| Settlement Type: | City |
| Official Name: | As-Suwayda |
| Native Name: | Arabic: ٱلسُّوَيْدَاء |
| Pushpin Map: | Syria#Mediterranean east |
| Pushpin Label Position: | bottom |
| Pushpin Map Caption: | Location of As-Suwayda within Syria |
| Subdivision Type: | Country |
| Subdivision Type1: | Governorate |
| Subdivision Name1: | As-Suwayda |
| Subdivision Type2: | District |
| Subdivision Name2: | As-Suwayda |
| Subdivision Type4: | Subdistrict |
| Subdivision Name4: | As-Suwayda |
| Leader Title: | Governor |
| Leader Name: | Akram Ali Muhammad[1] [2] |
| Unit Pref: | Imperial |
| Population As Of: | 2020 census |
| Population Total: | 120.000[3] |
| Population Metro: | 138,822 |
| Population Demonym: | Arabic: سويداوي|Suwaydāwi |
| Timezone: | EET |
| Utc Offset: | +2 |
| Timezone Dst: | EEST |
| Utc Offset Dst: | +3 |
| Coordinates: | 32.7125°N 36.5667°W |
| Grid Position: | 296/235 |
| Elevation M: | 1080 |
| Elevation Ft: | 3543 |
| Area Code: | 16 |
| Geocode: | C6147 |
| Blank Name: | Climate |
| Blank Info: | Csa |
As-Suwayda (Arabic: ٱلسُّوَيْدَاء / ALA-LC romanization: as-Suwaydāʾ), also spelled Sweida, is a mainly Druze city located in southwestern Syria, close to the border with Jordan.
It is the capital of As-Suwayda Governorate, one of Syria's 14 governorates, bordering Jordan in the South and Daraa Governorate in the West and Rif Dimashq Governorate in the north and east. The city is referred to by some as "Little Venezuela" due to the city's influx of affluent Venezuelan Syrian immigrants.[4] [5] [6] [7]
The city was founded by the Nabataeans as Suada. It became known as Dionysias Soada (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Διονῡσιάς) in the Hellenistic period and the Roman Empire, for the god Dionysus, patron of wine - the city is situated in a famous ancient wine-producing region.
The name Dionysias replaced the former Nabataean name in 149 AD after Nabataean influence decreased and then concentrated towards the south, as a result of the then accelerating Hellenization of Coele-Syria.Dionysias was a part of the Roman province of Arabia Petraea, and received the rights of civitas during the reign of Commodus between 180 and 185.
Dionysus was worshipped in the same Nabatean temple dedicated to Dushara. This practice of associating the worship of local and Hellenic gods was common in Hellenistic Syria.
This name remained in use during the Byzantine Empire, when the town was under the influence of the Ghassanids. Dionysias then was a diocese with a suffragan bishop from Bosra. It was mentioned in the Synecdemus of Hierocles. After the early Muslim conquests, the city was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate of the Arabs in 629 and became a titular see.[8]
Yaqut al-Hamawi noted in the 1220s that As Suwaida was "a village of the Hauran Province".[9]
In 1516, the city and the adjoining region was conquered from the Mamluk Sultanate by the Ottoman Empire. In 1596 As-Suwayda appeared under the name of Majdal Sawda in the Ottoman tax registers as part of the nahiya (subdistrict) of Bani Nasiyya of the Hauran Sanjak. It had a population of 5 households and 5 bachelors, all Muslim. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 20% on various agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, goats and/or beehives, in addition to "occasional revenues"; a total of 6,125 akçe. 3/4 of the revenue went to a waqf.[10]
In recent times Dionysias was identified as as-Suwayda by William Waddington.
In the 19th century, visitors recorded the now-destroyed Tomb of Hamrath, an elaborate late Hellenistic mausoleum dating from the 1st century BCE.
The city has been held by the Syrian government for the duration of the Syrian Civil War. On 28 October 2012, security forces launched a campaign of mass arrests in the city.[11]
See main article: 2018 As-Suwayda attacks.
On July 25, 2018, the city was rocked by a string of terrorist attacks. A group of at least 56 ISIS-affiliated attackers entered the city and initiated a series of gunfights and suicide bombings killing 246 people, the vast majority of them civilians. Many of the terrorists were reported killed during the attack, bringing the total death toll to at least 302 people.[12] Forty-two Druze residents between the ages of 7 and 60 were kidnapped by ISIS and held captive. One was executed bringing the total in captivity to 41.[13]
On 7 June 2020, anti-government protests erupted in the city due to the deteriorating economic situation. Protesters demanded the resignation of President Bashar al-Assad for the first time since 2015.[14] [15] As a result of the protests, Prime Minister Imad Khamis was sacked on 11 June and replaced by Hussein Arnous.[16]
In February, hundreds of protesters took to the streets in Sweida to decry corruption and worsening living standards.[17]
In August, thousands of protestors took to the streets to decry worsening economic conditions and demanding the departure of Syrian President Bashar al Assad.[18]
The inhabitants of the city are mainly Druze with a Greek Orthodox Christian and Sunni Muslim minority.
The population of As-Suwayda Governorate is 313,231 (2004 census).
Many archeological sites can be found in the old part of the city:
The city has many ancient reservoirs, towers and old Roman houses that are still inhabited by locals today.
Many parts of the old city still await excavation, such as the Roman aqueduct, a conical reservoir, and a larger Roman theatre. There is also an old 7th century mosque built during the time of the Rashidun Caliphate.
Suwayda's climate is warm, dry and temperate. There is more rainfall in the winter than in the summer. This location is classified as BSk by Köppen and Geiger. The average temperature is 15.5 °C. About 323 mm of precipitation falls annually.