Donald Trump Explained

Order:	45th
Office:	President of the United States
Vicepresident:	Mike Pence
Term Start:	January 20, 2017
Term End:	January 20, 2021
Predecessor:	Barack Obama
Successor:	Joe Biden
Birth Name:	Donald John Trump
Birth Date:	14 June 1946
Birth Place:	Queens, New York City, U.S.
Party:	Republican (1987–1999, 2009–2011, 2012–present)
Otherparty:	Reform (1999–2001) Democratic (2001–2009) Independent (2011–2012)
Spouse:
Relatives:	Family of Donald Trump
Awards:	Full list
Residence:	Mar-a-Lago, Palm Beach, Florida
Alma Mater:	University of Pennsylvania (BS)
Signature:	Donald Trump (Presidential signature).svg
Signature Alt:	Donald J. Trump stylized autograph, in ink

Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who served as the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021.

Trump received a Bachelor of Science in economics from the University of Pennsylvania in 1968. His father named him president of his real estate business in 1971. Trump renamed it the Trump Organization and reoriented the company toward building and renovating skyscrapers, hotels, casinos, and golf courses. After a series of business failures in the late 1990s, he launched successful side ventures, mostly licensing the Trump name. From 2004 to 2015, he co-produced and hosted the reality television series The Apprentice. He and his businesses have been plaintiffs or defendants in more than 4,000 legal actions, including six business bankruptcies.

Trump won the 2016 presidential election as the Republican Party nominee against Democratic Party candidate Hillary Clinton while losing the popular vote. A special counsel investigation established that Russia had interfered in the election to favor Trump. During the campaign, his political positions were described as populist, protectionist, isolationist, and nationalist. His election and policies sparked numerous protests. He was the only U.S. president without prior military or government experience. Trump promoted conspiracy theories and made many false and misleading statements during his campaigns and presidency, to a degree unprecedented in American politics. Many of his comments and actions have been characterized as racially charged, racist, and misogynistic.

As president, Trump ordered a travel ban on citizens from several Muslim-majority countries, diverted military funding toward building a wall on the U.S. - Mexico border, and implemented a family separation policy. He rolled back more than 100 environmental policies and regulations. He signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, which cut taxes and eliminated the individual health insurance mandate penalty of the Affordable Care Act. He appointed Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh, and Amy Coney Barrett to the U.S. Supreme Court. He reacted slowly to the COVID-19 pandemic, ignored or contradicted many recommendations from health officials, used political pressure to interfere with testing efforts, and spread misinformation about unproven treatments. Trump initiated a trade war with China and withdrew the U.S. from the proposed Trans-Pacific Partnership trade agreement, the Paris Agreement on climate change, and the Iran nuclear deal. He met with North Korean leader Kim Jong Un three times but made no progress on denuclearization.

Trump is the only U.S. president to have been impeached twice, in 2019 for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress after he pressured Ukraine to investigate Joe Biden, and in 2021 for incitement of insurrection. The Senate acquitted him in both cases. Trump lost the 2020 presidential election to Biden but refused to concede. He falsely claimed widespread electoral fraud and attempted to overturn the results. On January 6, 2021, he urged his supporters to march to the U.S. Capitol, which many of them attacked. Scholars and historians rank Trump as one of the worst presidents in American history.

Since leaving office, Trump has continued to dominate the Republican Party and is their candidate again in the 2024 presidential election. In May 2024, a jury in New York found Trump guilty on 34 felony counts of falsifying business records related to a hush money payment to Stormy Daniels in an attempt to influence the 2016 election, making him the first former U.S. president to be convicted of a crime. He has been indicted in three other jurisdictions on 54 other felony counts related to his mishandling of classified documents and for efforts to overturn the 2020 presidential election. In civil proceedings, Trump was found liable for sexual abuse and defamation in 2023, defamation in 2024, and financial fraud in 2024.

Personal life

Early life

Trump was born on June 14, 1946, at Jamaica Hospital in Queens, New York City,^[1] the fourth child of Fred Trump and Mary Anne MacLeod Trump. He grew up with older siblings Maryanne, Fred Jr., and Elizabeth and younger brother Robert in the Jamaica Estates neighborhood of Queens, and attended the private Kew-Forest School from kindergarten through seventh grade.^{[2] [3]} He went to Sunday school and was confirmed in 1959 at the First Presbyterian Church in Jamaica, Queens.^{[4] [5]} At age 13, he entered the New York Military Academy, a private boarding school. In 1964, he enrolled at Fordham University. Two years later, he transferred to the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, graduating in May 1968 with a Bachelor of Science in economics.^{[6] [7]} In 2015, Trump's lawyer threatened Trump's colleges, his high school, and the College Board with legal action if they released his academic records.^[8]

While in college, Trump obtained four student draft deferments during the Vietnam War.^[9] In 1966, he was deemed fit for military service based on a medical examination, and in July 1968, a local draft board classified him as eligible to serve.^[10] In October 1968, he was classified, a conditional medical deferment,^[11] and in 1972, he was reclassified, unfit for military service, due to bone spurs, permanently disqualifying him.^[12]

Family

See main article: Family of Donald Trump. In 1977, Trump married Czech model Ivana Zelníčková. They had three children: Donald Jr. (born 1977), Ivanka (1981), and Eric (1984). The couple divorced in 1990, following Trump's affair with actress Marla Maples.^[13] Trump and Maples married in 1993 and divorced in 1999. They have one daughter, Tiffany (born 1993), who was raised by Maples in California.^[14] In 2005, Trump married Slovenian model Melania Knauss.^[15] They have one son, Barron (born 2006).^[16]

Religion

In the 1970s, Trump's parents joined the Marble Collegiate Church, part of the Reformed Church in America.^{[4] [17]} In 2015, he said he was a Presbyterian and attended Marble Collegiate Church; the church said he was not an active member.^[5] In 2019, he appointed his personal pastor, televangelist Paula White, to the White House Office of Public Liaison.^[18] In 2020, he said he identified as a non-denominational Christian.^[19]

Health habits

Trump says he has never drunk alcohol, smoked cigarettes, or used drugs.^{[20] [21]} He sleeps about four or five hours a night.^{[22] [23]} He has called golfing his "primary form of exercise" but usually does not walk the course.^[24] He considers exercise a waste of energy because he believes the body is "like a battery, with a finite amount of energy", which is depleted by exercise.^[25] In 2015, Trump's campaign released a letter from his longtime personal physician, Harold Bornstein, stating that Trump would "be the healthiest individual ever elected to the presidency".^[26] In 2018, Bornstein said Trump had dictated the contents of the letter and that three of Trump's agents had seized his medical records in a February 2017 raid on the doctor's office.^{[26] [27]}

Wealth

See main article: Wealth of Donald Trump. In 1982, Trump made the initial Forbes list of wealthy people for holding a share of his family's estimated $200 million net worth (equivalent to $ million in). His losses in the 1980s dropped him from the list between 1990 and 1995.^[28] After filing the mandatory financial disclosure report with the FEC in July 2015, he announced a net worth of about $10 billion. Records released by the FEC showed at least $1.4 billion in assets and $265 million in liabilities.^[29] Forbes estimated his net worth dropped by $1.4 billion between 2015 and 2018.^[30] In their 2024 billionaires ranking, Trump's net worth was estimated to be $2.3 billion (1,438th in the world).^[31]

Journalist Jonathan Greenberg reported that Trump called him in 1984, pretending to be a fictional Trump Organization official named "John Barron". Greenberg said that Trump, just to get a higher ranking on the Forbes 400 list of wealthy Americans, identified himself as "Barron", and then falsely asserted that Donald Trump owned more than 90 percent of his father's business. Greenberg also wrote that Forbes had vastly overestimated Trump's wealth and wrongly included him on the 1982, 1983, and 1984 rankings.^[32]

Trump has often said he began his career with "a small loan of a million dollars" from his father and that he had to pay it back with interest.^[33] He was a millionaire by age eight, borrowed at least $60 million from his father, largely failed to repay those loans, and received another $413 million (2018 dollars adjusted for inflation) from his father's company.^{[34] [35]} In 2018, he and his family were reported to have committed tax fraud, and the New York State Department of Taxation and Finance started an investigation.^[35] His investments underperformed the stock and New York property markets.^{[36] [37]} Forbes estimated in October 2018 that his net worth declined from $4.5 billion in 2015 to $3.1 billion in 2017 and his product-licensing income from $23 million to $3 million.^[38]

Contrary to his claims of financial health and business acumen, Trump's tax returns from 1985 to 1994 show net losses totaling $1.17 billion. The losses were higher than those of almost every other American taxpayer. The losses in 1990 and 1991, more than $250 million each year, were more than double those of the nearest taxpayers. In 1995, his reported losses were $915.7 million (equivalent to $ billion in).^{[39] [40]}

In 2020, The New York Times obtained Trump's tax information extending over two decades. Its reporters found that Trump reported losses of hundreds of millions of dollars and had, since 2010, deferred declaring $287 million in forgiven debt as taxable income. His income mainly came from his share in The Apprentice and businesses in which he was a minority partner, and his losses mainly from majority-owned businesses. Much income was in tax credits for his losses, which let him avoid annual income tax payments or lower them to $750. During the 2010s, Trump balanced his businesses' losses by selling and borrowing against assets, including a $100 million mortgage on Trump Tower (due in 2022) and the liquidation of over $200 million in stocks and bonds. He personally guaranteed $421 million in debt, most of which is due by 2024.^[41]

, Trump had over $1.3 billion in debts, much of which is secured by his assets.^[42] In 2020, he owed $640 million to banks and trust organizations, including Bank of China, Deutsche Bank, and UBS, and approximately $450 million to unknown creditors. The value of his assets exceeds his debt.^[43]

Business career

See main article: Business career of Donald Trump.

Real estate

Starting in 1968, Trump was employed at his father's real estate company, Trump Management, which owned racially segregated middle-class rental housing in New York City's outer boroughs.^{[44] [45]} In 1971, he became president of the company and began using the Trump Organization as an umbrella brand. Between 1991 and 2009, he filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection for six of his businesses: the Plaza Hotel in Manhattan, the casinos in Atlantic City, New Jersey, and the Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts company.^[46]

Manhattan developments

Trump attracted public attention in 1978 with the launch of his family's first Manhattan venture, the renovation of the derelict Commodore Hotel, adjacent to Grand Central Terminal.^[47] The financing was facilitated by a $400 million city property tax abatement arranged for Trump by his father who also, jointly with Hyatt, guaranteed a $70 million bank construction loan.^{[45] [48]} The hotel reopened in 1980 as the Grand Hyatt Hotel, and that same year, Trump obtained rights to develop Trump Tower, a mixed-use skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan.^[49] The building houses the headquarters of the Trump Corporation and Trump's PAC and was Trump's primary residence until 2019.^{[50] [51]}

In 1988, Trump acquired the Plaza Hotel with a loan from a consortium of sixteen banks.^[52] The hotel filed for bankruptcy protection in 1992, and a reorganization plan was approved a month later, with the banks taking control of the property.^[53] In 1995, Trump defaulted on over $3 billion of bank loans, and the lenders seized the Plaza Hotel along with most of his other properties in a "vast and humiliating restructuring" that allowed Trump to avoid personal bankruptcy.^{[54] [55]} The lead bank's attorney said of the banks' decision that they "all agreed that he'd be better alive than dead."^[54]

In 1996, Trump acquired and renovated the mostly vacant 71-story skyscraper at 40 Wall Street, later rebranded as the Trump Building. In the early 1990s, Trump won the right to develop a 70acres tract in the Lincoln Square neighborhood near the Hudson River. Struggling with debt from other ventures in 1994, Trump sold most of his interest in the project to Asian investors, who financed the project's completion, Riverside South.^[56]

Atlantic City casinos

In 1984, Trump opened Harrah's at Trump Plaza, a hotel and casino, with financing and management help from the Holiday Corporation. It was unprofitable, and Trump paid Holiday $70 million in May 1986 to take sole control. In 1985, Trump bought the unopened Atlantic City Hilton Hotel and renamed it Trump Castle.^[57] Both casinos filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 1992.^[58]

Trump bought a third Atlantic City venue in 1988, the Trump Taj Mahal. It was financed with $675 million in junk bonds and completed for $1.1 billion, opening in April 1990.^[59] Trump filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 1991. Under the provisions of the restructuring agreement, Trump gave up half his initial stake and personally guaranteed future performance.^[60] To reduce his $900 million of personal debt, he sold the Trump Shuttle airline; his megayacht, the Trump Princess, which had been leased to his casinos and kept docked; and other businesses.^[61]

In 1995, Trump founded Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts (THCR), which assumed ownership of the Trump Plaza.^[62] THCR purchased the Taj Mahal and the Trump Castle in 1996 and went bankrupt in 2004 and 2009, leaving Trump with 10 percent ownership.^[63] He remained chairman until 2009.^[64]

Clubs

In 1985, Trump acquired the Mar-a-Lago estate in Palm Beach, Florida.^[65] In 1995, he converted the estate into a private club with an initiation fee and annual dues. He continued to use a wing of the house as a private residence.^[66] Trump declared the club his primary residence in 2019, and the town determined in 2021 that he was legally entitled to live there as an employee of the club.^[67] The Trump Organization began building and buying golf courses in 1999.^[68] It owns fourteen and manages another three Trump-branded courses worldwide.^{[68] [69]}

Licensing of the Trump brand

See also: List of things named after Donald Trump. The Trump name has been licensed for consumer products and services, including foodstuffs, apparel, learning courses, and home furnishings.^{[70] [71]} According to The Washington Post, there are more than 50 licensing or management deals involving Trump's name, and they have generated at least $59 million in revenue for his companies.^[72] By 2018, only two consumer goods companies continued to license his name.^[70]

Side ventures

In September 1983, Trump purchased the New Jersey Generals, a team in the United States Football League. After the 1985 season, the league folded, largely due to Trump's attempt to move to a fall schedule (when it would have competed with the NFL for audience) and trying to force a merger with the NFL by bringing an antitrust suit.^{[73] [74]}

Trump and his Plaza Hotel hosted several boxing matches at the Atlantic City Convention Hall.^[63] In 1989 and 1990, Trump lent his name to the Tour de Trump cycling stage race, an attempt to create an American equivalent of European races such as the Tour de France or the Giro d'Italia.^[75]

From 1986 to 1988, Trump purchased significant blocks of shares in various public companies while suggesting that he intended to take over the company and then sold his shares for a profit, leading some observers to think he was engaged in greenmail.^[76] The New York Times found that Trump initially made millions of dollars in such stock transactions, but "lost most, if not all, of those gains after investors stopped taking his takeover talk seriously".

In 1988, Trump purchased the Eastern Air Lines Shuttle, financing the purchase with $380 million (equivalent to $ million in) in loans from a syndicate of 22 banks. He renamed the airline Trump Shuttle and operated it until 1992.^[77] Trump defaulted on his loans in 1991, and ownership passed to the banks.^[78]

In 1992, Trump, his siblings Maryanne, Elizabeth, and Robert, and his cousin John W. Walter, each with a 20 percent share, formed All County Building Supply & Maintenance Corp. The company had no offices and is alleged to have been a shell company for paying the vendors providing services and supplies for Trump's rental units, then billing those services and supplies to Trump Management with markups of 20–50 percent and more. The owners shared the proceeds generated by the markups.^{[35] [79]} The increased costs were used to get state approval for increasing the rents of Trump's rent-stabilized units.^[35]

From 1996 to 2015, Trump owned all or part of the Miss Universe pageants, including Miss USA and Miss Teen USA.^{[80] [81]} Due to disagreements with CBS about scheduling, he took both pageants to NBC in 2002.^{[82] [83]} In 2007, Trump received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his work as producer of Miss Universe.^[84] NBC and Univision dropped the pageants in June 2015.^[85]

Trump University

See main article: Trump University. In 2004, Trump co-founded Trump University, a company that sold real estate seminars for up to $35,000.^[86] After New York State authorities notified the company that its use of "university" violated state law (as it was not an academic institution), its name was changed to the Trump Entrepreneur Initiative in 2010.^[87]

In 2013, the State of New York filed a $40 million civil suit against Trump University, alleging that the company made false statements and defrauded consumers.^[88] Additionally, two class actions were filed in federal court against Trump and his companies. Internal documents revealed that employees were instructed to use a hard-sell approach, and former employees testified that Trump University had defrauded or lied to its students.^{[89] [90] [91]} Shortly after he won the 2016 presidential election, Trump agreed to pay a total of $25 million to settle the three cases.^[92]

Foundation

See main article: Donald J. Trump Foundation.

The Donald J. Trump Foundation was a private foundation established in 1988.^{[93] [94]} From 1987 to 2006, Trump gave his foundation $5.4 million which had been spent by the end of 2006. After donating a total of $65,000 in 2007–2008, he stopped donating any personal funds to the charity,^[95] which received millions from other donors, including $5 million from Vince McMahon.^[96] The foundation gave to health- and sports-related charities, conservative groups,^[97] and charities that held events at Trump properties.^[95]

In 2016, The Washington Post reported that the charity committed several potential legal and ethical violations, including alleged self-dealing and possible tax evasion.^[98] Also in 2016, the New York Attorney General determined the foundation to be in violation of state law, for soliciting donations without submitting to required annual external audits, and ordered it to cease its fundraising activities in New York immediately.^[99] Trump's team announced in December 2016 that the foundation would be dissolved.^[100]

In June 2018, the New York attorney general's office filed a civil suit against the foundation, Trump, and his adult children, seeking $2.8 million in restitution and additional penalties.^[101] In December 2018, the foundation ceased operation and disbursed its assets to other charities.^[102] In November 2019, a New York state judge ordered Trump to pay $2 million to a group of charities for misusing the foundation's funds, in part to finance his presidential campaign.^{[103] [104]}

Legal affairs and bankruptcies

See main article: Personal and business legal affairs of Donald Trump.

Roy Cohn was Trump's fixer, lawyer, and mentor for 13 years in the 1970s and 1980s.^[105] According to Trump, Cohn sometimes waived fees due to their friendship.^[105] In 1973, Cohn helped Trump countersue the U.S. government for $100 million (equivalent to $ million in) over its charges that Trump's properties had racial discriminatory practices. Trump's counterclaims were dismissed, and the government's case went forward, ultimately resulting in a settlement.^[106] In 1975, an agreement was struck requiring Trump's properties to furnish the New York Urban League with a list of all apartment vacancies, every week for two years, among other things.^[107] Cohn introduced political consultant Roger Stone to Trump, who enlisted Stone's services to deal with the federal government.^[108]

According to a review of state and federal court files conducted by USA Today in 2018, Trump and his businesses had been involved in more than 4,000 state and federal legal actions.^[109] While Trump has not filed for personal bankruptcy, his over-leveraged hotel and casino businesses in Atlantic City and New York filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection six times between 1991 and 2009.^[110] They continued to operate while the banks restructured debt and reduced Trump's shares in the properties.^[110]

During the 1980s, more than 70 banks had lent Trump $4 billion.^[111] After his corporate bankruptcies of the early 1990s, most major banks, with the exception of Deutsche Bank, declined to lend to him.^[112] After the January 6 Capitol attack, the bank decided not to do business with Trump or his company in the future.^[113]

Media career

See main article: Media career of Donald Trump.

Books

See main article: Bibliography of Donald Trump. Using ghostwriters, Trump has produced 19 books under his name.^[114] His first book, The Art of the Deal (1987), was a New York Times Best Seller. While Trump was credited as co-author, the entire book was written by Tony Schwartz. According to The New Yorker, the book made Trump famous as an "emblem of the successful tycoon".^[115]

Film and television

See main article: Media career of Donald Trump. Trump made cameo appearances in many films and television shows from 1985 to 2001.^[116]

Starting in the 1990s, Trump was a guest about 24 times on the nationally syndicated Howard Stern Show. He also had his own short-form talk radio program called Trumped! (one to two minutes on weekdays) from 2004 to 2008.^{[117] [118]} From 2011 until 2015, he was a weekly unpaid guest commentator on Fox & Friends.^{[119] [120]}

From 2004 to 2015, Trump was co-producer and host of reality shows The Apprentice and The Celebrity Apprentice. Trump played a flattering, highly fictionalized version of himself as a superrich and successful chief executive who eliminated contestants with the catchphrase "You're fired." The shows remade his image for millions of viewers nationwide.^{[121] [122]} With the related licensing agreements, they earned him more than $400 million which he invested in largely unprofitable businesses.^[123]

In February 2021, Trump, who had been a member of SAG-AFTRA since 1989, resigned to avoid a disciplinary hearing regarding the January 6 attack.^[124] Two days later, the union permanently barred him from readmission.^[125]

Political career

Trump registered as a Republican in 1987;^[126] a member of the Independence Party, the New York state affiliate of the Reform Party, in 1999;^[127] a Democrat in 2001; a Republican in 2009; unaffiliated in 2011; and a Republican in 2012.^[126]

In 1987, Trump placed full-page advertisements in three major newspapers,^[128] expressing his views on foreign policy and how to eliminate the federal budget deficit.^[129] In 1988, he approached Lee Atwater, asking to be put into consideration to be Republican nominee George H. W. Bush's running mate. Bush found the request "strange and unbelievable".^[130]

Presidential campaigns (2000–2016)

Trump ran in the California and Michigan primaries for nomination as the Reform Party candidate for the 2000 presidential election but withdrew from the race in February 2000.^{[131] [132] [133]}

In 2011, Trump speculated about running against President Barack Obama in the 2012 election, making his first speaking appearance at the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) in February 2011 and giving speeches in early primary states.^{[134] [135]} In May 2011, he announced he would not run.^[134] Trump's presidential ambitions were generally not taken seriously at the time.^[136]

2016 presidential campaign

See main article: Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign. Trump's fame and provocative statements earned him an unprecedented amount of free media coverage, elevating his standing in the Republican primaries.^[137] He adopted the phrase "truthful hyperbole", coined by his ghostwriter Tony Schwartz, to describe his public speaking style.^{[115] [138]} His campaign statements were often opaque and suggestive,^[139] and a record number were false.^{[140] [141] [142]} Trump said he disdained political correctness and frequently made claims of media bias.^{[143] [144]}

Trump announced his candidacy in June 2015.^{[145] [146]} His campaign was initially not taken seriously by political analysts, but he quickly rose to the top of opinion polls.^[147] He became the front-runner in March 2016^[148] and was declared the presumptive Republican nominee in May.^[149]

Hillary Clinton led Trump in national polling averages throughout the campaign, but, in early July, her lead narrowed.^{[150] [151]} In mid-July Trump selected Indiana governor Mike Pence as his running mate,^[152] and the two were officially nominated at the 2016 Republican National Convention.^[153] Trump and Clinton faced off in three presidential debates in September and October 2016. Trump twice refused to say whether he would accept the result of the election.^[154]

Campaign rhetoric and political positions

See main article: Political positions of Donald Trump and Rhetoric of Donald Trump.

Trump's political positions and rhetoric were right-wing populist.^{[155] [156] [157]} Politico described them as "eclectic, improvisational and often contradictory", quoting a health-care policy expert at the American Enterprise Institute as saying that his political positions were a "random assortment of whatever plays publicly".^[158] NBC News counted "141 distinct shifts on 23 major issues" during his campaign.^[159]

Trump described NATO as "obsolete"^{[160] [161]} and espoused views that were described as non-interventionist and protectionist.^[162] His campaign platform emphasized renegotiating U.S. - China relations and free trade agreements such as NAFTA, strongly enforcing immigration laws, and building a new wall along the U.S.–Mexico border. Other campaign positions included pursuing energy independence while opposing climate change regulations, modernizing services for veterans, repealing and replacing the Affordable Care Act, abolishing Common Core education standards, investing in infrastructure, simplifying the tax code while reducing taxes, and imposing tariffs on imports by companies that offshore jobs. He advocated increasing military spending and extreme vetting or banning immigrants from Muslim-majority countries.^[163]

Trump helped bring far-right fringe ideas and organizations into the mainstream.^[164] In August 2016, Trump hired Steve Bannon, the executive chairman of Breitbart News - described by Bannon as "the platform for the alt-right" - as his campaign CEO.^[165] The alt-right movement coalesced around and supported Trump's candidacy, due in part to its opposition to multiculturalism and immigration.^{[166] [167] [168]}

Financial disclosures

Trump's FEC-required reports listed assets above $1.4 billion and outstanding debts of at least $315 million.^{[29] [169]} Trump did not release his tax returns, contrary to the practice of every major candidate since 1976 and his promises in 2014 and 2015 to do so if he ran for office.^{[170] [171]} He said his tax returns were being audited, and that his lawyers had advised him against releasing them.^[172] After a lengthy court battle to block release of his tax returns and other records to the Manhattan district attorney for a criminal investigation, including two appeals by Trump to the U.S. Supreme Court, in February 2021 the high court allowed the records to be released to the prosecutor for review by a grand jury.^{[173] [174]}

In October 2016, portions of Trump's state filings for 1995 were leaked to a reporter from The New York Times. They show that Trump had declared a loss of $916 million that year, which could have let him avoid taxes for up to 18 years.^[175]

Election to the presidency

See main article: 2016 United States presidential election. On November 8, 2016, Trump received 306 pledged electoral votes versus 232 for Clinton, though, after elector defections on both sides, the official count was ultimately 304 to 227.^[176] Trump, the fifth person to be elected president while losing the popular vote, received nearly 2.9 million fewer votes than Clinton.^[177] He also was the only president who neither served in the military nor held any government office prior to becoming president.^[178] Trump's victory was a political upset.^[179] Polls had consistently shown Clinton with a nationwide - though diminishing - lead, as well as an advantage in most of the competitive states.^[180]

Trump won 30 states, including Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, states which had been considered a blue wall of Democratic strongholds since the 1990s. Clinton won 20 states and the District of Columbia. Trump's victory marked the return of an undivided Republican government - a Republican White House combined with Republican control of both chambers of Congress.^[181]

Trump's election victory sparked protests in major U.S. cities.^{[182] [183]} On the day after Trump's inauguration, an estimated 2.6 million people worldwide, including an estimated half million in Washington, D.C., protested against Trump in the Women's Marches.^[184]

Presidency (2017–2021)

See main article: Presidency of Donald Trump.

Early actions

See also: Presidential transition of Donald Trump and First 100 days of the Donald Trump presidency.

Trump was inaugurated on January 20, 2017. During his first week in office, he signed six executive orders, which authorized: interim procedures in anticipation of repealing the Affordable Care Act ("Obamacare"), withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations, reinstatement of the Mexico City policy, advancement of the Keystone XL and Dakota Access Pipeline construction projects, reinforcement of border security, and a planning and design process to construct a wall along the U.S. border with Mexico.^[185]

Trump's daughter Ivanka and son-in-law Jared Kushner became his assistant and senior advisor, respectively.^{[186] [187]}

Conflicts of interest

Before being inaugurated, Trump moved his businesses into a revocable trust run by his sons, Eric and Donald Jr., and a business associate.^{[188] [189]} Though he said he would eschew "new foreign deals", the Trump Organization pursued expansions of its operations in Dubai, Scotland, and the Dominican Republic. Trump continued to profit from his businesses and to know how his administration's policies affected his businesses.^{[189] [190]}

He was sued for violating the Domestic and Foreign Emoluments Clauses of the U.S. Constitution, marking the first time that the clauses had been substantively litigated.^[191] One case was dismissed in lower court.^[192] Two were dismissed by the U.S. Supreme Court as moot after the end of Trump's term.^[193]

Trump visited a Trump Organization property on 428 days, one visit for every 3.4 days of his presidency.^[194]

Domestic policy

Economy

See main article: Economic policy of the Donald Trump administration. Trump took office at the height of the longest economic expansion in American history,^[195] which began in 2009 and continued until February 2020, when the COVID-19 recession began.^[196]

In December 2017, Trump signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 passed by Congress without Democratic votes. It reduced tax rates for businesses and individuals, with business tax cuts to be permanent and individual tax cuts set to expire after 2025, and set the penalty associated with the Affordable Care Act's individual mandate to $0.^{[197] [198]} The Trump administration claimed that the act would not decrease government revenue, but 2018 revenues were 7.6 percent lower than projected.^[199]

Despite a campaign promise to eliminate the national debt in eight years, Trump approved large increases in government spending and the 2017 tax cut. As a result, the federal budget deficit increased by almost 50 percent, to nearly $1 trillion in 2019.^[200] Under Trump, the U.S. national debt increased by 39 percent, reaching $27.75trillion by the end of his term, and the U.S. debt-to-GDP ratio hit a post-World War II high.^[201] Trump also failed to deliver the $1 trillion infrastructure spending plan on which he had campaigned.^[202]

Trump is the only modern U.S. president to leave office with a smaller workforce than when he took office, by 3 million people.^[203]

Climate change, environment, and energy

See main article: Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration. Trump rejects the scientific consensus on climate change.^{[204] [205] [206] [207]} He reduced the budget for renewable energy research by 40 percent and reversed Obama-era policies directed at curbing climate change.^[208] He withdrew from the Paris Agreement, making the U.S. the only nation to not ratify it.^[209]

Trump aimed to boost the production and exports of fossil fuels.^{[210] [211]} Natural gas expanded under Trump, but coal continued to decline.^{[212] [213]} Trump rolled back more than 100 federal environmental regulations, including those that curbed greenhouse gas emissions, air and water pollution, and the use of toxic substances. He weakened protections for animals and environmental standards for federal infrastructure projects, and expanded permitted areas for drilling and resource extraction, such as allowing drilling in the Arctic Refuge.^[214]

Deregulation

In 2017, Trump signed Executive Order 13771, which directed that, for every new regulation, federal agencies "identify" two existing regulations for elimination, though it did not require elimination.^[215] He dismantled many federal regulations on health,^{[216] [217]} labor,^{[218] [217]} and the environment,^{[219] [217]} among others, including a bill that made it easier for severely mentally ill persons to buy guns.^[220] During his first six weeks in office, he delayed, suspended, or reversed ninety federal regulations,^[221] often "after requests by the regulated industries".^[222] The Institute for Policy Integrity found that 78 percent of Trump's proposals were blocked by courts or did not prevail over litigation.^[223]

Health care

During his campaign, Trump vowed to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act.^[224] In office, he scaled back the Act's implementation through executive orders.^{[225] [226]} Trump expressed a desire to "let Obamacare fail"; his administration halved the enrollment period and drastically reduced funding for enrollment promotion.^{[227] [228]} In June 2018, the Trump administration joined 18 Republican-led states in arguing before the Supreme Court that the elimination of the financial penalties associated with the individual mandate had rendered the Act unconstitutional.^{[229] [230]} Their pleading would have eliminated health insurance coverage for up to 23 million Americans, but was unsuccessful. During the 2016 campaign, Trump promised to protect funding for Medicare and other social safety-net programs, but in January 2020, he expressed willingness to consider cuts to them.^[231]

In response to the opioid epidemic, Trump signed legislation in 2018 to increase funding for drug treatments but was widely criticized for failing to make a concrete strategy. U.S. opioid overdose deaths declined slightly in 2018 but surged to a record 50,052 in 2019.^[232]

Social issues

See main article: Social policy of Donald Trump. Trump barred organizations that provide abortions or abortion referrals from receiving federal funds.^[233] He said he supported "traditional marriage" but considered the nationwide legality of same-sex marriage "settled".^[234] His administration rolled back key components of the Obama administration's workplace protections against discrimination of LGBT people.^[235] Trump's attempted rollback of anti-discrimination protections for transgender patients in August 2020 was halted by a federal judge after a Supreme Court ruling extended employees' civil rights protections to gender identity and sexual orientation.^[236]

Trump has said he is opposed to gun control, although his views have shifted over time.^[237] After several mass shootings during his term, he said he would propose legislation related to guns, but he abandoned that effort in November 2019.^[238] His administration took an anti-marijuana position, revoking Obama-era policies that provided protections for states that legalized marijuana.^[239]

Trump is a long-time advocate of capital punishment.^{[240] [241]} Under his administration, the federal government executed 13 prisoners, more than in the previous 56 years combined and after a 17-year moratorium.^[242] In 2016, Trump said he supported the use of interrogation torture methods such as waterboarding^{[243] [244]} but later appeared to recant this due to the opposition of Defense Secretary James Mattis.^[245] In June 2020, during the George Floyd protests, federal law-enforcement officials controversially used less lethal weapons to remove a largely peaceful crowd of lawful protesters from Lafayette Square, outside the White House.^{[246] [247]} Trump then posed with a Bible for a photo-op at the nearby St. John's Episcopal Church,^{[246] [248] [249]} with religious leaders condemning both the treatment of protesters and the photo opportunity itself.^[250] Many retired military leaders and defense officials condemned Trump's proposal to use the U.S. military against anti-police-brutality protesters.^[251]

Pardons and commutations

Trump granted 237 requests for clemency, fewer than all presidents since 1900 with the exception of George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush.^[252] Only 25 of them had been vetted by the Justice Department's Office of the Pardon Attorney; the others were granted to people with personal or political connections to him, his family, and his allies, or recommended by celebrities.^{[253] [254]} In his last full day in office, Trump granted 73 pardons and commuted 70 sentences.^[255] Several Trump allies were not eligible for pardons under Justice Department rules, and in other cases the department had opposed clemency.^[253] The pardons of three military service members convicted of or charged with violent crimes were opposed by military leaders.^[256]

Immigration

See main article: Immigration policy of Donald Trump. Trump's proposed immigration policies were a topic of bitter debate during the campaign. He promised to build a wall on the Mexico–U.S. border to restrict illegal movement and vowed that Mexico would pay for it.^[257] He pledged to deport millions of illegal immigrants residing in the U.S.,^[258] and criticized birthright citizenship for incentivizing "anchor babies".^[259] As president, he frequently described illegal immigration as an "invasion" and conflated immigrants with the criminal gang MS-13.^[260]

Trump attempted to drastically escalate immigration enforcement, including implementing harsher immigration enforcement policies against asylum seekers from Central America than any modern U.S. president.^{[261] [262]}

From 2018 onward, Trump deployed nearly 6,000 troops to the U.S. - Mexico border^[263] to stop most Central American migrants from seeking asylum. In 2020, his administration widened the public charge rule to further restrict immigrants who might use government benefits from getting permanent residency.^[264] Trump reduced the number of refugees admitted to record lows. When Trump took office, the annual limit was 110,000; Trump set a limit of 18,000 in the 2020 fiscal year and 15,000 in the 2021 fiscal year.^{[265] [266]} Additional restrictions implemented by the Trump administration caused significant bottlenecks in processing refugee applications, resulting in fewer refugees accepted than the allowed limits.^[267]

Travel ban

See main article: Trump travel ban. Following the 2015 San Bernardino attack, Trump proposed to ban Muslim foreigners from entering the U.S. until stronger vetting systems could be implemented.^[268] He later reframed the proposed ban to apply to countries with a "proven history of terrorism".^[269]

On January 27, 2017, Trump signed Executive Order 13769, which suspended admission of refugees for 120 days and denied entry to citizens of Iraq, Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen for 90 days, citing security concerns. The order took effect immediately and without warning, causing chaos at airports.^{[270] [271]} Protests began at airports the next day,^{[270] [271]} and legal challenges resulted in nationwide preliminary injunctions.^[272] A March 6 revised order, which excluded Iraq and gave other exemptions, again was blocked by federal judges in three states.^{[273] [274]} In a decision in June 2017, the Supreme Court ruled that the ban could be enforced on visitors who lack a "credible claim of a bona fide relationship with a person or entity in the United States".^[275]

The temporary order was replaced by Presidential Proclamation 9645 on September 24, 2017, which restricted travel from the originally targeted countries except Iraq and Sudan, and further banned travelers from North Korea and Chad, along with certain Venezuelan officials.^[276] After lower courts partially blocked the new restrictions, the Supreme Court allowed the September version to go into full effect on December 4, 2017,^[277] and ultimately upheld the travel ban in a ruling in June 2019.^[278]

Family separation at the border

See main article: Trump administration family separation policy. The Trump administration separated more than 5,400 children of migrant families from their parents at the U.S. - Mexico border, a sharp increase in the number of family separations at the border starting from the summer of 2017.^{[279] [280]} In April 2018, the Trump administration announced a "zero tolerance" policy whereby adults suspected of illegal entry were to be detained and criminally prosecuted while their children were taken away as unaccompanied alien minors.^{[281] [282]} The policy was unprecedented in previous administrations and sparked public outrage.^{[283] [284]} Trump falsely asserted that his administration was merely following the law, blaming Democrats, despite the separations being his administration's policy.^{[285] [286] [287]}

Although Trump originally argued that the separations could not be stopped by an executive order, he acceded to intense public objection and signed an executive order in June 2018, mandating that migrant families be detained together unless "there is a concern" of a risk to the child.^{[288] [289]} On June 26, 2018, Judge Dana Sabraw concluded that the Trump administration had "no system in place to keep track of" the separated children, nor any effective measures for family communication and reunification;^[290] Sabraw ordered for the families to be reunited and family separations stopped except in limited circumstances.^[291] After the order, the Trump administration separated more than a thousand migrant children from their families; the ACLU contended that the Trump administration had abused its discretion and asked Sabraw to more narrowly define the circumstances warranting separation.^[280]

Trump wall and government shutdown

See main article: Trump wall and 2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown. One of Trump's central campaign promises was to build a 1000miles border wall to Mexico and have Mexico pay for it.^[292] By the end of his term, the U.S. had built "40miles of new primary wall and 33miles of secondary wall" in locations where there had been no barriers and 365miles of primary or secondary border fencing replacing dilapidated or outdated barriers.^[293]

In 2018, Trump refused to sign any appropriations bill from Congress unless it allocated $5.6 billion for the border wall,^[294] resulting in the federal government partially shutting down for 35 days from December 2018 to January 2019, the longest U.S. government shutdown in history.^{[295] [296]} Around 800,000 government employees were furloughed or worked without pay.^[297] Trump and Congress ended the shutdown by approving temporary funding that provided delayed payments to government workers but no funds for the wall. The shutdown resulted in an estimated permanent loss of $3 billion to the economy, according to the Congressional Budget Office.^[298] About half of those polled blamed Trump for the shutdown, and Trump's approval ratings dropped.^[299]

To prevent another imminent shutdown in February 2019, Congress passed and Trump signed a funding bill that included $1.375 billion for 55miles of bollard border fencing.^[300] Trump also declared a national emergency on the southern border, intending to divert $6.1 billion of funds Congress had allocated to other purposes. Trump vetoed a joint resolution to overturn the declaration, and the Senate voted against a veto override.^[301] Legal challenges to the diversion of $2.5 billion originally meant for the Department of Defense's drug interdiction efforts^[302] and $3.6 billion originally meant for military construction^{[303] [304]} were unsuccessful.

Foreign policy

See main article: Foreign policy of the Donald Trump administration.

See also: List of international presidential trips made by Donald Trump.

Trump described himself as a "nationalist"^[305] and his foreign policy as "America First".^[306] He praised and supported populist, neo-nationalist, and authoritarian governments.^[307] Hallmarks of foreign relations during Trump's tenure included unpredictability, uncertainty, and inconsistency.^[308] Tensions between the U.S. and its European allies were strained under Trump.^[309] He criticized NATO allies and privately suggested on multiple occasions that the U.S. should withdraw from NATO.^{[310] [311]}

Trade

See also: Trump tariffs. Trump withdrew the U.S. from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) negotiations,^[312] imposed tariffs on steel and aluminum imports,^[313] and launched a trade war with China by sharply increasing tariffs on 818 categories (worth $50 billion) of Chinese goods imported into the U.S.^[314] While Trump said that import tariffs are paid by China into the U.S. Treasury, they are paid by American companies that import goods from China.^[315] Although he pledged during the campaign to significantly reduce the U.S.'s large trade deficits, the trade deficit skyrocketed under Trump.^[316] Following a 2017 - 2018 renegotiation, the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) became effective in July 2020 as the successor to NAFTA.^[317]

Russia

The Trump administration weakened the toughest sanctions imposed by the U.S. against Russian entities after Russia's 2014 annexation of Crimea.^{[318] [319]} Trump withdrew the U.S. from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, citing alleged Russian non-compliance,^[320] and supported a potential return of Russia to the G7.^[321]

Trump repeatedly praised and rarely criticized Russian president Vladimir Putin^{[322] [323]} but opposed some actions of the Russian government.^{[324] [325]} After he met Putin at the Helsinki Summit in 2018, Trump drew bipartisan criticism for accepting Putin's denial of Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election, rather than accepting the findings of U.S. intelligence agencies.^{[326] [327] [328]} Trump did not discuss alleged Russian bounties offered to Taliban fighters for attacking American soldiers in Afghanistan with Putin, saying both that he doubted the intelligence and that he was not briefed on it.^[329]

China

Trump repeatedly accused China of taking unfair advantage of the U.S.^[330] He launched a trade war against China that was widely characterized as a failure,^{[331] [332] [333]} sanctioned Huawei for alleged ties to Iran,^[334] significantly increased visa restrictions on Chinese students and scholars,^[335] and classified China as a currency manipulator.^[336] Trump also juxtaposed verbal attacks on China with praise of Chinese Communist Party leader Xi Jinping,^[337] which was attributed to trade war negotiations.^[338] After initially praising China for its handling of COVID-19,^[339] he began a campaign of criticism starting in March 2020.^[340]

Trump said he resisted punishing China for its human rights abuses against ethnic minorities in the Xinjiang region for fear of jeopardizing trade negotiations.^[341] In July 2020, the Trump administration imposed sanctions and visa restrictions against senior Chinese officials, in response to expanded mass detention camps holding more than a million of the country's Uyghur minority.^[342]

North Korea

See also: 2018–19 Korean peace process.

In 2017, when North Korea's nuclear weapons were increasingly seen as a serious threat,^[343] Trump escalated his rhetoric, warning that North Korean aggression would be met with "fire and fury like the world has never seen".^{[344] [345]} In 2017, Trump declared that he wanted North Korea's "complete denuclearization", and engaged in name-calling with leader Kim Jong Un.^[346] After this period of tension, Trump and Kim exchanged at least 27 letters in which the two men described a warm personal friendship.^{[347] [348]} In March 2019, Trump lifted some U.S. sanctions against North Korea against the advice of his Treasury Department.^[349]

Trump, the first sitting U.S. president to meet a North Korean leader, met Kim three times: in Singapore in 2018, in Hanoi in 2019, and in the Korean Demilitarized Zone in 2019.^[350] However, no denuclearization agreement was reached,^[351] and talks in October 2019 broke down after one day.^[352] While conducting no nuclear tests since 2017, North Korea continued to build up its arsenal of nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles.^{[353] [354]}

Afghanistan

U.S. troop numbers in Afghanistan increased from 8,500 in January 2017 to 14,000 a year later,^[355] reversing Trump's pre-election position critical of further involvement in Afghanistan.^[356] In February 2020, the Trump administration signed a peace agreement with the Taliban, which called for the withdrawal of foreign troops in 14 months "contingent on a guarantee from the Taliban that Afghan soil will not be used by terrorists with aims to attack the United States or its allies" and for the U.S. to seek the release of 5,000 Taliban imprisoned by the Afghan government.^{[357] [358] [359]} By the end of Trump's term, 5,000 Taliban had been released, and, despite the Taliban continuing attacks on Afghan forces and integrating Al-Qaeda members into its leadership, U.S. troops had been reduced to 2,500.^[359]

Israel

Trump supported many of the policies of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.^[360] Under Trump, the U.S. recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel^[361] and Israeli sovereignty over the Golan Heights,^[362] leading to international condemnation including from the UN General Assembly, European Union, and Arab League.^{[363] [364]} In 2020, the White House hosted the signing of agreements, named Abraham Accords, between Israel and the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain to normalize their foreign relations.^[365]

Saudi Arabia

Trump actively supported the Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen against the Houthis and in 2017 signed a $110 billion agreement to sell arms to Saudi Arabia.^[366] In 2018, the U.S. provided limited intelligence and logistical support for the intervention.^{[367] [368]} Following the 2019 attack on Saudi oil facilities, which the U.S. and Saudi Arabia blamed on Iran, Trump approved the deployment of 3,000 additional U.S. troops, including fighter squadrons, two Patriot batteries, and a Terminal High Altitude Area Defense system, to Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.^[369]

Syria

Trump ordered missile strikes in April 2017 and April 2018 against the Assad regime in Syria, in retaliation for the Khan Shaykhun and Douma chemical attacks, respectively.^{[370] [371]} In December 2018, Trump declared "we have won against ISIS", contradicting Department of Defense assessments, and ordered the withdrawal of all troops from Syria.^{[372] [373]} The next day, Mattis resigned in protest, calling Trump's decision an abandonment of the U.S.'s Kurdish allies who played a key role in fighting ISIS.^[374] In October 2019, after Trump spoke to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, U.S. troops in northern Syria were withdrawn from the area and Turkey invaded northern Syria, attacking and displacing American-allied Kurds.^[375] Later that month, the U.S. House of Representatives, in a rare bipartisan vote of 354 - 60, condemned Trump's withdrawal of U.S. troops from Syria, for "abandoning U.S. allies, undermining the struggle against ISIS, and spurring a humanitarian catastrophe".^{[376] [377]}

Iran

In May 2018, Trump withdrew the U.S. from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, the 2015 agreement that lifted most economic sanctions against Iran in return for restrictions on Iran's nuclear program.^{[378] [379]} In August 2020, the Trump administration unsuccessfully attempted to use a section of the nuclear deal to have the UN reimpose sanctions against Iran.^[380] Analysts determined that, after the U.S. withdrawal, Iran moved closer to developing a nuclear weapon.^[381]

On January 1, 2020, Trump ordered a U.S. airstrike that killed Iranian general Qasem Soleimani, who had planned nearly every significant Iranian and Iranian-backed operation over the preceding two decades.^{[382] [383]} One week later, Iran retaliated with ballistic missile strikes against two U.S. airbases in Iraq. Dozens of soldiers sustained traumatic brain injuries. Trump downplayed their injuries, and they were initially denied Purple Hearts and the benefits accorded to its recipients.^{[384] [381]}

Personnel

See main article: Political appointments by Donald Trump and Cabinet of Donald Trump. The Trump administration had a high turnover of personnel, particularly among White House staff. By the end of Trump's first year in office, 34 percent of his original staff had resigned, been fired, or been reassigned.^[385], 61 percent of Trump's senior aides had left^[386] and 141 staffers had left in the previous year.^[387] Both figures set a record for recent presidents - more change in the first 13 months than his four immediate predecessors saw in their first two years.^[388] Notable early departures included National Security Advisor Michael Flynn (after just 25 days), and Press Secretary Sean Spicer.^[388] Close personal aides to Trump including Bannon, Hope Hicks, John McEntee, and Keith Schiller quit or were forced out.^[389] Some later returned in different posts.^[390] Trump publicly disparaged several of his former top officials, calling them incompetent, stupid, or crazy.^[391]

Trump had four White House chiefs of staff, marginalizing or pushing out several.^[392] Reince Priebus was replaced after seven months by retired Marine general John F. Kelly.^[393] Kelly resigned in December 2018 after a tumultuous tenure in which his influence waned, and Trump subsequently disparaged him.^[394] Kelly was succeeded by Mick Mulvaney as acting chief of staff; he was replaced in March 2020 by Mark Meadows.

On May 9, 2017, Trump dismissed FBI director James Comey. While initially attributing this action to Comey's conduct in the investigation about Hillary Clinton's emails, Trump said a few days later that he was concerned with Comey's role in the ongoing Trump-Russia investigations, and that he had intended to fire Comey earlier.^[395] At a private conversation in February, Trump said he hoped Comey would drop the investigation into Flynn.^[396] In March and April, Trump asked Comey to "lift the cloud impairing his ability to act" by saying publicly that the FBI was not investigating him.^{[396] [397]}

Trump lost three of his 15 original cabinet members within his first year.^[398] Health and Human Services secretary Tom Price was forced to resign in September 2017 due to excessive use of private charter jets and military aircraft.^[398] Environmental Protection Agency administrator Scott Pruitt resigned in 2018 and Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke in January 2019 amid multiple investigations into their conduct.^{[399] [400]}

Trump was slow to appoint second-tier officials in the executive branch, saying many of the positions are unnecessary. In October 2017, there were still hundreds of sub-cabinet positions without a nominee.^[401] By January 8, 2019, of 706 key positions, 433 had been filled (61 percent) and Trump had no nominee for 264 (37 percent).^[402]

Judiciary

Trump appointed 226 Article III judges, including 54 to the courts of appeals and three to the Supreme Court: Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh, and Amy Coney Barrett.^[403] His Supreme Court nominees were noted as having politically shifted the Court to the right.^{[404] [405] [406]} In the 2016 campaign, he pledged that Roe v. Wade would be overturned "automatically" if he were elected and provided the opportunity to appoint two or three anti-abortion justices. He later took credit when Roe was overturned in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization; all three of his Supreme Court nominees voted with the majority.^{[407] [408] [409]}

Trump disparaged courts and judges he disagreed with, often in personal terms, and questioned the judiciary's constitutional authority. His attacks on the courts drew rebukes from observers, including sitting federal judges, concerned about the effect of his statements on the judicial independence and public confidence in the judiciary.^{[410] [411] [412]}

COVID-19 pandemic

See main article: COVID-19 pandemic in the United States.

See also: Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States.

Initial response

The first confirmed case of COVID-19 in the U.S. was reported on January 20, 2020.^[413] The outbreak was officially declared a public health emergency by Health and Human Services (HHS) Secretary Alex Azar on January 31, 2020.^[414] Trump initially ignored persistent public health warnings and calls for action from health officials within his administration and Secretary Azar.^{[415] [416]} Throughout January and February he focused on economic and political considerations of the outbreak.^[417] In February 2020 Trump publicly asserted that the outbreak in the U.S. was less deadly than influenza, was "very much under control", and would soon be over.^[418] On March 19, 2020, Trump privately told Bob Woodward that he was deliberately "playing it down, because I don't want to create a panic".^{[419] [420]}

By mid-March, most global financial markets had severely contracted in response to the pandemic.^[421] On March 6, Trump signed the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, which provided $8.3 billion in emergency funding for federal agencies.^[422] On March 11, the World Health Organization (WHO) recognized COVID-19 as a pandemic,^[423] and Trump announced partial travel restrictions for most of Europe, effective March 13.^[424] That same day, he gave his first serious assessment of the virus in a nationwide Oval Office address, calling the outbreak "horrible" but "a temporary moment" and saying there was no financial crisis.^[425] On March 13, he declared a national emergency, freeing up federal resources.^[426] Trump claimed that "anybody that wants a test can get a test", despite test availability being severely limited.^[427]

On April 22, Trump signed an executive order restricting some forms of immigration.^[428] In late spring and early summer, with infections and deaths continuing to rise, he adopted a strategy of blaming the states rather than accepting that his initial assessments of the pandemic were overly optimistic or his failure to provide presidential leadership.^[429]

White House Coronavirus Task Force

Trump established the White House Coronavirus Task Force on January 29, 2020.^[430] Beginning in mid-March, Trump held a daily task force press conference, joined by medical experts and other administration officials,^[431] sometimes disagreeing with them by promoting unproven treatments.^[432] Trump was the main speaker at the briefings, where he praised his own response to the pandemic, frequently criticized rival presidential candidate Joe Biden, and denounced the press.^[433] On March 16, he acknowledged for the first time that the pandemic was not under control and that months of disruption to daily lives and a recession might occur.^[434] His repeated use of "Chinese virus" and "China virus" to describe COVID-19 drew criticism from health experts.^{[435] [436] [437]}

By early April, as the pandemic worsened and amid criticism of his administration's response, Trump refused to admit any mistakes in his handling of the outbreak, instead blaming the media, Democratic state governors, the previous administration, China, and the WHO.^[438] The daily coronavirus task force briefings ended in late April, after a briefing at which Trump suggested the dangerous idea of injecting a disinfectant to treat COVID-19;^[439] the comment was widely condemned by medical professionals.^{[440] [441]}

In early May, Trump proposed the phase-out of the coronavirus task force and its replacement with another group centered on reopening the economy. Amid a backlash, Trump said the task force would "indefinitely" continue.^[442] By the end of May, the coronavirus task force's meetings were sharply reduced.^[443]

World Health Organization

Prior to the pandemic, Trump criticized the WHO and other international bodies, which he asserted were taking advantage of U.S. aid.^[444] His administration's proposed 2021 federal budget, released in February, proposed reducing WHO funding by more than half.^[444] In May and April, Trump accused the WHO of "severely mismanaging" COVID-19, alleged without evidence that the organization was under Chinese control and had enabled the Chinese government's concealment of the pandemic's origins,^{[444] [445] [446]} and announced that he was withdrawing funding for the organization.^[444] These were seen as attempts to distract from his own mishandling of the pandemic.^{[444] [447] [448]} In July 2020, Trump announced the formal withdrawal of the U.S. from the WHO, effective July 2021.^{[445] [446]} The decision was widely condemned by health and government officials as "short-sighted", "senseless", and "dangerous".^{[445] [446]}

Pressure to abandon pandemic mitigation measures

In April 2020, Republican-connected groups organized anti-lockdown protests against the measures state governments were taking to combat the pandemic;^{[449] [450]} Trump encouraged the protests on Twitter,^[451] even though the targeted states did not meet the Trump administration's guidelines for reopening.^[452] In April 2020, he first supported, then later criticized, Georgia Governor Brian Kemp's plan to reopen some nonessential businesses.^[453] Throughout the spring he increasingly pushed for ending the restrictions to reverse the damage to the country's economy.^[454] Trump often refused to mask at public events, contrary to his administration's April 2020 guidance to wear masks in public^[455] and despite nearly unanimous medical consensus that masks are important to preventing spread of the virus.^[456] By June, Trump had said masks were a "double-edged sword"; ridiculed Biden for wearing masks; continually emphasized that mask-wearing was optional; and suggested that wearing a mask was a political statement against him personally.^[456] Trump's contradiction of medical recommendations weakened national efforts to mitigate the pandemic.^[456]

In June and July, Trump said several times that the U.S. would have fewer cases of coronavirus if it did less testing, that having a large number of reported cases "makes us look bad".^{[457] [458]} The CDC guideline at the time was that any person exposed to the virus should be "quickly identified and tested" even if they are not showing symptoms, because asymptomatic people can still spread the virus.^{[459] [460]} In August 2020 the CDC quietly lowered its recommendation for testing, advising that people who have been exposed to the virus, but are not showing symptoms, "do not necessarily need a test". The change in guidelines was made by HHS political appointees under Trump administration pressure, against the wishes of CDC scientists.^{[461] [462]} The day after this political interference was reported, the testing guideline was changed back to its original recommendation.

Despite record numbers of COVID-19 cases in the U.S. from mid-June onward and an increasing percentage of positive test results, Trump largely continued to downplay the pandemic, including his false claim in early July 2020 that 99 percent of COVID-19 cases are "totally harmless".^{[463] [464]} He began insisting that all states should resume in-person education in the fall despite a July spike in reported cases.^[465]

Political pressure on health agencies

See main article: Trump administration political interference with science agencies. Trump repeatedly pressured federal health agencies to take actions he favored,^[461] such as approving unproven treatments^{[466] [467]} or speeding up vaccine approvals. Trump administration political appointees at HHS sought to control CDC communications to the public that undermined Trump's claims that the pandemic was under control. CDC resisted many of the changes, but increasingly allowed HHS personnel to review articles and suggest changes before publication.^{[468] [469]} Trump alleged without evidence that FDA scientists were part of a "deep state" opposing him and delaying approval of vaccines and treatments to hurt him politically.^[470]

Outbreak at the White House

See main article: White House COVID-19 outbreak. On October 2, 2020, Trump tweeted that he had tested positive for COVID-19, part of a White House outbreak.^[471] Later that day Trump was hospitalized at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, reportedly due to fever and labored breathing. He was treated with antiviral and experimental antibody drugs and a steroid. He returned to the White House on October 5, still infectious and unwell.^{[472] [473]} During and after his treatment he continued to downplay the virus.^[472] In 2021, it was revealed that his condition had been far more serious; he had dangerously low blood oxygen levels, a high fever, and lung infiltrates, indicating a severe case.^[473]

Effects on the 2020 presidential campaign

By July 2020, Trump's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic had become a major issue in the presidential election.^[474] Biden sought to make the pandemic the central issue.^[475] Polls suggested voters blamed Trump for his pandemic response^[474] and disbelieved his rhetoric concerning the virus, with an Ipsos/ABC News poll indicating 65 percent of respondents disapproved of his pandemic response.^[476] In the final months of the campaign, Trump repeatedly said that the U.S. was "rounding the turn" in managing the pandemic, despite increasing cases and deaths.^[477] A few days before the November 3 election, the U.S. reported more than 100,000 cases in a single day for the first time.^[478]

Investigations

After he assumed office, Trump was the subject of increasing Justice Department and congressional scrutiny, with investigations covering his election campaign, transition, and inauguration, actions taken during his presidency, his private businesses, personal taxes, and charitable foundation.^[479] There were ten federal criminal investigations, eight state and local investigations, and twelve congressional investigations.^[480]

In April 2019, the House Oversight Committee issued subpoenas seeking financial details from Trump's banks, Deutsche Bank and Capital One, and his accounting firm, Mazars USA. Trump sued the banks, Mazars, and committee chair Elijah Cummings to prevent the disclosures.^[481] In May, DC District Court judge Amit Mehta ruled that Mazars must comply with the subpoena,^[482] and judge Edgardo Ramos of the Southern District Court of New York ruled that the banks must also comply.^{[483] [484]} Trump's attorneys appealed.^[485] In September 2022, the committee and Trump agreed to a settlement about Mazars, and the accounting firm began turning over documents.^[486]

Russian election interference

See main article: Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections and Timelines related to Donald Trump and Russian interference in United States elections.

See also: Senate Intelligence Committee report on Russian interference in the 2016 United States presidential election and Steele dossier.

In January 2017, American intelligence agencies - the CIA, the FBI, and the NSA, represented by the Director of National Intelligence - jointly stated with "high confidence" that the Russian government interfered in the 2016 presidential election to favor the election of Trump.^{[487] [488]} In March 2017, FBI Director James Comey told Congress, "[T]he FBI, as part of our counterintelligence mission, is investigating the Russian government's efforts to interfere in the 2016 presidential election. That includes investigating the nature of any links between individuals associated with the Trump campaign and the Russian government, and whether there was any coordination between the campaign and Russia's efforts."^[489]

Many suspicious^[490] links between Trump associates and Russian officials and spies were discovered and the relationships between Russians and "team Trump", including Manafort, Flynn, and Stone, were widely reported by the press.^{[491] [492] [493] [494]} Members of Trump's campaign and his White House staff, particularly Flynn, were in contact with Russian officials both before and after the election.^{[495] [496]} On December 29, 2016, Flynn talked with Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak about sanctions that were imposed that same day; Flynn later resigned in the midst of controversy over whether he misled Pence.^[497] Trump told Kislyak and Sergei Lavrov in May 2017 he was unconcerned about Russian interference in U.S. elections.^[498]

Trump and his allies promoted a conspiracy theory that Ukraine, rather than Russia, interfered in the 2016 election - which was also promoted by Russia to frame Ukraine.^[499]

FBI Crossfire Hurricane and 2017 counterintelligence investigations

In July 2016, the FBI launched an investigation, codenamed Crossfire Hurricane, into possible links between Russia and the Trump campaign.^[500] After Trump fired FBI director James Comey in May 2017, the FBI opened a counterintelligence investigation into Trump's personal and business dealings with Russia.^[501] Crossfire Hurricane was transferred to the Mueller investigation,^[502] but Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein ended the investigation into Trump's direct ties to Russia while giving the bureau the false impression that the Robert Mueller's special counsel investigation would pursue the matter.^{[503] [504]}

Mueller investigation

See main article: Mueller special counsel investigation, Mueller report and Criminal charges brought in the Mueller special counsel investigation. In May 2017, Rosenstein appointed former FBI director Mueller special counsel for the Department of Justice (DOJ), ordering him to "examine 'any links and/or coordination between the Russian government' and the Trump campaign". He privately told Mueller to restrict the investigation to criminal matters "in connection with Russia's 2016 election interference".^[503] The special counsel also investigated whether Trump's dismissal of James Comey as FBI director constituted obstruction of justice^[505] and the Trump campaign's possible ties to Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Turkey, Qatar, Israel, and China.^[506] Trump sought to fire Mueller and shut down the investigation multiple times but backed down after his staff objected or after changing his mind.^[507]

In March 2019, Mueller gave his final report to Attorney General William Barr,^[508] which Barr purported to summarize in a letter to Congress. A federal court, and Mueller himself, said Barr mischaracterized the investigation's conclusions and, in so doing, confused the public.^{[509] [510] [511]} Trump repeatedly claimed that the investigation exonerated him; the Mueller report expressly stated that it did not.^[512]

A redacted version of the report, publicly released in April 2019, found that Russia interfered in 2016 to favor Trump.^[513] Despite "numerous links between the Russian government and the Trump campaign", the report found that the prevailing evidence "did not establish" that Trump campaign members conspired or coordinated with Russian interference.^{[514] [515]} The report revealed sweeping Russian interference^[515] and detailed how Trump and his campaign welcomed and encouraged it, believing it would benefit them electorally.^{[516] [517] [518] [519]}

The report also detailed multiple acts of potential obstruction of justice by Trump but "did not draw ultimate conclusions about the President's conduct".^{[520] [521]} Investigators decided they could not "apply an approach that could potentially result in a judgment that the President committed crimes" as an Office of Legal Counsel opinion stated that a sitting president could not be indicted,^[522] and investigators would not accuse him of a crime when he cannot clear his name in court.^[523] The report concluded that Congress, having the authority to take action against a president for wrongdoing, "may apply the obstruction laws".^[522] The House of Representatives subsequently launched an impeachment inquiry following the Trump–Ukraine scandal, but did not pursue an article of impeachment related to the Mueller investigation.^{[524] [525]}

Several Trump associates pleaded guilty or were convicted in connection with Mueller's investigation and related cases, including Manafort^[526] and Flynn.^{[527] [528]} Trump's former attorney Michael Cohen pleaded guilty to lying to Congress about Trump's 2016 attempts to reach a deal with Russia to build a Trump Tower in Moscow. Cohen said he had made the false statements on behalf of Trump.^[529] In February 2020, Stone was sentenced to 40 months in prison for lying to Congress and witness tampering. The sentencing judge said Stone "was prosecuted for covering up for the president".^[530]

First impeachment

See main article: First impeachment of Donald Trump and Trump–Ukraine scandal. In August 2019, a whistleblower filed a complaint with the Inspector General of the Intelligence Community about a July 25 phone call between Trump and President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy, during which Trump had pressured Zelenskyy to investigate CrowdStrike and Democratic presidential candidate Biden and his son Hunter.^[531] The whistleblower said that the White House had attempted to cover up the incident and that the call was part of a wider campaign by the Trump administration and Trump attorney Rudy Giuliani that may have included withholding financial aid from Ukraine in July 2019 and canceling Pence's May 2019 Ukraine trip.^[532]

House Speaker Nancy Pelosi initiated a formal impeachment inquiry on September 24.^[533] Trump then confirmed that he withheld military aid from Ukraine, offering contradictory reasons for the decision.^{[534] [535]} On September 25, the Trump administration released a memorandum of the phone call which confirmed that, after Zelenskyy mentioned purchasing American anti-tank missiles, Trump asked him to discuss investigating Biden and his son with Giuliani and Barr.^{[531] [536]} The testimony of multiple administration officials and former officials confirmed that this was part of a broader effort to further Trump's personal interests by giving him an advantage in the upcoming presidential election.^[537] In October, William B. Taylor Jr., the chargé d'affaires for Ukraine, testified before congressional committees that soon after arriving in Ukraine in June 2019, he found that Zelenskyy was being subjected to pressure directed by Trump and led by Giuliani. According to Taylor and others, the goal was to coerce Zelenskyy into making a public commitment to investigate the company that employed Hunter Biden, as well as rumors about Ukrainian involvement in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.^[538] He said it was made clear that until Zelenskyy made such an announcement, the administration would not release scheduled military aid for Ukraine and not invite Zelenskyy to the White House.^[539]

On December 13, the House Judiciary Committee voted along party lines to pass two articles of impeachment: one for abuse of power and one for obstruction of Congress.^[540] After debate, the House of Representatives impeached Trump on both articles on December 18.^[541]

Impeachment trial in the Senate

See main article: First impeachment trial of Donald Trump. During the trial in January 2020, the House impeachment managers cited evidence to support charges of abuse of power and obstruction of Congress and asserted that Trump's actions were exactly what the founding fathers had in mind when they created the impeachment process.^[542]

Trump's lawyers did not deny the facts as presented in the charges but said Trump had not broken any laws or obstructed Congress.^[543] They argued that the impeachment was "constitutionally and legally invalid" because Trump was not charged with a crime and that abuse of power is not an impeachable offense.^[543]

On January 31, the Senate voted against allowing subpoenas for witnesses or documents.^[544] The impeachment trial was the first in U.S. history without witness testimony.^[545]

Trump was acquitted of both charges by the Republican majority. Senator Mitt Romney was the only Republican who voted to convict Trump on one charge, the abuse of power.^[546] Following his acquittal, Trump fired impeachment witnesses and other political appointees and career officials he deemed insufficiently loyal.^[547]

2020 presidential campaign

See main article: Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign.

See also: 2020 United States presidential debates.

Breaking with precedent, Trump filed to run for a second term within a few hours of assuming the presidency.^[548] He held his first reelection rally less than a month after taking office^[549] and officially became the Republican nominee in August 2020.^[550]

In his first two years in office, Trump's reelection committee reported raising $67.5 million and began 2019 with $19.3 million in cash.^[551] By July 2020, the Trump campaign and the Republican Party had raised $1.1 billion and spent $800 million, losing their cash advantage over Biden.^[552] The cash shortage forced the campaign to scale back advertising spending.^[553]

Trump campaign advertisements focused on crime, claiming that cities would descend into lawlessness if Biden won.^[554] Trump repeatedly misrepresented Biden's positions^{[555] [556]} and shifted to appeals to racism.^[557]

2020 presidential election

See main article: 2020 United States presidential election.

See also: 2020 United States Postal Service crisis.

Starting in the spring of 2020, Trump began to sow doubts about the election, claiming without evidence that the election would be rigged and that the expected widespread use of mail balloting would produce massive election fraud.^{[558] [559]} When, in August, the House of Representatives voted for a $25 billion grant to the U.S. Postal Service for the expected surge in mail voting, Trump blocked funding, saying he wanted to prevent any increase in voting by mail.^[560] He repeatedly refused to say whether he would accept the results if he lost and commit to a peaceful transition of power.^{[561] [562]}

Biden won the election on November 3, receiving 81.3 million votes (51.3 percent) to Trump's 74.2 million (46.8 percent)^{[563] [564]} and 306 Electoral College votes to Trump's 232.^[565]

False claims of voting fraud, attempt to prevent presidential transition

At 2 a.m. the morning after the election, with the results still unclear, Trump declared victory.^[566] After Biden was projected the winner days later, Trump stated that "this election is far from over" and baselessly alleged election fraud.^[567] Trump and his allies filed many legal challenges to the results, which were rejected by at least 86 judges in both the state and federal courts, including by federal judges appointed by Trump himself, finding no factual or legal basis.^{[568] [569]} Trump's allegations were also refuted by state election officials.^[570] After Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency director Chris Krebs contradicted Trump's fraud allegations, Trump dismissed him on November 17.^[571] On December 11, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear a case from the Texas attorney general that asked the court to overturn the election results in four states won by Biden.^[572]

Trump withdrew from public activities in the weeks following the election.^[573] He initially blocked government officials from cooperating in Biden's presidential transition.^{[574] [575]} After three weeks, the administrator of the General Services Administration declared Biden the "apparent winner" of the election, allowing the disbursement of transition resources to his team.^[576] Trump still did not formally concede while claiming he recommended the GSA begin transition protocols.^{[577] [578]}

The Electoral College formalized Biden's victory on December 14.^[565] From November to January, Trump repeatedly sought help to overturn the results, personally pressuring Republican local and state office-holders,^[579] Republican state and federal legislators,^[580] the Justice Department,^[581] and Vice President Pence,^[582] urging various actions such as replacing presidential electors, or a request for Georgia officials to "find" votes and announce a "recalculated" result.^[580] On February 10, 2021, Georgia prosecutors opened a criminal investigation into Trump's efforts to subvert the election in Georgia.^[583]

Trump did not attend Biden's inauguration.^[584]

Concern about a possible coup attempt or military action

In December 2020, Newsweek reported the Pentagon was on red alert, and ranking officers had discussed what to do if Trump declared martial law. The Pentagon responded with quotes from defense leaders that the military has no role in the outcome of elections.^[585]

When Trump moved supporters into positions of power at the Pentagon after the November 2020 election, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Mark Milley and CIA director Gina Haspel became concerned about the threat of a possible coup attempt or military action against China or Iran.^{[586] [587]} Milley insisted that he should be consulted about any military orders from Trump, including the use of nuclear weapons, and he instructed Haspel and NSA director Paul Nakasone to monitor developments closely.^{[588] [589]}

January 6 Capitol attack

See main article: January 6 United States Capitol attack.

On January 6, 2021, while congressional certification of the presidential election results was taking place in the U.S. Capitol, Trump held a noon rally at the Ellipse, Washington, D.C.. He called for the election result to be overturned and urged his supporters to "take back our country" by marching to the Capitol to "fight like hell".^{[590] [591]} Many supporters did, joining a crowd already there. The mob broke into the building, disrupting certification and causing the evacuation of Congress.^[592] During the violence, Trump posted messages on Twitter without asking the rioters to disperse. At 6p.m., Trump tweeted that the rioters should "go home with love & in peace", calling them "great patriots" and repeating that the election was stolen.^[593] After the mob was removed, Congress reconvened and confirmed Biden's win in the early hours of the following morning.^[594] According to the Department of Justice, more than 140 police officers were injured, and five people died.^{[595] [596]}

In March 2023, Trump collaborated with incarcerated rioters on a song to benefit the prisoners, and, in June, he said that, if elected, he would pardon many of them.^[597]

Second impeachment

See main article: Second impeachment of Donald Trump and Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump. On January 11, 2021, an article of impeachment charging Trump with incitement of insurrection against the U.S. government was introduced to the House.^[598] The House voted 232 - 197 to impeach Trump on January 13, making him the first U.S. president to be impeached twice.^[599] Ten Republicans voted for the impeachment—the most members of a party ever to vote to impeach a president of their own party.^[600]

On February 13, following a five-day Senate trial, Trump was acquitted when the Senate vote fell ten votes short of the two-thirds majority required to convict; seven Republicans joined every Democrat in voting to convict, the most bipartisan support in any Senate impeachment trial of a president or former president.^{[601] [602]} Most Republicans voted to acquit Trump, although some held him responsible but felt the Senate did not have jurisdiction over former presidents (Trump had left office on January 20; the Senate voted 56 - 44 that the trial was constitutional).^[603]

Post-presidency (2021–present)

See also: Personal and business legal affairs of Donald Trump and Legal affairs of Donald Trump as president.

At the end of his term, Trump went to live at his Mar-a-Lago club.^[604] As provided for by the Former Presidents Act,^[605] he established an office there.^[606]

Trump's false claims concerning the 2020 election were commonly referred to as the "big lie" in the press and by his critics. In May 2021, Trump and his supporters attempted to co-opt the term, using it to refer to the election itself.^{[607] [608]} The Republican Party used Trump's false election narrative to justify the imposition of new voting restrictions in its favor.^{[608] [609]} As late as July 2022, Trump was still pressuring state legislators to overturn the 2020 election.^[610]

Unlike other former presidents, Trump continued to dominate his party; he has been described as a modern party boss. He continued fundraising, raising more than twice as much as the Republican Party itself, hinted at a third candidacy, and profited from fundraisers many Republican candidates held at Mar-a-Lago. Much of his focus was on how elections are run and on ousting election officials who had resisted his attempts to overturn the 2020 election results. In the 2022 midterm elections he endorsed over 200 candidates for various offices, most of whom supported his false claim that the 2020 presidential election was stolen from him.^{[611] [612] [613]}

Business activities

In February 2021, Trump registered a new company, Trump Media & Technology Group (TMTG), for providing "social networking services" to U.S. customers.^{[614] [615]} In March 2024, TMTG merged with special-purpose acquisition company Digital World Acquisition and became a public company.^[616] In February 2022, TMTG launched Truth Social, a social media platform.^[617], Trump Media, which had taken $8 million from Russia-connected entities, was being investigated by federal prosecutors for possible money laundering.^{[618] [619]}

Investigations, criminal indictments and convictions, civil lawsuits

Trump is the only U.S. president or former president to be convicted of a crime and the first major-party candidate to run for president after a felony conviction.^[620] He faces numerous criminal charges and civil cases.^{[621] [622]}

FBI investigations

See main article: FBI investigation into Donald Trump's handling of government documents, FBI search of Mar-a-Lago and Smith special counsel investigation. When Trump left the White House in January 2021, he took government materials with him to Mar-a-Lago. By May 2021, the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) realized that important documents had not been turned over to them and asked his office to locate them. In January 2022, they retrieved 15 boxes of White House records from Mar-a-Lago. NARA later informed the Department of Justice that some of the retrieved documents were classified material.^[623] The Justice Department began an investigation^[624] and sent Trump a subpoena for additional material.^[623] Justice Department officials visited Mar-a-Lago and received some classified documents from Trump's lawyers,^[623] one of whom signed a statement affirming that all material marked as classified had been returned.^[625]

On August 8, 2022, FBI agents searched Mar-a-Lago to recover government documents and material Trump had taken with him when he left office in violation of the Presidential Records Act, reportedly including some related to nuclear weapons.^[626] The search warrant indicates an investigation of potential violations of the Espionage Act and obstruction of justice laws.^[627] The items taken in the search included 11 sets of classified documents, four of them tagged as "top secret" and one as "top secret/SCI", the highest level of classification.^{[628] [629]}

On November 18, 2022, U.S. Attorney General Merrick Garland appointed federal prosecutor Jack Smith as a special counsel to oversee the federal criminal investigations into Trump retaining government property at Mar-a-Lago and examining Trump's role in the events leading up to the Capitol attack.^{[630] [631]}

Criminal referral by the House January 6 Committee

On December 19, 2022, the United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack recommended criminal charges against Trump for obstructing an official proceeding, conspiracy to defraud the United States, and inciting or assisting an insurrection.^[632]

Federal and state criminal indictments

See main article: Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (classified documents case), Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case) and Georgia election racketeering prosecution.

In June 2023, following a special counsel investigation, a federal grand jury in Miami indicted Trump on 31 counts of "willfully retaining national defense information" under the Espionage Act, one count of making false statements, and one count each of conspiracy to obstruct justice, withholding government documents, corruptly concealing records, concealing a document in a federal investigation and scheming to conceal their efforts.^[633] He pleaded not guilty.^[634] A superseding indictment the following month added three charges.^[635] The judge assigned to the case, Aileen Cannon, was appointed to the bench by Trump and had previously issued rulings favorable to him in a past civil case, some of which were overturned by an appellate court.^[636] She moved slowly on the case, indefinitely postponed the trial in May 2024, and dismissed it on July 15, ruling that the special counsel's appointment was unconstitutional.^[637] On July 17, Special Counsel Smith filed the official notice of appeal.^[638]

On August 1, 2023, a Washington, D.C., federal grand jury indicted Trump for his efforts to overturn the 2020 election results. He was charged with conspiring to defraud the U.S., obstruct the certification of the Electoral College vote, and deprive voters of the civil right to have their votes counted, and obstructing an official proceeding.^[639] Trump pleaded not guilty.^[640]

In August 2023, a Fulton County, Georgia, grand jury indicted Trump on 13 charges, including racketeering, for his efforts to subvert the election outcome in Georgia; multiple Trump campaign officials were also indicted.^{[641] [642]} Trump surrendered, was processed at Fulton County Jail, and was released on bail pending trial.^[643] He pleaded not guilty.^[644] On March 13, 2024, the judge dismissed three of the 13 charges against Trump.^[645]

In July 2021, New York prosecutors charged the Trump Organization with a tax-fraud scheme stretching over 15 years.^[646] In January 2023, the organization's chief financial officer, Allen Weisselberg, was sentenced to five months in jail and five years of probation for tax fraud after a plea deal.^[647] In December 2022, following a jury trial, the Trump Organization was convicted on all counts of criminal tax fraud, conspiracy, and falsifying business records in connection with the scheme.^{[648] [649]} In January 2023, the organization was fined the maximum $1.6 million.^[649] Trump was not personally charged in that case.^[649]

Criminal conviction in the 2016 campaign fraud case

See main article: Prosecution of Donald Trump in New York.

During the 2016 presidential election campaign, American Media, Inc. (AMI), publisher of the National Enquirer,^[650] and a company set up by Cohen paid Playboy model Karen McDougal and adult film actress Stormy Daniels for keeping silent about their alleged affairs with Trump between 2006 and 2007.^[651] Cohen pleaded guilty in 2018 to breaking campaign finance laws, saying he had arranged both payments at Trump's direction to influence the presidential election.^[652] Trump denied the affairs and said he was not aware of Cohen's payment to Daniels, but he reimbursed him in 2017.^{[653] [654]} Federal prosecutors asserted that Trump had been involved in discussions regarding non-disclosure payments as early as 2014.^[655] Court documents showed that the FBI believed Trump was directly involved in the payment to Daniels, based on calls he had with Cohen in October 2016.^{[656] [657]} Federal prosecutors closed the investigation in 2019,^[658] but in 2021, the New York State Attorney General's Office and Manhattan District Attorney's Office opened a criminal investigations into Trump's business activities.^[659] The Manhattan DA's Office subpoenaed the Trump Organization and AMI for records related to the payments^[660] and Trump and the Trump Organization for eight years of tax returns.^[661]

In March 2023, a New York grand jury indicted Trump on 34 felony counts of falsifying business records to book the hush money payments to Daniels as business expenses, in an attempt to influence the 2016 election.^{[662] [663] [664]} The trial began in April 2024, and in May a jury convicted Trump on all 34 counts.^[665] Sentencing is set for September 18, 2024.^[666]

Civil judgments against Trump

See main article: New York business fraud lawsuit against the Trump Organization and E. Jean Carroll v. Donald J. Trump. In September 2022, the New York State Attorney General filed a civil fraud case against Trump, his three oldest children, and the Trump Organization.^[667] During the investigation leading up to the lawsuit, Trump was fined $110,000 for failing to turn over records subpoenaed by the attorney general.^[668] In an August 2022 deposition, Trump invoked his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination more than 400 times.^[669] The presiding judge ruled in September 2023 that Trump, his adult sons and the Trump Organization repeatedly committed fraud and ordered their New York business certificates canceled and their business entities sent into receivership for dissolution.^[670] In February 2024, the court found Trump liable, ordered him to pay a penalty of more than $350 million plus interest, for a total exceeding $450 million, and barred him from serving as an officer or director of any New York corporation or legal entity for three years. Trump said he would appeal the verdict. The judge also ordered the company to be overseen by the monitor appointed by the court in 2023 and an independent director of compliance, and that any "restructuring and potential dissolution" would be the decision of the monitor.^[671]

In May 2023, a New York jury in a federal lawsuit brought by journalist E. Jean Carroll in 2022 ("Carroll II") found Trump liable for sexual abuse and defamation and ordered him to pay her $5 million.^[672] Trump asked for a new trial or a reduction of the award, arguing that the jury had not found him liable for rape. He also separately countersued Carroll for defamation. The judge for the two lawsuits ruled against Trump,^{[673] [674]} writing that Carroll's accusation of "rape" is "substantially true".^[675] Trump appealed both decisions.^{[673] [676]} In January 2024, the jury in the defamation case brought by Carroll in 2019 ("Carroll I") ordered Trump to pay Carroll $83.3 million in damages. In March, Trump posted a $91.6 million bond and appealed.^[677]

2024 presidential campaign

See main article: Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign.

On November 15, 2022, Trump announced his candidacy for the 2024 presidential election and set up a fundraising account.^{[678] [679]} In March 2023, the campaign began diverting 10 percent of the donations to Trump's leadership PAC. Trump's campaign had paid $100 million towards his legal bills by March 2024.^{[680] [681]}

In December 2023, the Colorado Supreme Court ruled Trump disqualified for the Colorado Republican primary for his role in inciting the January 6, 2021, attack on Congress. In March 2024, the U.S. Supreme Court restored his name to the ballot in a unanimous decision, ruling that Colorado lacks the authority to enforce Section 3 of the 14th Amendment, which bars insurrectionists from holding federal office.^[682]

During the campaign, Trump made increasingly violent and authoritarian statements.^{[683] [684] [685] [686]} He also said that he would weaponize the FBI and the Justice Department against his political opponents,^{[687] [688]} and used harsher, more dehumanizing anti-immigrant rhetoric than during his presidency.^{[689] [690] [691] [692]}

On July 13, 2024, Trump was injured by gunfire in an assassination attempt at a campaign rally in Butler Township, Pennsylvania.^{[693] [694]} A memorandum, written by former White House physician Ronny Jackson and released by the Trump campaign, said that the bullet track caused a two-centimeter (0.8 in) blunt wound that did not require stitches. The campaign declined to disclose medical or hospital records.^{[695] [696]}

On July 15, 2024, the 2024 Republican National Convention nominated Trump as their presidential candidate, with U.S. senator JD Vance as his running mate.^[697]

Public image

See main article: Public image of Donald Trump.

Scholarly assessment and public approval surveys

In the C-SPAN "Presidential Historians Survey 2021",^[698] historians ranked Trump as the fourth-worst president. He rated lowest in the leadership characteristics categories for moral authority and administrative skills.^{[699] [700]} The Siena College Research Institute's 2022 survey ranked Trump 43rd out of 45 presidents. He was ranked near the bottom in all categories except for luck, willingness to take risks, and party leadership, and he ranked last in several categories.^[701] In 2018 and 2024, surveys of members of the American Political Science Association ranked Trump the worst president in American history.^{[702] [703]}

Trump was the only president never to reach a 50 percent approval rating in the Gallup poll, which dates to 1938. His approval ratings showed a record-high partisan gap: 88 percent among Republicans and 7 percent among Democrats.^[704] Until September 2020, the ratings were unusually stable, reaching a high of 49 percent and a low of 35 percent.^[705] Trump finished his term with an approval rating between 29 and 34 percent - the lowest of any president since modern polling began - and a record-low average of 41 percent throughout his presidency.^{[704] [706]}

In Gallup's annual poll asking Americans to name the man they admire the most, Trump placed second to Obama in 2017 and 2018, tied with Obama for first in 2019, and placed first in 2020.^{[707] [708]} Since Gallup started conducting the poll in 1948, Trump is the first elected president not to be named most admired in his first year in office.^[709]

A Gallup poll in 134 countries comparing the approval ratings of U.S. leadership between 2016 and 2017 found that Trump led Obama in job approval in only 29 countries, most of them non-democracies;^[710] approval of U.S. leadership plummeted among allies and G7 countries. Overall ratings were similar to those in the last two years of the George W. Bush presidency.^[711] By mid-2020, only 16 percent of international respondents to a 13-nation Pew Research poll expressed confidence in Trump, lower than Russia's Vladimir Putin and China's Xi Jinping.^[712]

False or misleading statements

See also: False or misleading statements by Donald Trump.

As a candidate and as president, Trump frequently made false statements in public remarks^{[713] [140]} to an extent unprecedented in American politics.^{[714] [715]} His falsehoods became a distinctive part of his political identity.^[714]

Trump's false and misleading statements were documented by fact-checkers, including at The Washington Post, which tallied 30,573 false or misleading statements made by Trump over his four-year term. Trump's falsehoods increased in frequency over time, rising from about six false or misleading claims per day in his first year as president to 39 per day in his final year.^[716]

Some of Trump's falsehoods were inconsequential, such as his repeated claim of the "biggest inaugural crowd ever".^{[717] [718]} Others had more far-reaching effects, such as his promotion of antimalarial drugs as an unproven treatment for COVID-19,^{[719] [720]} causing a U.S. shortage of these drugs and panic-buying in Africa and South Asia.^{[721] [722]} Other misinformation, such as misattributing a rise in crime in England and Wales to the "spread of radical Islamic terror", served Trump's domestic political purposes.^[723] Trump habitually does not apologize for his falsehoods.^[724]

Until 2018, the media rarely referred to Trump's falsehoods as lies, including when he repeated demonstrably false statements.^{[725] [726] [727]}

In 2020, Trump was a significant source of disinformation on mail-in voting and the COVID-19 pandemic.^{[728] [729]} His attacks on mail-in ballots and other election practices weakened public faith in the integrity of the 2020 presidential election,^{[730] [731]} while his disinformation about the pandemic delayed and weakened the national response to it.^{[416] [728]}

Promotion of conspiracy theories

See main article: List of conspiracy theories promoted by Donald Trump. Before and throughout his presidency, Trump promoted numerous conspiracy theories, including Obama birtherism, the Clinton body count conspiracy theory, the conspiracy theory movement QAnon, the Global warming hoax theory, Trump Tower wiretapping allegations, a John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory involving Rafael Cruz, alleged foul-play in the death of Justice Antonin Scalia, alleged Ukrainian interference in U.S. elections, that Osama bin Laden was alive and Obama and Biden had members of Navy SEAL Team 6 killed,^{[732] [733] [734] [735] [736]} and linking talk show host Joe Scarborough to the death of a staffer.^[737] In at least two instances, Trump clarified to press that he believed the conspiracy theory in question.^[734]

During and since the 2020 presidential election, Trump promoted various conspiracy theories for his defeat including dead people voting,^[738] voting machines changing or deleting Trump votes, fraudulent mail-in voting, throwing out Trump votes, and "finding" suitcases full of Biden votes.^{[739] [740]}

Incitement of violence

Research suggests Trump's rhetoric caused an increased incidence of hate crimes.^{[741] [742]} During his 2016 campaign, he urged or praised physical attacks against protesters or reporters.^{[743] [744]} Numerous defendants investigated or prosecuted for violent acts and hate crimes, including participants of the January 6, 2021, storming of the U.S. Capitol, cited Trump's rhetoric in arguing that they were not culpable or should receive leniency.^{[745] [746]} A nationwide review by ABC News in May 2020 identified at least 54 criminal cases from August 2015 to April 2020 in which Trump was invoked in direct connection with violence or threats of violence mostly by white men and primarily against minorities.^[747]

Social media

See main article: Social media use by Donald Trump. Trump's social media presence attracted worldwide attention after he joined Twitter in 2009. He tweeted frequently during his 2016 campaign and as president until Twitter banned him after the January 6 attack, in the final days of his term.^[748] Trump often used Twitter to communicate directly with the public and sideline the press.^[749] In June 2017, the White House press secretary said that Trump's tweets were official presidential statements.^[750]

After years of criticism for allowing Trump to post misinformation and falsehoods, Twitter began to tag some of his tweets with fact-checks in May 2020.^[751] In response, Trump tweeted that social media platforms "totally silence" conservatives and that he would "strongly regulate, or close them down".^[752] In the days after the storming of the Capitol, Trump was banned from Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and other platforms.^[753] The loss of his social media presence diminished his ability to shape events^{[754] [755]} and prompted a dramatic decrease in the volume of misinformation shared on Twitter.^[756] Trump's early attempts to re-establish a social media presence were unsuccessful.^[757] In February 2022, he launched social media platform Truth Social where he only attracted a fraction of his Twitter following.^[758] Elon Musk, after acquiring Twitter, reinstated Trump's Twitter account in November 2022.^{[759] [760]} Meta Platforms' two-year ban lapsed in January 2023, allowing Trump to return to Facebook and Instagram,^[761] although in 2024 Trump continued to call the company an "enemy of the people."^[762]

Relationship with the press

Trump sought media attention throughout his career, sustaining a "love-hate" relationship with the press.^[763] In the 2016 campaign, Trump benefited from a record amount of free media coverage, elevating his standing in the Republican primaries. The New York Times writer Amy Chozick wrote in 2018 that Trump's media dominance enthralled the public and created "must-see TV."^[764]

As a candidate and as president, Trump frequently accused the press of bias, calling it the "fake news media" and "the enemy of the people".^{[765] [766]} In 2018, journalist Lesley Stahl recounted Trump's saying he intentionally discredited the media "so when you write negative stories about me no one will believe you".^[767]

As president, Trump mused about revoking the press credentials of journalists he viewed as critical.^[768] His administration moved to revoke the press passes of two White House reporters, which were restored by the courts.^[769] The Trump White House held about a hundred formal press briefings in 2017, declining by half during 2018 and to two in 2019.^[769]

Trump also deployed the legal system to intimidate the press.^[770] In early 2020, the Trump campaign sued The New York Times, The Washington Post, and CNN for defamation in opinion pieces about Russian election interference.^{[771] [772]} All the suits were dismissed.^{[773] [774] [775]}

Racial views

See main article: Racial views of Donald Trump. Many of Trump's comments and actions have been considered racist.^{[776] [777] [778]} In national polling, about half of respondents said that Trump is racist; a greater proportion believed that he emboldened racists.^{[779] [780]} Several studies and surveys found that racist attitudes fueled Trump's political ascent and were more important than economic factors in determining the allegiance of Trump voters.^{[781] [782]} Racist and Islamophobic attitudes are a powerful indicator of support for Trump.^[783]

In 1975, he settled a 1973 Department of Justice lawsuit that alleged housing discrimination against black renters. He has also been accused of racism for insisting a group of black and Latino teenagers were guilty of raping a white woman in the 1989 Central Park jogger case, even after they were exonerated by DNA evidence in 2002. As of 2019, he maintained this position.^[784]

In 2011, when he was reportedly considering a presidential run, he became the leading proponent of the racist "birther" conspiracy theory, alleging that Barack Obama, the first black U.S. president, was not born in the U.S.^{[785] [786]} In April, he claimed credit for pressuring the White House to publish the "long-form" birth certificate, which he considered fraudulent, and later said this made him "very popular".^{[787] [788]} In September 2016, amid pressure, he acknowledged that Obama was born in the U.S.^[789] In 2017, he reportedly expressed birther views privately.^[790]

According to an analysis in Political Science Quarterly, Trump made "explicitly racist appeals to whites" during his 2016 presidential campaign.^[791] In particular, his campaign launch speech drew widespread criticism for claiming Mexican immigrants were "bringing drugs, they're bringing crime, they're rapists".^{[792] [793]} His later comments about a Mexican-American judge presiding over a civil suit regarding Trump University were also criticized as racist.^[794]

Trump's comments on the 2017 Unite the Right rally, condemning "this egregious display of hatred, bigotry and violence on many sides" and stating that there were "very fine people on both sides", were widely criticized as implying a moral equivalence between the white supremacist demonstrators and the counter-protesters.^{[795] [796] [797] [798]}

In a January 2018 discussion of immigration legislation, Trump reportedly referred to El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, and African nations as "shithole countries".^[799] His remarks were condemned as racist.^{[800] [801]}

In July 2019, Trump tweeted that four Democratic congresswomen - all from minorities, three of whom are native-born Americans - should "go back" to the countries they "came from".^[802] Two days later the House of Representatives voted 240 - 187, mostly along party lines, to condemn his "racist comments".^[803] White nationalist publications and social media praised his remarks, which continued over the following days.^[804] Trump continued to make similar remarks during his 2020 campaign.^[805]

Misogyny and allegations of sexual misconduct

See main article: Donald Trump sexual misconduct allegations and Donald Trump Access Hollywood tape.

Trump has a history of insulting and belittling women when speaking to the media and on social media.^{[806] [807]} He made lewd comments, disparaged women's physical appearances, and referred to them using derogatory epithets.^{[808] [809] [810]} At least 26 women publicly accused Trump of rape, kissing, and groping without consent; looking under women's skirts; and walking in on naked teenage pageant contestants.^{[811] [812] [813]} Trump has denied the allegations.

In October 2016, two days before the second presidential debate, a 2005 "hot mic" recording surfaced in which Trump was heard bragging about kissing and groping women without their consent, saying that "when you're a star, they let you do it. You can do anything. ... Grab 'em by the pussy."^[814] The incident's widespread media exposure led to Trump's first public apology during the campaign^[815] and caused outrage across the political spectrum.^[816]

Popular culture

See main article: Donald Trump in popular culture and Donald Trump in music. Trump has been the subject of comedy and caricature on television, in films, and in comics. He was named in hundreds of hip hop songs from 1989 until 2015; most of these cast Trump in a positive light, but they turned largely negative after he began running for office.^[817]

Honors and awards

See main article: List of awards and honors received by Donald Trump. Donald Trump has been granted a number of awards and accolades, both domestic and international.

Notes

1. News: Certificate of Birth. Department of Health – City of New York – Bureau of Records and Statistics. October 23, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20160512232306/https://abcnews.go.com/US/page?id=13248168. May 12, 2016. ABC News.
2. News: Schwartzman. Paul. Miller. Michael E.. Confident. Incorrigible. Bully: Little Donny was a lot like candidate Donald Trump. The Washington Post. June 22, 2016. June 2, 2024.
3. News: Donald Trump's Old Queens Neighborhood Contrasts With the Diverse Area Around It. Jason. Horowitz. The New York Times. September 22, 2015. November 7, 2018.
4. News: Overlooked Influences on Donald Trump: A Famous Minister and His Church. The New York Times. James. Barron. James Barron (journalist). September 5, 2016. October 13, 2016.
5. News: Scott. Eugene. Eugene Scott (journalist). Church says Donald Trump is not an 'active member'. September 14, 2022. CNN. August 28, 2015.
6. News: Two Hundred and Twelfth Commencement for the Conferring of Degrees. 19–21. University of Pennsylvania. May 20, 1968. July 19, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160719213709/https://www.archives.upenn.edu/primdocs/upg/upg7/upg7_1968.pdf . March 31, 2023.
7. News: Matt. Viser. Even in college, Donald Trump was brash. The Boston Globe. August 28, 2015. May 28, 2018.
8. News: Ashford. Grace. Michael Cohen Says Trump Told Him to Threaten Schools Not to Release Grades. The New York Times. June 9, 2019. February 27, 2019.
9. News: Donald Trump avoided Vietnam with deferments, records show. April 29, 2011. CBS News. Brian. Montopoli. July 17, 2015.
10. News: Donald John Trump's Selective Service Draft Card and Selective Service Classification Ledger. March 14, 2019. National Archives. September 23, 2019. – via Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)
11. News: Questions linger about Trump's draft deferments during Vietnam War. Whitlock. Craig. Craig Whitlock. July 21, 2015. The Washington Post. April 2, 2017.
12. News: Donald Trump's Draft Deferments: Four for College, One for Bad Feet. Eder. Steve. Philipps. Dave. David Philipps. August 1, 2016. The New York Times. August 2, 2016.
13. News: Baron. James. Trumps Get Divorce; Next, Who Gets What?. The New York Times. December 12, 1990. March 5, 2023.
14. News: Hafner. Josh. Get to know Donald's other daughter: Tiffany Trump. USA Today. July 19, 2016 . July 10, 2022.
15. News: Donald Trump, Settling Down. The Washington Post. Tina. Brown. Tina Brown. January 27, 2005. May 7, 2017.
16. News: Donald Trump Fast Facts. July 2, 2021. CNN. September 29, 2021.
17. News: Schwartzman. Paul. How Trump got religion – and why his legendary minister's son now rejects him. March 18, 2017. The Washington Post. January 21, 2016.
18. News: The New York Times. October 31, 2019. Jeremy W.. Peters. Jeremy W. Peters. Maggie. Haberman. Maggie Haberman. Paula White, Trump's Personal Pastor, Joins the White House. September 29, 2021.
19. News: Exclusive: Trump, confirmed a Presbyterian, now identifies as 'non-denominational Christian'. Religion News Service. October 23, 2020. September 29, 2021. Jack. Jenkins. Maina. Mwaura.
20. News: In Trump and Biden, a Choice of Teetotalers for President. Nagourney. Adam. October 30, 2020. The New York Times. February 5, 2021.
21. News: Kavanaugh likes beer — but Trump is a teetotaler: 'He doesn't like drinkers.'. Parker. Ashley. Rucker. Philip. October 2, 2018. The Washington Post. February 5, 2021.
22. News: Donald Trump sleeps 4-5 hours each night; he's not the only famous 'short sleeper'. Dangerfield. Katie. January 17, 2018. Global News. February 5, 2021.
23. Douglas. Almond. Xinming. Du. Economics Letters. Later bedtimes predict President Trump's performance. 197. 10.1016/j.econlet.2020.109590. December 2020. 33012904 . 7518119 . 0165-1765.
24. News: Donald Trump says he gets most of his exercise from golf, then uses cart at Turnberry. Golf News Net. July 14, 2018 . July 4, 2019 . Ryan . Ballengee.
25. News: Trump thinks that exercising too much uses up the body's 'finite' energy. Rachael. Rettner. The Washington Post. May 14, 2017 . September 29, 2021.
26. News: Alex. Marquardt. Lawrence III. Crook. Exclusive: Bornstein claims Trump dictated the glowing health letter. CNN. May 1, 2018. May 20, 2018.
27. News: Trump doctor Harold Bornstein says bodyguard, lawyer 'raided' his office, took medical files. Schecter. Anna. May 1, 2018. NBC News. June 6, 2019.
28. News: What's He Really Worth?. Timothy L.. O'Brien. Timothy L. O'Brien. February 25, 2016. October 23, 2005. The New York Times.
29. News: Diamond. Jeremy. Frates. Chris. Donald Trump's 92-page financial disclosure released. CNN. July 22, 2015 . September 14, 2022.
30. News: Trump has fallen 138 spots on Forbes' wealthiest-Americans list, his net worth down over $1 billion, since he announced his presidential bid in 2015. Business Insider. October 3, 2018. John. Walsh. October 12, 2021.
31. News: Profile Donald Trump. Forbes. 2024. March 28, 2024.
32. News: The Washington Post. April 20, 2018. September 29, 2021. Jonathan. Greenberg. Trump lied to me about his wealth to get onto the Forbes 400. Here are the tapes..
33. News: Donald Trump: My dad gave me 'a small loan' of $1 million to get started. CNBC. Scott. Stump. October 26, 2015. November 13, 2016.
34. News: Barstow. David. David Barstow. Craig. Susanne. Susanne Craig. Buettner. Russ. 11 Takeaways From The Times's Investigation into Trump's Wealth. The New York Times. October 2, 2018. October 3, 2018.
35. News: Trump Engaged in Suspect Tax Schemes as He Reaped Riches From His Father. The New York Times. Barstow. David. David Barstow. Craig. Susanne. Susanne Craig. Buettner. Russ. October 2, 2018. October 2, 2018.
36. News: From the Tower to the White House. The Economist. February 20, 2016. February 29, 2016. Mr Trump's performance has been mediocre compared with the stockmarket and property in New York..
37. News: Ana. Swanson. The myth and the reality of Donald Trump's business empire. February 29, 2016. September 29, 2021. The Washington Post.
38. News: Alexander. Dan. Peterson-Whithorn. Chase. How Trump Is Trying—And Failing—To Get Rich Off His Presidency. Forbes. October 2, 2018 . September 29, 2021.
39. News: Decade in the Red: Trump Tax Figures Show Over $1 Billion in Business Losses. The New York Times. May 7, 2019. May 8, 2019. Russ. Buettner. Susanne. Craig. Susanne Craig.
40. News: The Secret That Was Hiding in Trump's Taxes. The Atlantic. May 8, 2019. May 8, 2019. Conor. Friedersdorf. Conor Friedersdorf.
41. News: Buettner. Russ. Craig. Susanne. Susanne Craig. McIntire. Mike. September 27, 2020. Long-concealed Records Show Trump's Chronic Losses And Years Of Tax Avoidance. The New York Times. September 28, 2020.
42. News: Forbes. October 7, 2021. Trump's Debt Now Totals An Estimated $1.3 Billion. Dan. Alexander. December 21, 2023.
43. News: Alexander. Dan. Donald Trump Has at Least $1 Billion in Debt, More Than Twice The Amount He Suggested. October 17, 2020. Forbes. October 16, 2020.
44. News: 'No Vacancies' for Blacks: How Donald Trump Got His Start, and Was First Accused of Bias. The New York Times. August 27, 2016. January 13, 2018. Mahler. Jonathan. Eder. Steve.
45. News: Frank. Rich. Frank Rich. The Original Donald Trump. New York. April 30, 2018. May 8, 2018.
46. News: Qiu. Linda. Yep, Donald Trump's companies have declared bankruptcy...more than four times. PolitiFact. June 21, 2016. May 25, 2023.
47. News: The winding history of Donald Trump's first major Manhattan real estate project. Curbed. James. Nevius. April 3, 2019.
48. News: Glenn. Kessler. Glenn Kessler (journalist). Trump's false claim he built his empire with a 'small loan' from his father. March 3, 2016. September 29, 2021. The Washington Post.
49. News: The Expanding Empire of Donald Trump. April 8, 1984. September 29, 2021. William E.. Geist. Bill Geist. The New York Times.
50. News: Jacobs. Shayna. Fahrenthold. David A.. O'Connell. Jonathan. Dawsey. Josh. Trump Tower's key tenants have fallen behind on rent and moved out. But Trump has one reliable customer: His own PAC.. The Washington Post. September 3, 2021 . February 15, 2022.
51. News: Trump, Lifelong New Yorker, Declares Himself a Resident of Florida. The New York Times. Haberman. Maggie. Maggie Haberman. October 31, 2019. January 24, 2020.
52. News: Trump Revises Plaza Loan. The New York Times. November 4, 1992. May 23, 2023.
53. News: Trump's Plaza Hotel Bankruptcy Plan Approved. The New York Times. December 12, 1992. Reuters. May 24, 2023.
54. News: Segal. David. David Segal (reporter). What Donald Trump's Plaza Deal Reveals About His White House Bid. The New York Times. January 16, 2016. May 3, 2022.
55. News: Trump Is Selling Plaza Hotel To Saudi and Asian Investors. The New York Times. David. Stout. David Stout. Kenneth N.. Gilpin. April 12, 1995. July 18, 2019.
56. News: Trump Group Selling West Side Parcel for $1.8 billion. Bagli. Charles V.. The New York Times. June 1, 2005. May 17, 2016.
57. News: Saxon. Wolfgang. Trump Buys Hilton's Hotel in Atlantic City. The New York Times. April 28, 1986. May 25, 2023.
58. News: Trump's Castle and Plaza file for bankruptcy. United Press International. March 9, 1992. May 25, 2023.
59. News: Trump's Taj – Open at Last, With a Scary Appetite. April 8, 1990. Glynn. Lenny. The New York Times. August 14, 2016.
60. News: The New York Times. Company News; Taj Mahal is out of Bankruptcy. May 22, 2008. October 5, 1991.
61. News: Fourth Time's A Charm: How Donald Trump Made Bankruptcy Work For Him. Forbes. May 29, 2011. January 27, 2022. O'Connor. Claire.
62. News: Trump Plaza casino stock trades today on Big Board. The New York Times. Floyd. Norris. Floyd Norris. June 7, 1995. December 14, 2014.
63. News: The Truth About the Rise and Fall of Donald Trump's Atlantic City Empire. Philadelphia. August 16, 2015. March 21, 2016. Dan. McQuade.
64. News: How Donald Trump Made Millions Off His Biggest Business Failure. Tully. Shawn. March 10, 2016. Fortune. May 6, 2018.
65. News: Peterson-Withorn. Chase. Donald Trump Has Gained More Than $100 Million On Mar-a-Lago. Forbes. April 23, 2018. July 4, 2018.
66. News: A History of Mar-a-Lago, Donald Trump's American Castle. Dangremond. Sam. Kim. Leena. December 22, 2017. Town & Country. July 3, 2018.
67. News: Durkee. Allison. Trump Can Legally Live At Mar-A-Lago, Palm Beach Says. Forbes. May 7, 2021. March 7, 2024.
68. News: Garcia. Ahiza. Trump's 17 golf courses teed up: Everything you need to know. January 21, 2018. CNN Money. December 29, 2016.
69. News: Take a look at the golf courses owned by Donald Trump. Golfweek. July 24, 2020 . July 7, 2021.
70. News: The Washington Post. April 13, 2018. September 29, 2021. Zane. Anthony. Kathryn. Sanders. David A.. Fahrenthold. David Fahrenthold. Whatever happened to Trump neckties? They're over. So is most of Trump's merchandising empire..
71. News: Martin. Jonathan. Trump Institute Offered Get-Rich Schemes With Plagiarized Lessons. The New York Times. June 29, 2016. January 8, 2021.
72. News: Aaron. Williams. Anu. Narayanswamy. How Trump has made millions by selling his name. The Washington Post. January 25, 2017. December 12, 2017.
73. News: Arash. Markazi. Arash Markazi. 5 things to know about Donald Trump's foray into doomed USFL. July 14, 2015. September 30, 2021. ESPN.
74. News: Donald Trump Fought the NFL Once Before. He Got Crushed. Fortune. September 24, 2017. June 22, 2018. Morris. David Z..
75. News: The Strange Tale of Donald Trump's 1989 Biking Extravaganza. Kevin. Hogan. Politico. April 10, 2016. April 12, 2016.
76. News: Mattingly. Phil. Jorgensen. Sarah. The Gordon Gekko era: Donald Trump's lucrative and controversial time as an activist investor. CNN. August 23, 2016. September 14, 2022.
77. News: The Daily Beast. The Crash of Trump Air. Barbara. Peterson. April 13, 2017. May 17, 2023.
78. 10 Donald Trump Business Failures. Time. October 11, 2016. May 17, 2023.
79. News: Blair. Gwenda. Did the Trump Family Historian Drop a Dime to the New York Times?. Politico. October 7, 2018. August 14, 2020.
80. News: Trump Sells Miss Universe Organization to WME-IMG Talent Agency. September 14, 2015. John. Koblin. The New York Times. January 9, 2016.
81. News: Donald Trump just sold off the entire Miss Universe Organization after buying it 3 days ago. September 14, 2015. Jethro. Nededog. Business Insider. May 6, 2016.
82. News: Three Beauty Pageants Leaving CBS for NBC. June 22, 2002. Jim. Rutenberg. Jim Rutenberg. August 14, 2016. The New York Times.
83. News: There She Goes: Pageants Move to NBC. June 22, 2002. Lisa. de Moraes. Lisa de Moraes. The Washington Post. August 14, 2016.
84. News: Zara. Christopher. Christopher Zara. Why the heck does Donald Trump have a Walk of Fame star, anyway? It's not the reason you think. Fast Company. October 26, 2016. June 16, 2018.
85. News: NBC to Donald Trump: You're fired. USA Today. Maria. Puente. June 29, 2015. July 28, 2015.
86. News: Big Hair on Campus: Did Donald Trump Defraud Thousands of Real Estate Students?. Cohan. William D.. William D. Cohan. Vanity Fair. December 3, 2013. March 6, 2016.
87. News: Michael. Barbaro. Michael Barbaro. New York Attorney General Is Investigating Trump's For-Profit School. May 19, 2011. September 30, 2021. The New York Times.
88. News: Donald Trump's misleading claim that he's 'won most of' lawsuits over Trump University. Michelle Ye Hee. Lee. The Washington Post. February 27, 2016. February 27, 2016.
89. News: Trump faces two-front legal fight over 'university'. USA Today. Kevin. McCoy. August 26, 2013. September 29, 2021.
90. News: Former Trump University Workers Call the School a 'Lie' and a 'Scheme' in Testimony. Barbaro. Michael. Michael Barbaro. Eder. Steve. May 31, 2016. The New York Times. March 24, 2018.
91. News: Hard Sell: The Potential Political Consequences of the Trump University Documents. Montanaro. Domenico. June 1, 2016. NPR. June 2, 2016.
92. News: Donald Trump Agrees to Pay $25 Million in Trump University Settlement. Eder. Steve. November 18, 2016. The New York Times. November 18, 2016.
93. News: Nonprofit Explorer. ProPublica. Mike. Tigas. Sisi. Wei. May 9, 2013 . September 9, 2016.
94. News: David A.. Fahrenthold. David Fahrenthold. Trump pays IRS a penalty for his foundation violating rules with gift to aid Florida attorney general. The Washington Post. September 1, 2016. September 30, 2021.
95. News: David A.. Fahrenthold. David Fahrenthold. How Donald Trump retooled his charity to spend other people's money. The Washington Post. September 10, 2016. March 19, 2024.
96. News: Pallotta. Frank. Investigation into Vince McMahon's hush money payments reportedly turns up Trump charity donations. CNN. August 18, 2022. March 19, 2024.
97. News: Long Island Business News. September 15, 2016. September 30, 2021. Claude. Solnik. Taking a peek at Trump's (foundation) tax returns.
98. News: Chris. Cillizza . Chris Cillizza. David A.. Fahrenthold . David Fahrenthold. Meet the reporter who's giving Donald Trump fits. The Washington Post. September 15, 2016 . June 26, 2021.
99. News: The Washington Post. October 3, 2016. May 17, 2023. David A.. Fahrenthold. David Fahrenthold. Trump Foundation ordered to stop fundraising by N.Y. attorney general's office.
100. News: Donald Trump to dissolve his charitable foundation after mounting complaints. Jacobs. Ben. Ben Jacobs (journalist). December 24, 2016. The Guardian. December 25, 2016.
101. News: Five things to know about the lawsuit against the Trump Foundation. Thomsen. Jacqueline. June 14, 2018. The Hill. June 15, 2018.
102. News: Trump Foundation Will Dissolve, Accused of 'Shocking Pattern of Illegality'. The New York Times. December 18, 2018. May 9, 2019. Shane. Goldmacher.
103. News: President Donald Trump ordered to pay $2M to collection of nonprofits as part of civil lawsuit. ABC News. November 7, 2019. November 7, 2019. Aaron. Katersky.
104. News: Judge orders Trump to pay $2m for misusing Trump Foundation funds. November 8, 2019. BBC News. March 5, 2020.
105. News: Mahler. Jonathan. Flegenheimer. Matt. What Donald Trump Learned From Joseph McCarthy's Right-Hand Man. May 26, 2020. The New York Times. June 20, 2016.
106. News: The Washington Post. January 23, 2016. Michael. Kranish. Michael Kranish. Robert Jr.. O'Harrow. Inside the government's racial bias case against Donald Trump's company, and how he fought it. January 7, 2021.
107. News: Dunlap. David W.. David W. Dunlap. 1973: Meet Donald Trump. May 26, 2020. July 30, 2015. The New York Times.
108. News: Brenner. Marie. How Donald Trump and Roy Cohn's Ruthless Symbiosis Changed America. May 26, 2020. Vanity Fair. June 28, 2017.
109. News: Donald Trump: Three decades, 4,095 lawsuits . . April 17, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180417181428/https://www.usatoday.com/pages/interactives/trump-lawsuits/ . April 17, 2018. dead.
110. News: Winter. Tom. Trump Bankruptcy Math Doesn't Add Up. NBC News. June 24, 2016. February 26, 2020.
111. News: Reuters. July 17, 2016. Emily. Flitter. Art of the spin: Trump bankers question his portrayal of financial comeback. October 14, 2018.
112. News: Business Insider. December 8, 2017. Allan. Smith. Trump's long and winding history with Deutsche Bank could now be at the center of Robert Mueller's investigation. October 14, 2018.
113. News: Riley. Charles. Egan. Matt. Deutsche Bank won't do any more business with Trump. September 14, 2022. CNN. January 12, 2021.
114. News: Trump boasted about writing many books – his ghostwriter says otherwise. The Independent. Andrew. Buncombe. July 4, 2018. October 11, 2020.
115. Donald Trump's Ghostwriter Tells All. The New Yorker. Jane. Mayer. Jane Mayer. July 18, 2016. June 19, 2017.
116. News: Adrienne. LaFrance. Three Decades of Donald Trump Film and TV Cameos. December 21, 2015. The Atlantic.
117. News: The Donald to Get New Wife, Radio Show. People. April 29, 2004 . November 19, 2013. Stephen M.. Silverman . Stephen M. Silverman.
118. News: Bob. Tedeschi. Now for Sale Online, the Art of the Vacation. The New York Times. February 6, 2006. October 21, 2018.
119. News: Montopoli. Brian. Donald Trump gets regular Fox News spot. CBS News. April 1, 2011. July 7, 2018.
120. News: Grossmann. Matt. Hopkins. David A.. How the conservative media is taking over the Republican Party. October 19, 2018. The Washington Post. September 9, 2016.
121. News: Grynbaum. Michael M.. Parker. Ashley. Ashley Parker. July 16, 2016. Donald Trump the Political Showman, Born on 'The Apprentice'. The New York Times. July 8, 2018.
122. Nussbaum . Emily . The TV That Created Donald Trump . . July 24, 2017 . October 18, 2023.
123. News: Poniewozik . James . Donald Trump Was the Real Winner of 'The Apprentice' . . September 28, 2020 . October 18, 2023.
124. News: Rao. Sonia. Facing expulsion, Trump resigns from the Screen Actors Guild: 'You have done nothing for me'. The Washington Post. February 4, 2021 . February 5, 2021.
125. News: Harmata. Claudia. Donald Trump Banned from Future Re-Admission to SAG-AFTRA: It's 'More Than a Symbolic Step'. People. February 7, 2021 . February 8, 2021.
126. News: Gillin. Joshua. Bush says Trump was a Democrat longer than a Republican 'in the last decade'. March 18, 2017. PolitiFact. August 24, 2015.
127. News: Trump Officially Joins Reform Party. CNN. October 25, 1999. December 26, 2020.
128. News: Trump Gives a Vague Hint of Candidacy. The New York Times. Michael. Oreskes. Michael Oreskes. September 2, 1987. February 17, 2016.
129. News: Trump Urged To Head Gala Of Democrats. The New York Times. November 18, 1987. October 1, 2021. Fox. Butterfield.
130. Book: Meacham, Jon. Destiny and Power: The American Odyssey of George Herbert Walker Bush. 2016. 326. Random House. 978-0-8129-7947-3.
131. News: Richard. Winger. Richard Winger. Donald Trump Ran For President in 2000 in Several Reform Party Presidential Primaries. December 25, 2011. October 1, 2021. Ballot Access News.
132. News: Clift. Eleanor. The Last Time Trump Wrecked a Party. The Daily Beast. July 18, 2016. October 14, 2021.
133. News: Nagourney. Adam. Reform Bid Said to Be a No-Go for Trump. The New York Times. February 14, 2000. December 26, 2020.
134. News: MacAskill. Ewen. Donald Trump bows out of 2012 US presidential election race. The Guardian. May 16, 2011. February 28, 2020.
135. News: Bobic. Igor. Stein. Sam. How CPAC Helped Launch Donald Trump's Political Career. HuffPost. February 22, 2017. February 28, 2020.
136. News: Donald Trump Brings His 'Pretend To Run For President' Act To CPAC. HuffPost. September 14, 2022. Jason. Linkins. February 11, 2011.
137. News: This Harvard study is a powerful indictment of the media's role in Donald Trump's rise. Chris. Cillizza. Chris Cillizza. June 14, 2016. October 1, 2021. The Washington Post.
138. News: Emily. Flitter. James. Oliphant. Best president ever! How Trump's love of hyperbole could backfire. August 28, 2015. October 1, 2021. Reuters.
139. News: Donald Trump's controversial speech often walks the line. McCammon. Sarah. NPR. August 10, 2016. October 1, 2021.
140. News: The 'King of Whoppers': Donald Trump. FactCheck.org. March 4, 2019. December 21, 2015.
141. News: 2015 Lie of the Year: the campaign misstatements of Donald Trump. PolitiFact. December 21, 2015. October 1, 2021. Angie Drobnic. Holan. Angie Drobnic Holan. Linda. Qiu.
142. News: Paul. Farhi. Think Trump's wrong? Fact checkers can tell you how often. (Hint: A lot.). February 26, 2016. October 1, 2021. The Washington Post.
143. News: Kenneth T.. Walsh. Kenneth T. Walsh. Trump: Media Is 'Dishonest and Corrupt'. August 15, 2016. October 1, 2021. U.S. News & World Report.
144. News: Donald Trump is waging war on political correctness. And he's losing.. Aaron. Blake. July 6, 2016. October 1, 2021. The Washington Post.
145. News: The 10 best lines from Donald Trump's announcement speech. Adam B.. Lerner. Politico. June 16, 2015. June 7, 2018.
146. News: The Lie of Trump's 'Self-Funding' Campaign. The Atlantic. David A.. Graham. May 13, 2016. June 7, 2018.
147. News: How Donald Trump Evolved From a Joke to an Almost Serious Candidate. October 27, 2015. Elspeth. Reeve. The New Republic. July 23, 2018.
148. News: Why Donald Trump is poised to win the nomination and lose the general election, in one poll. Bump. Philip. March 23, 2016. October 1, 2021. The Washington Post.
149. News: RNC Chairman: Trump is our nominee. Nussbaum. Matthew. May 3, 2016. May 4, 2016. Politico.
150. News: Poll: Clinton and Trump Now Tied as GOP Convention Kicks Off. Hartig. Hannah. Lapinski. John. Psyllos. Stephanie. July 19, 2016. October 1, 2021. NBC News.
151. News: 2016 General Election: Trump vs. Clinton. November 8, 2016. HuffPost. October 2, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161002184537/http://elections.huffingtonpost.com/pollster/2016-general-election-trump-vs-clinton. dead.
152. News: Donald Trump officially names Mike Pence for VP. Levingston. Ivan. July 15, 2016. October 1, 2021. CNBC.
153. News: Trump closes the deal, becomes Republican nominee for president. July 19, 2016. October 1, 2021. Fox News.
154. News: US presidential debate: Trump won't commit to accept election result. October 20, 2016. October 27, 2016. BBC News.
155. News: The Republican Party has lurched towards populism and illiberalism. . October 31, 2020. October 14, 2021.
156. News: Borger. Julian. Republicans closely resemble autocratic parties in Hungary and Turkey – study. The Guardian. October 26, 2021. October 14, 2021.
157. News: Chotiner. Isaac. Redefining Populism. The New Yorker. July 29, 2021. October 14, 2021.
158. News: Will the real Donald Trump please stand up?. Noah. Timothy. Timothy Noah. July 26, 2015. October 1, 2021. Politico.
159. News: A Full List of Donald Trump's Rapidly Changing Policy Positions. Timm. Jane C.. March 30, 2016. July 12, 2016. NBC News.
160. News: Jenna. Johnson. Trump on NATO: 'I said it was obsolete. It's no longer obsolete.'. The Washington Post. April 12, 2017. November 26, 2019.
161. 2018. 10.1080/01463373.2018.1438485. Make America Great Again: Donald Trump and Redefining the U.S. Role in the World. On the campaign trail, Trump repeatedly called North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 'obsolete'.. Communication Quarterly. 66. 2. 176–195 -->. 176. Jason A.. Edwards.
162. News: Rucker. Philip. Philip Rucker. Costa. Robert. Robert Costa (journalist). March 21, 2016. August 24, 2021. Trump questions need for NATO, outlines noninterventionist foreign policy. The Washington Post.
163. News: Trump's promises before and after the election. September 19, 2017. October 1, 2021. BBC.
164. News: Bierman. Noah. August 22, 2016. Donald Trump helps bring far-right media's edgier elements into the mainstream. Los Angeles Times. October 7, 2021.
165. News: Clickbait scoops and an engaged alt-right: everything to know about Breitbart News. November 18, 2016. The Guardian. November 15, 2016. Jason. Wilson.
166. News: Weigel. David. David Weigel. 'Racialists' are cheered by Trump's latest strategy. The Washington Post. August 20, 2016. June 23, 2018.
167. News: Clinton is attacking the 'Alt-Right' – What is it?. Gregory. Krieg. August 25, 2016. August 25, 2016. CNN.
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170. News: Donald Trump Breaks With Recent History by Not Releasing Tax Returns. Rappeport. Alan. Alan Rappeport. May 11, 2016. The New York Times. July 19, 2016.
171. News: Qiu. Linda. Pence's False claim that Trump 'hasn't broken' tax return promise. PolitiFact. October 5, 2016. April 29, 2020.
172. News: Trump says he can't release tax returns because of audits. Isidore. Chris. Sahadi. Jeanne. February 26, 2016. March 1, 2023. CNN.
173. News: Supreme Court allows release of Trump tax returns to NY prosecutor. Ariane. de Vogue. February 22, 2021. September 14, 2022. CNN.
174. News: Jessica. Gresko. Supreme Court won't halt turnover of Trump's tax records. February 22, 2021. October 2, 2021. AP News.
175. News: Donald Trump Acknowledges Not Paying Federal Income Taxes for Years. Eder. Steve. Twohey. Megan. Megan Twohey. October 10, 2016. October 2, 2021. The New York Times.
176. News: Kiersten. Schmidt. Wilson. Andrews. A Historic Number of Electors Defected, and Most Were Supposed to Vote for Clinton. December 19, 2016. January 31, 2017. The New York Times.
177. News: Desilver. Drew. Trump's victory another example of how Electoral College wins are bigger than popular vote ones. Pew Research Center. December 20, 2016. October 2, 2021.
178. News: Donald Trump will be the only US president ever with no political or military experience. Crockett. Zachary. November 11, 2016. Vox. January 3, 2017.
179. News: Trump pulls off biggest upset in U.S. history. Politico. November 9, 2016. Shane. Goldmacher. Ben. Schreckinger. November 9, 2016.
180. News: Why Trump Won: Working-Class Whites. The New York Times. November 9, 2016. Nate. Cohn. November 9, 2016.
181. News: The Washington Post. November 9, 2016. October 2, 2021. Amber. Phillips. Republicans are poised to grasp the holy grail of governance.
182. News: Logan. Brian. Sanchez. Chris. Protests against Donald Trump break out nationwide. November 10, 2016. . September 16, 2022.
183. News: Mele. Christopher. Correal. Annie. 'Not Our President': Protests Spread After Donald Trump's Election. The New York Times. November 9, 2016. May 10, 2024.
184. News: At 2.6 million strong, Women's Marches crush expectations. Przybyla. Heidi M.. Schouten. Fredreka. January 21, 2017. USA Today. January 22, 2017.
185. News: Quigley. Aidan. All of Trump's executive actions so far. January 28, 2017. Politico. January 25, 2017.
186. News: Ivanka Trump's new job. V.V.B. March 31, 2017. April 3, 2017. The Economist.
187. News: Michael S.. Schmidt. Michael S. Schmidt. Eric. Lipton. Eric Lipton. Charlie. Savage. Charlie Savage (author). Jared Kushner, Trump's Son-in-Law, Is Cleared to Serve as Adviser. The New York Times. January 21, 2017. May 7, 2017.
188. News: Marilyn. Geewax. Trump Has Revealed Assumptions About Handling Presidential Wealth, Businesses. NPR. January 20, 2018. October 2, 2021.
189. News: Donald Trump: A list of potential conflicts of interest. BBC. April 18, 2017. October 2, 2021.
190. News: Venook. Jeremy. Trump's Interests vs. America's, Dubai Edition. The Atlantic. August 9, 2017. October 2, 2021.
191. In Focus: The Emoluments Clauses of the U.S. Constitution. August 19, 2020. October 2, 2021. Congressional Research Service.
192. News: LaFraniere. Sharon. Sharon LaFraniere. Lawsuit on Trump Emoluments Violations Gains Traction in Court. January 25, 2018. The New York Times. January 25, 2018.
193. News: Supreme Court dismisses emoluments cases against Trump. Ariane. de Vogue. Devan. Cole. CNN. January 25, 2021. September 14, 2022.
194. News: Bump. Philip. Trump's presidency ends where so much of it was spent: A Trump Organization property. The Washington Post. January 20, 2021. January 27, 2022.
195. News: Andrew . Van Dam. Trump will have the worst jobs record in modern U.S. history. It's not just the pandemic.. The Washington Post. January 8, 2021. October 2, 2021.
196. News: Smialek. Jeanna. June 8, 2020. The U.S. Entered a Recession in February. The New York Times. June 10, 2020.
197. News: Long. Heather. The final GOP tax bill is complete. Here's what is in it.. The Washington Post. December 15, 2017 . July 31, 2021.
198. News: What's in the Final Republican Tax Bill. The New York Times. Wilson. Andrews. Alicia. Parlapiano. December 15, 2017. December 22, 2017.
199. News: Gale. William G.. Did the 2017 tax cut—the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act—pay for itself?. Brookings Institution. February 14, 2020 . July 31, 2021.
200. News: Long. Heather. Stein. Jeff. The U.S. deficit hit $984 billion in 2019, soaring during Trump era. June 10, 2020. The Washington Post. October 25, 2019.
201. News: Allan. Sloan. Cezary. Podkul. Donald Trump Built a National Debt So Big (Even Before the Pandemic) That It'll Weigh Down the Economy for Years. ProPublica. January 14, 2021. October 3, 2021.
202. News: Bliss. Laura. How Trump's $1 Trillion Infrastructure Pledge Added Up. Bloomberg News. November 16, 2020 . December 29, 2021.
203. News: Burns . Dan . January 8, 2021 . Trump ends his term like a growing number of Americans: out of a job . May 10, 2024 . Reuters.
204. News: Ashley. Parker. Ashley Parker. Coral. Davenport. Donald Trump's Energy Plan: More Fossil Fuels and Fewer Rules. May 26, 2016. October 3, 2021. The New York Times.
205. News: Jason. Samenow. Jason Samenow. Donald Trump's unsettling nonsense on weather and climate. March 22, 2016. October 3, 2021. The Washington Post.
206. News: Lemire. Jonathan. Madhani. Aamer. Weissert. Will. Knickmeyer. Ellen. September 15, 2020. Trump spurns science on climate: 'Don't think science knows'. May 11, 2024. AP News.
207. News: Plumer . Brad . Davenport . Coral . December 28, 2019 . Science Under Attack: How Trump Is Sidelining Researchers and Their Work . May 11, 2024 . The New York Times.
208. News: Trump proposes cuts to climate and clean-energy programs. May 3, 2019. National Geographic Society. November 24, 2023.
209. News: Dennis. Brady. As Syria embraces Paris climate deal, it's the United States against the world. The Washington Post. November 7, 2017. May 28, 2018.
210. News: Gardner. Timothy. Senate confirms Brouillette, former Ford lobbyist, as energy secretary. December 15, 2019. Reuters. December 3, 2019.
211. News: Trump's fossil fuel agenda gets pushback from federal judges. AP News. Matthew. Brown. September 15, 2020. October 3, 2021.
212. News: Lipton . Eric . Eric Lipton . October 5, 2020 . 'The Coal Industry Is Back,' Trump Proclaimed. It Wasn't. . October 3, 2021 . The New York Times.
213. News: Tara. Subramaniam. From building the wall to bringing back coal: Some of Trump's more notable broken promises. CNN. January 30, 2021. October 3, 2021.
214. News: Popovich. Nadja. Albeck-Ripka. Livia. Pierre-Louis. Kendra. The Trump Administration Rolled Back More Than 100 Environmental Rules. Here's the Full List.. The New York Times. January 20, 2021. December 21, 2023.
215. News: Plumer. Brad. Trump wants to kill two old regulations for every new one issued. Sort of.. Vox. January 30, 2017. March 11, 2023.
216. News: Thompson. Frank W.. Six ways Trump has sabotaged the Affordable Care Act. Brookings Institution. October 9, 2020. January 3, 2022.
217. News: Arnsdorf. Isaac. DePillis. Lydia. Lind. Dara. Song. Lisa. Syed. Moiz. Osei. Zipporah. Tracking the Trump Administration's "Midnight Regulations". ProPublica. November 25, 2020. January 3, 2022.
218. News: Poydock. Margaret. President Trump has attacked workers' safety, wages, and rights since Day One. Economic Policy Institute. September 17, 2020. January 3, 2022.
219. News: Baker. Cayli. The Trump administration's major environmental deregulations. December 15, 2020. January 29, 2022. Brookings Institution.
220. Grunwald. Michael. Trump's Secret Weapon Against Obama's Legacy. Politico Magazine. April 10, 2017. January 29, 2022.
221. News: Lipton. Eric. Appelbaum. Binyamin. Leashes Come Off Wall Street, Gun Sellers, Polluters and More. The New York Times. March 5, 2017. January 29, 2022.
222. News: Trump-Era Trend: Industries Protest. Regulations Rolled Back. A Dozen Examples. The New York Times. DocumentCloud. January 29, 2022. March 5, 2017.
223. News: Roundup: Trump-Era Agency Policy in the Courts. Institute for Policy Integrity. April 25, 2022. January 8, 2022.
224. News: Kodjak. Alison. Alison Kodjak. Trump Can Kill Obamacare With Or Without Help From Congress. January 12, 2017. NPR. November 9, 2016.
225. News: Trump Issues Executive Order Scaling Back Parts of Obamacare. Davis. Julie Hirschfeld. Julie Hirschfeld Davis. Pear. Robert. Robert Pear. January 20, 2017. The New York Times. January 23, 2017.
226. News: What's in Trump's health care executive order?. Tami. Luhby. CNN. October 13, 2017. October 14, 2017.
227. News: Trump says he plans to 'let Obamacare fail'. Nelson. Louis. July 18, 2017. Politico. September 29, 2017.
228. News: Trump Ramps Up Obamacare Sabotage With Huge Cuts To Enrollment Programs. Young. Jeffrey. August 31, 2017. HuffPost. September 29, 2017.
229. News: Sheryl Gay. Stolberg. Trump Administration Asks Supreme Court to Strike Down Affordable Care Act. The New York Times. June 26, 2020. October 3, 2021.
230. News: Obamacare Must 'Fall,' Trump Administration Tells Supreme Court. NPR. Mark. Katkov. June 26, 2020. September 29, 2021.
231. News: Trump Opens Door to Cuts to Medicare and Other Entitlement Programs. Alan. Rappeport. Alan Rappeport. Maggie. Haberman. Maggie Haberman. January 22, 2020. January 24, 2020. The New York Times.
232. News: Mann. Brian. October 29, 2020. Opioid Crisis: Critics Say Trump Fumbled Response To Another Deadly Epidemic. NPR. December 13, 2020.
233. News: Abortion: How do Trump and Biden's policies compare?. BBC News. July 17, 2023. September 9, 2020.
234. News: Trump: Same-sex marriage is 'settled', but Roe v Wade can be changed. CNN. Ariane. de Vogue. November 15, 2016. November 30, 2016.
235. News: LGBTQ Advocates Say Trump's New Executive Order Makes Them Vulnerable to Discrimination. NBC News. Mary Emily. O'Hara. March 30, 2017. July 30, 2017.
236. News: Luthi. Susannah. Judge halts Trump's rollback of transgender health protections. Politico. August 17, 2020. November 8, 2023.
237. News: The times Trump changed his positions on guns. CNN. June 20, 2016. October 3, 2021. Gregory. Krieg.
238. News: Trump abandons proposing ideas to curb gun violence after saying he would following mass shootings. The Washington Post. Josh. Dawsey. Josh Dawsey. November 1, 2019. October 3, 2021.
239. News: Bures. Brendan. February 21, 2020. October 3, 2021. Trump administration doubles down on anti-marijuana position. Chicago Tribune.
240. News: Wolf. Zachary B.. Trump returns to the death penalty as Democrats turn against it. CNN. September 18, 2022. July 27, 2019.
241. News: Honderich. Holly. In Trump's final days, a rush of federal executions. BBC. January 16, 2021. September 18, 2022.
242. News: Michael. Tarm. Michael. Kunzelman. Trump administration carries out 13th and final execution. AP News. January 15, 2021. January 30, 2022.
243. News: McCarthy. Tom. Donald Trump: I'd bring back 'a hell of a lot worse than waterboarding'. The Guardian. February 7, 2016. February 8, 2016.
244. News: Ted Cruz, Donald Trump Advocate Bringing Back Waterboarding. ABC News. February 6, 2016. February 9, 2016.
245. Ron E.. Hassner. What Do We Know about Interrogational Torture?. International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence. 33. 1. 2020. 4–42. 10.1080/08850607.2019.1660951.
246. News: Leonnig. Carol D.. Carol D. Leonnig. Zapotosky. Matt. Dawsey. Josh. Josh Dawsey. Tan. Rebecca. Barr personally ordered removal of protesters near White House, leading to use of force against largely peaceful crowd. The Washington Post. June 2, 2020. June 3, 2020.
247. News: Bump. Philip. June 2, 2020. Timeline: The clearing of Lafayette Square. The Washington Post. June 6, 2020.
248. News: Gittleson. Ben. Phelps. Jordyn. Police use munitions to forcibly push back peaceful protesters for Trump church visit. June 29, 2021. ABC News. June 3, 2020.
249. News: O'Neil. Luke. June 2, 2020. What do we know about Trump's love for the Bible?. The Guardian. June 11, 2020.
250. News: Stableford. Dylan. Wilson. Christopher. Religious leaders condemn teargassing protesters to clear street for Trump. June 8, 2020. Yahoo! News. June 3, 2020.
251. News: Scores of retired military leaders publicly denounce Trump. June 8, 2020. AP News. June 6, 2020.
252. News: Gramlich. John. Trump used his clemency power sparingly despite a raft of late pardons and commutations. Pew Research Center. January 22, 2021. July 23, 2023.
253. News: Vogel. Kenneth P.. The Road to Clemency From Trump Was Closed to Most Who Sought It. The New York Times. March 21, 2021. July 23, 2023.
254. News: Trump wields pardon power as political weapon, rewarding loyalists and undermining prosecutors. December 24, 2020. October 3, 2021. The Washington Post. Toluse. Olorunnipa. Josh. Dawsey. Josh Dawsey.
255. News: Kevin. Johnson. David. Jackson. Dennis. Wagner. Donald Trump grants clemency to 144 people (not himself or family members) in final hours. January 19, 2021. USA Today. July 23, 2023.
256. News: Phillips. Dave. Trump Clears Three Service Members in War Crimes Cases. The New York Times. November 22, 2019. April 18, 2024.
257. News: Donald Trump's Mexico wall: Who is going to pay for it?. February 6, 2017. BBC. December 9, 2017.
258. News: Donald Trump emphasizes plans to build 'real' wall at Mexico border. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. September 29, 2015. August 19, 2015.
259. News: Donald Trump: The 14th Amendment is Unconstitutional. Mother Jones. August 19, 2015. November 22, 2015. Inae. Oh.
260. News: A USA Today analysis found Trump used words like 'invasion' and 'killer' at rallies more than 500 times since 2017. Fritze. John. USA Today. August 9, 2019. August 8, 2019.
261. Johnson. Kevin R.. Immigration and civil rights in the Trump administration: Law and policy making by executive order. Santa Clara Law Review. 2017. 57. 3. 611–665. June 1, 2020.
262. Johnson. Kevin R.. Cuison-Villazor. Rose. The Trump Administration and the War on Immigration Diversity. Wake Forest Law Review. May 2, 2019. June 1, 2020. 575–616. 54. 2.
263. News: Mitchell. Ellen. Pentagon to send a 'few thousand' more troops to southern border. June 4, 2020. The Hill. January 29, 2019.
264. News: Snow. Anita. Crackdown on immigrants who use public benefits takes effect. June 4, 2020. AP News. February 25, 2020.
265. News: Donald Trump has cut refugee admissions to America to a record low. June 25, 2020. The Economist. November 4, 2019.
266. News: Trump Virtually Cuts Off Refugees as He Unleashes a Tirade on Immigrants. The New York Times. October 1, 2020. September 30, 2021. Zolan. Kanno-Youngs. Zolan Kanno-Youngs. Michael D.. Shear. Michael D. Shear.
267. News: Hesson. Ted. Trump ending U.S. role as worldwide leader on refugees. June 25, 2020. Politico. October 11, 2019.
268. News: Pilkington. Ed. Donald Trump: ban all Muslims entering US. The Guardian. December 8, 2015. October 10, 2020.
269. News: The Washington Post. June 25, 2016. October 3, 2021. Jenna. Johnson. Trump now proposes only Muslims from terrorism-heavy countries would be banned from U.S..
270. News: US airports on frontline as Donald Trump's travel ban causes chaos and protests. January 28, 2017. The Guardian. Joanna. Walters. Edward. Helmore. Saeed Kamali. Dehghan. July 19, 2017.
271. News: Protests erupt at airports nationwide over immigration action. CBS News. January 28, 2017 . March 22, 2021.
272. News: The Wall Street Journal. February 4, 2017. October 3, 2021. Devlin. Barrett. Dan. Frosch. Federal Judge Temporarily Halts Trump Order on Immigration, Refugees.
273. News: Reuters. March 15, 2017. October 3, 2021. Dan. Levine. Mica. Rosenberg. Hawaii judge halts Trump's new travel ban before it can go into effect.
274. News: Trump signs new travel ban directive. March 18, 2017. BBC News. March 6, 2017.
275. News: Limited version of Trump's travel ban to take effect Thursday. Chicago Tribune. Mark. Sherman. Associated Press. June 26, 2017. August 5, 2017.
276. News: Laughland. Oliver. September 25, 2017. Trump travel ban extended to blocks on North Korea, Venezuela and Chad. The Guardian. October 13, 2017.
277. News: Supreme Court lets Trump's latest travel ban go into full effect. Lawrence. Hurley. December 4, 2017. October 3, 2021. Reuters.
278. News: Wagner. Meg. Ries. Brian. Rocha. Veronica. Supreme Court upholds travel ban. CNN. June 26, 2018. June 26, 2018.
279. News: Pearle. Lauren. Trump administration admits thousands more migrant families may have been separated than estimated. May 30, 2020. ABC News. February 5, 2019.
280. News: Spagat. Elliot. October 25, 2019. Tally of children split at border tops 5,400 in new count. AP News. May 30, 2020.
281. News: Davis. Julie Hirschfeld. Julie Hirschfeld Davis. Shear. Michael D.. Michael D. Shear. How Trump Came to Enforce a Practice of Separating Migrant Families. The New York Times. May 30, 2020. June 16, 2018.
282. News: Savage. Charlie. Charlie Savage (author). Explaining Trump's Executive Order on Family Separation. The New York Times. May 30, 2020. June 20, 2018.
283. News: Domonoske. Camila. Gonzales. Richard. June 19, 2018. What We Know: Family Separation And 'Zero Tolerance' At The Border. NPR. May 30, 2020.
284. News: Epstein. Jennifer. Donald Trump's family separations bedevil GOP as public outrage grows. May 30, 2020. The Sydney Morning Herald. Bloomberg News. June 18, 2018.
285. News: Separated at the Border From Their Parents: In Six Weeks, 1,995 Children. The New York Times. June 15, 2018. June 18, 2018. Davis. Julie Hirschfeld. Julie Hirschfeld Davis.
286. News: Despite claims, GOP immigration bill would not end family separation, experts say. NBC News. June 15, 2018. June 18, 2018. Sarlin. Benjy.
287. News: Davis. Julie Hirschfeld. Julie Hirschfeld Davis. Nixon. Ron. Ron Nixon. May 29, 2018. Trump Officials, Moving to Break Up Migrant Families, Blame Democrats. The New York Times. December 29, 2020.
288. News: Beckwith. Ryan Teague. Here's What President Trump's Immigration Order Actually Does. May 30, 2020. Time. June 20, 2018.
289. News: The New York Times. June 20, 2018. Michael D.. Shear. Michael D. Shear. Abby. Goodnough. Maggie. Haberman. Maggie Haberman. Trump Retreats on Separating Families, but Thousands May Remain Apart. June 20, 2018.
290. News: Hansler. Jennifer. Judge says government does a better job of tracking 'personal property' than separated kids. May 30, 2020. CNN. June 27, 2018.
291. News: Judge orders US to reunite families separated at border within 30 days. Walters. Joanna. June 27, 2018. The Guardian. May 30, 2020.
292. News: Timm. Jane C.. Fact check: Mexico never paid for it. But what about Trump's other border wall promises?. NBC News. January 13, 2021 . December 21, 2021.
293. News: Farley. Robert. Trump's Border Wall: Where Does It Stand?. FactCheck.org. February 16, 2021 . December 21, 2021.
294. News: Julie Hirschfeld. Davis. Julie Hirschfeld Davis. Michael. Tackett. Michael Tackett. Trump and Democrats Dig in After Talks to Reopen Government Go Nowhere. The New York Times. January 2, 2019. January 3, 2019.
295. News: Gambino. Lauren. Walters. Joanna. Trump signs bill to end $6bn shutdown and temporarily reopen government. May 31, 2020. The Guardian. January 26, 2019. Reuters.
296. News: Pramuk. Jacob. Trump signs bill to temporarily reopen government after longest shutdown in history. May 31, 2020. CNBC. January 25, 2019.
297. News: Fritze. John. By the numbers: How the government shutdown is affecting the US. May 31, 2020. USA Today. January 24, 2019.
298. News: The government shutdown cost the economy $11 billion, including a permanent $3 billion loss, Congressional Budget Office says. Mui. Ylan. January 28, 2019. CNBC. May 31, 2020.
299. News: Bacon. Perry Jr.. Why Trump Blinked. FiveThirtyEight. January 25, 2019. October 3, 2021.
300. News: Pramuk. Jacob. Wilkie. Christina. Trump declares national emergency to build border wall, setting up massive legal fight. May 31, 2020. CNBC. February 15, 2019.
301. News: Carney. Jordain. Senate fails to override Trump veto over emergency declaration. May 31, 2020. The Hill. October 17, 2019.
302. News: Supreme Court allows Trump to use military funds for border wall construction. Melissa. Quinn. December 11, 2019. CBS News. September 19, 2022.
303. News: Appeals Court Allows Trump To Divert $3.6 Billion In Military Funds For Border Wall. Bobby. Allyn. January 9, 2020. September 19, 2022. NPR.
304. El Paso Cty. v. Trump. 982. F.3d. 332. 5th Cir.. December 4, 2020. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USCOURTS-ca5-19-51144/USCOURTS-ca5-19-51144-0 . September 19, 2022.
305. News: William. Cummings. 'I am a nationalist': Trump's embrace of controversial label sparks uproar. USA Today. October 24, 2018. August 24, 2021.
306. News: Katrin. Bennhold. Has 'America First' Become 'Trump First'? Germans Wonder. The New York Times. June 6, 2020. August 24, 2021.
307. News: Can U.S. Democracy Policy Survive Trump?. Carothers. Thomas. Brown. Frances Z.. October 1, 2018. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. October 19, 2019.
308. The Cost of an Incoherent Foreign Policy: Trump's Iran Imbroglio Undermines U.S. Priorities Everywhere Else. Brett. McGurk. Brett McGurk. Foreign Affairs. January 22, 2020. August 24, 2021.
309. News: Ana. Swanson. Trump Administration Escalates Tensions With Europe as Crisis Looms. March 12, 2020. October 4, 2021. The New York Times.
310. News: Baker. Peter . Peter Baker (journalist). May 26, 2017 . October 4, 2021. Trump Says NATO Allies Don't Pay Their Share. Is That True?. The New York Times.
311. News: Barnes. Julian E.. Cooper. Helene. Helene Cooper. Trump Discussed Pulling U.S. From NATO, Aides Say Amid New Concerns Over Russia. The New York Times. January 14, 2019 . April 5, 2021.
312. News: Trump's TPP withdrawal: 5 things to know. Bradner. Eric. January 23, 2017. CNN. March 12, 2018.
313. News: The war over steel: Trump tips global trade into new turmoil. The Guardian. March 10, 2018. March 15, 2018. Inman. Phillip.
314. News: Trump sets tariffs on $50 billion in Chinese goods; Beijing strikes back. June 15, 2018. October 3, 2021. Reuters. David. Lawder. Ben. Blanchard.
315. News: Singh. Rajesh Kumar. Explainer: Trump's China tariffs – Paid by U.S. importers, not by China. Reuters. August 2, 2019. November 27, 2022.
316. News: Palmer. Doug. America's trade gap soared under Trump, final figures show. Politico. February 5, 2021. June 1, 2024.
317. News: Rodriguez. Sabrina. North American trade deal to take effect on July 1. April 24, 2020. January 31, 2022. Politico.
318. News: Patricia. Zengerle. Bid to keep U.S. sanctions on Russia's Rusal fails in Senate. Reuters. January 16, 2019. October 5, 2021.
319. News: Jeanne. Whalen. In rare rebuke of Trump administration, some GOP lawmakers advance measure to oppose lifting Russian sanctions. The Washington Post. January 15, 2019. October 5, 2021.
320. News: Shannon. Bugos. U.S. Completes INF Treaty Withdrawal. Arms Control Association. September 2019. October 5, 2021.
321. News: Panetta. Grace. June 14, 2018. Trump reportedly claimed to leaders at the G7 that Crimea is part of Russia because everyone there speaks Russian. Business Insider. February 13, 2020.
322. News: Baker. Peter. Peter Baker (journalist). August 10, 2017. Trump Praises Putin Instead of Critiquing Cuts to U.S. Embassy Staff. The New York Times. June 7, 2020.
323. News: Nussbaum. Matthew. April 8, 2018. October 5, 2021. Trump blames Putin for backing 'Animal Assad'. Politico.
324. News: Nord Stream 2: Trump approves sanctions on Russia gas pipeline. BBC News. December 21, 2019. October 5, 2021.
325. News: Trump expelling 60 Russian diplomats in wake of UK nerve agent attack. CNN. Jeremy. Diamond. Jeremy Diamond. Allie. Malloy. Angela. Dewan. March 26, 2018. October 5, 2021.
326. News: Zurcher. Anthony. Trump-Putin summit: After Helsinki, the fallout at home. July 18, 2018. BBC. July 16, 2018.
327. News: Trump Sides With the Kremlin, Against the U.S. Government. Calamur. Krishnadev. July 16, 2018. The Atlantic. July 18, 2018.
328. News: Top Republicans in Congress break with Trump over Putin comments. Fox. Lauren. July 16, 2018. CNN. July 18, 2018.
329. News: Savage. Charlie. Charlie Savage (author). Schmitt. Eric. Eric P. Schmitt. Schwirtz. Michael. Russian Spy Team Left Traces That Bolstered C.I.A.'s Bounty Judgment. The New York Times. May 17, 2021 . March 4, 2022.
330. News: Trump says China is 'killing us with unfair trade deals'. August 7, 2019. Reuters. August 24, 2019. Nandita. Bose. Andrea. Shalal.
331. News: More pain than gain: How the US-China trade war hurt America. Hass. Ryan. Denmark. Abraham. Brookings Institution. August 7, 2020 . October 4, 2021.
332. News: How China Won Trump's Trade War and Got Americans to Foot the Bill. Bloomberg News. January 11, 2021 . October 4, 2021.
333. News: Disis. Jill. Trump promised to win the trade war with China. He failed. CNN. October 25, 2020. October 3, 2022.
334. News: Huawei sanctions: Who gets hurt in dispute?. USA Today. May 21, 2019. August 24, 2019. Frank. Bajak. Michael. Liedtke.
335. News: Trump's Trade War Targets Chinese Students at Elite U.S. Schools. Time. June 3, 2019. August 24, 2019.
336. News: China responds to US after Treasury designates Beijing a 'currency manipulator'. Meredith. Sam. August 6, 2019. CNBC. August 6, 2019.
337. News: Sink. Justin. April 11, 2018. October 5, 2021. Trump Praises China's Xi's Trade Speech, Easing Tariff Tensions. IndustryWeek.
338. News: Nakamura. David. David Nakamura. August 23, 2019. Amid trade war, Trump drops pretense of friendship with China's Xi Jinping, calls him an 'enemy'. The Washington Post. October 25, 2020.
339. News: Ward. Myah. April 15, 2020. October 5, 2021. 15 times Trump praised China as coronavirus was spreading across the globe. Politico.
340. News: Jeff. Mason. Matt. Spetalnick. Alexandra. Alper. March 18, 2020. Trump ratchets up criticism of China over coronavirus. Reuters. October 25, 2020.
341. News: Trump held off sanctioning Chinese over Uighurs to pursue trade deal. BBC News. June 22, 2020. October 5, 2021.
342. News: U.S. Imposes Sanctions on Chinese Officials Over Mass Detention of Muslims. The New York Times. July 9, 2020. October 5, 2021. Pranshu. Verma. Edward. Wong. Edward Wong.
343. News: Taylor. Adam. Meko. Tim. What made North Korea's weapons programs so much scarier in 2017. The Washington Post. December 21, 2017. July 5, 2019.
344. News: Windrem. Robert. Siemaszko. Corky. Arkin. Daniel. May 2, 2017. North Korea crisis: How events have unfolded under Trump. NBC News. June 8, 2020.
345. News: Borger. Julian. Julian Borger. Donald Trump threatens to 'totally destroy' North Korea in UN speech. June 8, 2020. The Guardian. September 19, 2017.
346. News: McCausland. Phil. Kim Jong Un Calls President Trump 'Dotard' and 'Frightened Dog'. June 8, 2020. NBC News. September 22, 2017.
347. News: Transcript: Kim Jong Un's letters to President Trump. CNN. September 9, 2020. October 5, 2021.
348. News: 'A magical force': New Trump-Kim letters provide window into their 'special friendship'. September 9, 2020. October 5, 2021. Jamie. Gangel. Jamie Gangel. Jeremy. Herb. CNN.
349. News: Trump Overrules Own Experts on Sanctions, in Favor to North Korea. The New York Times. March 22, 2019. September 30, 2021. Alan. Rappeport. Alan Rappeport.
350. News: Peter. Baker. Peter Baker (journalist). Michael. Crowley. Michael Crowley (journalist). Trump Steps Into North Korea and Agrees With Kim Jong-un to Resume Talks. The New York Times. June 30, 2019. October 5, 2021.
351. News: Two Years After Trump-Kim Meeting, Little to Show for Personal Diplomacy. The New York Times. June 12, 2020. October 5, 2021. David E.. Sanger. David E. Sanger. Choe. Sang-Hun. Choe Sang-hun.
352. News: North Korea Says Nuclear Talks Break Down While U.S. Says They Were 'Good'. Jari. Tanner. Matthew. Lee. AP News. October 5, 2019 . July 21, 2021.
353. News: Kim Jong Un's Nuclear Weapons Got More Dangerous Under Trump. Jon. Herskovitz. Bloomberg News. December 28, 2020. October 5, 2021.
354. News: As Kim wooed Trump with 'love letters', he kept building his nuclear capability, intelligence shows. The Washington Post. October 5, 2021. September 30, 2020. Warrick. Joby. Joby Warrick. Denyer. Simon. Simon Denyer.
355. News: Jaffe. Greg. Ryan. Missy. January 21, 2018. October 4, 2021. Up to 1,000 more U.S. troops could be headed to Afghanistan this spring. The Washington Post. Missy Ryan.
356. News: Gordon. Michael R.. Schmitt. Eric. Haberman. Maggie. August 20, 2017. October 4, 2021. Trump Settles on Afghan Strategy Expected to Raise Troop Levels. The New York Times. Michael R. Gordon. Eric P. Schmitt. Maggie Haberman.
357. News: George. Susannah. Dadouch. Sarah. Lamothe. Dan. February 29, 2020. October 4, 2021. U.S. signs peace deal with Taliban agreeing to full withdrawal of American troops from Afghanistan. The Washington Post.
358. News: Mashal. Mujib. February 29, 2020. Taliban and U.S. Strike Deal to Withdraw American Troops From Afghanistan. The New York Times. December 29, 2020.
359. News: Kiely. Eugene. Farley. Robert. Timeline of U.S. Withdrawal from Afghanistan. FactCheck.org. August 17, 2021 . August 31, 2021.
360. News: Sommer. Allison Kaplan. July 25, 2019. How Trump and Netanyahu Became Each Other's Most Effective Political Weapon. Haaretz. August 2, 2019.
361. News: Nelson. Louis. Nussbaum. Matthew. December 6, 2017. Trump says U.S. recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's capital, despite global condemnation. Politico. December 6, 2017.
362. News: Romo. Vanessa. Trump Formally Recognizes Israeli Sovereignty Over Golan Heights. NPR. March 25, 2019 . April 5, 2021.
363. News: Gladstone. Rick. Landler. Mark. Mark Landler. December 21, 2017. Defying Trump, U.N. General Assembly Condemns U.S. Decree on Jerusalem. The New York Times. December 21, 2017.
364. News: Huet. Natalie. March 22, 2019. October 4, 2021. Outcry as Trump backs Israeli sovereignty over Golan Heights. Euronews. Reuters.
365. News: Crowley. Michael. Michael Crowley (journalist). September 15, 2020. Israel, U.A.E. and Bahrain Sign Accords, With an Eager Trump Playing Host. The New York Times. February 9, 2024.
366. News: Phelps. Jordyn. Struyk. Ryan. May 20, 2017. Trump signs $110 billion arms deal with Saudi Arabia on 'a tremendous day'. ABC News. July 6, 2018.
367. News: Holland. Steve. Bayoumy. Yara. Trump praises U.S. military sales to Saudi as he welcomes crown prince. Reuters. March 20, 2018. June 2, 2021.
368. News: Trump, Saudi leader discuss Houthi 'threat' in Yemen: White House. Doina. Chiacu. Idrees. Ali. Reuters. March 21, 2018. June 2, 2021.
369. News: Stewart. Phil. Ali. Idrees. U.S. says deploying more forces to Saudi Arabia to counter Iran threat. Reuters. October 11, 2019 . October 4, 2021.
370. News: Syria war: Trump's missile strike attracts US praise – and barbs. April 8, 2017. BBC News. April 7, 2017.
371. News: US strikes Syria after suspected chemical attack by Assad regime. Kathleen. Joyce. April 14, 2018. . April 14, 2018.
372. News: Trump withdraws U.S. Forces From Syria, Declaring 'We Have Won Against ISIS'. Mark. Landler. Mark Landler. Helene. Cooper. Helene Cooper. Eric. Schmitt. Eric P. Schmitt. December 19, 2018. The New York Times. December 31, 2018.
373. News: Borger. Julian. Julian Borger. Chulov. Martin. Trump shocks allies and advisers with plan to pull US troops out of Syria. December 20, 2018. The Guardian. December 20, 2018.
374. News: Cooper. Helene. Helene Cooper. Jim Mattis, Defense Secretary, Resigns in Rebuke of Trump's Worldview. December 21, 2018. The New York Times. December 20, 2018.
375. News: McKernan. Bethan. Borger. Julian. Sabbagh. Dan. Turkey launches military operation in northern Syria. The Guardian. October 9, 2019 . September 28, 2021.
376. News: House condemns Trump's Syria withdrawal. O'Brien. Connor. October 16, 2019. Politico. October 17, 2019.
377. News: In Bipartisan Rebuke, House Majority Condemns Trump for Syria Withdrawal. Edmondson. Catie. October 16, 2019. The New York Times. October 17, 2019.
378. News: Lederman. Josh. Lucey. Catherine. May 8, 2018. Trump declares US leaving 'horrible' Iran nuclear accord. AP News. May 8, 2018.
379. News: Trump Abandons Iran Nuclear Deal He Long Scorned. Mark. Landler. Mark Landler. May 8, 2018. October 4, 2021. The New York Times.
380. News: Nichols. Michelle. U.S. rescinds Trump White House claim that all U.N. sanctions had been reimposed on Iran. Reuters. February 18, 2021 . December 14, 2021.
381. News: Hennigan. W.J.. 'They're Very Close.' U.S. General Says Iran Is Nearly Able to Build a Nuclear Weapon. Time. November 24, 2021 . December 18, 2021.
382. News: U.S. Strike in Iraq Kills Qassim Suleimani, Commander of Iranian Forces. Crowley. Michael. Michael Crowley (journalist). Hassan. Falih. Schmitt. Eric. Eric P. Schmitt. January 2, 2020. The New York Times. January 3, 2020.
383. News: Baker. Peter. Peter Baker (journalist). Bergman. Ronen. Ronen Bergman. Kirkpatrick. David D.. David D. Kirkpatrick. Barnes. Julian E.. Rubin. Alissa J.. Alissa J. Rubin. January 11, 2020. Seven Days in January: How Trump Pushed U.S. and Iran to the Brink of War. The New York Times. November 8, 2022.
384. News: Horton. Alex. Lamothe. Dan. Army awards more Purple Hearts for troops hurt in Iranian attack that Trump downplayed. The Washington Post. December 8, 2021. November 8, 2021.
385. News: Trump White House Has Highest Turnover in 40 Years. Trimble. Megan. December 28, 2017. U.S. News & World Report. March 16, 2018.
386. News: AP: Trump admin sets record for White House turnover. The Hill. July 2, 2018. July 3, 2018. Wise. Justin.
387. News: Trump White House sets turnover records, analysis shows. NBC News. July 2, 2018. July 3, 2018. Associated Press.
388. News: White House Staff Turnover Was Already Record-Setting. Then More Advisers Left. Keith. Tamara. NPR. March 7, 2018. March 16, 2018.
389. News: Kathryn Dunn. Tenpas. Elaine. Kamarck. Nicholas W.. Zeppos. Tracking Turnover in the Trump Administration. March 16, 2018. Brookings Institution. March 16, 2018.
390. News: Rogers. Katie. Karni. Annie. Annie Karni. Home Alone at the White House: A Sour President, With TV His Constant Companion. May 5, 2020. The New York Times. April 23, 2020.
391. News: Cillizza. Chris. Chris Cillizza. Donald Trump makes terrible hires, according to Donald Trump. June 24, 2020. CNN. June 19, 2020.
392. News: Keith. Tamara. March 6, 2020. October 5, 2021. Mick Mulvaney Out, Mark Meadows in As White House Chief Of Staff. NPR.
393. News: The New York Times. Reince Priebus Pushed Out After Rocky Tenure as Trump Chief of Staff. Peter. Baker. Peter Baker (journalist). Maggie. Haberman. Maggie Haberman. July 28, 2017. October 6, 2021.
394. News: Fritze. John. Subramanian. Courtney. Collins. Michael. September 4, 2020. October 6, 2021. Trump says former chief of staff Gen. John Kelly couldn't 'handle the pressure' of the job. USA Today.
395. News: Stanek. Becca. May 11, 2017. President Trump just completely contradicted the official White House account of the Comey firing. The Week. May 11, 2017.
396. News: Schmidt. Michael S.. Michael S. Schmidt. Apuzzo. Matt. Matt Apuzzo. June 7, 2017. Comey Says Trump Pressured Him to 'Lift the Cloud' of Inquiry. The New York Times. November 2, 2021.
397. News: June 8, 2017. Statement for the Record Senate Select Committee on Intelligence James B. Comey. November 2, 2021. United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. 7.
398. News: The Incredibly And Historically Unstable First Year Of Trump's Cabinet. Jones-Rooy. Andrea. November 29, 2017. FiveThirtyEight. March 16, 2018.
399. News: Scott Pruitt Out at EPA. NPR. July 5, 2018. July 5, 2018. Rebecca. Hersher. Brett. Neely.
400. News: Eilperin. Juliet. Dawsey. Josh. Fears. Darryl. Interior Secretary Zinke resigns amid investigations. The Washington Post. December 15, 2018. August 7, 2024.
401. News: Trump Leaves Top Administration Positions Unfilled, Says Hollow Government By Design. Keith. Tamara. October 12, 2017. NPR. March 16, 2018.
402. News: The Washington Post. January 8, 2019. October 6, 2021. Tracking how many key positions Trump has filled so far.
403. News: Gramlich. John. How Trump compares with other recent presidents in appointing federal judges. Pew Research Center. January 13, 2021 . May 30, 2021.
404. News: Politico. Trump's legacy is now the Supreme Court. Anita. Kumar. September 26, 2020.
405. News: Voice of America. Trump's Lasting Legacy: Conservative Supermajority on Supreme Court. Masood. Farivar. December 24, 2020. December 21, 2023.
406. News: Nine Black Robes: Inside the Supreme Court's Drive to the Right and Its Historic Consequences. Joan. Biskupic. Joan Biskupic. June 2, 2023. WBUR-FM. December 21, 2023.
407. News: The Week. Trump takes credit for Dobbs decision but worries it 'won't help him in the future'. Grayson. Quay. June 25, 2022 . October 2, 2023.
408. News: The New York Times. In 6-to-3 Ruling, Supreme Court Ends Nearly 50 Years of Abortion Rights. Adam. Liptak. June 24, 2022. December 21, 2023.
409. News: NBC News. Trump: 'I was able to kill Roe v. Wade'. Sahil. Kapur. May 17, 2023. December 21, 2023.
410. News: Abby. Phillip. Robert. Barnes. Ed. O'Keefe. Supreme Court nominee Gorsuch says Trump's attacks on judiciary are 'demoralizing'. The Washington Post. February 8, 2017. October 6, 2021.
411. In His Own Words: The President's Attacks on the Courts. Brennan Center for Justice. June 5, 2017. October 6, 2021.
412. News: Katie. Shepherd. Trump 'violates all recognized democratic norms,' federal judge says in biting speech on judicial independence. The Washington Post. November 8, 2019. October 6, 2021.
413. Holshue. Michelle L.. etal. March 5, 2020. First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States. The New England Journal of Medicine. 382. 10. 929–936. 10.1056/NEJMoa2001191. 32004427. 7092802.
414. News: Hein. Alexandria. January 31, 2020. Coronavirus declared public health emergency in US. October 2, 2020. Fox News.
415. News: How Trump let the U.S. fall behind the curve on coronavirus threat. Los Angeles Times. April 19, 2020. April 21, 2020. David S.. Cloud. Paul. Pringle. Paul Pringle. Eli. Stokols. Eli Stokols.
416. News: Eric. Lipton. Eric Lipton. David E.. Sanger. David E. Sanger. Maggie. Haberman. Maggie Haberman. Michael D.. Shear. Michael D. Shear. Mark. Mazzetti. Mark Mazzetti. Julian E.. Barnes. He Could Have Seen What Was Coming: Behind Trump's Failure on the Virus. April 11, 2020. The New York Times. April 11, 2020.
417. News: Kelly. Caroline. March 21, 2020. Washington Post: US intelligence warned Trump in January and February as he dismissed coronavirus threat. CNN. April 21, 2020.
418. News: A timeline of what Trump has said on coronavirus. Watson. Kathryn. April 3, 2020. CBS News. January 27, 2021.
419. News: September 10, 2020. Trump deliberately played down virus, Woodward book says. September 18, 2020. BBC News.
420. News: Jamie. Gangel. Jeremy. Herb. Elizabeth. Stuart. September 9, 2020. 'Play it down': Trump admits to concealing the true threat of coronavirus in new Woodward book. September 14, 2022. CNN.
421. News: Partington. Richard. Wearden. Graeme. Global stock markets post biggest falls since 2008 financial crisis. March 9, 2020. The Guardian. March 15, 2020.
422. News: Trump signs emergency coronavirus package, injecting $8.3 billion into efforts to fight the outbreak. Business Insider. Gina. Heeb. March 6, 2020. October 6, 2021.
423. News: WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 – 11 March 2020. March 11, 2020. World Health Organization. March 11, 2020.
424. News: Coronavirus: What you need to know about Trump's Europe travel ban. The Local. March 12, 2020. October 6, 2021.
425. News: In Rare Oval Office Speech, Trump Voices New Concerns and Old Themes. Karni. Annie. Annie Karni. Haberman. Maggie. Maggie Haberman. March 12, 2020. The New York Times. March 18, 2020.
426. News: Trump declares national emergency – and denies responsibility for coronavirus testing failures. Liptak. Kevin. March 13, 2020. CNN. March 18, 2020.
427. News: Donald Trump's Wrong Claim That 'Anybody' Can Get Tested For Coronavirus. Valverde. Miriam. March 12, 2020. Kaiser Health News. March 18, 2020.
428. News: Trump's immigration executive order: What you need to know. Al Jazeera. April 23, 2020. October 6, 2021.
429. News: Michael D.. Shear. Michael D. Shear. Noah. Weiland. Eric. Lipton. Eric Lipton. Maggie. Haberman. Maggie Haberman. David E.. Sanger. David E. Sanger. Inside Trump's Failure: The Rush to Abandon Leadership Role on the Virus. July 19, 2020. The New York Times. July 18, 2020.
430. News: Trump creates task force to lead U.S. coronavirus response. CBS News. January 30, 2020. October 10, 2020.
431. News: In Daily Coronavirus Briefing, Trump Tries to Redefine Himself. Karni. Annie. Annie Karni. March 23, 2020. The New York Times. April 8, 2020.
432. News: Trump's Aggressive Advocacy of Malaria Drug for Treating Coronavirus Divides Medical Community. Peter. Baker. Peter Baker (journalist). Katie. Rogers. David. Enrich. David Enrich. Maggie. Haberman. Maggie Haberman. April 6, 2020. The New York Times. April 8, 2020.
433. News: 'He's Walking the Tightrope.' How Donald Trump Is Getting Out His Message on Coronavirus. Berenson. Tessa. March 30, 2020. Time. April 8, 2020.
434. News: Dale. Daniel. Daniel Dale. Fact check: Trump tries to erase the memory of him downplaying the coronavirus. March 19, 2020. CNN. March 17, 2020.
435. News: Trump's new fixation on using a racist name for the coronavirus is dangerous. Scott. Dylan. March 19, 2020. March 18, 2020. Vox.
436. News: WHO expert condemns language stigmatizing coronavirus after Trump repeatedly calls it the 'Chinese virus'. March 19, 2020. March 19, 2020. Georgiou. Aristos. Newsweek.
437. News: US-China relationship worsens over coronavirus. Beavers. Olivia. The Hill. March 19, 2020. March 19, 2020.
438. News: Lemire. Jonathan. As pandemic deepens, Trump cycles through targets to blame. May 5, 2020. AP News. April 9, 2020.
439. News: Coronavirus: Outcry after Trump suggests injecting disinfectant as treatment. August 11, 2020. BBC News. April 24, 2020.
440. News: Aratani. Lauren. Why is the White House winding down the coronavirus taskforce?. June 8, 2020. The Guardian. May 5, 2020.
441. News: Coronavirus: Trump says virus task force to focus on reopening economy. June 8, 2020. BBC News. May 6, 2020.
442. News: Liptak. Kevin. In reversal, Trump says task force will continue 'indefinitely' – eyes vaccine czar. June 8, 2020. CNN. May 6, 2020.
443. News: Acosta. Jim. Jim Acosta. Liptak. Kevin. Westwood. Sarah. As US deaths top 100,000, Trump's coronavirus task force is curtailed. June 8, 2020. CNN. May 29, 2020.
444. News: Ollstein. Alice Miranda. Trump halts funding to World Health Organization. September 7, 2020. Politico. April 14, 2020.
445. News: Cohen. Zachary. Hansler. Jennifer. Atwood. Kylie. Salama. Vivian. Murray. Sara. Sara Murray (journalist). Trump administration begins formal withdrawal from World Health Organization. July 19, 2020. CNN. July 7, 2020.
446. News: Coronavirus: Trump moves to pull US out of World Health Organization. August 11, 2020. BBC News. July 7, 2020.
447. News: Wood. Graeme. Graeme Wood (journalist). The WHO Defunding Move Isn't What It Seems. September 7, 2020. The Atlantic. April 15, 2020.
448. News: Phillips. Amber. Why exactly is Trump lashing out at the World Health Organization?. September 8, 2020. The Washington Post. April 8, 2020.
449. News: Wilson. Jason. The rightwing groups behind wave of protests against Covid-19 restrictions. April 17, 2020. The Guardian. April 18, 2020.
450. News: Andone. Dakin. Protests Are Popping Up Across the US over Stay-at-Home Restrictions. April 16, 2020. October 7, 2021. CNN.
451. News: Shear. Michael D.. Michael D. Shear. Mervosh. Sarah. Trump Encourages Protest Against Governors Who Have Imposed Virus Restrictions. April 17, 2020. The New York Times. April 19, 2020.
452. News: Trump support for protests threatens to undermine social distancing rules. Chalfant. Morgan. Samuels. Brett. April 20, 2020. The Hill. July 10, 2020.
453. News: Trump approved of Georgia's plan to reopen before bashing it. AP News. April 28, 2020. April 24, 2020. Jonathan. Lemire. Ben. Nadler.
454. News: Trump's unspoken factor on reopening the economy: Politics. Kumar. Anita. April 18, 2020. Politico. July 10, 2020.
455. News: Danner. Chas. 99 Days Later, Trump Finally Wears a Face Mask in Public. July 12, 2020. New York. July 11, 2020.
456. News: Trump's dumbfounding refusal to encourage wearing masks. Blake. Aaron. June 25, 2020. The Washington Post. July 10, 2020.
457. News: Trump says U.S. would have half the number of coronavirus cases if it did half the testing. Higgins-Dunn. Noah. July 14, 2020. CNBC. August 26, 2020.
458. News: Trump is right that with lower testing, we record fewer cases. That's already happening.. Bump. Philip. July 23, 2020. The Washington Post. August 26, 2020.
459. News: CDC quietly revises coronavirus guidance to downplay importance of testing for asymptomatic people. Feuer. Will. August 26, 2020. CNBC. August 26, 2020.
460. News: The C.D.C. changes testing guidelines to exclude those exposed to virus who don't exhibit symptoms.. August 26, 2020. The New York Times. August 26, 2020.
461. News: CDC was pressured 'from the top down' to change coronavirus testing guidance, official says. August 26, 2020. CNN. Nick. Valencia. Sara. Murray. Sara Murray (journalist). Kristen. Holmes. August 26, 2020.
462. News: Controversial coronavirus testing guidance came from HHS and didn't go through CDC scientific review, sources say. September 18, 2020. CNN. Jamie. Gumbrecht. Sanjay. Gupta. Sanjay Gupta. Nick. Valencia. September 18, 2020.
463. News: Blake. Aaron. President Trump, coronavirus truther. July 11, 2020. The Washington Post. July 6, 2020.
464. News: Trump Falsely Claims '99 Percent' of Virus Cases Are 'Totally Harmless'. The New York Times. July 5, 2020. October 7, 2021. Roni Caryn. Rabin. Chris. Cameron.
465. News: Trump Pledges To 'Pressure' Governors To Reopen Schools Despite Health Concerns. Sprunt. Barbara. July 7, 2020. NPR. July 10, 2020.
466. News: FDA pulls emergency approval for antimalarial drugs touted by Trump as covid-19 treatment. The Washington Post. June 15, 2020. October 7, 2021. Laurie. McGinley. Carolyn Y.. Johnson.
467. News: Trump Pressed for Plasma Therapy. Officials Worry, Is an Unvetted Vaccine Next?. September 12, 2020. The New York Times. Sharon. LaFraniere. Sharon LaFraniere. Noah. Weiland. Michael D.. Shear. Michael D. Shear. September 13, 2020.
468. News: Trump officials interfered with CDC reports on Covid-19. Diamond. Dan. September 11, 2020. Politico. September 14, 2020.
469. News: Trump officials seek greater control over CDC reports on coronavirus. Sun. Lena H.. September 12, 2020. The Washington Post. September 14, 2020.
470. News: Laurie. McGinley. Carolyn Y.. Johnson. Josh. Dawsey. Josh Dawsey. Trump without evidence accuses 'deep state' at FDA of slow-walking coronavirus vaccines and treatments. August 22, 2020. October 7, 2021. The Washington Post.
471. News: Liptak. Kevin. Klein. Betsy. October 5, 2020. A timeline of Trump and those in his orbit during a week of coronavirus developments. October 3, 2020. CNN.
472. News: Olorunnipa. Toluse. Toluse Olorunnipa. Dawsey. Josh. Josh Dawsey. Trump returns to White House, downplaying virus that hospitalized him and turned West Wing into a 'ghost town'. October 5, 2020. The Washington Post. October 5, 2020.
473. News: Weiland. Noah. Haberman. Maggie. Mazzetti. Mark. Karni. Annie . Maggie Haberman . Mark Mazzetti . Annie Karni. February 11, 2021. Trump Was Sicker Than Acknowledged With Covid-19. The New York Times. February 16, 2021.
474. News: Warning signs flash for Trump in Wisconsin as pandemic response fuels disapproval. July 5, 2020. NBC News. Adam. Edelman. September 14, 2020.
475. News: Strauss. Daniel. Biden aims to make election about Covid-19 as Trump steers focus elsewhere. September 7, 2020. The Guardian. November 4, 2021.
476. News: Deep skepticism for Trump's coronavirus response endures: POLL. September 13, 2020. ABC News. Kendall. Karson. September 14, 2020.
477. News: Fact Check: Is U.S. 'Rounding the Turn' On COVID, as Trump Claims?. October 26, 2020. Newsweek. Matthew. Impelli. October 31, 2020.
478. News: U.S. reports world record of more than 100,000 COVID-19 cases in single day. October 31, 2020. Reuters. Anurag. Maan. October 31, 2020.
479. News: Woodward. Calvin. Pace. Julie. Scope of investigations into Trump has shaped his presidency. December 19, 2018. AP News. December 16, 2018.
480. News: Buchanan. Larry. Yourish. Karen. Tracking 30 Investigations Related to Trump. October 4, 2020. The New York Times. September 25, 2019.
481. News: April 22, 2019. Fahrenthold. David A.. David Fahrenthold. Bade. Rachael. Wagner. John. Trump sues in bid to block congressional subpoena of financial records. The Washington Post. May 1, 2019.
482. News: Accountants Must Turn Over Trump's Financial Records, Lower-Court Judge Rules. Charlie. Savage. Charlie Savage (author). May 20, 2019. September 30, 2021. The New York Times.
483. News: Judge rejects Trump's request to halt congressional subpoenas for his banking records. The Washington Post. May 22, 2019. September 30, 2021. Renae. Merle. Michael. Kranish. Michael Kranish. Felicia. Sonmez. Felicia Sonmez.
484. News: Trump's Financial Secrets Move Closer to Disclosure. Emily. Flitter. Jesse. McKinley. David. Enrich. David Enrich. Nicholas. Fandos. Nicholas Fandos. May 22, 2019. September 30, 2021. The New York Times.
485. News: Donald Trump's Subpoena Appeals Now Head to Merrick Garland's Court. May 21, 2019. August 24, 2021. Newsweek. Alexandra. Hutzler.
486. News: Broadwater. Luke. Trump's Former Accounting Firm Begins Turning Over Documents to Congress. The New York Times. September 17, 2022 . January 28, 2023.
487. News: Trump Misleads on Russian Meddling: Why 17 Intelligence Agencies Don't Need to Agree. Rosenberg. Matthew. Matthew Rosenberg. July 6, 2017. October 7, 2021. The New York Times.
488. News: Sanger. David E.. David E. Sanger. Putin Ordered 'Influence Campaign' Aimed at U.S. Election, Report Says. The New York Times. January 6, 2017 . October 4, 2021.
489. News: It's Official: The FBI Is Investigating Trump's Links to Russia. Berman. Russell. March 20, 2017. The Atlantic. June 7, 2017.
490. News: Harding. Luke. How Trump walked into Putin's web. The Guardian. November 15, 2017. May 22, 2019.
491. News: Trump's relationship with Russia – what we know and what comes next. McCarthy. Tom. December 13, 2016. The Guardian. March 11, 2017.
492. News: The web of relationships between Team Trump and Russia. Bump. Philip. March 3, 2017. The Washington Post. March 11, 2017.
493. News: Donald Trump's Many, Many, Many, Many Ties to Russia. Nesbit. Jeff. August 2, 2016. Time. February 28, 2017.
494. News: Paul Manafort's complicated ties to Ukraine, explained. Phillips. Amber. August 19, 2016. The Washington Post. June 14, 2017.
495. News: We Still Don't Know What Happened Between Trump and Russia. The Atlantic. November 15, 2019. October 7, 2021. David A.. Graham.
496. News: Exclusive: Trump campaign had at least 18 undisclosed contacts with Russians: sources. Parker. Ned. Landay. Jonathan. Strobel. Warren. May 18, 2017. May 19, 2017. Reuters.
497. News: Flynn resigns amid controversy over Russia contacts. Murray. Sara. Sara Murray (journalist). Borger. Gloria. Gloria Borger. Diamond. Jeremy. Jeremy Diamond (journalist). February 14, 2017. March 2, 2017. CNN.
498. News: Trump told Russian officials in 2017 he wasn't concerned about Moscow's interference in U.S. election. The Washington Post. September 27, 2019. October 8, 2021. Shane. Harris. Shane Harris. Josh. Dawsey. Josh Dawsey. Ellen. Nakashima. Ellen Nakashima.
499. News: Charges of Ukrainian Meddling? A Russian Operation, U.S. Intelligence Says. Julian E.. Barnes. Matthew. Rosenberg. Matthew Rosenberg. November 22, 2019. October 8, 2021. The New York Times.
500. News: Apuzzo . Matt . Matt Apuzzo . Goldman . Adam . Adam Goldman . Fandos . Nicholas . Nicholas Fandos . May 16, 2018 . Code Name Crossfire Hurricane: The Secret Origins of the Trump Investigation . subscription . December 21, 2023 . The New York Times.
501. News: NBC News. FBI agent who helped launch Russia investigation says Trump was 'compromised'. December 21, 2023. Ken. Dilanian. September 7, 2020.
502. News: Crossfire Hurricane: Trump Russia investigation started with Alexander Downer interview. Nine News. Nick. Pearson. May 17, 2018. December 21, 2023.
503. News: Schmidt . Michael S. . Michael S. Schmidt . August 30, 2020 . Justice Dept. Never Fully Examined Trump's Ties to Russia, Ex-Officials Say . subscription . October 8, 2021 . The New York Times.
504. News: Rosenstein to testify in Senate on Trump-Russia probe. Reuters. May 27, 2020. October 19, 2021.
505. News: Trump Is Officially under Investigation. How Did We Get Here?. The Washington Post. Vitkovskaya. Julie. June 16, 2017. June 16, 2017.
506. News: Joshua. Keating. Joshua Keating. It's Not Just a "Russia" Investigation Anymore. Slate. March 8, 2018. October 8, 2021.
507. News: Haberman. Maggie. Maggie Haberman. Schmidt. Michael S.. Michael S. Schmidt. Trump Sought to Fire Mueller in December. The New York Times. April 10, 2018. October 8, 2021.
508. News: Mueller probe ends: Special counsel submits Russia report to Attorney General William Barr. Breuninger. Kevin. March 22, 2019. CNBC. March 22, 2019.
509. News: Mueller complained that Barr's letter did not capture 'context' of Trump probe. Devlin. Barrett. Matt. Zapotosky. April 30, 2019. The Washington Post. May 30, 2019.
510. News: Judge cites Barr's 'misleading' statements in ordering review of Mueller report redactions. The Washington Post. Spencer S.. Hsu. Devlin. Barrett. March 5, 2020. October 8, 2021.
511. News: Judge Calls Barr's Handling of Mueller Report 'Distorted' and 'Misleading'. Charlie. Savage. Charlie Savage (author). The New York Times. March 5, 2020. October 8, 2021.
512. News: Hope. Yen. Calvin. Woodward. AP FACT CHECK: Trump falsely claims Mueller exonerated him. July 24, 2019. October 8, 2021. AP News.
513. News: Main points of Mueller report. January 16, 2012 . Agence France-Presse. April 20, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190420143436/https://www.afp.com/en/news/15/main-points-mueller-report-doc-1fr5vv1. April 20, 2019.
514. News: Ostriker. Rebecca. Puzzanghera. Jim. Finucane. Martin. Datar. Saurabh. Uraizee. Irfan. Garvin. Patrick. What the Mueller report says about Trump and more. The Boston Globe. April 18, 2019. April 22, 2019.
515. News: Law. Tara. Here Are the Biggest Takeaways From the Mueller Report. April 18, 2019. Time. April 22, 2019.
516. News: Lynch. Sarah N.. Sullivan. Andy. April 18, 2018. In unflattering detail, Mueller report reveals Trump actions to impede inquiry. Reuters. July 10, 2022.
517. News: The New York Times. July 24, 2019. Mark. Mazzetti. Mark Mazzetti. Mueller Warns of Russian Sabotage and Rejects Trump's 'Witch Hunt' Claims. March 4, 2020.
518. News: The Washington Post. May 30, 2019. Bump. Philip. Trump briefly acknowledges that Russia aided his election – and falsely says he didn't help the effort. March 5, 2020.
519. News: Polantz. Katelyn. Kaufman. Ellie. Murray. Sara. Mueller raised possibility Trump lied to him, newly unsealed report reveals. CNN. June 19, 2020. October 30, 2022.
520. News: Barrett. Devlin. Zapotosky. Matt. Mueller report lays out obstruction evidence against the president. The Washington Post. April 17, 2019. April 20, 2019.
521. News: What the Mueller Report Says About Obstruction. Farley. Robert. Robertson. Lori. Gore. D'Angelo. Spencer. Saranac Hale. Fichera. Angelo. McDonald. Jessica. April 18, 2019. FactCheck.org. April 22, 2019.
522. News: Mascaro. Lisa. Mueller drops obstruction dilemma on Congress. AP News. April 18, 2019. April 20, 2019.
523. News: Mueller: If it were clear president committed no crime, "we would have said so". Segers. Grace. May 29, 2019. CBS News. June 2, 2019.
524. News: Why Democrats sidelined Mueller in impeachment articles. Kyle. Cheney. Heather. Caygle. John. Bresnahan. Politico. December 10, 2019. October 8, 2021.
525. News: Democrats ditch 'bribery' and Mueller in Trump impeachment articles. But is that the smart play?. Aaron. Blake. December 10, 2019. October 8, 2021. The Washington Post.
526. News: Manafort convicted on 8 counts; mistrial declared on 10 others. Zapotosky. Matt. Bui. Lynh. Jackman. Tom. Barrett. Devlin. August 21, 2018. The Washington Post. August 21, 2018.
527. News: Mangan. Dan. Trump and Giuliani are right that 'collusion is not a crime.' But that doesn't matter for Mueller's probe. CNBC. July 30, 2018. October 8, 2021.
528. News: Mueller investigation: No jail time sought for Trump ex-adviser Michael Flynn. BBC. December 5, 2018. October 8, 2021.
529. News: Michael Cohen, Trump's former lawyer, pleads guilty to lying to Congress about Moscow project. November 29, 2018. The Washington Post. Devlin. Barrett. Matt. Zapotosky. Rosalind S.. Helderman. Rosalind S. Helderman. December 12, 2018.
530. News: Rachel. Weiner. Matt. Zapotosky. Tom. Jackman. Devlin. Barrett. Roger Stone sentenced to three years and four months in prison, as Trump predicts 'exoneration' for his friend. The Washington Post. February 20, 2020. March 3, 2020.
531. News: Bump. Philip. Trump wanted Russia's main geopolitical adversary to help undermine the Russian interference story. October 1, 2019. The Washington Post. September 25, 2019.
532. News: Cohen. Marshall. Polantz. Katelyn. Shortell. David. Kupperman. Tammy. Callahan. Michael. Whistleblower says White House tried to cover up Trump's abuse of power. CNN. September 26, 2019. October 4, 2022.
533. News: The New York Times. September 24, 2019. October 8, 2021. Nicholas. Fandos. Nicholas Fandos. Nancy Pelosi Announces Formal Impeachment Inquiry of Trump.
534. News: Forgey. Quint. Trump changes story on withholding Ukraine aid. October 1, 2019. Politico. September 24, 2019.
535. News: David A.. Graham. July 7, 2021. Trump's Incriminating Conversation With the Ukrainian President. September 25, 2019. The Atlantic.
536. News: Santucci. John. Mallin. Alexander. Thomas. Pierre. Pierre Thomas (journalist). Faulders. Katherine. Trump urged Ukraine to work with Barr and Giuliani to probe Biden: Call transcript. October 1, 2019. ABC News. September 25, 2019.
537. News: Document: Read the Whistle-Blower Complaint. September 24, 2019. The New York Times. October 2, 2019.
538. News: Ukraine Envoy Testifies Trump Linked Military Aid to Investigations, Lawmaker Says. Shear. Michael D.. Michael D. Shear. Fandos. Nicholas. Nicholas Fandos. October 22, 2019. The New York Times. October 22, 2019.
539. News: 6 Key Revelations of Taylor's Opening Statement to Impeachment Investigators. LaFraniere. Sharon. Sharon LaFraniere. October 22, 2019. The New York Times. October 23, 2019.
540. News: House Judiciary Committee passes articles of impeachment against President Trump. Siegel. Benjamin. Faulders. Katherine. Pecorin. Allison. December 13, 2019. ABC News. December 13, 2019.
541. News: Gregorian. Dareh. Trump impeached by the House for abuse of power, obstruction of Congress. December 18, 2019. NBC News. December 18, 2019.
542. News: Democrats detail abuse-of-power charge against Trump as Republicans complain of repetitive arguments. January 23, 2020. The Washington Post. January 27, 2020. Seung Min. Kim. Seung Min Kim. John. Wagner. Karoun. Demirjian. Karoun Demirjian.
543. News: The New York Times. January 18, 2020. Michael D.. Shear. Michael D. Shear. Nicholas. Fandos. Nicholas Fandos. Trump's Defense Team Calls Impeachment Charges 'Brazen' as Democrats Make Legal Case. January 30, 2020.
544. News: Herb. Jeremy. Mattingly. Phil. Raju. Manu. Manu Raju. Fox. Lauren. Senate impeachment trial: Wednesday acquittal vote scheduled after effort to have witnesses fails. February 2, 2020. CNN. January 31, 2020.
545. News: Bookbinder. Noah. The Senate has conducted 15 impeachment trials. It heard witnesses in every one.. The Washington Post. January 9, 2020. February 8, 2020.
546. News: CNBC. February 5, 2020. Trump acquitted of both charges in Senate impeachment trial. Wilkie. Christina. Breuninger. Kevin. February 2, 2021.
547. News: The New York Times. February 22, 2020. Peter. Baker. Peter Baker (journalist). Trump's Efforts to Remove the Disloyal Heightens Unease Across His Administration. February 22, 2020.
548. News: Trump breaks precedent, files as candidate for re-election on first day. KTVK. Lee. Morehouse. January 31, 2017. February 19, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170202210255/http://www.azfamily.com/story/34380443/trump-breaks-precedent-files-on-first-day-as-candidate-for-re-election. February 2, 2017.
549. News: Trump Kicks Off His 2020 Reelection Campaign on Saturday. Graham. David A.. The Atlantic. February 15, 2017. February 19, 2017.
550. News: Martin. Jonathan. Jonathan Martin (journalist). Burns. Alexander. Alex Burns (journalist). Karni. Annie. Annie Karni. Nominating Trump, Republicans Rewrite His Record. The New York Times. August 24, 2020. August 25, 2020.
551. News: Donald Trump's campaign cash machine: big, brawny and burning money. Center for Public Integrity. February 1, 2019. October 8, 2021. Ashley. Balcerzak. Dave. Levinthal. Carrie. Levine. Sarah. Kleiner. Lateshia. Beachum.
552. News: How Trump's Billion-Dollar Campaign Lost Its Cash Advantage. The New York Times. September 7, 2020. October 8, 2021. Shane. Goldmacher. Maggie. Haberman. Maggie Haberman.
553. News: Misyrlena. Egkolfopoulou. Bill. Allison. Gregory. Korte. Trump Campaign Slashes Ad Spending in Key States in Cash Crunch. Bloomberg News. September 14, 2020. October 8, 2021.
554. News: As Trump Pushes into Portland, His Campaign Ads Turn Darker. July 21, 2020. The New York Times. Maggie. Haberman. Maggie Haberman. Nick. Corasaniti. Annie. Karni. Annie Karni. July 25, 2020.
555. News: Philip. Bump. Nearly every claim Trump made about Biden's positions was false. The Washington Post. August 28, 2020. October 9, 2021.
556. News: Daniel. Dale. Daniel Dale. Tara. Subramaniam. Holmes. Lybrand. Fact check: Trump makes more false claims about Biden and protests. CNN. August 31, 2020. October 9, 2021.
557. News: Hopkins. Dan. Why Trump's Racist Appeals Might Be Less Effective In 2020 Than They Were In 2016. FiveThirtyEight. August 27, 2020 . May 28, 2021.
558. News: Trump aides exploring executive actions to curb voting by mail. Kumar. Anita. August 8, 2020. Politico. August 15, 2020.
559. News: Trump Is Pushing a False Argument on Vote-by-Mail Fraud. Here Are the Facts.. Stephanie. Saul. Stephanie Saul. Reid J.. Epstein. August 31, 2020. October 8, 2021. The New York Times.
560. News: Trump says Postal Service needs money for mail-in voting, but he'll keep blocking funding. Bogage. Jacob. August 12, 2020. The Washington Post. August 14, 2020.
561. News: Trump declines to say whether he will accept November election results. Sonmez. Felicia. Felicia Sonmez. July 19, 2020. October 8, 2021. The Washington Post.
562. News: Ryan. Browne. Barbara. Starr. Barbara Starr. As Trump refuses to commit to a peaceful transition, Pentagon stresses it will play no role in the election. CNN. September 25, 2020. October 8, 2021.
563. News: Presidential Election Results: Biden Wins. The New York Times. December 11, 2020. December 11, 2020.
564. News: 2020 US Presidential Election Results: Live Map. ABC News. December 10, 2020. December 11, 2020.
565. News: The New York Times. December 14, 2020. October 9, 2021. Josh. Holder. Trip. Gabriel. Trip Gabriel. Isabella Grullón. Paz. Biden's 306 Electoral College Votes Make His Victory Official.
566. News: With results from key states unclear, Trump declares victory. November 10, 2020. Reuters. November 4, 2020.
567. News: Trump revives baseless claims of election fraud after Biden wins presidential race. King. Ledyard. November 7, 2020. USA Today. November 7, 2020.
568. News: 'The last wall': How dozens of judges across the political spectrum rejected Trump's efforts to overturn the election. December 12, 2020. October 9, 2021. Rosalind S.. Helderman. Rosalind S. Helderman. Elise. Viebeck. The Washington Post.
569. News: Aaron. Blake. The most remarkable rebukes of Trump's legal case: From the judges he hand-picked. December 14, 2020. October 9, 2021. The Washington Post.
570. News: Woodward. Calvin. AP Fact Check: Trump conclusively lost, denies the evidence. November 17, 2020. AP News. November 16, 2020.
571. News: November 18, 2020. Trump fires election security official who contradicted him. BBC News. November 18, 2020.
572. News: Supreme Court Rejects Texas Suit Seeking to Subvert Election. Adam. Liptak. Adam Liptak. December 11, 2020. October 9, 2021. The New York Times.
573. News: The Guardian. November 21, 2020. October 9, 2021. David. Smith. Trump's monumental sulk: president retreats from public eye as Covid ravages US.
574. News: Lamire. Jonathan. Miller. Zeke. Refusing to concede, Trump blocks cooperation on transition. AP News. November 10, 2020. November 9, 2020.
575. News: Timm. Jane C.. Smith. Allan. Trump is stonewalling Biden's transition. Here's why it matters.. NBC News. November 14, 2020. November 26, 2020.
576. News: Rein. Lisa. Under pressure, Trump appointee Emily Murphy approves transition in unusually personal letter to Biden. The Washington Post. November 23, 2020. November 24, 2020.
577. News: Naylor. Brian. Wise. Alana. President-Elect Biden To Begin Formal Transition Process After Agency OK. NPR. November 23, 2020. December 11, 2020.
578. News: Ordoñez. Franco. Rampton. Roberta. Trump Is In No Mood To Concede, But Says Will Leave White House. NPR. November 26, 2020. December 11, 2020.
579. News: Gardner. Amy. 'I just want to find 11,780 votes': In extraordinary hour-long call, Trump pressures Georgia secretary of state to recalculate the vote in his favor. The Washington Post. January 20, 2021. January 3, 2021.
580. News: Kumar. Anita. Orr. Gabby. McGraw. Meridith. Inside Trump's pressure campaign to overturn the election. December 22, 2020. Politico. December 21, 2020.
581. News: Cohen. Marshall. Timeline of the coup: How Trump tried to weaponize the Justice Department to overturn the 2020 election. November 6, 2021. CNN. November 5, 2021.
582. News: Haberman. Maggie. Maggie Haberman. Karni. Annie. Pence Said to Have Told Trump He Lacks Power to Change Election Result. January 7, 2021. January 5, 2021. The New York Times.
583. News: Fausset. Richard. Hakim. Danny. Georgia Prosecutors Open Criminal Inquiry Into Trump's Efforts to Subvert Election. February 10, 2021 . February 11, 2021. The New York Times.
584. News: Haberman. Maggie. Maggie Haberman. Trump Departs Vowing, 'We Will Be Back in Some Form'. The New York Times. January 20, 2021. January 25, 2021.
585. News: Arkin. William M.. Exclusive: Donald Trump's martial-law talk has military on red alert. December 24, 2020 . September 15, 2021. Newsweek.
586. News: Gangel. Jamie. Herb. Jeremy. Cohen. Marshall. Stuart. Elizabeth. Starr. Barbara. Barbara Starr. 'They're not going to f**king succeed': Top generals feared Trump would attempt a coup after election, according to new book. July 14, 2021 . September 15, 2021. CNN.
587. News: Breuninger. Kevin. July 15, 2021. Top U.S. Gen. Mark Milley feared Trump would attempt a coup after his loss to Biden, new book says. September 15, 2021. CNBC.
588. News: Gangel. Jamie. Herb. Jeremy. Stuart. Elizabeth. Woodward/Costa book: Worried Trump could 'go rogue,' Milley took top-secret action to protect nuclear weapons. CNN. September 14, 2021 . September 15, 2021.
589. News: Schmidt. Michael S.. September 14, 2021. Fears That Trump Might Launch a Strike Prompted General to Reassure China, Book Says. . September 15, 2021.
590. News: Incitement to Riot? What Trump Told Supporters Before Mob Stormed Capitol. Charlie. Savage. Charlie Savage (author). January 10, 2021. January 11, 2021. The New York Times.
591. News: Donald Trump Speech 'Save America' Rally Transcript January 6. January 6, 2021. January 8, 2021. Rev.
592. News: Tan. Shelley. Shin. Youjin. Rindler. Danielle. How one of America's ugliest days unraveled inside and outside the Capitol. The Washington Post. January 9, 2021 . May 2, 2021.
593. Web site: Panetta. Grace. Lahut. Jake. Zavarise. Isabella. Frias. Lauren. A timeline of what Trump was doing as his MAGA mob attacked the US Capitol on Jan. 6. Business Insider. December 21, 2022. June 1, 2023.
594. Web site: Congress confirms Biden's win after pro-Trump mob's assault on Capitol. Dareh. Gregorian. Ginger. Gibson. Sahil. Kapur. Phil. Helsel. January 6, 2021 . January 8, 2021. NBC News.
595. Web site: Rubin. Olivia. Mallin. Alexander. Steakin. Will. By the numbers: How the Jan. 6 investigation is shaping up 1 year later. ABC News. June 4, 2023. January 4, 2022.
596. Web site: Cameron. Chris. These Are the People Who Died in Connection With the Capitol Riot. The New York Times. January 5, 2022. January 29, 2022.
597. News: Terkel. Amanda. Trump says he would pardon a 'large portion' of Jan. 6 rioters. NBC. May 11, 2023. June 3, 2023.
598. News: Impeachment Resolution Cites Trump's 'Incitement' of Capitol Insurrection. Brian. Naylor. NPR. January 11, 2021. January 11, 2021.
599. News: Fandos. Nicholas. Nicholas Fandos. Trump Impeached for Inciting Insurrection. The New York Times. January 14, 2021. January 13, 2021.
600. News: Trump's second impeachment is the most bipartisan one in history. Blake. Aaron. January 13, 2021. The Washington Post. January 19, 2021.
601. News: Levine. Sam. Gambino. Lauren. February 13, 2021. Donald Trump acquitted in impeachment trial. The Guardian. February 13, 2021.
602. News: Fandos. Nicholas. Nicholas Fandos. February 13, 2021. Trump Acquitted of Inciting Insurrection, Even as Bipartisan Majority Votes 'Guilty'. The New York Times. February 14, 2021.
603. News: Watson. Kathryn. Quinn. Melissa. Segers. Grace. Becket. Stefan. February 10, 2021. Senate finds Trump impeachment trial constitutional on first day of proceedings. CBS News. February 18, 2021.
604. Web site: Spencer. Terry. Palm Beach considers options as Trump remains at Mar-a-Lago. AP News. January 28, 2021 . February 2, 2021.
605. Web site: Wolfe. Jan. Explainer: Why Trump's post-presidency perks, like a pension and office, are safe for the rest of his life. Reuters. January 27, 2021 . February 2, 2021.
606. Web site: Quinn. Melissa. Trump opens 'Office of the Former President' in Florida. CBS News. January 27, 2021 . February 2, 2021.
607. Web site: Solender. Andrew. Trump Says He'll Appropriate 'The Big Lie' To Refer To His Election Loss. Forbes. May 3, 2021 . October 10, 2021.
608. Web site: Wolf. Zachary B.. The 5 key elements of Trump's Big Lie and how it came to be. CNN. May 19, 2021 . October 10, 2021.
609. News: Balz. Dan. The GOP push to revisit 2020 has worrisome implications for future elections. The Washington Post. May 29, 2021 . June 18, 2021.
610. Web site: Trump Recently Urged a Powerful Legislator to Overturn His 2020 Defeat in Wisconsin. Bender. Michael C.. Michael C. Bender. Epstein. Reid J.. July 20, 2022. The New York Times. August 13, 2022.
611. Web site: Goldmacher. Shane. Mar-a-Lago Machine: Trump as a Modern-Day Party Boss. July 31, 2022. The New York Times. April 17, 2022.
612. Web site: Paybarah. Azi. Where Trump's Endorsement Record Stands Halfway through Primary Season. The New York Times. August 2, 2022. August 3, 2022.
613. Web site: Castleman. Terry. Mason. Melanie. Tracking Trump's endorsement record in the 2022 primary elections. Los Angeles Times. August 5, 2022. August 6, 2022.
614. Web site: Lyons . Kim. SEC investigating Trump SPAC deal to take his social media platform public . . December 6, 2021 . December 30, 2021.
615. Web site: Trump Media & Technology Group Corp . . December 30, 2021.
616. News: Harwell . Drew. Trump Media soars in first day of public tradings. . March 26, 2024 . March 28, 2024.
617. Web site: Bhuyian. Johana. February 21, 2022. Donald Trump's social media app launches on Apple store. May 7, 2023. The Guardian.
618. Web site: Lowell. Hugo. March 15, 2023. Federal investigators examined Trump Media for possible money laundering, sources say. The Guardian. April 5, 2023.
619. Web site: Durkee . Alison . Trump's Media Company Reportedly Under Federal Investigation For Money Laundering Linked To Russia . March 15, 2023 . March 15, 2023 . Forbes.
620. News: Roebuck. Jeremy. Donald Trump conviction: Will he go to prison? Can he still run for president? What happens now?. Philadelphia Inquirer. May 30, 2024. June 1, 2024.
621. News: Sisak. Michael R.. Trump Investigations. AP News. May 30, 2024. June 1, 2024.
622. Web site: Keeping Track of the Trump Criminal Cases. The New York Times. May 30, 2024. June 1, 2024.
623. Web site: Lybrand. Holmes. Cohen. Marshall. Rabinowitz. Hannah. Timeline: The Justice Department criminal inquiry into Trump taking classified documents to Mar-a-Lago. CNN. August 12, 2022. August 14, 2022.
624. Web site: Montague. Zach. McCarthy. Lauren. The Timeline Related to the F.B.I.'s Search of Mar-a-Lago. August 9, 2022. The New York Times. August 14, 2022.
625. Web site: Trump Lawyer Told Justice Dept. That Classified Material Had Been Returned. Haberman. Maggie. Thrush. Glenn. August 13, 2022. The New York Times. August 14, 2022.
626. News: Barrett. Devlin. Dawsey. Josh. Stein. Perry. Harris. Shane. FBI searched Trump's home to look for nuclear documents and other items, sources say. The Washington Post. August 12, 2022 . August 12, 2022.
627. Web site: Swan. Betsy. Cheney. Kyle. Wu. Nicholas. FBI search warrant shows Trump under investigation for potential obstruction of justice, Espionage Act violations. Politico. August 12, 2022. August 12, 2022.
628. News: Barrett. Devlin. Dawsey. Josh. Agents at Trump's Mar-a-Lago seized 11 sets of classified documents, court filing shows. The Washington Post. August 12, 2022. August 12, 2022.
629. Web site: Haberman. Maggie. Thrush. Glenn. Savage. Charlie. Charlie Savage (author). Files Seized From Trump Are Part of Espionage Act Inquiry. August 12, 2022. The New York Times. August 13, 2022.
630. Web site: Thrush. Glenn. Savage. Charlie. Charlie Savage (author). Haberman. Maggie. Feuer. Alan. Garland Names Special Counsel for Trump Inquiries. November 18, 2022. The New York Times. November 19, 2022.
631. Web site: Tucker. Eric. Balsamo. Michael. Garland names special counsel to lead Trump-related probes. November 18, 2022. AP News. November 19, 2022.
632. Web site: Alan. Feuer. It's Unclear Whether the Justice Dept. Will Take Up the Jan. 6 Panel's Charges. The New York Times. December 19, 2022. March 25, 2023.
633. News: Barrett. Devlin. Dawsey. Josh. Josh Dawsey. Stein. Perry. Alemany. Jacqueline. Jacqueline Alemany. Trump Put National Secrets at Risk, Prosecutors Say in Historic Indictment. The Washington Post. June 9, 2023. June 10, 2023.
634. Web site: Greve. Joan E.. Lowell. Hugo. Trump pleads not guilty to 37 federal criminal counts in Mar-a-Lago case. The Guardian. June 14, 2023. June 14, 2023.
635. News: 5 revelations from new Trump charges . Zach . Schonfeld . August 4, 2023 . The Hill. July 28, 2023 .
636. News: A Trump-Appointed Judge Who Showed Him Favor Gets the Documents Case. The New York Times. June 9, 2023 . Charlie . Savage.
637. News: Tucker. Eric. Federal judge dismisses Trump classified documents case over concerns with prosecutor's appointment. AP News. July 15, 2024. July 15, 2024.
638. News: Mallin. Alexander. Special counsel files notice of appeal in Trump's classified documents case. ABC News. July 17, 2024. July 17, 2024.
639. News: Barrett. Devlin. Hsu. Spencer S.. Stein. Perry. Dawsey. Josh. Alemany. Jacqueline. Trump charged in probe of Jan. 6, efforts to overturn 2020 election. The Washington Post. August 2, 2023. August 2, 2023.
640. Web site: Sneed. Tierney. Rabinowitz. Hannah. Polantz. Katelyn. Lybrand. Holmes. Donald Trump pleads not guilty to January 6-related charges. CNN. August 3, 2023. August 3, 2023.
641. News: Lowell. Hugo. Wicker. Jewel. Donald Trump and allies indicted in Georgia over bid to reverse 2020 election loss. The Guardian. August 15, 2023. December 22, 2023.
642. News: Drenon. Brandon. What are the charges in Trump's Georgia indictment?. BBC News. August 25, 2023. December 22, 2023.
643. Web site: Pereira. Ivan. Barr. Luke. Trump mug shot released by Fulton County Sheriff's Office. ABC News. August 25, 2023. August 25, 2023.
644. Web site: Rabinowitz. Hannah. Trump pleads not guilty in Georgia election subversion case. CNN. August 31, 2023. August 31, 2023.
645. News: Bailey. Holly. Georgia judge dismisses six charges in Trump election interference case. March 13, 2024. March 14, 2024. The Washington Post.
646. Web site: Protess. Ben. Rashbaum. William K.. Bromwich. Jonah E.. July 1, 2021. Trump Organization Is Charged in 15-Year Tax Scheme. . July 1, 2021.
647. Web site: Anuta. Joe. Ex-Trump Org. CFO Allen Weisselberg sentenced to 5 months in jail for tax fraud. Politico. January 10, 2023. May 7, 2023.
648. Web site: Trump Organization found guilty on all counts of criminal tax fraud. CNN. December 6, 2022. Kara Scannell and Lauren del Valle.
649. Web site: Janaki Chadha. Trump Org. fined $1.6 million for criminal tax fraud . Politico. January 12, 2023.
650. News: Ellison. Sarah. Sarah Ellison. Farhi. Paul. Publisher of the National Enquirer admits to hush-money payments made on Trump's behalf. The Washington Post. December 12, 2018. January 17, 2021.
651. News: How the campaign finance charges against Michael Cohen implicate Trump. The Washington Post. Philip. Bump. August 21, 2018. July 25, 2019.
652. Web site: Cohen pleads guilty, implicates Trump in hush-money scheme. Neumeister. Larry. Hays. Tom. August 22, 2018. October 7, 2021. AP News.
653. Web site: White House on Stormy Daniels: Trump 'denied all these allegations'. Nelson. Louis. March 7, 2018. Politico. March 16, 2018.
654. Web site: Trump insists he learned of Michael Cohen payments 'later on', in 'Fox & Friends' exclusive. Singman. Brooke. August 23, 2018. Fox News. August 22, 2018.
655. News: Court filings directly implicate Trump in efforts to buy women's silence, reveal new contact between inner circle and Russian. The Washington Post. Barrett. Devlin. Zapotosky. Matt. December 7, 2018. December 7, 2018.
656. Web site: FBI documents point to Trump role in hush money for porn star Daniels. Allen. Jonathan. Stempel. Jonathan. Reuters. July 18, 2019. July 22, 2019.
657. Web site: Records detail frenetic effort to bury stories about Trump. Mustian. Jim. AP News. July 19, 2019. July 22, 2019.
658. Web site: AP News. July 19, 2019. October 7, 2021. Jim. Mustian. Why no hush-money charges against Trump? Feds are silent.
659. Web site: Harding. Luke. Holpuch. Amanda. May 19, 2021. New York attorney general opens criminal investigation into Trump Organization. . May 19, 2021.
660. Web site: Manhattan D.A. Subpoenas Trump Organization Over Stormy Daniels Hush Money. Ben. Protess. William K.. Rashbaum. The New York Times. August 1, 2019. August 2, 2019.
661. Web site: The New York Times. September 16, 2019. William K.. Rashbaum. Ben. Protess. 8 Years of Trump Tax Returns Are Subpoenaed by Manhattan D.A.. October 7, 2021.
662. News: Barrett. Devlin. Jurors must be unanimous to convict Trump, can disagree on underlying crimes. The Washington Post. May 29, 2024. June 15, 2024.
663. Web site: Scannell. Kara. Miller. John. Herb. Jeremy. Cole. Devan. Donald Trump indicted by Manhattan grand jury on 34 counts related to fraud. CNN. March 31, 2023. April 1, 2023.
664. News: Marimow. Ann E.. Here are the 34 charges against Trump and what they mean. The Washington Post. April 4, 2023. April 5, 2023.
665. News: Reiss. Adam. Grumbach. Gary. Gregorian. Dareh. Winter. Tom. Frankel. Jillian. Donald Trump found guilty in historic New York hush money case . NBC News. May 30, 2024. May 31, 2024.
666. News: Protess. Ben. Rashbaum. William K.. Christobek. Kate. Parnell. Wesley. Judge Delays Trump's Sentencing Until Sept. 18 After Immunity Claim. The New York Times. July 3, 2024. July 13, 2024.
667. Web site: Scannell. Kara. New York attorney general files civil fraud lawsuit against Trump, some of his children and his business. September 21, 2022. CNN. September 21, 2022.
668. News: ABC News. Katersky. Aaron. Court upholds fine imposed on Trump over his failure to comply with subpoena. February 14, 2023. April 8, 2024.
669. Web site: Bromwich. Jonah E.. Protess. Ben. Rashbaum. William K.. August 10, 2022. Trump Invokes Fifth Amendment, Attacking Legal System as Troubles Mount. The New York Times. August 11, 2011.
670. News: Kates . Graham . Donald Trump and his company "repeatedly" violated fraud law, New York judge rules . . September 26, 2023.
671. Web site: Bromwich. Jonah E.. Protess. Ben. Trump Fraud Trial Penalty Will Exceed $450 Million. The New York Times. February 17, 2024. February 17, 2024.
672. Web site: Sullivan. Becky. Bernstein. Andrea. Marritz. Ilya. Lawrence. Quil. A jury finds Trump liable for battery and defamation in E. Jean Carroll trial. NPR. May 9, 2023. May 10, 2023.
673. Web site: Orden. Erica. Trump loses bid for new trial in E. Jean Carroll case. Politico. July 19, 2023. August 13, 2023.
674. Web site: Scannell . Kara . August 7, 2023 . Judge dismisses Trump's defamation lawsuit against Carroll for statements she made on CNN . August 7, 2023 . CNN.
675. Web site: Reiss. Adam. Gregorian. Dareh. Judge tosses Trump's counterclaim against E. Jean Carroll, finding rape claim is 'substantially true'. NBC News. August 7, 2023. August 13, 2023.
676. Web site: Stempel. Jonathan. Trump appeals dismissal of defamation claim against E. Jean Carroll. Reuters. August 10, 2023. August 17, 2023.
677. News: Kates. Graham. Trump posts $91 million bond to appeal E. Jean Carroll defamation verdict. CBS News. March 8, 2024. April 8, 2024.
678. News: Arnsdorf. Isaac. Scherer. Michael. Trump, who as president fomented an insurrection, says he is running again. The Washington Post. November 15, 2022. December 5, 2022.
679. Web site: Schouten. Fredreka. Questions about Donald Trump's campaign money, answered. CNN. November 16, 2022. December 5, 2022.
680. Web site: Goldmacher. Shane. Haberman. Maggie. As Legal Fees Mount, Trump Steers Donations Into PAC That Has Covered Them. The New York Times. June 25, 2023. June 25, 2023.
681. Web site: Escobar. Molly Cook. Sun. Albert. Goldmacher. Shane. How Trump Moved Money to Pay $100 Million in Legal Bills. The New York Times. March 27, 2024. April 3, 2024.
682. News: Levine. Sam. Trump was wrongly removed from Colorado ballot, US supreme court rules. The Guardian. March 4, 2024. June 23, 2024.
683. News: Trump's Dire Words Raise New Fears About His Authoritarian Bent. The New York Times. November 20, 2023. Bender. Michael C.. Gold. Michael.
684. News: Stone. Peter. 'Openly authoritarian campaign': Trump's threats of revenge fuel alarm . The Guardian. November 22, 2023.
685. News: Trump's vow to only be a dictator on 'day one' follows growing worry over his authoritarian rhetoric. AP News. December 7, 2023. Colvin. Jill. Barrow. Bill.
686. News: LeVine. Marianne. Trump calls political enemies 'vermin,' echoing dictators Hitler, Mussolini. The Washington Post. November 12, 2023.
687. News: Trump suggests he would use FBI to go after political rivals if elected in 2024. The Guardian. November 10, 2023. Sam Levine.
688. News: Vazquez. Maegan. Trump says on Univision he could weaponize FBI, DOJ against his enemies. The Washington Post. November 10, 2023.
689. News: Gold . Michael . Huynh. Anjali. April 2, 2024. Trump Again Invokes 'Blood Bath' and Dehumanizes Migrants in Border Remarks . . April 3, 2024.
690. News: Sweeping Raids, Giant Camps and Mass Deportations: Inside Trump's 2025 Immigration Plans . . November 11, 2023. Savage. Charlie. Haberman. Maggie. Swan. Jonathan.
691. News: Trump calls migrants 'animals,' intensifying focus on illegal immigration. Layne. Nathan. Slattery. Gram. Reid. Tim. April 3, 2024. April 3, 2024. Reuters.
692. News: Philbrick. Ian Prasad. Bentahar. Lyna. December 5, 2023. Donald Trump's 2024 Campaign, in His Own Menacing Words. May 10, 2024. The New York Times.
693. News: Hutchinson. Bill. Cohen. Miles. Gunman opened fire at Trump rally as witnesses say they tried to alert police. ABC News. July 16, 2024. July 17, 2024.
694. News: AP PHOTOS: Shooting at Trump rally in Pennsylvania. AP News. July 14, 2024. July 23, 2024.
695. News: Jill. Colvin. Bernard. Condon. Trump campaign releases letter on his injury, treatment after last week's assassination attempt. AP News. July 21, 2024. August 20, 2024.
696. News: Simmone. Shah. Olivia-Anne. Cleary. What We Do and Don't Know About Trump's Ear Wound. Time. July 27, 2024. August 19, 2024.
697. News: Astor. Maggie. July 15, 2024. What to Know About J.D. Vance, Trump's Running Mate. July 15, 2024. The New York Times.
698. Web site: Presidential Historians Survey 2021. . June 30, 2021.
699. Web site: Sheehey. Maeve. June 30, 2021. Trump debuts at 41st in C-SPAN presidential rankings. Politico. March 31, 2023.
700. News: Brockell. Gillian. Historians just ranked the presidents. Trump wasn't last.. July 1, 2021. The Washington Post. June 30, 2021.
701. Web site: American Presidents: Greatest and Worst. Siena College Research Institute. June 22, 2022. July 11, 2022.
702. News: Rottinghaus . Brandon . Vaughn . Justin S. . February 19, 2018 . Opinion: How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best—and Worst—Presidents? . July 13, 2024 . The New York Times.
703. News: Chappell . Bill . February 19, 2024 . In historians' Presidents Day survey, Biden vs. Trump is not a close call . NPR.
704. Web site: Jeffrey M.. Jones. Last Trump Job Approval 34%; Average Is Record-Low 41%. Gallup. January 18, 2021. October 3, 2021.
705. Web site: Ezra. Klein. Can anything change Americans' minds about Donald Trump? The eerie stability of Trump's approval rating, explained.. Vox. September 2, 2020. October 10, 2021.
706. Web site: Harry. Enten. Trump finishes with worst first term approval rating ever. CNN. January 16, 2021. October 3, 2021.
707. Web site: Most Admired Man and Woman. Gallup. December 28, 2006 . October 3, 2021.
708. Web site: Trump ends Obama's 12-year run as most admired man: Gallup. Budryk. Zack. December 29, 2020. The Hill. December 31, 2020.
709. Web site: Panetta. Grace. Business Insider. Donald Trump and Barack Obama are tied for 2019's most admired man in the US. December 30, 2019. July 24, 2020.
710. Web site: Datta. Monti. 3 countries where Trump is popular. September 16, 2019. October 3, 2021. The Conversation.
711. Web site: Rating World Leaders: 2018 The U.S. vs. Germany, China and Russia. Gallup. October 3, 2021. Page 9
712. Web site: Wike. Richard. Fetterolf. Janell. Mordecai. Mara. December 24, 2020. U.S. Image Plummets Internationally as Most Say Country Has Handled Coronavirus Badly. Pew Research Center. September 15, 2020.
713. News: Finnegan. Michael. Scope of Trump's falsehoods unprecedented for a modern presidential candidate. Los Angeles Times. September 25, 2016. October 10, 2021.
714. Web site: It's True: Trump Is Lying More, and He's Doing It on Purpose. The New Yorker. August 3, 2018. January 10, 2019. Susan B.. Glasser. Susan Glasser.
715. Web site: Konnikova. Maria. Maria Konnikova. Trump's Lies vs. Your Brain. Politico. January 20, 2017. March 31, 2018.
716. News: A term of untruths: The longer Trump was president, the more frequently he made false or misleading claims. January 23, 2021. October 11, 2021. Glenn. Kessler. Meg. Kelly. Salvador. Rizzo. Leslie. Shapiro. Leo. Dominguez. The Washington Post.
717. Web site: Donald Trump had biggest inaugural crowd ever? Metrics don't show it. PolitiFact. January 21, 2017. Linda. Qiu. March 30, 2018.
718. News: Rein. Lisa. Here are the photos that show Obama's inauguration crowd was bigger than Trump's. The Washington Post. March 6, 2017. March 8, 2017.
719. Web site: Wong. Julia Carrie. Julia Carrie Wong. Hydroxychloroquine: how an unproven drug became Trump's coronavirus 'miracle cure'. April 7, 2020. . June 25, 2021.
720. Web site: Spring. Marianna. Coronavirus: The human cost of virus misinformation. May 27, 2020. . June 13, 2020.
721. News: Rowland. Christopher. As Trump touts an unproven coronavirus treatment, supplies evaporate for patients who need those drugs. March 23, 2020. The Washington Post. March 24, 2020.
722. Web site: Parkinson. Joe. Gauthier-Villars. David. Trump Claim That Malaria Drugs Treat Coronavirus Sparks Warnings, Shortages. March 23, 2020. The Wall Street Journal. March 26, 2020. subscription.
723. Web site: Zurcher. Anthony. Trump's anti-Muslim retweet fits a pattern. November 29, 2017. BBC News. June 13, 2020.
724. Web site: Allen. Jonathan. Does being President Trump still mean never having to say you're sorry?. December 31, 2018. NBC News. June 14, 2020.
725. Web site: Greenberg. David. The Perils of Calling Trump a Liar. January 28, 2017. Politico. June 13, 2020.
726. Web site: Bauder. David. News media hesitate to use 'lie' for Trump's misstatements. August 29, 2018. AP News. September 27, 2023.
727. News: Farhi. Paul. Lies? The news media is starting to describe Trump's 'falsehoods' that way.. June 5, 2019. The Washington Post. April 11, 2024.
728. Web site: Guynn. Jessica. From COVID-19 to voting: Trump is nation's single largest spreader of disinformation, studies say. October 5, 2020. USA Today. October 7, 2020.
729. Web site: Bergengruen. Vera. Hennigan. W.J.. 'You're Gonna Beat It.' How Donald Trump's COVID-19 Battle Has Only Fueled Misinformation. October 6, 2020. Time. October 7, 2020.
730. Web site: Trump sees a 'rigged election' ahead. Democrats see a constitutional crisis in the making.. Siders. David. May 25, 2020. Politico. October 9, 2021.
731. Web site: Riccardi. Nicholas. AP Fact Check: Trump's big distortions on mail-in voting. September 17, 2020. AP News. October 7, 2020.
732. Web site: Fichera. Angelo. Spencer. Saranac Hale. Trump's Long History With Conspiracy Theories. FactCheck.org. October 20, 2020 . September 15, 2021.
733. Web site: Fact-checking the dangerous bin Laden conspiracy theory that Trump touted. Tara. Subramaniam. Holmes. Lybrand. CNN. October 15, 2020 . October 11, 2021.
734. Web site: Haberman. Maggie. Maggie Haberman. February 29, 2016. October 11, 2021. Even as He Rises, Donald Trump Entertains Conspiracy Theories. The New York Times.
735. News: Bump. Philip. November 26, 2019. October 11, 2021. President Trump loves conspiracy theories. Has he ever been right?. The Washington Post.
736. Web site: The Conspiracy-Theorist-in-Chief clears the way for fringe candidates to become mainstream. Maeve. Reston. CNN. July 2, 2020. October 11, 2021.
737. Web site: Baker. Peter. Peter Baker (journalist). Astor. Maggie. May 26, 2020. October 11, 2021. Trump Pushes a Conspiracy Theory That Falsely Accuses a TV Host of Murder. The New York Times.
738. Web site: The dead voter conspiracy theory peddled by Trump voters, debunked. The Guardian. Tom. Perkins. November 18, 2020. October 11, 2021.
739. Web site: Cohen. Li. 6 conspiracy theories about the 2020 election – debunked. CBS News. January 15, 2021 . September 13, 2021.
740. Web site: McEvoy. Jemima. These Are The Voter Fraud Claims Trump Tried (And Failed) To Overturn The Election With. Forbes. December 17, 2020. September 13, 2021.
741. Web site: Trump words linked to more hate crime? Some experts think so. Kunzelman. Michael. Galvan. Astrid. August 7, 2019. October 7, 2021. AP News.
742. News: Analysis | Counties that hosted a 2016 Trump rally saw a 226 percent increase in hate crimes. The Washington Post. March 22, 2019. October 7, 2021. Ayal. Feinberg. Regina. Branton. Valerie. Martinez-Ebers.
743. Web site: Donald Trump Tells Crowd To 'Knock the Crap Out Of' Hecklers. White. Daniel. February 1, 2016. Time. August 9, 2019.
744. Web site: Trump Thinks It's Totally Cool That A Congressman Assaulted A Journalist For Asking A Question. Koerner. Claudia. October 18, 2018. BuzzFeed News. October 19, 2018.
745. Web site: "The President of the United States Says It's Okay": The Rise of the Trump Defense. Tracy. Abigail. August 8, 2019. October 7, 2021. Vanity Fair.
746. News: Rosalind S.. Helderman. Spencer S.. Hsu. Rachel. Weiner. 'Trump said to do so': Accounts of rioters who say the president spurred them to rush the Capitol could be pivotal testimony. The Washington Post. January 16, 2021 . September 27, 2021.
747. Web site: 'No Blame?' ABC News finds 54 cases invoking 'Trump' in connection with violence, threats, alleged assaults.. May 30, 2020. Mike. Levine. ABC News. February 4, 2021.
748. Web site: Kate. Conger. Mike. Isaac. Inside Twitter's Decision to Cut Off Trump. The New York Times. January 16, 2021. October 10, 2021.
749. Web site: Aamer. Madhani. Jill. Colvin. A farewell to @realDonaldTrump, gone after 57,000 tweets. AP News. January 9, 2021. October 10, 2021.
750. Web site: Landers. Elizabeth. June 6, 2017. White House: Trump's tweets are 'official statements'. CNN. October 10, 2021.
751. News: Dwoskin. Elizabeth. Twitter labels Trump's tweets with a fact check for the first time. May 27, 2020. July 7, 2020. The Washington Post.
752. News: Dwoskin. Elizabeth. Trump lashes out at social media companies after Twitter labels tweets with fact checks. May 27, 2020. May 28, 2020. The Washington Post.
753. Web site: January 11, 2021. All the platforms that have banned or restricted Trump so far. Fischer. Sara. Gold. Ashley. January 16, 2021. Axios.
754. News: Timberg. Craig. Twitter ban reveals that tech companies held keys to Trump's power all along. The Washington Post. January 14, 2021 . February 17, 2021.
755. Web site: Alba. Davey. Koeze. Ella. Silver. Jacob. June 7, 2021. What Happened When Trump Was Banned on Social Media. The New York Times. December 21, 2023.
756. News: Dwoskin. Elizabeth. Timberg. Craig. Misinformation dropped dramatically the week after Twitter banned Trump and some allies. The Washington Post. January 16, 2021 . February 17, 2021.
757. News: Trump ends blog after 29 days, infuriated by measly readership. Harwell. Drew. Dawsey. Josh. June 2, 2021. The Washington Post. December 29, 2021.
758. News: Harwell. Drew. Dawsey. Josh. November 7, 2022. Trump once reconsidered sticking with Truth Social. Now he's stuck.. The Washington Post. May 7, 2023.
759. Web site: Mac. Ryan. Browning. Kellen. Elon Musk Reinstates Trump's Twitter Account. The New York Times. November 19, 2022. November 21, 2022.
760. News: Dang . Sheila . Coster . Helen . November 20, 2022 . Trump snubs Twitter after Musk announces reactivation of ex-president's account . May 10, 2024 . Reuters.
761. News: Shannon . Bond . Meta allows Donald Trump back on Facebook and Instagram. NPR. January 23, 2023.
762. News: Matt . Egan. Trump calls Facebook the enemy of the people. Meta's stock sinks. CNN. March 11, 2024.
763. Web site: Trump's love-hate relationship with the press. The Hill. April 28, 2018. July 4, 2018. Parnes. Amie.
764. Web site: Why Trump Will Win a Second Term. Chozick. Amy. Amy Chozick. September 29, 2018. The New York Times. September 22, 2019.
765. Web site: Marc. Hetherington. Marc Hetherington. Jonathan M.. Ladd. Destroying trust in the media, science, and government has left America vulnerable to disaster. May 1, 2020. October 11, 2021. Brookings Institution.
766. News: Rosen. Jacob. Trump, in reversal, opposes TikTok ban, calls Facebook "enemy of the people". CBS News. March 11, 2024. July 31, 2024.
767. Web site: Thomsen. Jacqueline. '60 Minutes' correspondent: Trump said he attacks the press so no one believes negative coverage. The Hill. May 22, 2018. May 23, 2018.
768. Web site: Trump's latest shot at the press corps: 'Take away credentials?'. Brian. Stelter. Brian Stelter. Kaitlan. Collins. Kaitlan Collins. CNN Money. May 9, 2018. May 9, 2018. October 8, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221008122415/https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/09/media/president-trump-press-credentials/. dead.
769. Web site: After Another Year of Trump Attacks, 'Ominous Signs' for the American Press. Michael M.. Grynbaum. December 30, 2019. October 11, 2021. The New York Times.
770. Web site: The Atlantic. March 11, 2020. Joshua A.. Geltzer. Neal K.. Katyal. The True Danger of the Trump Campaign's Defamation Lawsuits. October 1, 2020.
771. Web site: NPR. March 3, 2020. October 11, 2021. David. Folkenflik. David Folkenflik. Trump 2020 Sues 'Washington Post,' Days After 'N.Y. Times' Defamation Suit.
772. Web site: Fox News. March 6, 2020. October 11, 2021. Brian. Flood. Brooke. Singman. Trump campaign sues CNN over 'false and defamatory' statements, seeks millions in damages.
773. Web site: Darcy. Oliver. Judge dismisses Trump campaign's lawsuit against CNN. CNN. November 12, 2020 . June 7, 2021.
774. Web site: Adam. Klasfeld. Judge Throws Out Trump Campaign's Defamation Lawsuit Against New York Times Over Russia 'Quid Pro Quo' Op-Ed. March 9, 2021 . October 11, 2021. Law and Crime.
775. Web site: Zoe. Tillman. Trump 2020 Campaign Suit Against Washington Post Dismissed (1). Bloomberg News. February 3, 2023.
776. Multiple sources:
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     • News: Lisa. Desjardins. Every moment in Trump's charged relationship with race. January 12, 2018. PBS NewsHour. January 13, 2018.
     • News: Dawsey. Josh. Josh Dawsey. Trump's history of making offensive comments about nonwhite immigrants. The Washington Post. January 11, 2018. January 11, 2018.
     • News: Trump's 'shithole' comment denounced across the globe. January 13, 2018. Politico. January 12, 2018. Aubree Eliza. Weaver. .
     • News: Stoddard. Ed. Mfula. Chris. Africa calls Trump racist after 'shithole' remark. October 1, 2019. Reuters. January 12, 2018.
777. News: Trump: 'I am the least racist person there is anywhere in the world' – video. The Guardian. July 30, 2019 . November 29, 2021.
778. Web site: July 28, 2023 . Donald Trump was accused of racism long before his presidency, despite what online posts claim . May 10, 2024 . . Philip . Marcelo.
779. News: William. Cummins. A majority of voters say President Donald Trump is a racist, Quinnipiac University poll finds. USA Today. July 31, 2019. December 21, 2023.
780. Web site: Harsh Words For U.S. Family Separation Policy, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; Voters Have Dim View Of Trump, Dems On Immigration. Quinnipiac University Polling Institute. July 3, 2018. July 5, 2018.
781. News: Economic Anxiety Didn't Make People Vote Trump, Racism Did. January 13, 2018. The Nation. May 8, 2017. Sean. McElwee. Jason. McDaniel.
782. Web site: The past year of research has made it very clear: Trump won because of racial resentment. January 14, 2018. Vox. December 15, 2017. German. Lopez.
783. Lajevardi. Nazita. Oskooii. Kassra A. R.. 2018. Old-Fashioned Racism, Contemporary Islamophobia, and the Isolation of Muslim Americans in the Age of Trump. Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics. 3. 1. 112–152. 10.1017/rep.2017.37.
784. Web site: Bohlen. Celestine. The Park Attack, Weeks Later: An Anger That Will Not Let Go. The New York Times. May 12, 1989. March 5, 2024.
785. Web site: John. Arit. From birtherism to 'treason': Trump's false allegations against Obama. Los Angeles Times. June 23, 2020. February 17, 2023.
786. Web site: Farley. Robert. Donald Trump says people who went to school with Obama never saw him. PolitiFact. February 14, 2011. January 31, 2020.
787. Web site: Trump takes credit for Obama birth certificate release, but wonders 'is it real?'. Madison. Lucy. April 27, 2011. May 9, 2011. CBS News.
788. Web site: Donald Trump's History of Raising Birther Questions About President Obama. ABC News. Keneally. Meghan. September 18, 2015. August 27, 2016.
789. Web site: The New York Times. Trump Drops False 'Birther' Theory, but Floats a New One: Clinton Started It. Maggie. Haberman. Maggie Haberman. Alan. Rappeport. Alan Rappeport. September 16, 2016. October 12, 2021.
790. Web site: Haberman. Maggie. Maggie Haberman. Martin. Jonathan. Jonathan Martin (journalist). November 28, 2017. Trump Once Said the 'Access Hollywood' Tape Was Real. Now He's Not Sure.. The New York Times. June 11, 2020.
791. Schaffner. Brian F.. Brian Schaffner. Macwilliams. Matthew. Nteta. Tatishe. Understanding White Polarization in the 2016 Vote for President: The Sobering Role of Racism and Sexism. Political Science Quarterly. March 2018. 133. 1. 9–34. 10.1002/polq.12737. free.
792. Web site: Katie. Reilly. Here Are All the Times Donald Trump Insulted Mexico. January 13, 2018. Time. August 31, 2016.
793. Web site: Wolf. Z. Byron. Trump basically called Mexicans rapists again. CNN. April 6, 2018. June 28, 2022.
794. Web site: Paul Ryan Calls Donald Trump's Attack on Judge 'Racist', but Still Backs Him. June 7, 2016. The New York Times. Jennifer. Steinhauer. Jennifer Steinhauer. Jonathan. Martin. Jonathan Martin (journalist). David M.. Herszenhorn. January 13, 2018.
795. Web site: Trump: 'Both sides' to blame for Charlottesville. Merica. Dan. August 26, 2017. CNN. January 13, 2018.
796. News: Johnson. Jenna. Wagner. John. Trump condemns Charlottesville violence but doesn't single out white nationalists. The Washington Post. August 12, 2017. October 22, 2021.
797. News: Kessler. Glenn. The 'very fine people' at Charlottesville: Who were they?. The Washington Post. May 8, 2020. October 23, 2021.
798. Web site: Angie Dobric. Holan. In Context: Donald Trump's 'very fine people on both sides' remarks (transcript). April 26, 2019. PolitiFact. October 22, 2021.
799. Web site: Trump's "shithole countries" comment exposes the core of Trumpism. Beauchamp. Zack. January 11, 2018. Vox. January 11, 2018.
800. Web site: Trump's 'shithole' comment denounced across the globe. January 13, 2018. Politico. January 12, 2018. Aubree Eliza. Weaver.
801. Web site: 'There's no other word but racist': Trump's global rebuke for 'shithole' remark. January 13, 2018. The Guardian. Patrick. Wintour. Patrick Wintour. Jason. Burke. Jason Burke. Anna. Livsey. January 13, 2018.
802. Web site: The New York Times. July 14, 2019. September 30, 2021. Katie. Rogers. Nicholas. Fandos. Nicholas Fandos. Trump Tells Congresswomen to 'Go Back' to the Countries They Came From.
803. Web site: House Votes To Condemn Trump's 'Racist Comments'. Mak. Tim. July 16, 2019. NPR. July 17, 2019.
804. Web site: Trump said 'many people agree' with his racist tweets. These white supremacists certainly do.. Simon. Mallory. Sidner. Sara. Sara Sidner. July 16, 2019. CNN. July 20, 2019.
805. Web site: 'She's telling us how to run our country': Trump again goes after Ilhan Omar's Somali roots. Politico. September 22, 2020. October 12, 2021. Matthew. Choi.
806. Rothe. Dawn L.. Collins. Victoria E.. November 17, 2019. Turning Back the Clock? Violence against Women and the Trump Administration. Victims & Offenders. 14. 8. 965–978. 10.1080/15564886.2019.1671284.
807. Web site: Michael D.. Shear. Michael D. Shear. Eileen. Sullivan. Eileen Sullivan. 'Horseface,' 'Lowlife,' 'Fat, Ugly': How the President Demeans Women. October 16, 2018. The New York Times. August 5, 2020.
808. News: Mahdawi. Arwa. 'The more women accuse him, the better he does': the meaning and misogyny of the Trump-Carroll case. The Guardian. May 10, 2023. July 25, 2024.
809. Web site: Ritu. Prasad. How Trump talks about women – and does it matter?. November 29, 2019. BBC News. August 5, 2020.
810. Web site: Fieldstadt. Elisha. Donald Trump Consistently Made Lewd Comments on 'The Howard Stern Show'. NBC News. October 9, 2016. November 27, 2020.
811. Web site: Nelson. Libby. McGann. Laura. E. Jean Carroll joins at least 21 other women in publicly accusing Trump of sexual assault or misconduct. June 25, 2019. June 21, 2019. Vox.
812. Web site: Rupar. Aaron. Trump faces a new allegation of sexually assaulting a woman at Mar-a-Lago. April 27, 2020. Vox. October 9, 2019.
813. Web site: Osborne. Lucy. 'It felt like tentacles': the women who accuse Trump of sexual misconduct. The Guardian. September 17, 2020. June 6, 2024.
814. Web site: Timm. Jane C.. Trump caught on hot mic making lewd comments about women in 2005. NBC News. October 7, 2016. June 10, 2018.
815. Web site: Donald Trump Apology Caps Day of Outrage Over Lewd Tape. October 7, 2016. The New York Times. October 8, 2016. Burns. Alexander. Alex Burns (journalist). Haberman. Maggie. Maggie Haberman. Martin. Jonathan. Jonathan Martin (journalist).
816. Web site: Kaine on lewd Trump tapes: 'Makes me sick to my stomach'. Hagen. Lisa. October 7, 2016. The Hill. October 8, 2016.
817. Web site: McCann. Allison. Hip-Hop Is Turning On Donald Trump. FiveThirtyEight. July 14, 2016. October 7, 2021.

References

Works cited

• Book: Blair, Gwenda. The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire. Simon & Schuster. 2015. 2001. 978-1-5011-3936-9.
• Book: Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President. Kranish. Michael. Michael Kranish. Fisher. Marc. Marc Fisher. Simon & Schuster. 2017. 2016. 978-1-5011-5652-6. Trump Revealed.
• Book: Trumped!. O'Donnell. John R.. Rutherford. James. Crossroad Press Trade Edition. 1991. 978-1-946025-26-5. Trumped! (book).

External links

• Archive of Donald Trump's tweets
  • • Donald Trump on the Internet Archive
• Donald Trump's page on whitehouse.gov