Disappearance of ARA San Juan explained

Disappearance of ARA San Juan
Place:South Atlantic
Coordinates:-45.9497°N -59.7728°W
Cause:Unknown
Outcome:Loss of the boat, crew
Reported Deaths:44 (all)

On 15 November 2017, the Argentine submarine disappeared in the South Atlantic off the coast of Argentina while on a training exercise. After a search lasting 15 days, the Argentine Navy downgraded the operation from a rescue mission to a search for the submarine's wreck, implying they had given up hope of finding survivors among its crew of 44. It was the worst submarine disaster since the accident on in 2003, and the second worst peacetime naval disaster in Argentina after the 1949 sinking of the minesweeper .

On 16 November 2018, a year after the disappearance of the submarine, her wreck was found in the South Atlantic by the private company Ocean Infinity[1] at a depth of 907m (2,976feet) at -45.9497°N -59.7728°W.[2]

Background

, a diesel-electric submarine in service with the Argentine Navy since 19 November 1985, was built in West Germany by Thyssen Nordseewerke.[3] She was laid down on 18 March 1982 and launched on 20 June 1983. San Juan underwent a mid-life update from 2008 to 2013, which included replacing all battery elements.[4]

In early November 2017, San Juan was part of a navy exercise in Tierra del Fuego which included the sinking of the ex as a target.[5] [6] With the war game completed and after a short visit to Ushuaia open to the public, the submarine got underway to her home base at Mar del Plata.[7]

Disappearance and rescue efforts

On 17 November 2017, it was announced that she had not been heard from since 15 November, and that a search and rescue operation had been launched southeast of San Jorge Gulf.[8] There were at least 44 servicemen on board the missing submarine,[9] including Argentina's first female submarine officer, Eliana Krawczyk.[10] The submarine carried oxygen for no more than seven days when submerged.[10]

On the same day, Argentine president Mauricio Macri moved to the official residence at Chapadmalal, near Mar del Plata, in order to follow the search and rescue operation more closely.[11] [12] The Argentine Armed Forces set up a centre of operations at the naval base in Mar del Plata, with family members of the submariners also present at the base. The Argentine Navy brought in a team of mental health professionals to aid the families; a team to keep them updated on the search and rescue effort had also been set up.[13] Also on 17 November, the International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters' was activated by the Secretaría Nacional de Protección Civil de Argentina, thus providing for humanitarian satellite coverage.[14]

On 18 November, the Ministry of Defense reported that there had been attempts at communication that day from a satellite phone that was believed to be from the submarine,[15] [16] but it was later determined that the calls were not from the vessel.[17]

On 19 November, the Argentine Armed Forces stated that severe weather with 8m (26feet) waves in the area was hampering the search effort and that weather conditions would not be favourable until 21 November.[18] [19]

On 20 November, the Argentine Navy announced that the "critical phase" for the rescue was approaching. Although the submarine had enough supplies to last 90 days above water, she only had enough oxygen for 7–10 days submerged and it was speculated that she was submerged when communications were lost given the rough weather. The Navy also stated that if the issue had simply been a communications failure, then San Juan would have arrived at Mar del Plata on 19 or 20 November.[20] The Argentine Navy later reported that sonar systems on two of its ships and sonar buoys dropped by a US P-8A Poseidon aircraft detected noises possibly coming from San Juan; a senior United States Navy officer told CNN that this sounded like banging on the hull in order to alert passing ships;[21] [22] later analysis of the audio determined that the sound "did not correspond to a submarine", and was probably of biological origin.[23] By the end of the day the oceanographic vessels of the Argentine Navy and with support of the icebreaker of the Brazilian Navy carried out an extensive scan in the place where the biological sound started.[24] The Royal Navy stated that 10m (30feet) waves had slowed the search, but easing weather led to improved sonar conditions.

As of 21 November, the search area was in size; 15 planes and 17 ships were actively searching the area.[25] Weather conditions improved, with NaNm (-2,147,483,648feet) waves, making the search for the submarine less difficult.[26] The United States Navy later reported that one of its planes had detected a heat signature which corresponded to a metallic object at a depth of, off the coast of Puerto Madryn. There was no official confirmation from the Argentine Navy whether the object was indeed San Juan, but sources told Clarín newspaper that a fleet in the area led by the corvette was given orders to proceed "at full speed" towards where the object was detected.[27] At 7:00 pm the British ship, in her maritime patrol area, had seen three flares to the east: one orange and two white. This information was reported to Puerto Belgrano where the Search and Rescue Coordinating Center is set up.[28] The Argentine Navy later determined that both the flares and heat signature were false leads.[29]

On 22 November, the Argentine Navy investigated a "hydroacoustic anomaly" identified on 15 November, three hours after the last contact of the lost submarine; ships and airplanes were sent back to the last contact point with ARA San Juan.[30] During a search flight over the South Atlantic, a U.S. P-8A Poseidon aircraft detected an object near the area where the missing submarine had sent her last signal. The plane returned to base in Bahía Blanca late the same day.[31]

On 23 November the Argentine Navy said an event consistent with an explosion had been detected,[32] on the day the submarine lost communications, by CTBTO seismic anomaly listening posts on Ascension Island and Crozet Islands at -46.12°N -59.69°W.[33] The Navy received information through the Argentine ambassador in Austria since the CTBTO is based in Vienna.[32] [34] The organization had been asked to analyse data from the search area by the Argentine government on the week of the disappearance, but no leads had materialised until 22 November when the CTBTO informed the government.[35] In a press conference, the Argentine Navy stated that it had not ruled out any possibilities since the submarine had not been located yet, and a spokesperson requested that the media be more precise when reporting information following "imprecise information which affects the family members."[36] The Navy added that it received information on the explosion on the afternoon of 22 November, adding that it would have concentrated search efforts in that area had it known sooner.[37]

On 24 November, the search and rescue operation was reinforced by the Brazilian submarine rescue ship Felinto Perry. The arrival of a Russian Navy exploration aircraft was also expected.[38] More than 30 aircraft and ships from Argentina, the United Kingdom, Brazil, the United States, Chile and other countries participated in the effort to find San Juan. In all, more than 4,000 personnel from 13 countries assisted the search, scouring some of ocean – an area the size of Spain.[39]

On 26 November, the Argentine Navy said that "despite 11 days of searching, it doesn't rule out that [the crew] could be in an extreme survival situation" and were not willing to draw any conclusions until the submarine had been located.[40] Weather conditions in the South Atlantic were again making the search difficult, with winds of up to 100km/h.[41]

On 27 November, Argentine Navy spokesman Captain Enrique Balbi revealed to the press that according to the submarine's last report from 15 November, San Juans snorkel leaked water into the forward storage batteries the day before, which ignited a fire. After extinguishing the fire, the crew disconnected the forward storage batteries. The submarine continued to move powered by the aft batteries.[42]

On 30 November, 15 days after San Juan went missing, the Navy declared the rescue part of the operation to be over, turning its attention to finding the submarine and not her crew.[43] At the time, the loss of 44 crewmen constituted the largest loss of life aboard a submarine since the Chinese submarine 361 sank in May 2003.[44] The incident is also the second worst naval disaster in Argentina during peacetime after the loss of the minesweeper ARA Fournier with her complement of 77 off Tierra del Fuego on 22 September 1949.[45]

Search effort

Locating a distressed or sunken submarine can be extremely difficult as witnessed by the disappearances of the French submarines (found 53 days after sinking)[46] and (found in July 2019, 51 years after sinking)[47] despite the fact that both were lost close to the French mainland.[48] The nuclear-powered was located five months after sinking, largely thanks to data obtained from SOSUS.[49] The Israeli submarine was located in 1999, 31 years after her disappearance.[50] The Australian submarine, disappeared in September 1914, was found in December 2017 (103 years later) after 13 search efforts.[51]

As of 21 November 2017, when including vessels and aircraft making their way to the search area, the Ministry of Defense stated that there were 27 ships and 18 aircraft participating in the search and rescue of San Juan. Of those, 18 ships and 5 aircraft were Argentine, with the remaining 9 ships and 13 aircraft belonging to the 11 other countries which had offered assistance. There were also tens of fishing vessels assisting in the search.[52] The operation was carried out under the auspices of ISMERLO, an international organisation of over 40 countries set up in 2003[53] following the Kursk submarine disaster.[54]

On 24 November, according to the Argentine Navy, 27 ships, 30 aircraft, 4,000 professionals from 13 countries participated in the search effort to the missing Argentine submarine; this was already the largest search and rescue operation in the history of the South Atlantic Ocean.[55] [56]

International assistance largely ended by early 2018[57] [58] leaving Argentina as the only country involved in the search.[59] On 14 February 2018 the Argentine Government offered a reward of $98 million pesos (approximately USD 5 million) for information on the location of ARA San Juan.[60]

Ocean Infinity search

From September 2018 the search for the submarine was aided by the US-based seabed survey company Ocean Infinity.[61] The search started on 7 September 2018, and was planned for up to 60 days, with payment only in the event that the submarine was found. Some 60 crew members conducted the search, with three officers of the Argentine Navy and four family members of the crew of ARA San Juan to observe.[62]

On 16 November 2018, Ocean Infinity reported a new point of interest, 60m (200feet) in length, in Site 1, area 15A-4, of the search zone, some 800m (2,600feet) deep. The Norwegian ship was to arrive in the area at 23:30 and investigation with a ROV was to begin.[63] [64] [65] It had been considered that the probability of locating the wreck in the area where it was eventually found was 90%, but previous searches failed to find it due to inadequate technology and presence of numerous submarine canyons.[66]

Later that day (a year and a day after its sinking) the submarine was found in the Atlantic Ocean at a depth of 907m (2,976feet) at -45.9497°N -59.7728°W,[2] [1] 20km (10miles) north northwest from the seismic anomaly reported by the CTBTO. Photographs were released showing it broken into several pieces on the ocean floor.[67] Argentine Navy spokesman Captain Jorge Balbi presented close-up photos of the wreck in a press briefing. The pictures show the imploded pressure hull, with the bow section, sail and propellers scattered in an area of 8000m2.[68] [69] [70]

Ocean Infinity was to receive a reward of US$7.5 million for finding the missing vessel.[71] [72]

Consequences and repercussions

On 16 December 2017, the Argentine defence minister dismissed the Navy's Chief of the General Staff (Marcelo Srur)  - the head of Argentine Navy - after the incident.[73] On 4 February 2018 the Argentine news site Infobae published two documents handed by the Argentine Navy to the judge in charge of investigating the accident, detailing how the mission of the submarine included spying on British civil and military vessels in the South Atlantic, near the Falkland Islands.[74]

Participants of the rescue and search efforts

Country Rescue Search Effort or pledge
The initial search and rescue operation was carried out by the destroyer and the corvettes and, supported by two S-2E Tracker surveillance aircraft.[75] On 18 November, CONICET provided the ships and, and the Argentine Navy added,,, and to the search along with a Eurocopter Fennec. The Argentine Air Force provided Lockheed C-130 Hercules aircraft.[76] The Argentine Naval Prefecture is providing the vessels and Tango, along with a Beechcraft Super King; INVAP and the National Space Activities Commission are providing satellite support and using satellite photography to search for clues in the area.[77] On 24 November the tugboat ARA Puerto Argentino got underway from Comodoro to the search area of ARA San Juan to carry out a "mapping of the bottom of the sea".[78]
The Brazilian Air Force provided a Lockheed P-3 Orion and an EADS CASA C-295 to aid search efforts; the Brazilian Navy provided the frigate Rademaker, icebreaker, and submarine tender ship Felinto Perry.[79] [80] According to information from the Naval Operations Command, 500 Brazilian military personnel were distributed among the three vessels and 2 two aircraft were sent to assist the Argentine Navy.[81]
The government sent a Challenger aircraft carrying CO2 absorbing lithium hydroxide curtains and oxygen generating candles, in order to prolong the breathable air in the submarine should contact be made.[82]
The Chilean Navy sent an EADS CASA C-295 and the research vessel to assist the search.
Offered a CASA/IPTN CN-235 aircraft of the Colombian Air Force.
The Ecuadorian Navy offered a CN-295 Persuader maritime patrol aircraft.[83]
Offered a Falcon 50 search plane of the French Naval Aviation.[84]
Offered a Lockheed P-3 Orion aircraft of the Marineflieger (German Naval Aviation).
The NATO Submarine Rescue System has been deployed and has the capacity to carry out underwater rescue efforts if needed.
On 18 November, the private company DOF ASA provided for the search and rescue mission. The vessel had previously aided in the rescue of a cargo ship in the area in 2009 and comes equipped with an ROV, diving bell and sonar.[85] The vessel is accompanied by, owned by Siem Offshore, carrying additional rescue equipment.[86] [87]
Offered assistance if needed, including a Fokker 60 of the Peruvian Naval Aviation.
On 22 November, Russian President Vladimir Putin called the Argentine President Mauricio Macri, offering support. The equipment sent by the country includes special purpose ship and the unmanned underwater vehicle Pantera Plus. Experts were also being flown to Argentina aboard a military aircraft.[88] [89] On 23 November, an Antonov An-124 arrived in Comodoro Rivadavia carrying the equipment and personnel, before continuing to Ushuaia.[90]
Offered three containers of supplies including oxygen and food rations should an underwater rescue be carried out.
The United Kingdom offered assistance in the form of a C-130 Hercules aircraft based in the Falkland Islands.[91] The ice patrol and survey vessel was re-tasked to join the search and rescue operation on 18 November, with the Submarine Parachute Assistance Group deployed aboard the ship on 19 November. Subsequently, the patrol vessel also joined the search and rescue operation.[92] [93] [94] [95] On 22 November, a Royal Air Force (RAF) Voyager arrived at General Enrique Mosconi International Airport, Comodoro Rivadavia with submarine detection equipment.[96] This was the first RAF plane to land in Comodoro Rivadavia since before the Falklands War.[97] [98] [99]
On 17 November, a U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) P-3 Orion aircraft, equipped with a magnetometer, gravimeter and other sensors, was redirected from Operation IceBridge to aid in the search.[100] The United States Navy sent a P-8A Poseidon aircraft, the McCann Rescue Chamber and the Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System.[101] [102] [103] On 19 November, the U.S. Navy sent a second P-8A,[104] and deployed four unmanned underwater vehicles,[105] to assist in the search. Additionally, thirty-six reservists from Navy Reserve Undersea Rescue Command and its headquarters deployed to Skandi Patagonia.[106] The U.S. Air Force supported the effort through Air Mobility Command moving Air Force and Navy personnel, and more than one million pounds of equipment, to Argentina with three C-5M Super Galaxy and seven C-17 Globemaster III cargo aircraft.[107]
Offered assistance if needed and deployed a Naval Aviation Beechcraft Super King Air and the Uruguayan Navy rescue ship ROU Vanguardia.[108]

Commemoration

On 24 October 2021 a monument commemorating the 44 crew members lost was unveiled in front of the Mar del Plata Naval Base.[109]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: Argentina submarine: ARA San Juan found. BBC. 2018-11-17.
  2. News: ARA San Juan: el clima adverso le dio dramatismo a un hallazgo con el último aliento. 18 November 2018. LA NACION. 18 November 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181118100825/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/2192921-el-clima-adverso-le-dio-dramatismo-a-un-hallazgo-con-el-ultimo-aliento. dead.
  3. Book: Miller, David . The Illustrated Directory of Submarines . Zenith Press . 2002 . 480 . 0-7603-1345-8 .
  4. Web site: Reparación de Media Vida Submarino Tipo TR1700 ARA San Juan S-42 (Segunda Parte). Comunidad Submarinista. Latinoamericana. 17 November 2017.
  5. News: La Flota de Mar despliega su esplendor en Ushuaia. 21 November 2017. Zona Militar. 7 November 2017. es-ES.
  6. News: Operaciones integradas del Comando de Adiestramiento y Alistamiento Gaceta Marinera. 21 November 2017. gacetamarinera.com.ar. 6 November 2017. es-ES.
  7. News: Argentine navy loses contact with submarine. BBC News . 17 November 2017 . 17 November 2017.
  8. News: Desapareció un submarino argentino y se desplegó un operativo de rescate . es . 16 November 2017 . La Nacion . 18 November 2017 . 3 July 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180703133844/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/2083159-desaparecio-un-submarino-argentino-y-se-despliega-un-operativo-de-rescate . dead .
  9. Web site: Argentine navy says its lost contact with submarine. Ana . Melgar . Natalie . Gallón . Jason . Hanna . amp . CNN . 17 November 2017 . 17 November 2017.
  10. Web site: Search Underway for Argentine Navy Submarine With 44 . Politi . Daniel . Londoño . Ernesto . amp . The New York Times . 17 November 2017 . 17 November 2017.
  11. News: Macri seguirá las informaciones desde Chapadmalal. 21 November 2017. La Capital. 18 November 2017. es-AR.
  12. News: Mauricio Macri y su familia debieron aterrizar de emergencia por malas condiciones climáticas en Chapadmalal. 21 November 2017. La Nacion. 17 November 2017. 22 November 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171122115407/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2083529-mauricio-macri-y-su-familia-debieron-aterrizar-de-emergencia-por-malas-condiciones-climaticas-en-chapadmalal. dead.
  13. News: Submarino ARA San Juan: la Armada envió psicólogos a Mar del Plata para contener a las familias. 21 November 2017. Clarin. 18 November 2017. es.
  14. Web site: International Charter on Space and Major Disasters: Search and Rescue of Submarine, Argentina . 17 November 2017 . International Charter on Space and Major Disasters . 10 December 2017.
  15. News: Habrían intentado comunicarse siete veces desde el submarino ARA San Juan. 19 November 2017. Infobae. 18 November 2017. es-LA.
  16. News: Detectaron siete llamadas satelitales que se habrían realizado desde el ARA San Juan. 19 November 2017. www.telam.com.ar. 18 November 2017.
  17. Web site: Missing Argentinian submarine running out of air as search enters 'critical phase' . The Guardian . 20 November 2017 . Uki Goñi . 20 November 2017.
  18. News: La búsqueda del submarino Ara San Juan: recién el martes las condiciones serán favorables. 20 November 2017. La Nacion. 19 November 2017. 20 November 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171120150807/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2083840-la-armada-asegura-que-recien-el-martes-las-condiciones-climaticas-seran-favorables-para-detectar-el-submarino. dead.
  19. News: Argentinian Navy unsure if satellite signals are from lost submarine. ABC News. 20 November 2017. en-AU.
  20. News: John Kirby, Ana Melgar and Joe Sterling. Argentinian navy detects noises that may be from missing sub. 20 November 2017. CNN. 20 November 2017.
  21. News: Lugones. Paula. Submarino ARA San Juan: según la Marina de EE.UU., detectaron "posibles ruidos" de la nave. 20 November 2017. Clarin. 20 November 2017. es.
  22. News: Goñi. Uki. Argentina's navy detects fresh noises as hope revived in hunt for missing sub. 20 November 2017. The Guardian. 20 November 2017.
  23. News: La Armada confirmó que el ruido registrado durante la búsqueda del Ara San Juan "no corresponde a un submarino". es. Navy confirms that the noise heard during the search for ARA San Juan "did not correspond to a submarine". 21 November 2017. 21 November 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171121115232/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2084112-la-armada-confirmo-que-el-ruido-registrado-durante-la-busqueda-del-ara-san-juan-no-corresponde-a-un-submarino. dead.
  24. News: twitter.
  25. News: Submarino ARA San Juan: qué se sabe hasta ahora sobre su desaparición y la búsqueda para encontrarlo. 21 November 2017. La Nacion. 21 November 2017. 21 November 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171121175651/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2084281-que-se-sabe-hasta-ahora-sobre-el-submarino-ara-san-juan. dead.
  26. News: Con las mejoras meteorológicas, se intensifica la búsqueda del submarino. 21 November 2017. Telam. 21 November 2017.
  27. News: ARA San Juan: detectan una nueva señal y envían aviones y buques para determinar si se trata del submarino. desaparecido. 22 November 2017. Clarin. 21 November 2017. es.
  28. News: Twitter update by speakperson Balbi . Armada Argentina. es .
  29. News: Avanza un operativo donde hace 8 días se detectó una "anomalía hidroacústica". 23 November 2017. Telam. 23 November 2017.
  30. Web site: Una explosión en las baterías, la hipótesis de la "anomalía" más temida. 23 November 2017. 23 November 2017. 24 November 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171124014456/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2084863-una-explosion-en-las-baterias-la-hipotesis-de-la-anomalia-mas-temida. dead.
  31. News: Possible explosion detected near missing Argentine sub's last known location. 23 November 2017. 23 November 2017. Reuters.
  32. News: 'Explosion' dashes sub crew survival hopes. BBC News . 23 November 2017. 23 November 2017.
  33. Web site: Exclusivo: detalles del informe que recibió el Gobierno sobre la explosión en el submarino ARA San Juan . InfoBAE . 23 November 2017 . 19 November 2018.
  34. News: Vocero de la Armada: "Hubo un evento singular consistente con una explosión" en el ARA San Juan. 23 November 2017. Telam. 23 November 2017.
  35. News: Búsqueda del ARA San Juan: cómo se detectó la explosión y por qué se conoció una semana después. 23 November 2017. Infobae. 23 November 2017. es-LA.
  36. News: Nuevo parte de la Armada sobre el ARA San Juan: "No descartamos nada porque todavía no sabemos dónde está el submarino". 23 November 2017. Infobae. 23 November 2017. es-LA.
  37. News: Submarino ARA San Juan: "Entendemos a las familias, es un momento crítico", dijo el vocero de la Armada. 23 November 2017. La Nacion. 23 November 2017. 30 January 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180130141711/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2085133-la-busqueda-del-submarino-ara-san-juan-entendemos-a-la-familia-es-un-momento-critico. dead.
  38. Web site: Sigue el esfuerzo de búsqueda del submarino ARA "San Juan" – Gaceta Marinera. gacetamarinera.com.ar. 14 December 2017.
  39. News: U.S. Navy plane scours South Atlantic in search for Argentine sub. 24 November 2017. 14 December 2017. Reuters.
  40. News: La Armada, sobre los tripulantes del ARA San Juan: "No descartamos una situación de supervivencia extrema". 26 November 2017. La Nacion. 26 November 2017. es. 3 December 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171203093524/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2085908-la-armada-sobre-el-ara-san-juan-no-descartamos-que-los-tripulantes-esten-en-situacion-de-supervivencia-extrema. dead.
  41. News: El fuerte viento demora el operativo y complica las tareas de rescate. 26 November 2017. La Nacion. 26 November 2017. es. 27 November 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171127020700/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2085829-el-fuerte-viento-demora-el-operativo-y-complica-las-tareas-de-rescate. dead.
  42. News: Submarino ARA San Juan: cómo fue el principio de incendio en las baterías. Clarin.com. 28 November 2017. es.
  43. News: Submarino ARA San Juan: la Armada dio por finalizado el operativo de rescate y ya no busca sobrevivientes. 30 November 2017. La Nacion. 30 November 2017. es. 30 November 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171130233838/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2084309-ara-san-juan-operativo-rescate. dead.
  44. News: Politi. Daniel. Londoño. Ernesto. Hope for Argentina Submarine Crew Fades. 13 July 2018. The New York Times. 30 November 2017.
  45. Web site: A.R.A Fournier la mayor tragedia Naval Argentina en tiempos de Paz . guianauticaargentina.com. 23 April 2018 . es-ES. 2018-05-10.
  46. Web site: Historique. www.netmarine.net. 14 December 2017.
  47. Web site: Minerve. www.netmarine.net. 14 December 2017.
  48. Web site: NRL's Deep Sea Floor Search ERA - A Brief History of the NRL/MIZAR Search System and Its Major Achievements . https://web.archive.org/web/20170223092338/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a204011.pdf . live . 23 February 2017 . dtic.mil . 17 November 2018.
  49. Web site: Submarine Photo Index. www.navsource.org. 14 December 2017.
  50. Web site: Search and Discovery of the Israeli Submarine Dakar. Uri Dotan. Bochner. www.submarines.dotan.net. 14 December 2017.
  51. Web site: Zhou. Naaman. Australian navy world war one AE1 submarine found 103 years after it vanished. The Guardian. 23 December 2017. 21 December 2017.
  52. News: Partió de Comodoro Rivadavia el buque que podría rescatar al ARA San Juan. 21 November 2017. Telam. 21 November 2017.
  53. Web site: An officer of Italian Navy at the head of ISMERLO. Marina Militare. 17 July 2015. 22 November 2017.
  54. News: Qué es Ismerlo, el sistema internacional que alertó al mundo sobre el ARA San Juan. 21 November 2017. La Nacion. 21 November 2017. 22 November 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171122120911/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2084362-que-es-ismerlo-el-sistema-internacional-que-alerto-al-mundo-sobre-el-ara-san-juan. dead.
  55. Web site: Submarino ARA San Juan: "No hay fecha para que termine la fase de búsqueda y rescate", dijo el vocero de la Armada. La Nacion. 24 November 2017. es. 14 December 2017. 25 November 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171125160113/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2085484-submarino-ara-san-juan-no-hay-fecha-para-que-termine-la-fase-de-busqueda-y-rescate-dijo-el-vocero-de-la-armada. dead.
  56. Web site: Hope fades after 9 days of searching for Argentine submarine. 25 November 2017. 14 December 2017. Reuters.
  57. U.S. Adjusts Support to ARA San Juan Search Operations . U.S. Southern Command . 17–017 . 27 December 2017 . 17 November 2018.
  58. Web site: Russian ship pulls out of search for missing Argentinian submarine . TASS . 3 April 2018 . 17 November 2018.
  59. Web site: Russia ends search of missing Argentina submarine . The Associated Press . Fox News . 4 April 2018 . 17 November 2018.
  60. News: El Gobierno oficializó una recompensa por $98 millones (USD 5 million) para encontrar al ARA San Juan. 6 March 2018. La Nación. 14 February 2018. 6 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180306205418/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/2109033-el-gobierno-oficializo-una-recompensa-por-98-millones-para-encontrar-al-ara-san-juan. dead.
  61. Web site: Ocean Infinity to join search for San Juan in September . janes.com . Sanchez . Alejandro . 20 August 2018 . 17 November 2018.
  62. Web site: Ocean Infinity Locates the Missing Argentinian Submarine, ARA San Juan . Ocean Infinity . 17 November 2018 . 18 November 2018 . 18 November 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181118081645/https://oceaninfinity.com/locates_ARA_San_Juan . dead .
  63. Web site: Parte de Actividades Nro. 132 . Argentinian Ministry of Defense . es . 16 November 2018 . 17 November 2018 . 16 November 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181116173408/http://www.ara.mil.ar/submarino/sanjuan/partedeprensa132.html . dead .
  64. #ARASanJuan #LaBúsquedaContinúa Parte Nº 132 . Armada Argentina . Armada_Arg . 16 November 2018 . 1063376323845005312.
  65. News: ARA San Juan: Search locates 5 objects with potential links to missing sub . 6 December 2018 . Buenos Aires Times . 14 September 2018.
  66. Web site: Argentina minister says country without means to rescue submarine. Toronto Star. 17 November 2018. 18 November 2018.
  67. News: First photos of submarine emerge as families implore Argentine government to recover wreck . 18 November 2018 . NewsComAu . 18 November 2018.
  68. News: Argentina's Lost Submarine Has Finally Been Found (Updated). Rogoway. Tyler. The Drive. 2018-11-17. en-US.
  69. News: La Armada Argentina dice que el submarino San Juan implosionó y se partió en varias partes. Argentine Navy says that the submarine San Juan imploded and broke into several pieces. 2018-11-17. RTVE.es. 2018-11-17. es-ES.
  70. News: 3D Model of San Juan wreckage. 2023-06-25. en-EN.
  71. Web site: Argentine submarine: Missing ARA San Juan imploded, navy confirms. BBC News . 17 November 2018 . 17 November 2018.
  72. News: Politi . Daniel . Argentine Submarine That Vanished With 44 Aboard Is Found, Navy Says . . 17 November 2018 . 17 November 2018.
  73. Web site: Argentina fires head of navy a month after submarine vanished . Sky News . 16 December 2017 . 24 November 2018.
  74. Web site: Klipphan . Andrés . El submarino ARA San Juan tenía la orden de espiar a barcos y aviones británicos . Infobae . 4 February 2018 . es-LA.
  75. News: Tres barcos y dos aviones de la Armada buscan al ARA San Juan. Diario La Capital de Mar del Plata. 17 November 2017. es-ES.
  76. News: En fotos: las embarcaciones y aeronaves que participan de la búsqueda del ARA San Juan. 19 November 2017. La Nacion. 18 November 2017. 1 December 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171201085407/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2083661-en-fotos-las-embarcaciones-y-aeronaves-que-participan-de-la-busqueda-del-ara-san-juan. dead.
  77. News: Balbi: "Hay cinco buques oceanográficos en el área y se realiza una búsqueda satelital". 21 November 2017. Telam. 21 November 2017.
  78. Web site: Submarino ARA San Juan: zarpó hacia la zona de búsqueda un remolcador que hará un "mapeo del fondo del mar". 24 November 2017. 14 December 2017. 29 December 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171229125623/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2085419-submarino-ara-san-juan-zarpo-hacia-la-zona-de-busqueda-un-remolcador-que-hara-un-mapeo-del-fondo-del-mar. dead.
  79. News: En detalle: la tecnología que enviaron empresas privadas y otros países para la búsqueda del ARA San Juan. 20 November 2017. La Nacion. 18 November 2017. 19 November 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171119075440/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2083681-en-detalle-la-tecnologia-que-enviaron-empresas-privadas-y-otros-paises-para-la-busqueda-del-ara-san-juan. dead.
  80. News: Bermúdez. Gabriel. Submarino ARA San Juan: llega el avión más moderno de EE.UU. para sumarse a la búsqueda. 20 November 2017. Clarin. 19 November 2017. es.
  81. Web site: Marinha e FAB contabilizam 325 horas de buscas a submarino argentino. 23 November 2017. 14 December 2017.
  82. News: Pugliese. David. Canadian military sends equipment to Argentina which is searching for its missing submarine. 24 November 2017. Ottawa Citizen. 24 November 2017.
  83. Web site: La Armada del Ecuador se encuentra lista para apoyar a nuestros hermanos argentinos en las tareas de búsqueda y rescate del ARA SAN JUAN #somoshermanos # esanma #FFAAContigo #SoyMarinopic.twitter.com/tlulAG9PUw. Armada del. Ecuador. 14 December 2017.
  84. News: Submarino ARA San Juan: todos los medios navales y aéreos que trabajan en la búsqueda. 21 November 2017. La Nacion. 20 November 2017. 22 November 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171122015157/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2084124-submarino-ara-san-juan-todos-los-medios-navales-y-aereos-que-trabajan-en-la-busqueda. dead.
  85. News: Un buque de rescate apto para operaciones submarinas se dirige a Comodoro Rivadavia. 21 November 2017. Infobae. 18 November 2017. es-LA.
  86. Web site: Skandi Patagonia. www.dof.no. 21 November 2017.
  87. Web site: Sophie Siem: Siem Offshore AS. www.siemoffshore.com.
  88. Web site: Эксперт рассказал, как повысить эффективность поиска подлодки "Сан-Хуан". RIA Novosti. ru. 23 November 2017. 23 November 2017.
  89. News: Russia sends Navy experts to search for missing Argentine submarine. 24 November 2017. TASS. 23 November 2017. ru.
  90. News: Llegó al país el avión ruso Antonov con equipos para el rescate del submarino. 26 November 2017. 24 November 2017. es. 26 November 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171126063945/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2085658-submarino-ara-san-juan-llego-a-comodoro-rivadavia-el-avion-ruso-antonov-con-equipos-para-el-rescate. dead.
  91. News: UK offers help as Argentinian military submarine ARA San Juan goes missing at sea. Sky News. 17 November 2017. en-GB.
  92. Web site: Following a request from the Argentine Government, @RoyalNavy's HMS Protector has been deployed to join the search and rescue effort for the #ARASanJuan. Our thoughts are with the crew of the submarine and their families.pic.twitter.com/s60QU7NePr. Británica. Embajada. 17 November 2017. @UKinArgentina. en. 18 November 2017.
  93. News: HMS Protector helps hunt for missing Argentinian submarine ARA San Juan. Sky News. 18 November 2017. en-GB.
  94. News: Elite Royal Navy rescue team sent as possible calls detected from missing Argentine submarine. Farmer. Ben. 19 November 2017. The Telegraph. 20 November 2017. en-GB. 0307-1235.
  95. Web site: HMS Protector (@protector_hms) has now arrived in the South Atlantic to join international efforts to find and rescue a missing Argentine submarine. The @RoyalNavy's Submarine Parachute Assistance Group has also been deployed. More details: www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2017/november/19/171118-protector-assists-submarine-search …pic.twitter.com/qP8U3DdEWh. Navy. Royal. 19 November 2017. @RoyalNavy. en. 20 November 2017.
  96. Web site: Más ayuda para el ARA San Juan: aterrizaron en Comodoro Rivadavia un avión de la Fuerza Aérea Británica y uno español. 22 November 2017 . 23 November 2017.
  97. News: RAF plane lands in Argentina to join search for missing submarine. 23 November 2017. Evening Standard.
  98. According to another source, Nimrod XV226 visited Comandante Espora naval air base in October 1999 for a training exercise.
  99. Web site: Linea ALA: un Nimrod MR2 por Bahia Blanca. Linea. Ala. 17 October 2013. 14 December 2017.
  100. News: Gallagher. Sean. Argentine Navy diesel sub disappears, NASA plane joins in search. 17 November 2017. Ars Technica. 17 November 2017.
  101. U.S. Navy P-8A Poseidon to Support Argentina Search for Submarine . U.S. Southern Command. 17–013 . 17 November 2017 . 18 November 2017.
  102. US Navy to Deploy Undersea Rescue Capabilities to Argentina . 18 November 2017 . Navy News Service . U.S. Naval Forces Southern Command Public Affairs . 18 November 2017 .
  103. Web site: Submarine Rescue Systems – OceanWorks. www.oceanworks.com. 20 November 2017.
  104. Second US Navy P-8A Aircraft Joins Argentina's Submarine Search . U.S. Naval Forces Southern Command Public Affairs. NNS171119-01 . 19 November 2017 . 21 November 2017.
  105. US Navy Deploys Unmanned Submersibles in Argentine Submarine Search . U.S. Naval Forces Southern Command Public Affairs. NNS171119-02 . 19 November 2017 . 21 November 2017.
  106. Navy Reserve Sailors Deploy for Argentine Submarine Search . Commander, Navy Reserve Forces Command Public Affairs. NNS171122-05 . 22 November 2017 . 23 November 2017.
  107. Web site: US continues to help search for Argentine sub crew that could be running out of oxygen . Carlson . Steven . 22 November 2017 . www.stripes.com . Stars and Stripes . 23 November 2017.
  108. News: La Armada Española le ofreció a la Argentina equipamiento para el rescate del submarino ARA San Juan. 21 November 2017. Infobae. 20 November 2017. es-LA.
  109. News: Inauguraron el Memorial del submarino ARA "San Juan" en homenaje a sus 44 tripulantes . 1 November 2021 . Gaceta Marinera . Ministerio de Defesa . 25 October 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211101101347/https://gacetamarinera.com.ar/inauguracion-del-memorial-del-submarino-ara-san-juan-en-homenaje-a-sus-44-tripulantes/ . 1 November 2021 . Buenos Aires . es.

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