Dolly (sheep) explained

Dolly
Othername:6LLS (code name)
Species:Domestic sheep (Finn-Dorset)
Gender:Female
Birth Date:5 July 1996
Birth Place:Roslin Institute, Midlothian, Scotland
Death Place:Roslin Institute, Midlothian, Scotland
Death Cause:Euthanasia
Resting Place:National Museum of Scotland (remains on display)
Nationality:United Kingdom (Scotland)
Known:First mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell
Children:6 lambs (Bonnie; twins Sally and Rosie; triplets Lucy, Darcy and Cotton)
Namedafter:Dolly Parton

Dolly (5 July 1996 – 14 February 2003) was a female Finn-Dorset sheep and the first mammal that was cloned from an adult somatic cell. She was cloned by associates of the Roslin Institute in Scotland, using the process of nuclear transfer from a cell taken from a mammary gland. Her cloning proved that a cloned organism could be produced from a mature cell from a specific body part. Contrary to popular belief, she was not the first animal to be cloned.[1]

The employment of adult somatic cells in lieu of embryonic stem cells for cloning emerged from the foundational work of John Gurdon, who cloned African clawed frogs in 1958 with this approach. The successful cloning of Dolly led to widespread advancements within stem cell research, including the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells.[2]

Dolly lived at the Roslin Institute throughout her life and produced several lambs. She was euthanized at the age of six years due to a progressive lung disease. No cause which linked the disease to her cloning was found.

Dolly's body was preserved and donated by the Roslin Institute in Scotland to the National Museum of Scotland, where it has been regularly exhibited since 2003.

Genesis

Dolly was cloned by Keith Campbell, Ian Wilmut and colleagues at the Roslin Institute, part of the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, and the biotechnology company PPL Therapeutics, based near Edinburgh. The funding for Dolly's cloning was provided by PPL Therapeutics and the Ministry of Agriculture.[3] She was born on 5 July 1996 and died on 14 February 2003 from a progressive lung disease that was considered unrelated to her being a clone.[4] She has been called "the world's most famous sheep" by sources including BBC News and Scientific American.[5] [6]

The cell used as the donor for the cloning of Dolly was taken from a mammary gland, and the production of a healthy clone, therefore, proved that a cell taken from a specific part of the body could recreate a whole individual. On Dolly's name, Wilmut stated "Dolly is derived from a mammary gland cell and we couldn't think of a more impressive pair of glands than Dolly Parton's."[7]

Birth

Dolly was born on 5 July 1996 and had three mothers: one provided the egg, another the DNA, and a third carried the cloned embryo to term.[8] She was created using the technique of somatic cell nuclear transfer, where the cell nucleus from an adult cell is transferred into an unfertilized oocyte (developing egg cell) that has had its cell nucleus removed. The hybrid cell is then stimulated to divide by an electric shock, and when it develops into a blastocyst it is implanted in a surrogate mother.[9] Dolly was the first clone produced from a cell taken from an adult mammal.[10] [11] The production of Dolly showed that genes in the nucleus of such a mature differentiated somatic cell are still capable of reverting to an embryonic totipotent state, creating a cell that can then go on to develop into any part of an animal.[12]

Dolly's existence was announced to the public on 22 February 1997.[7] It gained much attention in the media. A commercial with Scottish scientists playing with sheep was aired on TV, and a special report in Time magazine featured Dolly.[3] Science featured Dolly as the breakthrough of the year. Even though Dolly was not the first animal cloned, she received media attention because she was the first cloned from an adult cell.[13]

Life

Dolly lived her entire life at the Roslin Institute in Midlothian.[14] There she was bred with a Welsh Mountain ram and produced six lambs in total. Her first lamb, named Bonnie, was born in April 1998.[4] The next year, Dolly produced twin lambs Sally and Rosie; further, she gave birth to triplets Lucy, Darcy and Cotton in 2000.[15] In late 2001, at the age of four, Dolly developed arthritis and began to walk stiffly. This was treated with anti-inflammatory drugs.[16]

Death

On 14 February 2003, Dolly was euthanised because she had a progressive lung disease and severe arthritis.[17] A Finn Dorset such as Dolly has a life expectancy of around 11 to 12 years, but Dolly lived 6.5 years. A post-mortem examination showed she had a form of lung cancer called ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma, also known as Jaagsiekte,[18] which is a fairly common disease of sheep and is caused by the retrovirus JSRV.[19] Roslin scientists stated that they did not think there was a connection with Dolly being a clone, and that other sheep in the same flock had died of the same disease.[17] Such lung diseases are a particular danger for sheep kept indoors, and Dolly had to sleep inside for security reasons.[20]

Some in the press speculated that a contributing factor to Dolly's death was that she could have been born with a genetic age of six years, the same age as the sheep from which she was cloned. One basis for this idea was the finding that Dolly's telomeres were short, which is typically a result of the aging process.[21] [22] The Roslin Institute stated that intensive health screening did not reveal any abnormalities in Dolly that could have come from advanced aging.[23]

In 2016, scientists reported no defects in thirteen cloned sheep, including four from the same cell line as Dolly. The first study to review the long-term health outcomes of cloning, the authors found no evidence of late-onset, non-communicable diseases other than some minor examples of osteoarthritis and concluded "We could find no evidence, therefore, of a detrimental long-term effect of cloning by SCNT on the health of aged offspring among our cohort."[24] [25]

After her death Dolly's body was preserved via taxidermy and is currently on display at the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh.[26]

Legacy

After cloning was successfully demonstrated through the production of Dolly, many other large mammals were cloned, including pigs,[27] [28] deer,[29] horses[30] and bulls.[31] The attempt to clone argali (mountain sheep) did not produce viable embryos. The attempt to clone a banteng bull was more successful, as were the attempts to clone mouflon (a form of wild sheep), both resulting in viable offspring.[32] The reprogramming process that cells need to go through during cloning is not perfect and embryos produced by nuclear transfer often show abnormal development.[33] [34] Making cloned mammals was highly inefficientin 1996, Dolly was the only lamb that survived to adulthood from 277 attempts. By 2014, Chinese scientists were reported to have 70–80% success rates cloning pigs,[28] and in 2016, a Korean company, Sooam Biotech, was producing 500 cloned embryos a day.[35] Wilmut, who led the team that created Dolly, announced in 2007 that the nuclear transfer technique may never be sufficiently efficient for use in humans.[36]

Cloning may have uses in preserving endangered species, and may become a viable tool for reviving extinct species.[37] In January 2009, scientists from the Centre of Food Technology and Research of Aragon in northern Spain announced the cloning of the Pyrenean ibex, a form of wild mountain goat, which was officially declared extinct in 2000. Although the newborn ibex died shortly after birth due to physical defects in its lungs, it is the first time an extinct animal has been cloned, and may open doors for saving endangered and newly extinct species by resurrecting them from frozen tissue.[38] [39]

In July 2016, four identical clones of Dolly (Daisy, Debbie, Dianna, and Denise) were alive and healthy at nine years old.[40] [41]

Scientific American concluded in 2016 that the main legacy of Dolly has not been cloning of animals but in advances into stem cell research.[42] After Dolly, researchers realised that ordinary cells could be reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells, which can be grown into any tissue.[43]

The first successful cloning of a primate species was reported in January 2018, using the same method which produced Dolly. Two identical clones of a macaque monkey, Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua, were created by researchers in China and were born in late 2017.[44] [45] [46] [47]

In January 2019, scientists in China reported the creation of five identical cloned gene-edited monkeys, again using this method, and the gene-editing CRISPR-Cas9 technique allegedly used by He Jiankui in creating the first ever gene-modified human babies Lulu and Nana. The monkey clones were made in order to study several medical diseases.[48] [49]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: The Life of Dolly Dolly the Sheep. 1 December 2021. en-US. 11 November 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211111151011/http://dolly.roslin.ed.ac.uk/facts/the-life-of-dolly/index.html. dead.
  2. Web site: The Legacy Dolly the Sheep. 1 December 2021. en-US. 20 September 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210920154939/https://dolly.roslin.ed.ac.uk/legacy/index.html. dead.
  3. 10.1080/00141844.1999.9981606. Why dolly matters: Kinship, culture and cloning. Ethnos. 64. 3–4. 301–324. 1999. Edwards . J. .
  4. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2764039.stm "Dolly the sheep clone dies young"
  5. News: Is Dolly old before her time? . 27 May 1999 . . 4 October 2009 . London . https://web.archive.org/web/20090114115720/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/353617.stm . 14 January 2009 . live .
  6. No More Cloning Around. Lehrman. Sally. July 2008. Scientific American. 21 September 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081119114926/http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=no-more-cloning-around. 19 November 2008. live.
  7. News: 1997: Dolly the sheep is cloned . BBC News . 22 February 1997 . 1 December 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080307132931/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/22/newsid_4245000/4245877.stm . 7 March 2008 . live .
  8. Williams . 2003 . N. . Death of Dolly marks cloning milestone . Current Biology . 13 . 6 . 209–210 . 12646139 . 10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00148-9 . free . 2003CBio...13.R209W .
  9. Campbell KH. McWhir J . Ritchie WA. Wilmut I . Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line . Nature . 380 . 6569 . 64–6 . 1996 . 8598906 . 10.1038/380064a0. 1996Natur.380...64C . 3529638 .
  10. McLaren A . Cloning: pathways to a pluripotent future . Science . 288 . 5472 . 1775–80 . 2000 . 10877698 . 10.1126/science.288.5472.1775. 44320353 .
  11. 4. Wilmut I. Schnieke AE. McWhir J. Kind AJ. Campbell KH . Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells . Nature . 385 . 6619 . 810–3 . 1997 . 9039911 . 10.1038/385810a0 . 1997Natur.385..810W. 4260518.
  12. Niemann H . Tian XC . King WA . Lee RS . Epigenetic reprogramming in embryonic and foetal development upon somatic cell nuclear transfer cloning . Reproduction . 135 . 2 . 151–63 . February 2008 . 18239046 . 10.1530/REP-07-0397 . 20 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180719155145/http://www.reproduction-online.org/content/135/2/151.full.pdf . 19 July 2018 . live . free .
  13. McKinnell, Robert G.. Di Berardino, Marie A. . The Biology of Cloning: History and Rationale. BioScience . 49 . 11 . 875–885. November 1999 . 10.2307/1313647. 1313647. free.
  14. News: Kolata . Gina . 14 February 2003 . Dolly, the First Cloned Mammal, Is Dead . . 0362-4331 . 24 February 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170224211811/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/14/science/life/dolly-the-first-cloned-mammal-is-dead.html . 24 February 2017 . live .
  15. https://web.archive.org/web/20070813013311/http://www.roslin.ac.uk/publicInterest/DollyFamily.php Dolly's family
  16. https://web.archive.org/web/20070813013454/http://www.roslin.ac.uk/publicInterest/DollyArthritis.php Dolly's arthritis
  17. http://www.roslin.ac.uk/publicInterest/DollyFinalIilness.php Dolly's final illness
  18. Bridget M. Kuehn Goodbye, Dolly; first cloned sheep dies at six years old American Veterinary Medical Association, 15 April 2003
  19. Palmarini M . A Veterinary Twist on Pathogen Biology . PLOS Pathog. . 3 . 2 . e12 . 2007 . 17319740 . 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030012 . 1803002 . free .
  20. News: First Mammal Clone Dies; Dolly Made Science History. Gina. Kolata. The New York Times. 15 February 2003. 8 May 2021. 26 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230226163558/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/15/world/first-mammal-clone-dies-dolly-made-science-history.html. live.
  21. Shiels PG. Kind AJ. Campbell KH. Analysis of telomere length in Dolly, a sheep derived by nuclear transfer . Cloning . 1 . 2 . 119–25 . 1999 . 16218837 . 10.1089/15204559950020003. etal.
  22. Shiels PG. Kind AJ. Campbell KH. Analysis of telomere lengths in cloned sheep . Nature . 399 . 6734 . 316–7 . 1999 . 10360570 . 10.1038/20580. 1999Natur.399..316H . 4380715. etal.
  23. http://www.roslin.ed.ac.uk/public-interest/dolly-the-sheep/a-life-of-dolly/ Was Dolly already 'old' at birth?
  24. Sinclair. K. D.. Corr. S. A.. Gutierrez. C. G.. Fisher. P. A.. Lee. J.-H.. Rathbone. A. J.. Choi. I.. Campbell. K. H. S.. Gardner. D. S.. Healthy ageing of cloned sheep. Nature Communications. 7. 12359. en. 10.1038/ncomms12359. 27459299. 4963533. 26 July 2016. 2016NatCo...712359S.
  25. News: Klein. Joanna. Dolly the Sheep's Fellow Clones, Enjoying Their Golden Years. 27 July 2016. The New York Times. 26 July 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160729224740/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/27/science/dolly-the-sheep-clones.html. 29 July 2016. live.
  26. News: 24 December 2023  . Dolly the Sheep's fleece donated to museum . BBC News   . 24 December 2023 . 24 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231224101135/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-67810915 . live .
  27. Grisham . Julie . Nature Biotechnology . Pigs cloned for first time. 18 . 4 . 365 . 10.1038/74335 . April 2000 . 10748477. 34996647 . free .
  28. Shukman, David (14 January 2014) China cloning on an 'industrial scale' BBC News, Retrieved 14 January 2014
  29. News: Texas A&M scientists clone world's first deer . 1 January 2007 . 23 December 2003 . Innovations Report . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20061111000645/http://www.innovations-report.de/html/berichte/biowissenschaften_chemie/bericht-24409.html . 11 November 2006 . dmy-all .
  30. Web site: Cohen. Haley. How Champion-Pony Clones Have Transformed the Game of Polo. VFNews. Vanity Fair. 27 December 2015. 31 July 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151220071807/http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2015/07/polo-horse-cloning-adolfo-cambiaso. 20 December 2015. live.
  31. Web site: Lozano . Juan A. . A&M Cloning project raises questions still . Bryan-College Station Eagle . 27 June 2005 . 16 October 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191212152646/https://www.theeagle.com/news/a_m/a-m-cloning-project-raises-questions-still/article_16a5097d-9501-58f3-b99a-24290f3a49ca.html . 12 December 2019 . live .
  32. News: Endangered sheep cloned . 12 November 2007 . BBC News . 1 October 2001 . London . https://web.archive.org/web/20080124190734/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1573309.stm . 24 January 2008 . live .
  33. Book: Jaenisch R. Hochedlinger K. Eggan K . Stem Cells: Nuclear Reprogramming and Therapeutic Applications . Nuclear Cloning, Epigenetic Reprogramming and Cellular Differentiation . 265 . 107–18; discussion 118–28 . 2005 . 16050253 . 10.1002/0470091452.ch9. Novartis Foundation Symposia. 978-0-470-09145-6.
  34. Rideout WM. Eggan K. Jaenisch R . 23021886. Nuclear cloning and epigenetic reprogramming of the genome . Science . 293 . 5532 . 1093–8 . August 2001 . 11498580 . 10.1126/science.1063206.
  35. Zastrow. Mark. Inside the cloning factory that creates 500 new animals a day. 23 February 2016. New Scientist. 8 February 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160222043834/https://www.newscientist.com/article/2076681-inside-the-cloning-factory-that-creates-500-new-animals-a-day/. 22 February 2016. live.
  36. Roger Highfield "Dolly creator Prof Ian Wilmut shuns cloning" . Daily Telegraph 16 November 2007
  37. Book: Trounson AO . Future and Applications of Cloning . Nuclear Transfer Protocols . 348 . 319–32 . 2006 . 16988390 . https://books.google.com/books?id=w9XC8uLgmT4C&pg=PA319 . 10.1007/978-1-59745-154-3_22 . Methods in Molecular Biology . 978-1-58829-280-3 . 26 October 2018 . 9 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240609175209/https://books.google.com/books?id=w9XC8uLgmT4C&pg=PA319#v=onepage&q&f=false . live .
  38. News: Extinct ibex is resurrected by cloning . 1 February 2009 . The Telegraph . London . Richard . Gray . Roger . Dobson . 31 January 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141227071437/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/4409958/Extinct-ibex-is-resurrected-by-cloning.html . 27 December 2014 . live .
  39. Jabr . Ferris . 11 March 2013 . Will Cloning Ever Save Endangered Animals? . Scientific American . 15 January 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131213123914/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=cloning-endangered-animals . 13 December 2013 . live .
  40. Web site: Clones da ovelha Dolly envelheceram com boa saúde, diz estudo. 26 July 2016. Rede Globo. pt. 27 July 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160728170616/http://g1.globo.com/ciencia-e-saude/noticia/2016/07/clones-da-ovelha-dolly-envelheceram-com-boa-saude-diz-estudo.html. 28 July 2016. live.
  41. Web site: Dolly the sheep's siblings 'healthy'. 26 July 2016. News – Science and Environment. BBC. en-GB. 27 July 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160727021843/http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-36893506. 27 July 2016. live.
  42. 20 Years after Dolly the Sheep Led the Way—Where Is Cloning Now?. Weintraub. Karen. Scientific American. 2 December 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161202234623/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/20-years-after-dolly-the-sheep-led-the-way-where-is-cloning-now/. 2 December 2016. live.
  43. News: Dolly's clones ageing no differently to naturally-conceived sheep, study finds. Sample. Ian. 26 July 2016. The Guardian. en-GB. 0261-3077. 2 December 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161203000846/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/jul/26/dollys-clones-ageing-no-differently-to-naturally-conceived-sheep-study-finds. 3 December 2016. live.
  44. Liu, Zhen . etal . Cloning of Macaque Monkeys by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer . 24 January 2018 . . 172 . 4 . 881–887.e7 . 10.1016/j.cell.2018.01.020 . 29395327 . free .
  45. Normile . Dennis . These monkey twins are the first primate clones made by the method that developed Dolly . 24 January 2018 . . 10.1126/science.aat1066 . 24 January 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180127202402/https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/01/these-monkey-twins-are-first-primate-clones-made-method-developed-dolly . 27 January 2018 . live .
  46. News: Briggs . Helen . First monkey clones created in Chinese laboratory . 24 January 2018 . . 24 January 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180124203208/http://www.bbc.com/news/health-42809445 . 24 January 2018 . live .
  47. News: Associated Press . Scientists Successfully Clone Monkeys; Are Humans Up Next? . 24 January 2018 . . 24 January 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134442/https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2018/01/24/science/ap-us-sci-cloned-monkeys.html . 25 January 2018 . live .
  48. News: Science China Press . Gene-edited disease monkeys cloned in China . 23 January 2019 . . 24 January 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190124030455/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-01/scp-gdm012119.php . 24 January 2019 . live .
  49. News: Mandelbaum . Ryan F. . China's Latest Cloned-Monkey Experiment Is an Ethical Mess . 23 January 2019 . . 24 January 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190124195629/https://gizmodo.com/chinas-latest-cloned-monkey-experiment-is-an-ethical-me-1831987348 . 24 January 2019 . live .

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Dolly (sheep)".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.