Dishabituation Explained

Dishabituation (or dehabituation) is a form of recovered or restored behavioral response wherein the reaction towards a known stimulus is enhanced, as opposed to habituation.^[1] Initially, it was proposed as an explanation to increased response for a habituated behavior by introducing an external stimulus;^[2] however, upon further analysis, some have suggested that a proper analysis of dishabituation should be taken into consideration only when the response is increased by implying the original stimulus.^[3]

Based on studies conducted over habituation's dual-process theory which attributed towards dishabituation, it is also determined that the latter was independent of any behavioral sensitization.^[4]

An example of dishabituation is the response of a receptionist in a scenario where a delivery truck arrives at 9:00AM every morning. The first few times it arrives it is noticed by the receptionist, and after weeks, the receptionist does not respond as strongly. One day the truck does not arrive, and the receptionist notices its absence. When it arrives the next day, the receptionist's response is stronger when it arrives as expected.

History

The phenomenon was studied by an early scientist Samuel Jackson Holmes in 1912, while he was studying the animal behavior in sea urchins. Later in 1933, George Humphrey—while studying the same effects in human babies and extensively over lower vertebrates—argued that dishabituation is in fact the removal of habituation altogether, to a behavior that was not conditioned to begin with.^[5]

Mechanism

In humans

According to the dual-process theory of habituation, dishabituation is characterized by an increase in responding to a habituated stimulus after introducing a deviant, to sensitize a change in arousal.^{[6] [4]} For example, when hearing the ticking of a clock and the clock makes a louder ticking sound, you pay more attention to the clock even though you are already familiar with a clock. Further investigations into elicitation and habituation of the electrodermal orienting reflex also showed that dishabituation is independent of sensitization for indifferent stimuli.^[7]

A meta-analysis shows that dishabituation is improvised on preterm infants as compared to term infants based on the magnitude of stimulus sensitized.^{[8] [9]}

Biological basis

As per the Center for Neural Engineering, University of Southern California (Los Angeles), the primordial hippocampus plays an important role in modeling the dishabituation of behavioral response. According to this, the interaction of two processes is dynamically postulated based on synaptic plasticity, which acquires both long and short-term forgetting. Along with that, cumulative shrinking is proposed to map responses from the temporal region of the anterior thalamus that references the spatial positions. The plasticity model combined with the structure of medial pallium model provides a structured network of neural mechanisms, contributing towards dishabituation and habituation alike.^[10]

Accordingly, this phenomenon is neither indicative to counteract the emphasis of an existing habituation but instead, organizes an independent neuronal process, nor resulted by facilitation, as the etymology may indicate.^[11]

In animals

• Studies done on the Aplysia to establish dishabituation or superimposed sensitization,^[12] to understand their neuronal mechanisms of their gill-withdrawal reflex,^{[13] [14]} and dishabituation processes to establish large-scale methodology to solve major limitation problem.^[15]
• The Tritonia diomedea for its escape swim (the number of cycles per swim)^[16] and the Drosophila melanogaster^[17]
• Auditory stimulation to understand the escape behavior in hermit crabs^[18]
• Exercise as a dishabituating stimulus on hypoglycemic rodents^[19]

All the above establish the process of dishabituation, where responding to a repetitive stimulus increases and has been documented in a wide range of organisms - from single-celled animals to primates - which is thought to allow an organism to reflexively either filter out or consider, all forms of information.^[20]

It is also characterized as an emancipation of an existing prey-catching behavior. Sometimes however, the inconsistency in dishabituation of behavioral response is brought-on by mismatch between the 1st and 2nd stimuli, which in-turn is due to the occurrence of inhibition by habituation, to the existing stimulus.

Application

Dishabituation shows an increase in reward effectiveness as it produces a heightened behavioral response to sensitization of arousal. Other studies also show that it is caused by mind-wandering, where with distributed working process as opposed to practising in mass, the learning behavior is enhanced.^[21]

In the development of preterm infants, the dishabituation process also provides with an approach for the early diagnosis of cognitive status and most importantly, their mental faculties performances.^[22]

See also

• Adaptive behaviors
• Operant conditioning
• Perceptual learning
• Reinforcement

External links

• Video of a habituated rat demonstrating dishabituation
• Olfactory Habituation and Dishabituation experiment conducted at Stanford Medicine
• Generalization and dishabituation of the orienting response to a stimulus of lower intensity
• 10.1037/0012-1649.20.1.114 . Habituation-Dishabituation to speech in the neonate . 1984 . 10.1.1.1012.8344 . Brody . Leslie R. . Zelazo . Philip R. . Chaika . Helene . Developmental Psychology . 20 . 114–119 .
• Habituation and dishabituation to speech and office noise
• Advances in Child Development and Behavior (vol. 6)

Notes and References

1. Steiner. Genevieve Z.. Barry. Robert J.. 2014-02-14. The mechanism of dishabituation. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience. 8. 14. 10.3389/fnint.2014.00014. 1662-5145. 3924047. 24592215. free.
2. Web site: Classical Conditioning Learning, Memory, & Attention. University of California, San Diego - Department of Cognitive Science.
3. Rankin. Catharine H.. Abrams. Thomas. Barry. Robert J.. Bhatnagar. Seema. Seema Bhatnagar. Clayton. David. Colombo. John. Coppola. Gianluca. Geyer. Mark A.. Glanzman. David L.. 2017-03-28. Habituation Revisited: An Updated and Revised Description of the Behavioral Characteristics of Habituation. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. 92. 2. 135–138. 10.1016/j.nlm.2008.09.012. 1074-7427. 2754195. 18854219.
4. Steiner. Genevieve Z.. Barry. Robert J.. 2014-01-01. The mechanism of dishabituation. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience. en. 8. 14. 10.3389/fnint.2014.00014. 3924047. 24592215. free.
5. Thompson. Richard F. 2017-03-28. Habituation: A History. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. 92. 2. 127–134. 10.1016/j.nlm.2008.07.011. 1074-7427. 2714193. 18703156.
6. Book: Klein, Stephen B.. Learning: Principles and Applications. 2011-04-04. SAGE Publications. 9781412987349. en.
7. Steiner. Genevieve Z.. Barry. Robert J.. 2011-01-01. Exploring the mechanism of dishabituation. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. en. 95. 4. 461–466. 10.1016/j.nlm.2011.02.007. 21329761. 1074-7427. 10.1.1.1025.8760. 24477711.
8. Kavšek. Michael. Bornstein. Marc H.. 2010-01-01. Visual Habituation and Dishabituation in Preterm Infants: A Review and Meta-analysis. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 31. 5. 951–975. 10.1016/j.ridd.2010.04.016. 0891-4222. 3167676. 20488657.
9. Web site: Infant Perception and Cognition. Minnesota State University Moorhead.
10. Wang. D.. Arbib. M. A.. 1992-01-01. Modeling the dishabituation hierarchy: the role of the primordial hippocampus. Biological Cybernetics. 67. 6. 535–544. 0340-1200. 1472577. 10.1007/BF00198760. 7182661.
11. Web site: Modeling the dishabituation hierarchy: The role of the primordial hippocampus. Department of Computer Science and Engineering The Ohio State UniversityAccessibilityPrivacy.
12. Hawkins. Robert D.. Cohen. Tracey E.. Kandel. Eric R.. 2017-03-29. Dishabituation in Aplysia can involve either reversal of habituation or superimposed sensitization. Learning & Memory. 13. 3. 397–403. 10.1101/lm.49706. 1072-0502. 1475823. 16705138.
13. Web site: Neuronal Mechanisms of Habituation and Dishabituation of the Gill-Withdrawal Reflex in Aplysia. Institute of Neuroscience UNIVERSITY OF OREGON.
14. Carew. Thomas J.. Castellucci. Vincent F.. Kandel. Eric R.. 1971-01-01. An Analysis of Dishabituation and Sensitization of The Gill-Withdrawal Reflex In Aplysia. International Journal of Neuroscience. en. 2. 2. 79–98. 10.3109/00207457109146995. 4347410. 0020-7454.
15. Web site: Slimelines Vol-1, Page 3. yyy.rsmas.miami.edu. 2017-03-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20170330174327/http://yyy.rsmas.miami.edu/groups/sea-hares/slimelines/slimelines3.html. 2017-03-30. dead.
16. Mongeluzi. Donna L.. Frost. William N.. 2017-03-29. Dishabituation of the Tritonia Escape Swim. Learning & Memory. 7. 1. 43–47. 1072-0502. 311319. 10706601. 10.1101/lm.7.1.43.
17. Asztalos. Zoltan. Baba. Kotaro. Yamamoto. Daisuke. Tully. Tim. 2007-01-01. The fickle Mutation of a Cytoplasmic Tyrosine Kinase Effects Sensitization but not Dishabituation in Drosophila Melanogaster. Journal of Neurogenetics. 21. 1. 59–71. 10.1080/01677060701249488. 0167-7063. 2409174. 17464798.
18. Web site: Auditory stimulation dishabituates anti-predator escape behavior in hermit crabs (Coenobita clypeatus). Comparative Cognitive Psychology UCLA Psychology Department.
19. Web site: High intensity exercise as a dishabituating stimulus restores counterregulatory responses in recurrently hypoglycemic rodents. University of Dundee. https://web.archive.org/web/20170330174236/http://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/portal/files/12144486/Dishabituation_Diabetes_Accepted_Manuscript_2017.pdf. 2017-03-30. dead.
20. Book: The Design of Animal Communication. Hauser. Marc D.. Konishi. Mark. 2017-03-29. MIT Press. 9780262582230. en.
21. Web site: The Costs and Benefits of Mind-Wandering: A Review. American Psychological Association.
22. Kavsek. Michael. Predicting Later IQ from Infant Visual Habituation and Dishabituation: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology. en. 25. 3. 369–393. 10.1016/j.appdev.2004.04.006. 0193-3973. 2004.