Digital hoarding explained

Digital hoarding (also known as e-hoarding, e-clutter, data hoarding, digital pack-rattery or cyber hoarding) is defined by researchers as an emerging sub-type of hoarding disorder characterized by individuals collecting excessive digital material which leads to those individuals experiencing stress and disorganization.^[1] Digital hoarding takes place in electronic environments where information is stored digitally. The term gained popularity among online forums and in the media before receiving scholarly attention.^[2] Research indicates there may be correlation between individuals who exhibit physical and digital hoarding behaviors^{[3] [4]} and acknowledges there is a lack of psychological literature on the subject.^[5]

Several studies suggest the main influential factors of digital hoarding are related to a number of issues and personal reasons which includes reduced costs for storing data, individuals lacking time to curate accumulated data, the perceived lifespan of data and emotional attachment to digital assets. The studies conducted to examine digital hoarding are limited in scope as this is an emerging area of study. There is a lack of agreement among researchers about whether digital hoarding is a condition to be treated rather than a normal human activity.^[6]

The term data hoarding is also used to describe the (non-pathological) archiving of large amounts of data that might otherwise be lost, such as old video games and websites.

Behavioral influences

The limited studies published that focus on examining digital hoarding behavior identified the following influential factors as having significant impact on an individual's decision to accumulate digital material:

• Some individuals experience anxiety when faced with disposing of digital items, particularly if they fear losing something important.
• Many digital hoarders don't know how to organize their digital content or aren't in the habit of doing so, and they lack a methodology for determining which content is worth keeping.^{[7] [8]}
• Natural creative motives such as the desire to share ideas.^[9]
• Perceptions around the need or usefulness of digital assets in the future
  • Perceiving digital assets will be needed in the future
  • Uncertainty around what data will be needed in the future
• Lacking motivation to manage digital assets
• Time constraints
  • Keeping all of one's digital files requires less time and effort than evaluating and deleting them.^[10]

Researchers cite the following developments in technology as playing a role in enabling the increased accumulation of digital material:

• Existence of hardware and software for creating digital content
• Development of digital storage capacity^[11]

Research findings

The increasing availability of digital materials coincides with increased opportunity for people to accumulate digital materials. Van Bennekom et al. introduced "digital hoarding" in scientific literature in 2015 after reading descriptions of it published on the Internet by both patients and professionals. They define it as "the accumulation of digital files to the point of loss of perspective, which eventually results in stress and disorganization." Since the publication of this case study, several attempts have been made to study digital hoarding. In each of these publications there are clear knowledge gaps identified citing the need of more research to better understand digital hoarding.^[12]

Sweeten et al. conducted one of the first research projects in 2018 that focused on digital hoarding, examining characteristics and potential problems associated with digital hoarding. They identified five barriers to deleting digital data including: keeping data for the future/just in case, keeping data as evidence, lazy/time-consuming, emotional attachment to data, not my server-not my problem. They also identified four problems associated with accumulating excessive amounts of data including: effects on productivity, effects on psychological wellbeing, cybersecurity issues, links with physical hoarding. Participants in this study were frequently surprised by how much data they accumulated yet still experienced difficulties when discussing discarding that information. This study of digital hoarding was limited by a small sample of participants and the absence of an agreed upon standardized scale to measure digital hoarding behavior.

Vitale et al. published another early research project in 2018 investigating digital data perceptions among a small sample of individuals with diverse backgrounds. This research focused on what digital items individuals held onto for multiple years and the criteria used to determine why and how those digital items were considered worth saving. The researchers used hoarding and minimalism as two extremes to discuss the spectrum of tendencies uncovered during interviews as they found these tendencies required context for understanding and not fitted for binary categorization.

In addition to bringing attention to hoarding tendencies, Vitale et al.'s research compared and contrasted these tendencies as they relate to identity construction. Dillon suggests within the spectrum Vitale et al. established with hoarding and minimalism as extremes at each end, most human engagement with digital and physical objects falls in between those two extremes.

Published studies focused on digital hoarding include adult participants and no children. One researcher in search of ways to apply what is known about adult hoarding to identifying and treating hoarding behavior exhibited by children suggested further research into digital hoarding behavior among children.^[13]

Constraints

The focus of existing studies on digital hoarding are narrow in scope, typically focusing on determining what differences and similarities exist between people's reasons to accumulate digital material in a work setting vs private setting. This boundary between work vs personal information spaces is becoming increasingly difficult to sustain prompting some archivists to suggest work and personal information could merge into personal record keeping. Other limitations include small sample research groups and a lack of agreed upon metrics to fully measure the aspects of digital hoarding behavior.^{[14] [15]}

Common hoarding sites

Digital hoarding occurs in any electronic spaces where information is stored. These are common areas where digital clutter may exist:

• Browser tabs
• Excessive desktop icons
• Digital photographs
• Old documents
• Electronic file folders
• Email inboxes
• Internet bookmarks no longer being referenced
• Music and movie files
• Old software/computer programs/apps no longer being used
• Social media/Online game "friends" and "following"

Some social media platforms also provide opportunity for digital hoarding. On the social networking site Facebook, for example, one can accumulate a vast number of “friends”, even reaching the maximum limit of 5000 for example, that may merely be acquaintances or lapsed contacts or even complete strangers.^[16] Groups and Pages can also contribute to clutter when users join and like new ones, respectively, without leaving or unfollowing those in which they are no longer interested.

Motivations

Digital hoarding stems from a variety of individual traits and habits, corporate conditions, and societal trends:

• Many businesses rely on email correspondence for decision-making and formal approvals, so employees are often careful to keep work emails in case they are needed to verify a decision later.^[17]
• Data storage devices are now so large and inexpensive that individuals and companies often do not feel the need to save data selectively.^{[18] [19]}
• The widespread availability and rapid dissemination of open content on the Internet makes it easier for users to obtain digital media, which can accumulate more quickly than ever.
• Since digital media does not take up physical space, they're less likely to be perceived as clutter, and users can more easily forget the extent of what they own.
• Unlike many physical items, electronic content can take years to decay and often goes unnoticed, so users must consciously choose to delete it.^[20]

Repercussions

Digital hoarding can lead to potential issues:

• Digital clutter can be mentally draining, requiring time and attention. For example, hoarded emails can make an inbox seem overwhelming unless emails are archived when filtered. The user wastes time sifting through excess emails, which can result in lowered employee productivity.^[21]
• Digital hoarding can create an unhealthy attachment to digital content and foster a sort of “media addiction.”^[22] It is often good for one's mental health to let go of useless clutter, and decluttering digital devices can help with decluttering the mind.^[23]
• Excessive digital content takes up more hard drive space than it merits, and may even require the addition of extra digital storage to one's computer or mobile phone.
• Server farms use more electricity as they need more disk drives. The extra load is especially notable in corporate domains.^[24] This adds to an individual's or company's electricity expenses if self hosted and carbon footprint if stored on a server.

Positive reasoning

From the few studies that have specifically examined digital hoarding, participants cite their reasoning for saving many digital files is due to the lack of physical space it takes up. Siddick et al. examined carbon and water footprints of data centers located in the United States noting a lack of transparency surrounding the role of data centers in handling data, obscuring the environmental implications of data centers from the public eye.^[25]

Media coverage

Many American documentary television series depict the struggles of compulsive hoarders, such as on TLC and Hoarders on A&E. These shows have popularized awareness of hoarding, showing the consequences of accumulating clutter. However, these programs usually focus on physical hoarding. The WPTV story of Fort Lauderdale, Florida, resident Larry Fisher is a notable exception. This program focused on digital hoarding, depicting Fisher's longstanding refusal to delete any digital content. Instead, Fisher purchased an additional computer every time he ran out of hard drive space.^[26] The BBC News story of Washington, D.C., resident Chris Yurista expresses a counterpoint to this perspective. The program portrayed Yurista as a "21st century minimalist" for living with hardly any physical assets, substituting digital goods wherever possible.^[27]

Related concepts

Digital clutter is the term often used to describe the resulting (digital) artifacts of digital hoarding, but it should not be understood as exclusively the result of hoarding. Digital clutter can be created as a side-effect of high occurrences of another user activity, such as the computer desktop icons created through frequent installation of applications. In such a case the clutter does not reflect the user's intent to hoard.

Housekeeping is the term often used to refer to the activity by which digital clutter moves out of the 'clutter' designation, either by being thrown away, being organised, or by the recognition of its importance, thus no longer making it part of the 'clutter'.

Gadget hoarding is the excessive hoarding of electronic hardware including computers, cellphones, wires and cables, VCR and DVD players, audio equipment, routers, and tablets; it can occur in individuals alongside digital hoarding.^{[28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36]}

See also

• Harold T. Martin III – convicted of stealing 50 terabytes of data from the National Security Agency (NSA) with an alleged motive of digital hoarding.
• Compulsive hoarding
• Web archiving
• Digital preservation

Further reading

• Book: Mayer-Schönberger, Viktor . Delete: The Virtue of Forgetting in the Digital Age . Princeton University Press . Princeton . 2010 . 978-0691150369.

Notes and References

1. 10.1136/bcr-2015-210814. A case of digital hoarding. 2015. Van Bennekom. Martine J.. Blom. Rianne M.. Vulink. Nienke. Denys. Damiaan. BMJ Case Reports. 2015. bcr2015210814. 26452411. 4600778.
2. 10.1016/j.chb.2018.03.031. Digital hoarding behaviours: Underlying motivations and potential negative consequences. 2018. Sweeten. George. Sillence. Elizabeth. Neave. Nick. Computers in Human Behavior. 85. 54–60. 49487239.
3. Centre for Research and Evidence on Security. (2020). Cybersecurity Risks of Digital Hoarding Behaviours. https://crestresearch.ac.uk/types/report/
4. Kim, S. (2013). Personal Digital Archives: Preservation of documents, preservation of self (dissertation). University of Texas at Austin.
5. 10.1177/2055207619882172. Exploring aspects of the cognitive behavioural model of physical hoarding in relation to digital hoarding behaviours. 2019. Thorpe. Susan. Bolster. Alexander. Neave. Nick. Digital Health. 5. 31636918. 6785915.
6. 10.7560/ic54301. Collecting as Routine Human Behavior: Personal Identity and Control in the Material and Digital World. 2019. Dillon. Andrew. Information & Culture. 54. 3. 255–280. 210381785.
7. News: Beck . M. . 2012-03-27 . Drowning in Email, Photos, Files? Hoarding Goes Digital . The Wall Street Journal . https://web.archive.org/web/20120327173828/https://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303404704577305520318265602.html . 2012-03-27.
8. Gormley, C. J., & Gormley, S. J. (2012). Data hoarding and information clutter: The impact on cost, life span of data, effectiveness, sharing, productivity, and knowledge management culture. Issues in Information Systems, 13(2), 90–95.
9. Williams, P., Leighton John, J., & Rowland, I. (2009). The personal curation of digital objects: A lifecycle approach. Aslib Proceedings, 61(4), 340–363.
10. Web site: Case . A. . 2011-12-18 . Digital Hoarding . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201124091554/http://cyborganthropology.com/Digital_Hoarding . 2020-11-24 . Cyborg Anthropology.
11. Schüll, N. D. (2018). Digital containment and its discontents. History and Anthropology, 29(1), 42–48.
12. Book: 10.1145/3173574.3174161. Hoarding and Minimalism. Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 2018. Vitale. Francesco. Janzen. Izabelle. McGrenere. Joanna. 1–12. 9781450356206. 5041322.
13. 10.1017/cha.2020.29. An overview of hoarding difficulties in children and adolescents. 2020. Whomsley. Stuart R. C.. Children Australia. 45. 3. 182–185. 225689865.
14. Lee, C. A. (2011). I, Digital: Personal Collections in the Digital Era. Society of American Archivists.
15. Harris, V. (2001). On the back of a tiger: deconstructive possibilities in ’Evidence of me’. Archives & Manuscripts, 29(1), 8–21. Retrieved from https://publications.archivists.org.au/index.php/asa/article/view/8881
16. Web site: Cabellon . Ed . Stop Digital Hoardin . dead . n.d. . EDUniverse . 2014-04-08 . https://archive.today/20140408195747/http://www.eduniverse.org/stop-digital-hoarding. 2014-04-08.
17. Web site: Digital hoarding - a new version of an old psychological challenge . 2023-03-18 . www.uclahealth.org . en.
18. Web site: Definition of: e-hoarder. live . n.d. . PCMag . https://web.archive.org/web/20190321161728/https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/64114/e-hoarder . 2019-03-21.
19. Web site: Gatchelian . Gayle . Hoarding the ethereal: How we have more things (and more problems) but with less clutter . dead . 2011-05-07 . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . 2014-04-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151224100725/http://web.mit.edu/comm-forum/mit7/papers/GayleGatchalian-DigitalHoarding.pdf . 2015-12-24.
20. Web site: Fogarty . Kevin . Digital Hoarding: Do We Have a Problem? . live . 2013-01-25 . Network Computing . https://web.archive.org/web/20210613163818/https://www.networkcomputing.com/storage/digital-hoarding-do-we-have-problem/2047649310 . 2021-06-13.
21. Web site: Egan . Marsha . n.d. . Pro: Don't Litter In Your Electronic Yard . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140217230709/http://www.businessweek.com/debateroom/archives/2011/09/e-hoarding_is_unhealthy.html . 2014-02-17 . 2014-04-08 . Bloomberg Businessweek.
22. Web site: Alan . Henry . 2012-10-04 . How to Break Your Media Addiction and Clean Up Your Digital Clutter . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20180210180118/https://lifehacker.com/5948925/how-to-break-your-media-addiction-and-clean-up-your-digital-clutter . 2018-02-10 . 2018-02-09 . Lifehacker.
23. Web site: Hill . Simon . 2012-08-23 . Is Digital Hoarding Dragging You Down? . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170502145310/https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/is-digital-hoarding-dragging-you-down/ . 2017-05-02 . Digital Trends.
24. Web site: Sloane . Stanton D. . The Problem With Packrats:The High Costs Of Digital Hoarding . live . 2011-03-25 . Forbes . https://web.archive.org/web/20210613164908/https://www.forbes.com/sites/ciocentral/2011/03/25/the-problem-with-packrats-the-high-costs-of-digital-hoarding/ . 2021-06-13.
25. Siddik . Md Abu Bakar . Shehabi . Arman . Marston . Landon . 2021 . The environmental footprint of data centers in the United States . Environmental Research Letters . 16 . 6 . 064017 . 2021ERL....16f4017S . 10.1088/1748-9326/abfba1 . 235282419 . free. 10919/109747 . free .
26. Web site: Anfinsen . Jason . E-hoarding is a new phenomenon that is quickly spreading amongst computer users . dead . 2014-04-29 . WPTV . 2014-04-08 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140808141115/http://www.wptv.com/news/science-tech/e-hoarding-is-a-new-phenomenon-spreading-like-a-computer-virus-for-users . 2014-08-08.
27. Web site: Danzico . Matthew . Cult of less: Living out of a hard drive . live . 2010-08-16 . BBC News . https://web.archive.org/web/20210203035357/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-10928032 . 2021-02-03.
28. Web site: Your new disease, America: Compulsive gadget-hoarding .
29. News: Clayton . Nick . Facing reality: Are you a gadget hoarder? .
30. Web site: Gadget hoarding: A growing problem in the Digital Age . ABC7 Chicago . 12 January 2014. 11 November 2023.
31. Web site: 13 December 2013 . Are You a Gadget Hoarder? .
32. Web site: Gadget hoarding: When technology runs amok . 15 May 2014 .
33. Web site: 6 January 2014 . Growing concern over gadget hoarding .
34. Web site: 4 June 2014 . Got old gadgets? You may be a hoarder .
35. Web site: Organized: Gadget hoarding in our homes .
36. Web site: Hoarding Old, Unused Electronics .