The Dnieper Rapids (Ukrainian: Дніпрові пороги|Dniprovi porohy) also known as Cataracts of the Dnieper were the historical rapids on the Dnieper river in Ukraine, composed of outcrops of granites, gneisses and other types of bedrock of the Ukrainian Shield. The rapids began below the present-day city of Dnipro (formerly Kodak Fortress, Yekaterinoslav), where the river turns to the south, and dropped 50 meters in 66 kilometers, ending before the present-day city of Zaporizhzhia (whose name literally means "beyond the rapids").
There were nine major rapids (some sources give a smaller number), about 30–40 smaller rapids and 60 islands and islets. The rapids almost totally obstructed the navigation of the river.
After the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station was built at Zaporizhzhia in 1932, the rapids were inundated by the Dnieper Reservoir.
See also: Route from the Varangians to the Greeks. The Dnieper Rapids were part of the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks first mentioned in the Primary Chronicle. The route was probably established in the late eighth and early ninth centuries and gained significant importance from the tenth until the first third of the eleventh century. On the Dnieper the travelers had to portage their ships round seven rapids, where they had to be on guard for Pecheneg nomads.
The rapids was mentioned in Emperor Constantine VII's work De Administrando Imperio[1] and in The Tale of Igor's Campaign.
In Ukrainian tradition, there were 9 major rapids (given in the direction of the river flow as shown in the picture on the right):[2] [3]
Names given in transcription from the Ukrainian language.
Correspondence of some of the names from different historical sources is seen in the table below:
| Modern (Ukrainian) | Slavonic | Norse | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Ne sŭpi, ‘Don't Sleep’ (Εσσουπη) | Sof eigi, ‘Don't Sleep’ | |
| 2. Ukrainian: Surs’kyj porih, ‘Severe One’;3. Ukrainian: Lochans’kyj porih | Ostrovĭnyj pragŭ, ‘Island-waterfall’ (Οστροβουνιπραχ) | Holmfors, ‘Island-Waterfall’ (Ουλβορσι) | |
| 4. Ukrainian: Dzvonets’(kyj) porih, ‘Clanger’ | Gellandi, ‘Roaring’ (Γελανδρι) | ||
| 5. Ukrainian: Nenasytets’(kyj) porih, ‘Insatiable’ | Nejasytĭ, ‘pelican (which nested there)’ (Νεασητ) | Eyforr, ‘ever violent’ (Αειφορ) | |
| 6. Ukrainian: Vovnyz’kyj porih, ‘[place] of waves’ | Vlŭnĭnyj pragŭ, ‘wave-waterfall’ (Βουλνηπραχ) | Bárufors, ‘wave-waterfall’ (Βαρουφορος) | |
| 7. Ukrainian: Tavolžans’ka zabora, Tavolžans’kyi porih | Vĭruči, ‘boiling’ (Βερουτζη) | Hlæjandi, ‘laughing’ (Λεαντι) | |
| 8. Ukrainian: Lyshnij porih, ‘superfluous’ | Naprjazi?, ‘bend, strain?’ (Ναπρεζη); Na bŭrzŭ?, ‘quick?’ | Strukum, ‘[at the] rapids’ (Στρουκουν) |