Disparity filter algorithm of weighted network explained

Disparity filter^[1] is a network reduction algorithm (a.k.a. graph sparsification algorithm^[2]) to extract the backbone structure of undirected weighted network. Many real world networks such as citation networks, food web, airport networks display heavy tailed statistical distribution of nodes' weight and strength. Disparity filter can sufficiently reduce the network without destroying the multi-scale nature of the network. The algorithm is developed by M. Angeles Serrano, Marian Boguna and Alessandro Vespignani.

Overview of other network reduction algorithms and their limitations

k-core decomposition

k-core decomposition is an algorithm that reduces a graph into a maximal connected subgraph of vertices with at least degree k. This algorithm can only be applied to unweighted graphs.

Minimum spanning tree

A minimum spanning tree is a tree-like subgraph of a given graph G, in which it keeps all the nodes of graph G but minimizes the total weight of the subgraph. A minimum spanning tree is the least expensive way to maintain the size of a connected component. The significant limitation of this algorithm is that it overly simplifies the structure of the network (graph). The minimum spanning tree destroys local cycles, clustering coefficients which are usually present in real networks and are considered important in network measurement.

Global weight threshold

A weighted graph can be easily reduced to a subgraph in which any of the edges' weight is larger than a given threshold w_c. This technique has been applied to study the resistance of food webs^[3] and functional networks that connect correlated human brain sites.^[4] The shortcoming of this method is that it disregards nodes with small strength. In real networks, both strength and weight distribution in general follow heavy tailed distributions which span several degrees of magnitude. Applying a simple cutoff on weight will remove all the information below the cut-off.

Disparity filter algorithm

The null model of normalized weight distribution

In network science, the strength notated as s_i of a node i is defined as s_i = Σ_jw_ij, where w_ij is the weight of the link between i and j.

In order to apply the disparity filter algorithm without overlooking nodes with low strength, a normalized weight p_ij is defined as p_ij = w_ij/s_i. In the null model, the normalized weights of a certain node with degree k is generated like this: k - 1 pins are randomly assigned between the interval 0 and 1. The interval is then divided into k subintervals. The length of the subinterval represents the normalized weight of each link in the null model.

Consecutively, and based on the null model, we can derive that the normalized weight distribution of a node with degree k follows

\rho(x)dx = (k -1 )( 1- x) ^{k-2} dx .

Disparity filter

The disparity filter algorithm is based on p-value^[5] statistical significance test^[6] of the null model: For a given normalized weight p_ij, the p-value α_ij of p_ij based on the null model is given by

\alpha _{ij} =1- (k -1 )\int ^{p _{ij}} _{0} ( 1- x) ^{k-2} dx which reduces to \alpha _{ij} = ( 1- p _{ij} ) ^{k-1} . The meaning of α_ij is the probability of having normalized weight larger or equal to p_ij in the framework of the given null model. By setting a significance level α (between 0 and 1), for any link of normalized weight p_ij, if α_ij is larger than α, it will be filtered out. Changing α we can progressively remove irrelevant links thus effectively extracting the backbone structure of the weighted network.

Generalizations

Pólya Filter

The disparity filter algorithm has been shown to be a particular case of the Pólya Filter^[7] (built around the famous combinatorial scheme known as the Pólya Urn). The Pólya Filter is able to adapt the filtering procedure to the network's own heterogeneity by using a Maximum Likelihood procedure to set its free parameter

a , which represent the strength of the self reinforcing mechanism ruling the underlying urn scheme. Given a significance level \alpha , the Pólya Filter has been shown to produce backbones much more sparse than the disparity filter and yet able to retain the most salient^[8] links of the system.

See also

• k-core decomposition
• Minimum spanning tree
• Backbones of bipartite projections

External links

• Disparity filter algorithm realization in python
• Disparity filter algorithm realization in R

Notes and References

1. .
2. Coscia. Michele. The Atlas for the Aspiring Network Scientist. 2021-02-08. cs.CY. 2101.00863. cs2.
3. .
4. .
5. Goodman . SN . 1999 . Toward Evidence-Based Medical Statistics. 1: The P Value Fallacy.. . 130. 12 . 995–1004. 10383371. 10.7326/0003-4819-130-12-199906150-00008. 7534212 .
6. R. A. Fisher (1925).Statistical Methods for Research Workers, Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1925, p. 43.
7. Marcaccioli. Riccardo. Livan. Giacomo. 2019-02-14. A Pólya urn approach to information filtering in complex networks. Nature Communications. en. 10. 1. 745. 10.1038/s41467-019-08667-3. 30765706. 6375975. 2019NatCo..10..745M. 2041-1723. free.
8. Grady. Daniel. Thiemann. Christian. Brockmann. Dirk. 2012-05-29. Robust classification of salient links in complex networks. Nature Communications. en. 3. 1. 864. 10.1038/ncomms1847. 22643891. 1110.3864. 2012NatCo...3..864G. 2041-1723. free.