Lablab Explained

Lablab purpureus is a species of bean in the family Fabaceae. It is native to sub-Saharan Africa and India and it is cultivated throughout the tropics for food.[1] English language common names include hyacinth bean, lablab-bean bonavist bean/pea, dolichos bean, seim or sem bean, lablab bean, Egyptian kidney bean, Indian bean, bataw and Australian pea.[2] Lablab is a monotypic genus.[1] [3]

Taxonomy

The name lablab which is also capitalized as its genus name is given by Robert Sweet from the previous name of Dolichos lablab by Carl Linnaeus, its epithet comes from Arabic: لَبْلَاب|lablāb.[4]

Subspecific classification

According to the British biologist and taxonomist Bernard Verdcourt,[5]

there are two cultivated subspecies of Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet:

in addition to one wild subspecies:

of which a special variant with lobed leaflets exists only in Namibia:

Description

The plant is variable due to extensive breeding in cultivation, but in general, they are annual or short-lived perennial vines. The wild species is perennial. The thick stems can reach 6abbr=onNaNabbr=on in length. The leaves are made up of three pointed leaflets, each up to 15abbr=onNaNabbr=on long. They may be hairy on the undersides. The inflorescence is made up of racemes of many flowers. Some cultivars have white flowers, and others may have purplish or blue.[1]

The fruit is a legume pod variable in shape, size, and color. It is usually several centimeters long and bright purple to pale green.[6] It contains up to four seeds. Depending on the cultivar, the seeds are white, brown, red, or black, sometimes with a white hilum. Wild plants have mottled seeds. The seed is about a centimeter long.[1]

Uses

The hyacinth bean is an old domesticated pulse and multi-purpose crop.[7] [8] [9] L. purpureus has been cultivated in India as early as 2500 BC.[10]

Due to seed availability of one forage cultivar (cv. Rongai), it is often grown as forage for livestock[11] and as an ornamental plant.[12] In addition, it is cited both as a medicinal plant and a poisonous plant.[13] [14]

The fruit and beans are edible if boiled well with several changes of the water.[14] [15] Otherwise, they are toxic due to the presence of cyanogenic glycosides, glycosides that are converted to hydrogen cyanide when consumed. Signs of poisoning include weakness, vomiting, shortness of breath, twitching, stupor, and convulsions.[14] It has been shown that there is a wide range of cyanogenic potential among the varieties.[16]

The leaves are eaten raw or cooked like spinach.[9] The flowers can be eaten raw or steamed. The root can be boiled or baked for food. The seeds are used to make tofu and tempeh.[6]

Food in South Asia

In Bangladesh and West Bengal, the green pods along with the beans, known as sheem (শিম), are cooked as vegetables or cooked with fish as a curry.

In Gujarat, lablab is called .[17]

In Kerala, it is known as , or (Malayalam:).[18] The beans as well as the bean pods are used in cooking curries.[19] The bean pods are also used (along with spices) for preparing a stir-fried dish known as .[20]

In Tamil Nadu, it is called avarai or avaraikkaay (Tamil: அவரைக்காய் / அவரை).[21] The entire bean is used in cooking dry curries[22] and in sauces/gravies such as sambar.[23] The seed alone is used in many recipes and is referred to as mochai (Tamil: மொச்சை / மொச்சைக்கொட்டை).[24]

In Maharashtra, dry preparations with green masala are often made out of these green beans (ghevda varieties; Shravan ghevda (French beans), bajirao ghevda, ghevda, walwar, pavta sheng) mostly at the end of monsoon season during fasting festivals of Shravan month.

In Karnataka, the hyacinth bean is made into curry (avarekalu saaru) (Kannada: ಅವರೆಕಾಳು ಸಾರು), salad (avarekaalu usli), added to upma (avrekaalu uppittu), and as a flavoring to Akki rotti. Sometimes the outer peel of the seed is removed and the inner soft part is used for a variety of dishes. This form is called hitakubele avarekalu, which means "pressed (hitaku) hyacinth bean," and a curry known as hitikida avarekaalu saaru is made out of the deskinned beans.

In Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, the bean pods are cut into small pieces and cooked as a spicy curry in the Pongal festival season. Sometimes the outer peel of the seed when tender and soaked overnight is removed and the inner soft part is used for a variety of dishes. This form is called pitakapappu hanupa/anapa, which means "pressed (pitaku) hyacinth bean, and a curry known as pitikina anapaginjala chaaru/pitaka pappu is made from the deskinned beans and eaten along with bajra bread.

Food in Southeast and East Asia

In Myanmar, lablab beans are used to make a braised Burmese curry hnat .[25] They are also crisp-fried and served in Burmese pickled tea leaf salad.

In Huế, Vietnam, hyacinth beans are the main ingredient of the dish chè đậu ván (Hyacinth Bean Sweet Soup).[26]

In China, the seeds are known as Bai Bian Dou. They are usually dried and baked before being used in traditional Chinese herbal remedies to strengthen the spleen, reduce heat and dampness, and promote appetite.[27]

Food tradition in East Africa

In Kenya, the bean, known as njahe or njahi,[28] is popular among several communities, especially the Kikuyu. Seasons were actually based on it, i.e., the Season of Njahe (Kīmera kīa njahī). It is thought to encourage lactation and has historically been the main dish for breastfeeding mothers.[29] Beans are boiled and mashed with ripe and/or semi-ripe bananas, giving the dish a sweet taste. Today the production is in decline in eastern Africa.[29] [30] This is partly attributed to the fact that under colonial rule in Kenya, farmers were forced to give up their local bean in order to produce common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) for export.[31]

Medicinal use

Taiwanese research found that a carbohydrate-binding protein (i.e. a legume lectin) from lablab beans effectively blocks the infections of influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2.[32]

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. https://www.tropicalforages.info/text/entities/lablab_purpureus.htm Lablab purpureus.
  2. http://www.lablablab.org/ Lablab purpureus L. (Sweet).
  3. http://www.lablablab.org/html/general-information.html Lablab purpureus, general information.
  4. Book: Allen . O. N. . Allen . Ethel Kullmann . The Leguminosae: A Source Book of Characteristics, Uses, and Nodulation . 1981 . Madison, Wisconsin, USA . University of Wisconsin Press . 9780299084004 . 370 .
  5. Verdcourt . Bernard . 1970 . LablabAdans. In: Studies in the Leguminosae-Papilionoideae for the 'Flora of Tropical East Africa': III . Kew Bulletin . 24 . 3 . 409–11 . 4102845.
  6. https://floridata.com/plant/612 Dolichos lablab.
  7. Smartt . John . 1985 . Evolution of grain legumes. II. Old and new world pulses of lesser economic importance . Experimental Agriculture . 21 . 3 . 1–18 . 10.1017/S0014479700012205. 84150245 .
  8. Book: Shivashankar . G. . Kulkarni . R. S. . 1992 . van der Maesen . Plant Resources of South-East Asia, No. 1, Pulses . Pudoc . Wageningen, The Netherlands . 48–50.
  9. Web site: PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160110055827/http://www.prota4u.info/protav8.asp?h=M4&t=lablab,purpureus&p=Lablab+purpureus#Synonyms . 2016-01-10 .
  10. Book: Prance . Ghillean . Nesbitt . Mark . Pearman . Georgina . 2005 . The Cultural History of Plants . Routledge . 144 . 0415927463.
  11. http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/GBASE/data/Pf000047.HTM Lablab purpureus.
  12. http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/plantfinder/Plant.asp?code=A114 Lablab purpureus.
  13. http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Lablab+purpureus Lablab purpureus.
  14. http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/poison/Dolicla.htm Dolichos lablab (Lablab purpureus).
  15. Web site: Lablab bean/Indian Bean/Avarakkai. 2020-10-12. Local Seeds. en-US.
    • Guretzki . Sebastian . Papenbrock . Jutta . 2014 . Characterization of Lablab purpureus Regarding drought tolerance, trypsin inhibitor activity and cyanogenic potential for selection in breeding programmes . Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science . 200 . 1 . 24–35 . 10.1111/jac.12043 . free . 2014JAgCS.200...24G .
  17. Web site: Olpad farmers revive farming of Surti papdi. Melvyn Reggie Thomas. Jan 12, 2017. The Times of India. 2019-11-20.
  18. Web site: papanasini: AMARA PAYAR (അമര പയർ). Nair. Manu. 2014-01-01. papanasini. 2018-11-14.
  19. News: Amarapayar Curry (Snowpeas Curry). 2018-11-14.
  20. News: Amara Thoran. Nammude Ruchikal. 2018-11-14. en.
  21. Web site: Vegetable names in Tamil and English. 2020-07-17. Learn Tamil Online. en-US.
  22. Web site: Amit. Dassana. 2019-02-06. avarakkai poriyal avarakkai recipe. 2020-07-17. Dassana Amit Recipes. en-US.
  23. Web site: 2015-10-17. Avarakkai Sambar Broad Beans Sambar Easy Sambar Recipe. 2020-07-17. Revi's Foodography. en-US.
  24. Web site: 2019-01-10. Mochai Kottai Kootu Recipe-Field Beans Kootu. 2020-07-17. Padhuskitchen. en-US.
  25. Web site: အိစိမ့်မွှေးပဲကြီးနှပ် . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210110000334/https://www.howtocook.com.mm/recipes/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BD%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%B2%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA.html . 2021-01-10 . 2021-01-08 . How to Cook . my.
  26. Web site: Vietnamese Food Team.. Hyacinth Bean Sweet Soup Recipe (Chè Đậu Ván). https://web.archive.org/web/20130902225544/http://www.vietnamesefood.com.vn/vietnamese-recipes/vietnamese-dessert-recipes/hyacinth-bean-sweet-soup-recipe-che-dau-van.html. dead. 2 September 2013. vietnamesefood.com. Vietnamese Food. 30 May 2015.
  27. Web site: Hyacinth bean (bai bian dou) . Acupuncture Today . 1 February 2019. February 2019 .
  28. Web site: The Njahi Wars: Behind Kenya's Controversial Black Bean. 2021-05-15. Serious Eats. en.
  29. Book: Maundu . Patrick M. . Ngugi . G. W. . Kabuye . Christine H. S. . 1999 . Traditional food plants of Kenya . National Museums of Kenya, English Press, Nairobi, Kenya.
  30. Maass . Brigitte L. . Knox . Maggie R. . Venkatesha . S. C. . Angessa . Tefera Tolera . Ramme . Stefan . Pengelly . Bruce C. . 2010 . Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet – a crop lost for Africa? . Tropical Plant Biology . 3 . 3 . 123–35 . 10.1007/s12042-010-9046-1. 20835399 . 2933844 .
  31. Robertson . Claire C. . 1997 . Black, white, and red all over: Beans, women, and agricultural imperialism in twentieth-century Kenya . Agricultural History . 71 . 3 . 259–99.
  32. A carbohydrate-binding protein from the edible Lablab beans effectively blocks the infections of influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2. 2020 . CellReports. 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108016 . Liu . Yo-Min . Shahed-Al-Mahmud . Md. . Chen . Xiaorui . Chen . Ting-Hua . Liao . Kuo-Shiang . Lo . Jennifer M. . Wu . Yi-Min . Ho . Meng-Chiao . Wu . Chung-Yi . Wong . Chi-Huey . Jan . Jia-Tsrong . Ma . Che . Cell Reports . 32 . 6 . 108016 . 32755598 . 7380208 .

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