Dollo's law of irreversibility explained

Dollo's law of irreversibility (also known as Dollo's law and Dollo's principle), proposed in 1893[1] by Belgian paleontologist Louis Dollo states that, "an organism never returns exactly to a former state, even if it finds itself placed in conditions of existence identical to those in which it has previously lived ... it always keeps some trace of the intermediate stages through which it has passed."[2]

The statement is often misinterpreted as claiming that evolution is not reversible,[3] or that lost structures and organs cannot reappear in the same form by any process of devolution.[4] [5] According to Richard Dawkins, the law is "really just a statement about the statistical improbability of following exactly the same evolutionary trajectory twice (or, indeed, any particular trajectory), in either direction".[6] Stephen Jay Gould suggested that irreversibility forecloses certain evolutionary pathways once broad forms have emerged: "[For example], once you adopt the ordinary body plan of a reptile, hundreds of options are forever closed, and future possibilities must unfold within the limits of inherited design."[7]

This principle is classically applied to morphology, particularly of fossils, but may also be used to describe molecular events, such as individual mutations or gene losses.

Use in phylogenetics

In maximum parsimony, Dollo parsimony refers to a model whereby a characteristic is gained only one time and can never be regained if it is lost.[8] For example, the evolution and repeated loss of teeth in vertebrates could be well-modeled under Dollo parsimony, whereby teeth made from hydroxyapatite evolved only once at the origin of vertebrates, and were then lost multiple times, in birds, turtles, and seahorses, among others.[9]

This also applies to molecular characters, such as losses or inactivation of individual genes themselves.[10] The loss of gulonolactone oxidase, the final enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of vitamin C, is responsible for the dietary requirement of vitamin C in humans, as well as many other animals.[11]

A molecular example

A 2009 study on the evolution of protein structure proposed a new mechanism for Dollo's law. It examined a hormone receptor that had evolved from an ancestral protein that was able to bind two hormones to a new protein that was specific for a single hormone. This change was produced by two amino acid substitutions, which prevent binding of the second hormone. However, several other changes subsequently occurred, which were selectively neutral as they did not affect hormone binding. When the authors tried to revert the protein back to its ancestral state by mutating the two "binding residues", they found the other changes had destabilised the ancestral state of the protein. They concluded that in order for this protein to evolve in reverse and regain its ability to bind two hormones, several independent neutral mutations would have to occur purely by chance with no selection pressure. As this is extremely unlikely, it may explain why evolution tends to run in one direction.[12]

Proposed exceptions

Although the exact threshold for violations of Dollo's law is unclear, there are several case studies whose results dispute the validity of some interpretations. For example, many taxa of gastropods have reduced shells, and some have lost coiling of their shell altogether. In Stephen Jay Gould's interpretation of Dollo's law, it would not be possible to regain a coiled shell after the coiling has been lost. Nevertheless, a few genera in the slipper snail family (Calyptraeidae) may have changed their developmental timing (heterochrony) and regained a coiled shell from a limpet-like shell.[13] [14] Frietson Galis observed that many of these studies are based on either molecular phylogenies or morphological cladistic analyses that are tenuous and subject to change.[15]

Other proposed 'exceptions' include the ocelli and wings of stick insects,[16] [17] the larval stages of salamanders,[18] [19] lost toes and re-evolution of oviparity in lizards,[20] [21] lost lower teeth in frogs,[22] clavicles in non-avian theropod dinosaurs,[23] and neck, pectoral region, and upper limb musculature in primates, including the lineage leading to humans.[24]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Dollo . Louis . Louis Dollo . 1893 . Les lois de l'évolution . Bull. Soc. Belge Geol. Pal. Hydr . VII . 164–166 .
  2. Gould . S. J. . Stephen J. Gould . 1970 . Dollo on Dollo's law: irreversibility and the status of evolutionary laws. Journal of the History of Biology. 3 . 2 . 189–212 . 10.1007/bf00137351. 11609651 . 45642853 .
  3. Alfarouk . Khalid O. . Shayoub . Mohammed E.A. . Muddathir . Abdel Khalig . Elhassan . Gamal O. . Bashir . Adil H.H. . Evolution of Tumor Metabolism might Reflect Carcinogenesis as a Reverse Evolution process (Dismantling of Multicellularity) . Cancers . 22 July 2011 . 3 . 3 . 3002–3017 . 10.3390/cancers3033002. 24310356 . 3759183 . free .
  4. 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00505.x . 18764918 . 62 . 11 . 2727–2741 . Goldberg . Emma E. . Boris Igić . On phylogenetic tests of irreversible evolution . Evolution . 2008 . 30703407 .
  5. 10.1016/j.tree.2008.06.013 . 18814933 . 23 . 11 . 602–609 . Collin . Rachel . Maria Pia Miglietta . Reversing opinions on Dollo's Law . Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 2008. 2008TEcoE..23..602C .
  6. Book: Dawkins, Richard . Richard Dawkins . The Blind Watchmaker . W. W. Norton . 1986 . 1996 . 978-0-393-31570-7 . registration .
  7. Book: Gould, Stephen J. . Gould, Stephen J. . 1993 . 2007 . Eight little piggies . Vintage Books . 978-0-09-950744-4 .
  8. 26 . 1 . 77–88 . Farris, J. . Phylogenetic Analysis Under Dollo's Law . Systematic Zoology . 1977 . 10.1093/sysbio/26.1.77.
  9. Lin,Q.. etal. The seahorse genome and the evolution of its specialized morphology . Nature . 2016 . 540 . 7633 . 395–399 . 10.1038/nature20595 . 27974754 . 8127814. 2016Natur.540..395L. free .
  10. Book: Rogozin, Igor B. . Wolf, Yuri I. . Babenko, Vladimir N. . Koonin, Eugene V. . Dollo parsimony and the reconstruction of genome evolution . Parsimony, Phylogeny, and Genomics . 190–200 . 2005 . 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297306.003.0011 . 9780199297306 .
  11. Yang . Hongwen . Conserved or Lost: Molecular Evolution of the Key Gene GULO in Vertebrate Vitamin C Biosynthesis . Biochemical Genetics . 2013 . 51 . 5–6 . 413–425 . 10.1007/s10528-013-9574-0 . 23404229 . 14393449 .
  12. 19779450 . 6141187 . 461 . 7263 . 515–519 . Bridgham . Jamie T. . Ortlund, Eric A. . Thornton, Joseph W. . An epistatic ratchet constrains the direction of glucocorticoid receptor evolution . Nature . 2009 . 10.1038/nature08249. 2009Natur.461..515B .
  13. Collin . R.. Cipriani . R.. 2003. Dollo's law and the re-evolution of shell coiling. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 270 . 1533 . 2551–2555. 10.1098/rspb.2003.2517. 1691546. 14728776.
  14. Pagel . M. . 10.1016/j.tree.2004.03.020 . 16701270 . Limpets break Dollo's Law . Trends in Ecology & Evolution . 19 . 6 . 278–280 . 2004. 2004TEcoE..19..278P .
  15. [Alan Feduccia]
  16. Loss and recovery of wings in stick insects . 10.1038/nature01313 . 2003 . Whiting . Michael F. . Bradler . Sven . Maxwell . Taylor . Nature . 421 . 6920 . 264–267 . 12529642 . 2003Natur.421..264W . 962571 .
  17. 10.1186/s12862-022-02018-5 . A second view on the evolution of flight in stick and leaf insects (Phasmatodea) . 2022 . Bank . Sarah . Bradler . Sven . BMC Ecology and Evolution . 22 . 1 . 62 . 35549660 . 9097326 . free .
  18. Chippindale . P. T. . Wiens . J. J. . 2005 . Re-evolution of the larval stage in the Plethodontid salamander genus Desmognathus . Herpetological Review . 36 . 2 . 113–117.
  19. Marshall . C. R. . 1994 . Dollo's law and the death and resurrection of genes . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 91 . 25. 12283–7 . 10.1073/pnas.91.25.12283 . 7991619 . 45421. 1994PNAS...9112283M . free .
  20. Galis . F. . 2010 . Dollo's law and the irreversibility of digit loss in Bachia . Evolution . 64 . 8. 2466–76; discussion 2477–85 . 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01041.x. 20500218 . 24520027 .
  21. 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.05.029 . Common lizards break Dollo's law of irreversibility: Genome-wide phylogenomics support a single origin of viviparity and re-evolution of oviparity . 2018 . Recknagel . Hans . Kamenos . Nicholas A. . Elmer . Kathryn R. . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . 127 . 579–588 . 29803948 . 3553000 . free . 2018MolPE.127..579R .
  22. Davies, E. Frogs re-evolved lost lower teeth. BBC News. January 31, 2011. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
  23. Book: Paul, Gregory S.. Dinosaurs of the Air: the evolution and loss of flight in dinosaurs and birds. CJHU Press. 2002. 10. 978-0-8018-6763-7.
  24. Diogo . R. . Wood . B. . 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01621.x . Violation of Dollo's Law: Evidence of Muscle Reversions in Primate Phylogeny and Their Implications for the Understanding of the Ontogeny, Evolution, and Anatomical Variations of Modern Humans . Evolution . 66 . 10 . 3267–76 . 2012 . 23025614. 21754061 .

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Dollo's law of irreversibility".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.