Pablo Escobar Explained

Pablo Escobar
Birth Name:Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria
Birth Date:1 December 1949
Birth Place:Rionegro, Colombia
Death Place:Medellín, Colombia
Death Cause:Gunshot wound to the head
Module:
Child:yes
Organization:Medellín cartel
Conviction:Illegal drug trade, assassinations, bombing, bribery, racketeering, murder
Conviction Penalty:Five years' imprisonment
Signature:Pablo Escobar signature.svg
Resting Place:Monte Sacro Cemetery

Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria (; pronounced as /es/; 1 December 19492 December 1993) was a Colombian drug lord, narcoterrorist, and politician who was the founder and sole leader of the Medellín Cartel. Dubbed "the king of cocaine", Escobar was one of the wealthiest criminals in history, having amassed an estimated net worth of US$30 billion by the time of his death—equivalent to $70 billion as of 2022—while his drug cartel monopolized the cocaine trade into the United States in the 1980s and early 1990s.[1] [2]

Born in Rionegro and raised in Medellín, Escobar studied briefly at Universidad Autónoma Latinoamericana of Medellín but left without graduating; he instead began engaging in criminal activity, selling illegal cigarettes and fake lottery tickets, as well as participating in motor vehicle theft. In the early 1970s, he began to work for various drug smugglers, often kidnapping and holding people for ransom.

In 1976, Escobar founded the Medellín Cartel, which distributed powder cocaine, and established the first smuggling routes from Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador, through Colombia and eventually into the United States. Escobar's infiltration into the U.S. created exponential demand for cocaine and by the 1980s it was estimated Escobar led monthly shipments of 70 to 80 tons of cocaine into the country from Colombia. As a result, he quickly became one of the richest people in the world,[3] but constantly battled rival cartels domestically and abroad, leading to massacres and the murders of police officers, judges, locals, and prominent politicians.[4]

In the 1982 Colombian parliamentary election, Escobar was elected as an alternate member of the Chamber of Representatives as part of the Liberal Party. Through this, he was responsible for community projects such as the construction of houses and football fields, which gained him popularity among the locals of the towns that he frequented; however, Escobar's political ambitions were thwarted by the Colombian and U.S. governments, who routinely pushed for his arrest, with Escobar widely believed to have orchestrated the Avianca Flight 203 and DAS Building bombings in retaliation.

In 1991, Escobar surrendered to authorities, and was sentenced to five years' imprisonment on a host of charges, but struck a deal of no extradition with Colombian President César Gaviria, with the ability of being housed in his own, self-built prison, La Catedral. In 1992, Escobar escaped and went into hiding when authorities attempted to move him to a more standard holding facility, leading to a nationwide manhunt.[5] As a result, the Medellín Cartel crumbled, and in 1993, Escobar was killed in his hometown by Colombian National Police, a day after his 44th birthday.[6]

Escobar's legacy remains controversial; while many denounce the heinous nature of his crimes, he was seen as a "Robin Hood-like" figure for many in Colombia, as he provided many amenities to the poor. His killing was mourned and his funeral attended by over 25,000 people.[7] Additionally, his private estate, Hacienda Nápoles, has been transformed into a theme park.[8] His life has also served as inspiration for or has been dramatized widely in film, television, and in music.

Early life

Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria was born on 1 December 1949 in Rionegro, Antioquia Department. He was the third of seven children and grew up in poverty, in the neighboring city of Medellín. His father was a small farmer and his mother was a teacher. Escobar left high school in 1966 just before his 17th birthday, before returning two years later with his cousin Gustavo Gaviria. At this time, the hard life on the streets of Medellín had polished them into gangster bullies in the eyes of teachers. The two dropped out of school after more than a year, but Escobar did not give up. Having forged a high school diploma, he studied briefly in college with the goal of becoming a criminal lawyer, a politician, and eventually the president but had to give up because of lack of money.[9] [10] [11] [12]

Criminal career

See also: Illegal drug trade in Colombia, Illegal drug trade in Panama and Illegal drug trade in the Bahamas.

Early

Escobar started his criminal career with his gang by stealing tombstones, sandblasting their inscriptions, and reselling them. After dropping out of school, Escobar began to join gangs to steal cars.[13] Escobar soon became involved in violent crime, employing criminals to kidnap people who owed him money and demand ransoms, sometimes tearing up ransom notes even when Escobar had received the ransom. His most famous kidnapping victim was businessman Diego Echavarria, who was kidnapped and eventually killed in the summer of 1971, Escobar received a $50,000 ransom from the Echavarria family; his gang became well known for this kidnapping.[14]

Medellín Cartel

Escobar had been involved in organized crime for a decade when the cocaine trade began to spread in Colombia in the mid-1970s. Escobar's meteoric rise caught the attention of the Colombian Security Service (DAS), who arrested him in May 1976 on his return from drug trafficking in Ecuador. DAS agents found 39 kg of cocaine in the spare tire of Escobar's car. Escobar managed to change the first judge in the lawsuit and bribed the second judge, so he was released along with other prisoners. The following year, the agent who arrested Escobar was assassinated. Escobar continued to bribe and intimidate Colombian law enforcement agencies, in the same fashion. His carrot-and-stick strategy of bribing public officials and political candidates in Colombia, in addition to sending hitmen to murder the ones who rejected his bribes, came to be known as "silver or lead", meaning "money or death".[15] The Medellín Cartel and the Cali Cartel both managed to bribe Colombian politicians, and campaigned for both the Conservative and Liberal parties.[16] [17] Hence, Escobar and many other Colombian drug lords were pulling strings in every level of the Colombian government because many of the political candidates whom they backed financially were eventually elected. Although the Medellín Cartel was only established in the early 1970s, it expanded after Escobar met several drug lords on a farm in April 1978, and by the end of 1978 they had transported some 19,000 kilograms of cocaine to the United States.[18]

Rise to prominence

Soon, the demand for cocaine greatly increased in the United States, which led to Escobar organizing more smuggling shipments, routes, and distribution networks in South Florida, California, Puerto Rico, and other parts of the country. He and cartel co-founder Carlos Lehder worked together to develop a new trans-shipment point in the Bahamas, an island called Norman's Cay about 220order=flipNaNorder=flip southeast of the Florida coast. Escobar and Robert Vesco purchased most of the land on the island, which included a 1km (01miles) airstrip, a harbor, a hotel, houses, boats, and aircraft, and they built a refrigerated warehouse to store the cocaine. According to his brother, Escobar did not purchase Norman's Cay; it was instead a sole venture of Lehder's. From 1978 to 1982, this was used as a central smuggling route for the Medellín Cartel. With the enormous profits generated by this route, Escobar was soon able to purchase 7.7sigfig=2NaNsigfig=2 of land in Antioquia for several million dollars, on which he built the Hacienda Nápoles. The luxury house he created contained a zoo, a lake, a sculpture garden, a private bullring, and other amenities for his family and the cartel.[19]

Escobar at the height of his power

See also: Avianca Flight 203 and DAS Building bombing. At the height of his power, Escobar was involved in philanthropy in Colombia and paid handsomely for the staff of his cocaine lab. Escobar spent millions developing some of Medellín's poorest neighborhoods. He built housing complexes, parks, football stadiums, hospitals, schools, and churches.[20] [21] Escobar also entered politics in the 1980s and participated in and supported the formation of the Liberal Party of Colombia. In 1982, he successfully entered the Colombian Congress. Although only an alternate, he was automatically granted parliamentary immunity and the right to a diplomatic passport under Colombian law. At the same time, Escobar was gradually becoming a public figure, and because of his charitable work, he was known as "Robin Hood Paisa". He alleged once in an interview that his fortune came from a bicycle rental company he founded when he was 16 years old.

In Congress, the new Minister of Justice, Rodrigo Lara-Bonilla, had become Escobar's opponent, accusing Escobar of criminal activity from the first day of Congress. Escobar's arrest in 1976 was investigated by Lara-Bonilla's subordinates. A few months later, Liberal leader Luis Carlos Galán expelled Escobar from the party. Although Escobar fought back, he announced his retirement from politics in January 1984. Three months later, Lara-Bonilla was murdered.

The Colombian judiciary had been a target of Escobar throughout the mid-1980s. While bribing and murdering several judges, in the fall of 1985, the wanted Escobar requested the Colombian government to allow his conditional surrender without extradition to the United States. The proposal was initially rejected, and Escobar subsequently founded and implicitly supported the Los Extraditable Organization, which aims to fight extradition policy. The Los Extraditable Organization was subsequently accused of participating in an effort to prevent the Colombian Supreme Court from studying the constitutionality of Colombia's extradition treaty with the United States. It supported the far-left guerrilla movement that attacked the Colombian Judiciary Building and killed half of the justices of the Supreme Court on 6 November 1985. In late 1986, Colombia's Supreme Court declared the previous extradition treaty illegal due to being signed by a presidential delegation, not the president. Escobar's victory over the judiciary was short-lived, with new president Virgilio Barco Vargas having quickly renewed his agreement with the United States.[22]

Escobar still held a grudge against Luis Carlos Galán for kicking him out of politics, so Galán was assassinated on 18 August 1989 at Escobar's orders. Escobar then planted a bomb on Avianca Flight 203 in an attempt to assassinate Galán's successor, César Gaviria Trujillo, who missed the plane and survived. All 107 people were killed in the blast. Because two Americans were also killed in the bombing, the U.S. government began to intervene directly.[23]

La Catedral prison

See main article: La Catedral. After the assassination of Luis Carlos Galán, the administration of César Gaviria moved against Escobar and the drug cartels. Eventually, the government negotiated with Escobar and convinced him to surrender and cease all criminal activity in exchange for a reduced sentence and preferential treatment during his captivity. Declaring an end to a series of previous violent acts meant to pressure authorities and public opinion, Escobar surrendered to Colombian authorities in 1991. Before he gave himself up, the extradition of Colombian citizens to the United States had been prohibited by the newly approved Colombian Constitution of 1991. This act was controversial, as it was suspected that Escobar and other drug lords had influenced members of the Constituent Assembly in passing the law. Escobar was confined in what became his own luxurious private prison, La Catedral, which featured a football pitch, a giant dollhouse, a bar, a Jacuzzi, and a waterfall. Accounts of Escobar's continued criminal activities while in prison began to surface in the media, which prompted the government to attempt to move him to a more conventional jail on 22 July 1992. Escobar's influence allowed him to discover the plan in advance and make a successful escape, spending the remainder of his life evading the police.[24] [25]

Death

See main article: Los Pepes and Search Bloc.

Escobar faced threats from the Colombian police, the U.S. government and his rival, the Cali Cartel. On 2 December 1993, Escobar was found in a house in a middle-class residential area of Medellín by Colombian special forces using technology provided by the United States. Police tried to arrest Escobar but the situation quickly escalated to an exchange of gunfire. Escobar was shot and killed while trying to escape from the roof. He was hit by bullets in the torso and feet, and a bullet which struck him in the head, killing him. This sparked debate about whether he killed himself or whether he was shot and killed.[11]

Aftermath of his death

Soon after Escobar's death and the subsequent fragmentation of the Medellín Cartel, the cocaine market became dominated by the rival Cali Cartel until the mid-1990s when its leaders were either killed or captured by the Colombian government. The Robin Hood image that Escobar had cultivated maintained a lasting influence in Medellín. Many there, especially many of the city's poor whom Escobar had aided while he was alive, mourned his death, and over 25,000 people attended his funeral. Some of them consider him a saint and pray to him for receiving divine help. Escobar was buried at the Monte Sacro Cemetery.[26]

Virginia Vallejo's testimony

See also: Virginia Vallejo, Alberto Santofimio, Alfonso López Michelsen, Ernesto Samper and Álvaro Uribe. On 4 July 2006, Virginia Vallejo, a television anchorwoman romantically involved with Escobar from 1983 to 1987, offered Attorney General Mario Iguarán her testimony in the trial against former Senator Alberto Santofimio, who was accused of conspiracy in the 1989 assassination of presidential candidate Luis Carlos Galán. Iguarán acknowledged that, although Vallejo had contacted his office on 4 July, the judge had decided to close the trial on 9 July, several weeks before the prospective closing date. The action was seen as too late.[27] [28]

On 18 July 2006, Vallejo was taken to the United States on a special flight of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) for "safety and security reasons" due to her cooperation in high-profile criminal cases.[29] [30] On 24 July, a video in which Vallejo had accused Santofimio of instigating Escobar to eliminate presidential candidate Galán was aired by RCN Television of Colombia. The video was seen by 14 million people, and was instrumental for the reopened case of Galán's assassination. On 31 August 2011 Santofimio was sentenced to 24 years in prison for his role in the crime.[31] [32]

Role in the Palace of Justice siege

Among Escobar's biographers, only Vallejo has given a detailed explanation of his role in the 1985 Palace of Justice siege. She stated that Escobar had financed the operation, which was committed by M-19; she blamed the army for the killings of more than 100 people, including 11 Supreme Court magistrates, M-19 members, and employees of the cafeteria. Her statements prompted the reopening of the case in 2008; Vallejo was asked to testify, and many of the events she had described in her book and testimonial were confirmed by Colombia's Commission of Truth.[33] [34] These events led to further investigation into the siege that resulted with the conviction of a high-ranking former colonel and a former general, later sentenced to 30 and 35 years in prison, respectively, for the forced disappearance of the detained after the siege.[35] [36] Vallejo would subsequently testify in Galán's assassination.[37] In her book, Amando a Pablo, odiando a Escobar (Loving Pablo, Hating Escobar), she had accused several politicians, including Colombian presidents Alfonso López Michelsen, Ernesto Samper, and Álvaro Uribe of having links to drug cartels.[38]

Relatives

Escobar's widow (María Henao, now María Isabel Santos Caballero), son (Juan Pablo, now Sebastián Marroquín Santos) and daughter (Manuela) fled Colombia in 1995 after failing to find a country that would grant them asylum.[39] Despite Escobar's numerous and continual infidelities, Maria remained supportive of her husband. Members of the Cali Cartel even replayed their recordings of her conversations with Pablo for their wives to demonstrate how a woman should behave. This attitude proved to be the reason the cartel did not kill her and her children after Pablo's death, although the group demanded and received millions of dollars in reparations for Escobar's war against them. Henao even successfully negotiated for her son's life by personally guaranteeing he would not seek revenge against the cartel or participate in the drug trade.

After escaping first to Mozambique, then to Brazil, the family settled in Argentina.[40] Living under her assumed name, Henao became a successful real estate entrepreneur until one of her business associates discovered her true identity, and Henao absconded with her earnings. Local media were alerted, and after being exposed as Escobar's widow, Henao was imprisoned for eighteen months while her finances were investigated. Ultimately, authorities were unable to link her funds to illegal activity, and she was released. According to her son, Henao fell in love with Escobar "because of his naughty smile [and] the way he looked at [her]. [He] was affectionate and sweet. A great lover. I fell in love with his desire to help people and his compassion for their hardship. We [would] drive to places where he dreamed of building schools for the poor. From [the] beginning, he was always a gentleman." María Victoria Henao de Escobar, with her new identity as María Isabel Santos Caballero, continues to live in Buenos Aires with her son and daughter.[41] On 5 June 2018, the Argentine federal judge Nestor Barral accused her and her son, Sebastián Marroquín Santos, of money laundering with two Colombian drug traffickers.[42] [43] [44] The judge ordered the seizing of assets for about $1m each.[45]

Argentinian filmmaker Nicolas Entel's documentary Sins of My Father (2009) chronicles Marroquín's efforts to seek forgiveness, on behalf of his father, from the sons of Rodrigo Lara, Colombia's justice minister who was assassinated in 1984, as well as from the sons of Luis Carlos Galán, the presidential candidate who was assassinated in 1989. The film was shown at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival and premiered in the U.S. on HBO in October 2010.[46] In 2014, Marroquín published Pablo Escobar, My Father under his birth name. The book provides a firsthand insight into details of his father's life and describes the fundamentally disintegrating effect of his death upon the family. Marroquín aimed to publish the book in hopes to resolve any inaccuracies regarding his father's excursions during the 1990s.[47]

Escobar's sister, Luz Maria Escobar, made multiple gestures in attempts to make amends for the drug baron's crimes. These include making public statements in the press, leaving letters on the graves of his victims, and, on the 20th anniversary of his death, organizing a public memorial for his victims.[48] Escobar's body was exhumed on 28 October 2006 at the request of some of his relatives in order to take a DNA sample to confirm the alleged paternity of an illegitimate child and remove all doubt about the identity of the body that had been buried next to his parents for 12 years.[49] A video of the exhumation was broadcast by RCN, angering Marroquín, who accused his uncle, Roberto Escobar, and cousin, Nicolas Escobar, of being "merchants of death" by allowing the video to air.[50]

Hacienda Nápoles

After Escobar's death, the ranch, zoo and citadel at Hacienda Nápoles were given by the government to low-income families under a law called Extinción de Dominio (Domain Extinction). The property has been converted into a theme park surrounded by four luxury hotels overlooking the zoo.

Escobar Inc

In 2014, Roberto Escobar founded Escobar Inc with Olof K. Gustafsson and registered Successor-In-Interest rights for his brother Pablo Escobar in California, United States.[51]

Hippos

See main article: Pablo Escobar's hippos. Escobar kept four hippos in a private menagerie at Hacienda Nápoles. They were deemed too difficult to seize and move after Escobar's death, and hence left on the untended estate. By 2007, the animals had multiplied to 16 and had taken to roaming the area for food in the nearby Magdalena River.[52] In 2009, two adults and one calf escaped the herd and, after attacking humans and killing cattle, one of the adults (called "Pepe") was killed by hunters under authorization of the local authorities.[53] As of early 2014, 40 hippos have been reported to exist in Puerto Triunfo, Antioquia Department, from the original four belonging to Escobar.[54] As of 2016, without management, the population size is likely to more than double in the next decade.[55]

The National Geographic Channel produced a documentary about them titled Cocaine Hippos.[56] A report published in a Yale student magazine noted that local environmentalists are campaigning to protect the animals, although there is no clear plan for what will happen to them.[57] In 2018, National Geographic published another article on the hippos which found disagreement among environmentalists on whether they were having a positive or negative impact but that conservationists and locals – particularly those in the tourism industry – were mostly in support of their continued presence.[58] By October 2021, the Colombian government had started a program of chemically sterilizing the animals.[59]

Apartment demolition

On 22 February 2019, at 11:53 AM local time, Medellín authorities demolished the six-story Edificio Mónaco apartment complex in the El Poblado neighborhood where, according to retired Colombian general Rosso José Serrano, Escobar planned some of his most brazen attacks. The building was initially built for Escobar's wife but was gutted by a Cali Cartel car bomb in 1988 and had remained unoccupied ever since, becoming an attraction to foreign tourists seeking out Escobar's physical legacy. Mayor Federico Gutierrez had been pushing to raze the building and erect in its place a park honoring the thousands of cartel victims, including four presidential candidates and some 500 police officers. Colombian President Ivan Duque said the demolition "means that history is not going to be written in terms of the perpetrators, but by recognizing the victims", hoping the demolition would showcase that the city had evolved significantly and had more to offer than the legacy left by the cartels.[60]

Personal life

Family and relationships

In March 1976, the 26-year-old Escobar married María Victoria Henao, who was 15. The relationship was discouraged by the Henao family, who considered Escobar socially inferior; the pair eloped. They had two children: Juan Pablo (now Sebastián Marroquín) and Manuela. In 2007, the journalist Virginia Vallejo published her memoir Amando a Pablo, odiando a Escobar (Loving Pablo, Hating Escobar), in which she describes her romantic relationship with Escobar and the links of her lover with several presidents, Caribbean dictators, and high-profile politicians.[61] Her book inspired the movie Loving Pablo (2017).[62] A drug distributor, Griselda Blanco, is also reported to have conducted a clandestine but passionate relationship with Escobar; several items in her diary link him with the nicknames "Coque de Mi Rey" (My Coke King) and "Polla Blanca" (White Cock).[63]

Properties

After becoming wealthy, Escobar created or bought numerous residences and safe houses, with the Hacienda Nápoles gaining significant notoriety. The luxury house contained a colonial house, a sculpture park, and a complete zoo with animals from various continents, including elephants, exotic birds, giraffes, and hippopotamuses. Escobar had also planned to construct a Greek-style citadel near it, and though construction of the citadel was started, it was never finished.[64]

Escobar owned a home in the US under his own name: a 6,500 square foot (604 m2), pink, waterfront mansion situated at 5860 North Bay Road in Miami Beach, Florida. The four-bedroom estate, built in 1948 on Biscayne Bay, was seized by the US federal government in the 1980s. Later, the dilapidated property was owned by Christian de Berdouare, proprietor of the Chicken Kitchen fast-food chain, who had bought it in 2014. De Berdouare would later hire a documentary film crew and professional treasure hunters to search the edifice before and after demolition, for anything related to Escobar or his cartel. They would find unusual holes in floors and walls, as well as a safe that was stolen from its hole in the marble flooring before it could be properly examined.[65]

Escobar owned a huge Caribbean getaway on Isla Grande, the largest of the cluster of the 27 coral cluster islands comprising Islas del Rosario, located about 22order=flipNaNorder=flip from Cartagena. The compound, now half-demolished and overtaken by vegetation and wild animals, featured a mansion, apartments, courtyards, a large swimming pool, a helicopter landing pad, reinforced windows, tiled floors, and a large but unfinished building to the side of the mansion.[66]

In popular culture

Books

Escobar has been the subject of several books, including the following:

Films

Two major feature films on Escobar, Escobar (2009) and Killing Pablo (2011), were announced in 2007.[73] Details about them, and additional films about Escobar, are listed below.

Television

Music

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Macias . Amanda . 10 facts reveal the absurdity of Pablo Escobar's wealth . businessinsider.com . Insider Inc. . 28 July 2018 . 21 September 2015 . 18 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231018195915/https://www.businessinsider.com/10-facts-that-prove-the-absurdity-of-pablo-escobars-wealth-2015-9?r=US&IR=T . live .
  2. News: Here's How Rich Pablo Escobar Would Be If He Was Alive Today. 13 September 2016. UNILAD. 28 July 2018. en-GB. https://web.archive.org/web/20180729013104/https://www.unilad.co.uk/film/heres-how-rich-pablo-escobar-would-be-if-he-was-alive-today/. 29 July 2018.
  3. Book: Escobar . Juan Pablo . Sebastián Marroquín . Pablo Escobar, My Father . 2014 . St. Martin's Press . New York . 469.
  4. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20061108191638/http://www.colombialink.com/01_INDEX/index_personajes/narcotrafico/escobar_gaviria_pablo_ing.html. 8 November 2006. Pablo Escobar Gaviria – English Biography – Articles and Notes . ColombiaLink.com . 16 March 2011.
  5. News: Familiares exhumaron cadáver de Pablo Escobar para verificar plenamente su identidad. El Tiempo.
  6. Web site: Decline of the Medellín Cartel and the Rise of the Cali Mafia. U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. 13 February 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20060118010530/http://www.dea.gov/pubs/history/1990-1994.html. 18 January 2006.
  7. Web site: Pablo Escobar: Biography. Biography.com. 17 July 2019. 30 June 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230630075036/https://www.biography.com/crime/pablo-escobar. live.
  8. Web site: Escobar's Former Mansion Will Now Be A Theme Park. Medellín Living. 17 July 2019. 13 January 2014. 18 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231018195914/https://medellinliving.com/hacienda-napoles-pablo-escobar/. live.
  9. Web site: Pablo Escobar: The Rise and Fall of the 'King of Cocaine'. 15 February 2024. 15 February 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240215204515/https://www.historyhit.com/pablo-escobar-the-rise-and-fall-of-the-king-of-cocaine/. live.
  10. Web site: Obituary: Pablo Escobar. Deas, Malcolm. Independent. 1993-12-04. 2016-07-29. en. 18 August 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160818022357/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-pablo-escobar-1465149.html. live.
  11. Web site: Biography of Pablo Escobar. Minster, Christopher. About.com. 8 July 2016. About, Inc. 2016-07-29. en. 14 January 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160114065412/http://latinamericanhistory.about.com/od/20thcenturylatinamerica/a/bioescobar.htm.
  12. Book: Chepesiuk, Ron . Escobar Versus Cali: The War of the Cartels . 2013. Strategic Media Books . 9781939521019 . en.
  13. Book: Escobar, Roberto. Escobar. 2012. Hodder & Stoughton. 978-1848942912. 19 May 2023. 18 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231018200016/https://books.google.com/books?id=GfAi3Tt1bygC&pg=PT18. live.
  14. Book: Bowden . Mark . Killing Pablo . 2001 . Atlantic Books . London . 978-1-84354-651-1 . registration . 19 June 2023 . 33–37.
  15. Web site: Torres . Rubén Ortiz . Plata O Plomo O Glitter . royaleprojects.com . 19 June 2023 . 9 February 2020 . 18 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231018195913/https://www.royaleprojects.com/exhib-plata-o-plomo-o-glitter . live .
  16. Web site: Rubio . Mauricio . Colombia: Coexistence, Legal Confrontation, and War with Illegal Armed Groups . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211115171649/https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/dangerousliasons_ch4_colombia.pdf . 2021-11-15 .
  17. News: COLOMBIA'S DRUG LORDS WAGING WAR ON LEFTISTS. Merrill. Collett. 14 November 1987. The Washington Post. 13 August 2023. 15 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230315194406/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1987/11/14/colombias-drug-lords-waging-war-on-leftists/482456d3-9ec7-484d-adf1-d2c020d72124/. live.
  18. Book: Chepsiuk, Ron. The War on Drugs: An International Encyclopedia. 1999. 133. Santa Barbara, California. ABC-Clio. 978-0-87436-985-4. en. 2022-06-07. 2022-06-07. https://web.archive.org/web/20220607125129/https://books.google.fi/books?id=V1rjd3cBI84C.
  19. News: The godfather of cocaine. Frontline. WGBH. 7 September 2017. 2 April 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160402034547/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/programs/transcripts/1309.html.
  20. Web site: Pablo Escobar: Interesting Facts You May Not Know About the King of Cocaine. 25 October 2020. LATIN POST. 13 August 2023. 18 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231018195915/https://www.latinpost.com/articles/148055/20201025/things-know-pablo-escobar.htm. live.
  21. Web site: Pablo Escobar Biopic: The Cocaine King Full of Contradictions. Rudolph. Herzog. 9 July 2015. Newsweek. 13 August 2023. 13 August 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230813174640/https://www.newsweek.com/pablo-escobar-biopic-cocaine-king-full-dizzying-contradictions-351645. live.
  22. News: Cali Colombia Nacional Pablo Escobar financió la toma del Palacio de Justicia Escobar financió toma del Palacio de Justicia. El Pais. 12 September 2015. 24 October 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151024175428/http://historico.elpais.com.co/paisonline/notas/Noviembre162006/pablo.html. live.
  23. Web site: 25 years on, Colombia still mourns Escobar plane bombing, still wants answers. https://web.archive.org/web/20160624082736/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/11/28/world/crime-legal-world/25-years-colombia-still-mourns-escobar-plane-bombing-still-wants-answers. dead. 24 June 2016. The Japan Times. 2016-07-08. 2016-07-30. en.
  24. News: Colombian Drug Baron Escapes Luxurious Prison After Gunfight. Treaster. Joseph B.. 23 July 1992. The New York Times. 1. 21 July 2011. 2 May 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130502091622/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/23/world/colombian-drug-baron-escapes-luxurious-prison-after-gunfight.html?pagewanted=3&src=pm. live.
  25. News: Escobar escape humiliates Colombian leaders. Timothy. Ross. 24 July 1992. www.theguardian.com. The Guardian. 7 February 2017. 3 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190403181537/https://www.theguardian.com/world/1992/jul/24/colombia.fromthearchive. live.
  26. News: Drug boss Pablo Escobar still divides Colombia. BBC News. 2 December 2013. Wallace. Arturo. 21 June 2018. 14 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170814173647/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-25183649. live.
  27. Web site: Colombian Attorney General on Virginia Vallejo's offer to testify against Santofimio. https://web.archive.org/web/20110301025436/http://virginiavallejo.com/Attorney-General-on-VV-testimony.pdf. 1 March 2011.
  28. News: . Back to jail for Colombia ex-minister . Independent Online . Bogotá . 1 September 2011 . 19 October 2017 . 3 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190403181540/https://www.iol.co.za/news/world/back-to-jail-for-colombia-ex-minister-1129325 . live .
  29. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20110717210828/http://www.virginiavallejo.com/herald-0716-2006.html. 17 July 2011. Virginia Vallejo takes refuge in United States. Virginia Vallejo. reprinted and translated from News: Virginia Vallejo. 16 July 2006. El Nuevo Herald. Gonzalo Guillen.
  30. News: Pablo Escobar's Ex-Lover Flees Colombia. Fox News Channel. 1 April 2009. 17 January 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180117001134/http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2006Jul18/0,4670,ColombiaEscobarapossLover,00.html. live.
  31. Web site: Testimony of Virginia Vallejo in 2006. 21 September 2018. 11 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150911111859/http://www.radionizkor.org/colombia/vallejo.mp3. live.
  32. Web site: Radio Nizkor: Colombia.. www.radionizkor.org. 21 September 2018. 22 December 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181222060101/http://www.radionizkor.org/colombia/index.html#vallejo. live.
  33. Web site: Virginia Vallejo testificó en el caso Palacio de Justicia. 27 August 2008. Caracol Radio . 3 May 2011. 14 February 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120214094901/http://www.caracol.com.co/oir.aspx?id=659517.
  34. Web site: Truth Commission Blames Colombian State for Palace of Justice Tragedy. 17 December 2009. UNREDACTED. Michael Evans. 3 May 2011. 5 May 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110505103942/http://nsarchive.wordpress.com/2009/12/17/truth-commission-blames-state-for-palace-of-justice-tragedy/. live.
  35. News: Colombia ex-officer jailed after historic conviction. 10 June 2010. BBC News. 21 June 2018. 11 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190411004957/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10280727. live.
  36. News: Colombian 1985 Supreme Court raid commander sentenced. 29 April 2011. BBC News. 21 June 2018. 10 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190410094006/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-13245859. live.
  37. News: Galan Slaying a State Crime, Colombian Prosecutors Say. Latin American Herald Tribune. 17 November 2009. 9 August 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180809184215/http://www.laht.com/article.asp?CategoryId=12393&ArticleId=337887.
  38. News: Colombian Leader Disputes Claim of Tie to Cocaine Kingpin. Romero. Simon. 3 October 2007. The New York Times. 1. 18 February 2017. 9 August 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180809183805/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/03/world/americas/03colombia.html?ex=1349150400&en=5b0977a0af0df0c6&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink. live.
  39. News: Drug lord's wife and son arrested. 17 November 1999. BBC News. 13 February 2010. 3 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190403181540/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/524276.stm. live.
  40. News: XPat Nation. A Cursed Family: A Look at Pablo Escobar's Family 21 Years After His Death. https://web.archive.org/web/20160120213954/http://xpatnation.com/a-look-at-pablo-escobars-family-21-years-after-his-death. 20 January 2016. King, Julie. 15 June 2015.
  41. News: 25 April 2018 . Se conoce foto de la hija de Pablo Escobar en Buenos Aires . El Tiempo . 19 September 2018 . 21 September 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180921074227/https://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/foto-manuela-escobar-de-la-hija-de-pablo-escobar-209500 . live .
  42. News: 1 November 2017 . Pablo Escobar's widow and son in Argentina money laundering probe . Deutsche Welle . 19 September 2018 . 21 September 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180921114546/https://www.dw.com/en/pablo-escobars-widow-and-son-in-argentina-money-laundering-probe/a-41191181 . live .
  43. Web site: Pablo Escobar's widow and son held on money laundering charges in Argentina. 5 June 2018. YouTube. 21 September 2018. 26 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190526132641/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5JfM_kx5S7M&gl=US&hl=en.
  44. News: Lam . Katherine . 6 June 2018 . Pablo Escobar's widow, son charged with money laundering in Argentina . Fox News . 20 September 2018 . 21 September 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180921074338/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2018/06/06/pablo-escobar-s-widow-son-charged-with-money-laundering-in-argentina.html . live .
  45. News: 5 June 2018 . Pablo Escobar's widow and son held on money laundering charges in Argentina . The Guardian . 19 September 2018 . 21 September 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180921074443/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jun/05/pablo-escobar-widow-son-money-laundering-victoria-henao-argentina . live .
  46. News: Drug lord's son seeks forgiveness. 12 December 2009. CNN. 13 February 2010. 6 April 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100406083517/http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/americas/12/11/colombia.escobar.son/index.html. live.
  47. News: Shepherd. Jack. Narcos season 2: Pablo Escobar's son labels Netflix show 'insulting', lists 28 historical errors. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/narcos-season-2-pablo-escobar-s-son-labels-netflix-show-insulting-lists-28-historical-mistakes-a7236836.html . 24 May 2022 . subscription . live. Independent. 12 September 2016.
  48. News: Pablo Escobar's sister trying to pay for the sins of her brother (Luz Maria Escobar), the sister of Colombian cartel boss Pablo Escobar, has told how she is trying to make amends for her murderous brother. The Telegraph. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/colombia/11270006/Pablo-Escobars-sister-trying-to-pay-for-the-sins-of-her-brother.html . 10 January 2022 . subscription . live. Alexander, Harriet . 3 December 2014.
  49. News: Familiares exhumaron cadáver de Pablo Escobar para verificar plenamente su identidad. El Tiempo. es. 10 January 2016. 3 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214214/http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/CMS-3317670. live.
  50. News: La exhumación de Pablo. Semana. es. 10 January 2016. 23 January 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160123040953/http://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/la-exhumacion-pablo/81946-3. live.
  51. Web site: California Business Portal: Successor-In-Interest . 28 April 2015 . 9 June 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150221193958/http://www.sos.ca.gov/cgi-bin/sii_search.cgi . 21 February 2015 . dmy-all .
  52. News: A hippo critical situation . 27 March 2008 . Chris . Kraul . 20 December 2006 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20150324015829/http://www.latimes.com/la-fg-hippos20dec20-story.html . 24 March 2015 . live .
  53. News: Colombia kills drug baron hippo. BBC News. 11 July 2009. 11 July 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20150105105021/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8145676.stm. 5 January 2015. live.
  54. News: Hipopótamos bravos. 24 June 2014. El Espectador. https://web.archive.org/web/20140509133359/http://www.elespectador.com/opinion/editorial/hipopotamos-bravos-articulo-487824. 9 May 2014. live. 28 June 2014. English translation at Google Translate
  55. Howard, B.C. . Pablo Escobar's Escaped Hippos Are Thriving in Colombia . 10 May 2016 . National Geographic . 26 February 2018 . 27 February 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180227035033/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/05/160510-pablo-escobar-hippos-colombia/ . dead .
  56. Web site: The Invaders: Cocaine Hippos. National Geographic Channel. https://web.archive.org/web/20130626213741/http://natgeotv.com/asia/cocaine-hippos/about. 26 June 2013. dead.
  57. Web site: Nagvekar. Rahul. Zoo Gone Wild: After Escobar, Colombia Faces His Hippos. The Politic. 25 August 2017. 8 March 2017. 13 September 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170913210620/http://thepolitic.org/zoo-gone-wild-after-escobar-colombia-faces-his-hippos/. live.
  58. Web site: Wilcox. Christie. Could Pablo Escobar's Escaped Hippos Help the Environment?. National Geographic. 26 September 2018. 18 October 2018. 11 October 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181011082105/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2018/09/colombia-cocaine-hippos-rewilding-experiment-news/. dead.
  59. News: Pablo Escobar: Colombia sterilises drug lord's hippos . BBC News . 16 October 2021 . 16 October 2021 . 18 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231018195913/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-58937415 . live .
  60. News: Fox News. Pablo Escobar's six-floor apartment demolished in Medellin as symbol of rebirth. 22 February 2019. 24 February 2019. 1 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190301123844/https://www.foxnews.com/world/pablo-escobars-six-floor-apartment-demolished-in-medellin-as-symbol-of-rebirth. live.
  61. Web site: Los Narcopresidentes . https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/Etgh1pGU7e0. 2021-10-28. YouTube. 24 November 2008 . 15 October 2017 . es . The Narco-presidents.
  62. News: Mayorga . Emilio . 3 September 2017 . Loving Pablo Director on Reuniting Javier Bardem and Penelope Cruz: It's Been Very Intense . Variety . 18 October 2017 . 3 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190403185312/https://variety.com/2017/film/news/venice-facetime-loving-pablo-helmer-fernando-leon-de-aranoa-1202546440/ . live .
  63. Web site: Me Matan, Limon! -Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota. https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/aXrqoXbnAAQ. 2021-10-28. INEDITO. Tom. Jerry. 30 September 2013. 19 June 2016. YouTube.
  64. News: At home on Pablo Escobar's ranch . Mike . Ceaser . BBC News . 2 June 2008 . 13 February 2010 . 7 November 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171107031632/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7390584.stm . live .
  65. News: Business Insider. Military & Defense: A luxurious Miami mansion built by the 'King of Cocaine' is no more. 24 January 2016. Macias, Amanda. Associated Press. 10 September 2016. 24 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190424164441/https://www.businessinsider.com/a-luxurious-miami-mansion-built-by-the-the-king-of-cocaine-is-no-more-2016-1. live.
  66. News: Business Insider. Macias, Amanda. 12 May 2016. Military & Defense: This dilapidated villa once served as a Caribbean getaway for drug-kingpin Pablo Escobar. 10 September 2016. 19 September 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180919171551/https://www.businessinsider.com/caribbean-getaway-for-drug-kingpin-pablo-escobar-2015-9#escobar-built-a-massive-waterfront-villa-on-the-largest-of-the-cluster-islands-isla-grande-2. live.
  67. Book: Escobar, Roberto. Escobar. Hodder Paperbacks. 2010.
  68. Book: McAleese, Peter . 1993. No Mean Soldier. Cassell Pub.
  69. Book: Bowden, Mark . 2002. Killing Pablo: The Hunt for the World's Greatest Outlaw. Penguin Pub..
  70. News: McNary, Dave . 1 October 2007. Yari fast-tracking Escobar biopic. Variety. 29 November 2007.
  71. News: What is actor Christian Bale doing next?. Journal Now. 25 December 2008. 17 January 2009. 5 June 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090605012823/http://www2.journalnow.com/content/2008/dec/25/celebrity-gossip/. live.
  72. Book: Escobar, Juan Pablo . 2016. Pablo Escobar: My Father . Thomas Dunne Books . 9781250104625.
  73. Web site: Weekly Screengrab: Sparring Partners. TribecaFilmFestival.org. 1 October 2007.
  74. Book: Pablo Escobar: The King of Coke. National Geographic. 2007. 10 September 2016. 21 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191221140056/https://www.amazon.com/PABLO-ESCOBAR-KING-COKE-VARIOUS/dp/B000YDOOSC. live. (Amazon)
  75. Book: Pablo Escobar: The King of Coke. National Geographic. 2007. 10 September 2016. 3 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190403191553/https://lapeliculas.com/pelicula/pablo-escobar-the-king-of-coke-national-geographic-hd. (La Peliculas)
  76. Web site: No Bardem for Killing Pablo . https://web.archive.org/web/20081121231636/http://www.obsessedwithfilm.com/movie-news/no-bardem-for-killing-palbo.php . 21 November 2008 . 27 July 2013 . WhatCulture.
  77. News: Fleming. Michael . 8 October 2007. Stone to produce another 'Escobar'. Variety. 28 November 2007.
  78. Web site: Venezuelan actor Edgar Ramirez to Play PABLO ESCOBAR. Poor But Happy. https://web.archive.org/web/20090504013941/http://poorbuthappy.com/venezuela/post/venezuelan-actor-edgar-ramirez-to-play-pablo-escobar. 4 May 2009.
  79. News: Faraci, Devin. 14 August 2008. Joe Carnahan Is Going to Be Killing a New Pablo, and We Know Who It Is. Chud. https://web.archive.org/web/20080815084919/http://chud.com/articles/articles/15941/1/JOE-CARNAHAN-IS-GOING-TO-BE-KILLING-A-NEW-PABLO-AND-WE-KNOW-WHO-IT-IS/Page1.html. 15 August 2008.
  80. News: Bob Yari crashes into Chapter 11. Variety. 12 December 2008. Michael. Fleming.
  81. News: Vivarelli . Nick . 11 September 2017 . Javier Bardem on Playing Pablo Escobar With Penelope Cruz in Loving Pablo . Variety . 11 October 2017 . 17 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190417222642/https://variety.com/2017/film/festivals/javier-bardem-on-playing-pablo-escobar-with-penelope-cruz-in-loving-pablo-1202549257/ . live .
  82. News: 'American Made': Film Review. 24 November 2017. The Hollywood Reporter. 29 September 2017. 3 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190403181538/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/american-made-review-1030579. live.
  83. Web site: Mugshots Pablo Escobar – Hunting the Druglord. snagfilms.com. 24 October 2017. en. 2005. This episode follows Escobar on his journey to becoming the Columbian Godfather.. https://web.archive.org/web/20171024155854/http://main.snagfilms.com/films/title/mugshots_pablo_escobar_hunting_pablo. 24 October 2017.
  84. Entourage: The making of Medellín. Barius. Claudette. 18 June 2007. Entertainment Weekly. 4 September 2016. 17 November 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161117160340/http://www.ew.com/recap/entourage-making-medellin. live.
  85. Web site: The Two Escobars. the2escobars.com. 1 October 2010. 4 December 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151204175840/http://www.the2escobars.com/. live.
  86. Web site: Telemundo Media's 'Pablo Escobar, El Patron del Mal' Averages Nearly 2.2 Million Total Viewersby zap2it.com . https://web.archive.org/web/20120719022027/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/07/10/telemundo-medias-pablo-escobar-el-patron-del-mal-averages-nearly-2-2-million-total-viewers/141131/. 19 July 2012. 10 July 2012. TV by the Numbers. Zap2It. 4 September 2016.
  87. Web site: New on Netflix August 2015: From Narcos and Spellbound to Kick Ass 2 and Dinotrux. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/new-on-netflix-august-2015-from-narcos-and-spellbound-to-kick-ass-2-and-dinotrux-10421117.html . 24 May 2022 . subscription . live. Shepherd. Jack. 28 July 2015. The Independent. 4 September 2016.
  88. News: 'Narcos' Season 2: Episode-by-Episode Binge-Watching Guide. Strause. Jackie. 2 September 2016. The Hollywood Reporter. 4 September 2016. 18 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231018200930/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/narcos-season-2-binge-watching-episode-guide-925064/. live.
  89. News: Sang. Lucia I. Suarez. Ex-DEA agents who fought Pablo Escobar headline new NatGeo documentary. 13 October 2017. Fox News. 30 August 2016. 18 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231018200934/https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/ex-dea-agents-who-fought-pablo-escobar-headline-new-natgeo-documentary. live.
  90. Web site: Countdown to Death: Pablo Escobar. Netflix.
  91. Web site: Is Countdown to Death: Pablo Escobar (2017) on Netflix USA?. What's New on Netflix USA. 30 November 2018. 18 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231018200954/https://whatsnewonnetflix.com/usa/1983815/countdown-to-death-pablo-escobar-2017. live.
  92. Web site: E-40 – 'The Block Brochure Parts 4, 5 & 6' (Album Covers & Track Lists). 29 October 2013. hiphop-n-more.com. 10 June 2021. 18 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231018200936/https://hiphop-n-more.com/2013/10/e-40-the-block-brochure-parts-4-5-6-album-covers-track-lists/. live.
  93. Web site: Kanye West Once Explained the Identity of Pablo From 'The Life of Pablo' . Matthew . Trzcinski . 5 May 2020 . cheatsheet.com . 15 May 2021 . 18 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231018201007/https://www.cheatsheet.com/entertainment/kanye-west-once-explained-the-identity-of-pablo-from-the-life-of-pablo.html/ . live .
  94. Web site: Migos - Narcos . Youtube . 27 June 2018 . 27 June 2018 . 18 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190418235651/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=unh8kWUuNt4 . live .

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Pablo Escobar".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.