020-07-19 . Trump declines to say whether he will accept November election results . 2024-04-08 . Washington Post . en-US . 0190-8286.
  60. News: 2021 . Campaign of Fear: The Trump world's assault on U.S. election workers . Reuters . The people who administer U.S. elections – from poll workers and ballot counters to county clerks and secretaries of state – have endured a year of terroristic threats from supporters of former President Donald Trump, inspired by his false assertions of widespread fraud in the 2020 vote. The result, as Reuters chronicled in this agenda-setting series of reports, has been a campaign of intimidation that is stressing the foundation of American democracy..
  61. News: So . Lydia . June 11, 2021 . Trump-inspired death threats are terrorizing election workers . Reuters . Election officials and their families are living with threats of hanging, firing squads, torture and bomb blasts, interviews and documents reveal. The campaign of fear, sparked by Trump's voter-fraud falsehoods, threatens the U.S. electoral system..
  62. Web site: Smyth . Julie Carr . 2023-08-16 . Election workers who face frequent harassment see accountability in the latest Georgia charges . 2024-06-20 . AP News . en.
  63. Web site: Sweren-Becker . Eliza . Singh . Jasleen . June 18, 2024 . Guide to Laws Against Intimidation of Voters and Election Workers Brennan Center for Justice . 2024-06-20 . www.brennancenter.org . en.
  64. Web site: Levine . Mike . May 30, 2020 . 'No Blame?' ABC News finds 54 cases invoking 'Trump' in connection with violence, threats, alleged assaults. . 2024-07-17 . . en.
  65. Web site: Cineas . Fabiola . 2020-10-09 . A timeline of hate: Trump's history of encouraging violence, from 2015 to 2021 . 2024-07-17 . Vox . en-US.
  66. Nacos . Brigitte L. . Shapiro . Robert Y. . Bloch-Elkon . Yaeli . 2020 . Donald Trump: Aggressive Rhetoric and Political Violence . . . 14 . 5 . 2–25 . 2334-3745 . 26940036 . free.
  67. News: Haberman . Maggie . Nehamas . Nicholas . McFadden . Alyce . October 3, 2023 . Trump Said Shoplifters Should Be Shot, Part of a String of Violent Remarks . . October 9, 2023.
  68. News: Gabriel . Trip . October 5, 2023 . Trump Escalates Anti-Immigrant Rhetoric With 'Poisoning the Blood' Comment . The New York Times .
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  84. News: Charlie Savage . Maggie Haberman . Jonathan Swan . November 11, 2023 . Sweeping Raids, Giant Camps and Mass Deportations: Inside Trump's 2025 Immigration Plans . The New York Times .
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  89. News: Dorn . Sara . November 12, 2023 . Trump Compares Political Foes To 'Vermin' On Veterans Day—Echoing Nazi Propaganda . . November 12, 2023.
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  93. News: Higgins . Andrew . January 10, 2021 . The Art of the Lie? The Bigger the Better – Lying as a political tool is hardly new. But a readiness, even enthusiasm, to be deceived has become a driving force in politics around the world, most recently in the United States. . . January 10, 2021.
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