Die Stem van Suid-Afrika explained

Die Stem van Suid-Afrika
English Title:"The Call of South Africa"
Alt Title:"Die Stem"
En Alt Title:"The Voice"
Prefix:Former national
Country:South Africa
Author:Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven
Lyrics Date: (English version: Collectively, 1952)
Composer:Marthinus Lourens de Villiers
Adopted:
(as the sole national anthem)
(jointly with "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika")
Until: (as the sole national anthem)
(as the co-national anthem)
Predecessor:"God Save the Queen"
Successor:"National anthem of South Africa"
Sound:"Die Stem van Suid-Afrika" performed by the SABC Symphony Orchestra.oga
Sound Title:"Die Stem van Suid-Afrika" (instrumental, mid-20th century recording)

Die Stem van Suid-Afrika (in Afrikaans di ˈstɛm fan sœit ˈɑːfrika/,), also known as "The Call of South Africa" or simply "Die Stem" (in Afrikaans di ˈstɛm/), was the national anthem of South Africa during the apartheid era. There are two versions of the song, one in English and the other in Afrikaans, which were in use early on in the Union of South Africa alongside God Save the Queen and as the sole anthem after South Africa became a republic. It was the sole national anthem from 1957 to 1994,[1] and shared co-national anthem status with "God Save the King/Queen" from 1938 to 1957. After the end of apartheid, it was retained as a co-national anthem along with "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" until 1997, when a new hybrid song incorporating elements of both songs was adopted as the country's new national anthem, which is still in use.[2]

History

Background and inception

In May 1918, C.J. Langenhoven wrote an Afrikaans poem called "Die Stem", for which music was composed in 1921 by, a reverend.[3] [4] The music composed that ended up being accepted was actually a second version; the first did not satisfy Langenhoven.[5] It was widely used by the South African Broadcasting Corporation in the 1920s, which played it at the close of daily broadcasts, along with "God Save The King". It was recorded for the first time in 1926 when its first and third verses were performed by Betty Steyn in England for the Zonophone record label;[6] [7] it was sung publicly for the first time on 31 May 1928 at a raising of the new South African national flag. In 1938, South Africa proclaimed it to be one of the two co-national anthems of the country, along with "God Save the King".

It was sung in English as well as Afrikaans from 1952 onward,[8] [9] with both versions having official status in the eyes of the state,[10] while "God Save the Queen" did not cease to be a co-national anthem until May 1957, when it was dropped from that role. However, it remained the country's royal anthem until 1961, as it was a Commonwealth realm until that point.[11] The poem originally had only three verses, but the government asked the author to add a fourth verse with a religious theme. The English version is for the most part a faithful translation of the Afrikaans version with a few minor changes.

Composition

It is uplifting in tone, addressing throughout of commitment to the Vaderland (English: Fatherland) and to God. However, it was generally disliked by black South Africans,[12] [13] who saw it as triumphalist and strongly associated it with the apartheid regime[14] [15] where one verse shows dedication to Afrikaners (though the specific mention of Afrikaners is omitted in the English version to avoid alienating the British-descent Anglophone whites living in South Africa as they are not considered Afrikaners)[16] and another to the Great Trek of the Voortrekkers.[17] [18] [19] [20] P. W. Botha, who was the state president of South Africa during the 1980s, was fond of the song and made his entourage sing it when they visited Switzerland during his presidency.[21]

Decline

As the dismantling of apartheid began in the early 1990s, South African teams were readmitted to international sporting events, which presented a problem as to the choice of national identity South Africa had to present. Agreements were made with the African National Congress (ANC) that "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika" would not be sung at rugby matches,[22] due to its connection to the apartheid system and minority rule (which led the ANC and other such groups at the time to view the song as offensive).[22] However, at a rugby union test match against New Zealand in 1992, the crowd spontaneously sang "Die Stem" during a moment of silence for victims of political violence in South Africa,[23] and although it was ostensibly agreed upon beforehand that it would not be played, an instrumental recording of "Die Stem" was played over the stadium's PA system's loudspeakers after the New Zealand national anthem was performed, and spectators sang along, sparking controversy afterwards.[24] [25] [26] [27] [28]

Although it remained the official national anthem of the state during this time period, both the usage of it and the then-national flag began to dwindle whenever possible, particularly overseas. For example, at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona that year, Schiller's "Ode to Joy",[29] as set to Beethoven's music, was used instead of it, along with a neutral Olympic-style flag instead of the South African flag at the time.[30]

"Die Stem van Suid-Afrika"'s future seemed in doubt as the country prepared to transition to majority rule, with many predicting that it would not remain after the transition into the new democratic dispensation.[31] [32] In 1993, a commission sought out a new national anthem for South Africa, with 119 entries being suggested,[33] but none were chosen. Instead, it was decided to retain "Die Stem"'s official status after the advent of full multi-racial democracy which followed the 1994 general election. When the old South African flag was lowered for the last time at the parliament building in Cape Town, "Die Stem" was performed in Afrikaans and then in English as the new South African flag was raised.[34] After 1994, it shared equal status with "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika", which had long been a traditional hymn used by the ANC. In 1995, "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika" was sung by a black choir at the Rugby World Cup final match,[35] [36] as it had been done at the 1994 South African presidential inauguration in Pretoria,[37] first in Afrikaans and then in English.

Consolidation

The practice of singing two different national anthems had been a cumbersome arrangement during the transition to post-apartheid South Africa. On most occasions, it was usually the first verse of "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika" that was sung at ceremonies, in both official languages prior to 1994, with some English medium schools in what was then Natal Province singing the first verse in Afrikaans and the second in English. During this period of two national anthems, the custom was to play both "Die Stem" and "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" during occasions that required the playing of a national anthem. However, this proved cumbersome as performing the dual national anthems took as much as five minutes to conclude.[38] In 1997, with the adoption of a new national constitution, a new composite national anthem was introduced, which combined part of "Nkosi Sikelel 'iAfrika" and part of "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika" into a single composition in order to form a new hybrid song.

Legacy

Since the end of apartheid and the adoption of a new national anthem in the 1990s, the status of "Die Stem" has become somewhat controversial in contemporary South Africa,[39] [40] [41] [42] due to its connection with the apartheid regime and white minority rule.[43] [44] [45] [46] [47]

Although elements of it are used in the current South African national anthem, in recent years some South Africans have called for those segments to be removed due to their connection with apartheid,[48] [49] [50] whereas others defend the inclusion of it, as it was done for post-apartheid re-conciliatory reasons.[51] [52] [53] When "Die Stem" was mistakenly played by event organisers in place of the current South African national anthem during a UK-hosted women's field hockey match in 2012, it sparked outrage and confusion among the South African staff members and players present.[54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59]

The Afrikaans version remains popular with Afrikaner nationalists[60] and far-right organisations[61] such as the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging, where it is sometimes performed at the funerals of such groups' members or at demonstrations by them.[62] [63] [64] [65] Die Stem was also the name of a far-right periodical during the apartheid era.[66]

Lyrics

Die Stem van Suid-Afrika/The Call of South Africa
"Die Stem van Suid-Afrika"[67] !" "The Call of South Africa" !" Literal translation of "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika"
First verse
Uit die blou van onse hemel,Uit die diepte van ons see,Oor ons ewige gebergtesWaar die kranse antwoord gee.Deur ons vêr-verlate vlaktesMet die kreun van ossewa –Ruis die stem van ons geliefde,Van ons land Suid-Afrika.Ons sal antwoord op jou roepstem,Ons sal offer wat jy vra:Ons sal lewe, ons sal sterwe –Ons vir jou, Suid-Afrika.Ringing out from our blue heavens,From our deep seas breaking round;Over everlasting mountains,Where the echoing crags resound;From our plains where creaking wagonsCut their trails into the earth,Calls the spirit of our country,Of the land that gave us birth.At thy call we shall not falter,Firm and steadfast we shall stand,At thy will to live or perish,O South Africa, dear land.From the blue of our heavens From the depths of our sea,Over our eternal mountain rangesWhere the cliffs give an echo. Through our far-deserted plainsWith the groan of ox-wagon –Rises the voice of our beloved,Of our country South Africa.We will answer to your calling,We will offer what you ask:We will live, we will die –We for Thee, South Africa.
Second verse
In die murg van ons gebeente,In ons hart en siel en gees,In ons roem op ons verlede,In ons hoop op wat sal wees.In ons wil en werk en wandel,Van ons wieg tot aan ons graf –Deel geen ander land ons liefde,Trek geen ander trou ons af.Vaderland! Ons sal die adel,Van jou naam met ere dra:Waar en trou as Afrikaners –Kinders van Suid-Afrika.In our body and our spirit,In our inmost heart held fast;In the promise of our future,And the glory of our past;In our will, our work, our striving,From the cradle to the grave –There's no land that shares our loving,And no bond that can enslave.Thou hast borne us and we know thee,May our deeds to all proclaimOur enduring love and serviceTo thy honour and thy name.In the marrow of our bones,In our heart and soul and spirit,In the glory of our past,In our hope of what will be.In our will and work and wander,From our crib to our grave –Share no other land our love,No other loyalty can sway us.Fatherland! We will bear the nobility,Of your name with honour:Dedicated and true as Afrikaners –Children of South Africa.
Third verse
In die songloed van ons somer,In ons winternag se kou,In die lente van ons liefde,In die lanfer van ons rou.By die klink van huw'liks-klokkies,By die kluit-klap op die kis –Streel jou stem ons nooit verniet nie,Weet jy waar jou kinders is.Op jou roep sê ons nooit nee nie,Sê ons altyd, altyd ja:Om te lewe, om te sterwe –Ja, ons kom, Suid-Afrika.In the golden warmth of summer,In the chill of winter's air,In the surging life of springtime,In the autumn of despair;When the wedding bells are chimingOr when those we love do depart,Thou dost know us for thy childrenAnd dost take us to thy heartLoudly peals the answering chorus:We are thine, and we shall stand,Be it life or death, to answerTo thy call, beloved land.In the sunglow of our summer,In our winter night's cold,In the spring of our love,In the autumn of our sorrow.At the sound of wedding bells,At the stonefall on the coffin –Soothes your voice us never in vain,You know where your children are.At your call we never say no,We always, always say yes:To live, to die –Yes, we come, South Africa.
Fourth verse
Op U Almag vas vertrouendHet ons vadere gebou:Skenk ook ons die krag, o Here!Om te handhaaf en te hou –Dat die erwe van ons vad'reVir ons kinders erwe bly:Knegte van die Allerhoogste,Teen die hele wêreld vry.Soos ons vadere vertrou het,Leer ook ons vertrou, o Heer –Met ons land en met ons nasieSal dit wel wees, God regeer.In thy power, Almighty, trusting,Did our fathers build of old;Strengthen then, O Lord, their childrenTo defend, to love, to hold –That the heritage they gave usFor our children yet may be:Bondsmen only to the HighestAnd before the whole world free.As our fathers trusted humbly,Teach us, Lord to trust Thee still:Guard our land and guide our peopleIn Thy way to do Thy will.On your almight steadfast entrustedHad our fathers built:Give to us also the strength, o Lord!To sustain and to preserve –That the heritage of our fathersFor our children heritage remain:Servants of the almighty,Against the whole world free.As our fathers trusted,Teach us also to trust, o Lord –With our land and with our nationIt will be well, God reigns.

In popular culture

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: 5 August 2001 . Die Stem Period of Use . 30 May 2018 . everything2.com.
  2. Web site: Dual Status . https://web.archive.org/web/20071015043530/http://david.national-anthems.net/za-94.htm . 15 October 2007 . 2007-10-21 . david.national-anthems.net.
  3. Web site: 10 November 2013 . Die Stem van Suid-Afrika . https://web.archive.org/web/20131110111010/http://tortel.net/~lochner/blerkas/woorde/002.txt . 10 November 2013 . tortel.net.
  4. Web site: National Anthem . https://web.archive.org/web/20071021015456/http://www.info.gov.za/aboutgovt/symbols/anthem.htm#words . 2007-10-21 . 2007-10-21 . South African Government Information.
  5. Web site: 18 April 2013 . South Africa (1957-1997) . 11 January 2019 . nationalanthems.info . DeVilliers won on his second entry (the first did not please Langenhoven).
  6. Web site: Allen . Siemon . 15 October 2013 . The South African National Anthem: A History on Record . 31 October 2018 . flatint.
  7. Web site: Die Stem van Suid-Afrika . 18 April 2018 . South African Music Archive Project . Digital Innovation South Africa.
  8. Book: Moeschberger . Scott L. . Symbols that Bind, Symbols that Divide: The Semiotics of Peace and Conflict . DeZalia . Rebekah A. Phillips . 2014 . Springer . 978-3-319-05464-3 . Cham . 185.
  9. Web site: Tshabalala . Nonjabulo . 21 February 2014 . South African National Anthem – Not for Me Thank You . https://web.archive.org/web/20171228153437/https://disciplemag.wordpress.com/2014/02/21/south-african-national-anthem-not-for-me-thank-you/ . 28 December 2017 . 28 December 2017 . The Underground Disciple.
  10. Book: Hamilton, Janice . South Africa in Pictures . 2008 . Lerner Books . 978-1-58013-451-4 . London . 69.
  11. News: 3 June 1938 . South Africa Will Play Two Anthems Hereafter . 10 . The New York Times . 31 October 2018.
  12. News: Keller . Bill . 8 October 1993 . South Africans Fight Over National Symbols . The New York Times .
  13. News: Keller . Bill . 12 May 1994 . Whites in South Africa Find The World Has Not Ended . The New York Times .
  14. News: Ottaway . David B. . 22 September 1991 . Neighbors Confront 'Apartheid Wall'; Blacks, Whites Hold Picnic at Barricade . The Washington Post . 31 October 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180919094328/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1086131.html . 19 September 2018 .
  15. Web site: 8 June 2012 . The Road To London Is Paved With Olympic Gaffes . 1 November 2018 . NPR . All Things Considered.
  16. Web site: Act of Defiance . http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091011222008/http://www.anc.org.za/misc/nkosi.html . 11 October 2009 . 2007-10-21 . anc.org.za.
  17. Book: Text, Theory, Space: Land, Literature and History in South Africa and Australia . 2005 . Routledge . 0-415-12407-7 . Darian-Smith . Kate . London . Gunner . Liz . Nuttall . Sarah . Google Books.
  18. Web site: Levy . Michael S. . 17 June 2012 . The National Anthem Is Owned by Everyone . https://web.archive.org/web/20130313093626/http://www.samro.org.za/node/298 . 13 March 2013 . 13 March 2013 . South African Music Rights Organisation.
  19. Book: Carlin, John . Playing the Enemy: Nelson Mandela and the Game That Made a Nation . 2008 . The Penguin Press . 978-1-4406-3424-6 . New York.
  20. Book: Carlin, John . Invictus: Nelson Mandela and the Game That Made a Nation . 2009 . Penguin Books . 978-1-59420-174-5 . New York, New York . registration . Internet Archive.
  21. News: 10 June 2009 . The Day PW Made Us Sing 'Die Stem' at Kruger's Swiss House . Cape Times . 1 November 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180919094335/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-201541866.html . 19 September 2018.
  22. News: Claiborne . William . 20 August 1992 . ANC Drops Its Objections to S. African Rugby Game; White Fans Admonished Not to Sing Anthem . The Washington Post . 11 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160529073132/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1021160.html . 29 May 2016.
  23. News: Mitchell . Brittany . 24 June 2015 . Rugby at the Heart of National Reconciliation . ESPN . 2016-02-28.
  24. News: 1992-08-15 . ANC Threatens Call for Renewal of Rugby Boycott . The Washington Post . 2016-04-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160529073129/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1020828.html . 2016-05-29.
  25. Book: Black . David Ross . Rugby and the South African Nation: Sport, Cultures, Politics, and Power in the Old and New South Africas . Nauright . John . 1998 . Manchester University Press . 0-7190-4931-8 . Manchester . 115 . Google Books.
  26. News: Keller . Bill . 18 August 1992 . Flags, Anthems and Rugby: A Volatile Mix for South Africa . The New York Times .
  27. The 1992 Return Match - Teams, Anthems and Haka . 28 May 2011 . https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/ky2rtZg7wAk . 2021-12-21 . live . YouTube.
  28. Web site: Sports . https://web.archive.org/web/20120325192802/http://www.e-tools.co.za/newsbrief/1992/news9208.17 . 25 March 2012 . 2011-08-14 . e-tools.co.za.
  29. News: Ottaway . David . 24 June 1992 . Violence Is Clouding S. African Picture; Critics Target Olympic Team . The Washington Post . https://web.archive.org/web/20180919061940/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1012221.html . 19 September 2018 .
  30. News: 24 November 1991 . Summer Olympic Games: Ode to Joy . The New York Times . Opinion . 2007-10-21.
  31. News: Taylor . Paul . 23 December 1993 . S. Africa Approves Charter; White-Led Parliament Votes for Constitution Canceling Its Powers . The Washington Post . https://web.archive.org/web/20180919061930/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-981227.html . 19 September 2018 .
  32. News: Lyman . Rick . 22 December 1993 . South Africa Approves New Constitution to End White Rule. (Originated from Knight-Ridder Newspapers) . Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service . https://web.archive.org/web/20180919062014/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-14742411.html . 19 September 2018.
  33. News: Daniszewski . John . 27 October 1993 . Finding Symbols For New S. Africa // Citizens Submit 7,000 Flag Designs . Chicago Sun-Times . 1 November 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161008201708/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-4196976.html . 8 October 2016 .
  34. Raising of the New South African Flag . 24 May 2018 . Antonio Coppola . https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/Sed-dqbZgkc . 2021-12-21 . live . YouTube.
  35. Anthem: South Africa sing passionately at RWC 1995 . 9 September 2015 . World Rugby . https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/5ZQ3mTEdDD0 . 2021-12-21 . live . YouTube.
  36. South Africa vs New Zealand - 1995 Rugby World Cup Final (Anthems + Haka) . 28 October 2015 . inkmonamour . https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/Ccu_DDo7PJE . 2021-12-21 . live . YouTube.
  37. Full Nelson Mandela Inauguration on 10th of May 1994 . 8 May 2015 . SABC Digital News . SABC . South Africa . 6 November 2018 . https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/t3OrcQ18JtY . 2021-12-21 . live . YouTube.
  38. News: McNeil . Donald G. Jr. . 28 March 1996 . Johannesburg Journal; Will Rugby Embrace, or Crush, a Dainty Flower? . The New York Times .
  39. News: 2012 . 'Apologise' for Die Stem . Sport24 . The manager of the London Cup hockey tournament must apologise for playing apartheid anthem "Die Stem" before South Africa's clash with Great Britain, SA Hockey Association chief executive Marissa Langeni said on Wednesday..
  40. News: 23 May 2018 . Old Boys Ban for Die Stem . Cape Times . 1 November 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180919094321/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-539872757.html . 19 September 2018 .
  41. News: 4 October 2015 . Why I Choose to Sing Die Stem . The Sunday Independent . 1 November 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180919061921/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-430570714.html . 19 September 2018 .
  42. News: 25 February 2009 . 'Natoo' Says No to Die Stem.(News) . Post . 1 November 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180919061928/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-194475541.html . 19 September 2018.
  43. News: Ganesh . Narendh . 23 July 2014 . Die Stem Controversy . Post . PressReader.com.
  44. News: Haden . Alexis . 27 December 2017 . Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika Named Best National Anthem in the World . The South African .
  45. News: 8 July 2014 . Hofmeyr Sings Die Stem at Innibos . IOL . South African Press Association . 22 December 2014.
  46. News: Dawjee . Haji Mohamed . 16 July 2014 . Steve Hofmeyr, 'Die Stem' and Living in the Past . Mail & Guardian .
  47. News: Kubheka . Thando . 2015-04-08 . Steve Hofmeyr, Sunette Bridges Defend Paul Kruger Statue . Eyewitness News . 2015-04-14.
  48. News: Quintal . Angela . 13 April 2018 . The Surreal Moment when a Harlem Choir Sings Die Stem for Winnie . City Press .
  49. News: Haden . Alexis . 18 April 2017 . EFF Calls for Removal of Die Stem on 120th Anniversary of Enoch Sontonga's Death . The South African .
  50. News: de Villiers . James . 2017-04-18 . Die Stem Adulterates Nkosi Sikelel iAfrika – EFF . News24 . 12 June 2018 . 12 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180612184718/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/die-stem-adulterates-nkosi-sikelel-iafrika-eff-20170418 .
  51. News: 27 September 2015 . EFF 'Missing the Plot' on Die Stem . HeraldLIVE . 9 June 2018 . 9 September 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180909104452/http://www.heraldlive.co.za/news/2015/09/27/eff-missing-plot-die-stem .
  52. Book: Carlin, John . Playing the Enemy: Nelson Mandela and the Game that Made a Nation . 2008 . Penguin Press . 978-1-59420-174-5 . New York . 147, 153.
  53. Book: Carlin, John . Playing the Enemy: Nelson Mandela and the Game that Made a Nation . 2008 . Penguin Press . 978-1-59420-174-5 . New York . 173–178.
  54. News: 7 June 2012 . Great Britain Apologizes to South Africa for Playing Apartheid Anthem Before Field Hockey Game . Yahoo! Sports .
  55. News: Mather . Victor . 13 February 2017 . Oh, Say, What's With All the National Anthem Mistakes? . The New York Times .
  56. News: Greene . Richard Allen . 7 June 2012 . Britain Apologizes for Playing Apartheid-Era Anthem . CNN .
  57. News: Trifunov . David . 6 June 2012 . Apartheid-Era Anthem Fires up South Africa Team . PRI . 9 June 2018 . 24 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180824194206/https://www.pri.org/stories/2012-06-06/apartheid-era-anthem-fires-south-africa-team .
  58. Web site: 6 June 2012 . South Africa Want Apology for Anthem Fiasco . Sportskeeda.
  59. News: 6 June 2012 . UK's Die Stem Blunder . Daily News . https://web.archive.org/web/20180919061924/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-292385451.html . 19 September 2018.
  60. Web site: [15 July 2012 post on the Facebook page of Vryheidsfront Plus / Freedom Front Plus] ]. https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/187645864452/10151121310674453 . 2022-02-26 . limited. Facebook.com.
  61. News: 15 October 1993 . 2 Right-Wingers Sentenced to Death in Slaying of South African Black Leader. (Originated from Knight-Ridder Newspapers) . Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service . https://web.archive.org/web/20180919061917/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-14226795.html . 19 September 2018.
  62. Web site: 10 April 2010 . Special Reports - Africa News Timeline April 10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180612164047/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specialreports/africa_newstimeline_apr10.shtml . 12 June 2018 . 12 June 2018 . BBC World Service . BBC . Terreblanche funeral: Thousands of white mourners sing the anthem of apartheid South Africa.
  63. News: Cho . Iljun 조일준 . 2010-04-16 . ko:웰컴 투 남아공…복수혈전의 나라 . ko . http://h21.hani.co.kr/arti/world/world_general/27110.html . 9 June 2018 . ko:한겨레21.
  64. News: Lee . Cheongsol 이청솔 . 15 April 2010 . ko:[세계]남아공 '흑백 갈등' 과거사 재발 . ko . http://weekly.khan.co.kr/khnm.html?mode=view&code=117&artid=201004151029381 . 9 June 2018 . ko:주간경향.
  65. News: 8 April 2010 . ko:연합뉴스 : 바른언론 빠른뉴스 . ko . http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/bulletin/2010/04/08/0200000000AKR20100408086800009.HTML . 9 June 2018 . ko:연합뉴스.
  66. News: Claiborne . William . 29 April 1988 . Vocal S. African Weekly Faces Likely Suspension by Pretoria . The Washington Post . https://web.archive.org/web/20180919061909/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1253703.html . 19 September 2018 .
  67. Web site: Die Stem van Suid-Afrika / The Call of South Africa . flatinternational.
  68. National Anthem of South Africa - Nigel Mansell's World Championship Racing (SNES Music) by Patrick . 14 June 2016 . Vizzed Video Game Music . https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/_Dzu_a-DpeY . 2021-12-21 . live . YouTube.

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