Dicynodon Explained

Dicynodon ("two dog-teeth") is a genus of dicynodont therapsid that flourished during the Upper Permian period. Like all dicynodonts, it was an herbivorous animal. This synapsid was toothless, except for prominent tusks, hence the name. It probably cropped vegetation with a horny beak, much like a tortoise, while the tusks may have been used for digging up roots and tubers.

Many species of Dicynodon have been named, and the genus is considered a wastebasket taxon. A 2011 study of the genus found most of the species to represent a paraphyletic grouping, with the only valid members of Dicynodon being D. lacerticeps and D. huenei.^[1] A 2019 study named a new species D. angielczyki, but simultaneously transferred D. huenei to the genus Daptocephalus.^[2]

Description

Dicynodon was a medium-sized and advanced member of the Dicynodont group. It had an average length of 1.2m (03.9feet), although size differed among species. Its fossil remains have been found in sediments of latest Permian age in South Africa and Tanzania.

The type species is Dicynodon lacerticeps Owen, 1845. A large number of species have since been placed in this genus, some of which turned out to be synonyms of other species, others have been moved to different genera.

Species

Two species of Dicynodon are currently recognized: the type species D. lacerticeps from South Africa and the species D. angielczyki from Tanzania. Since the genus was first named, over 160 species have been assigned to Dicynodon. A 2011 study of the genus found 11 of these species to be valid, although most are now assigned to other dicynodont genera.^[1] Below is a list of all species that have ever been assigned to Dicynodon. Since their naming, most have been considered as synonymous with other dicynodont species. Names in bold are still referable to Dicynodon.

Species	Authority	Age	Unit	Status
Dicynodon acutirostris	Broom, 1935			Junior synonym of Tropidostoma dubium
*Dicynodon aetorhamphus*	Broom, 1948	Late Permian		Junior synonym of Dicynodon lacerticeps
Dicynodon alfredi	(Owen, 1862)			Junior synonym of Lystrosaurus declivis
Dicynodon allani	Broom, 1940	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon alticeps	Broom and Haughton, 1913	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Valid as Sintocephalus alticeps
Dicynodon amalitzkii	Sushkin, 1926	Late Permian		Valid as Peramodon amalitzkii
Dicynodon andrewsi	Broom, 1921	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
*Dicynodon angielczyki*	Kammerer, 2019	Late Permian		Valid
Dicynodon annae	Sushkin, 1926	Late Permian	Upper Vyatkian	Junior synonym of Vivaxosaurus trautscholdi
Dicynodon anneae	Broom, 1940	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Dinanomodon gilli
Dicynodon antjiesfonteinensis	Toerien, 1953			Junior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon bainii	Owen, 1845	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Valid as Aulacephalodon bainii
Dicynodon bathyrhynchus	von Huene, 1942	Late Permian	Upper Usili Formation	Valid as Euptychognathus bathyrhynchus
Dicynodon benjamini	Broom, 1948	Late Permian		Valid as Keyseria benjamini
Dicynodon bogdaensis	King, 1988	Late Permian		Valid as Turfanodon bogdaensis
Dicynodon bolorhinoides	Watson, 1960	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Aulacephalodon bainii
Dicynodon bolorhinus	Broom, 1913	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon brachyrhynchus	Broom, 1948	Late Permian	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon breviceps	Haughton, 1915	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon brevirostris	Broom, 1913	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone or Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon broomi	Broili and Schröder, 1937	Middle Permian	Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon broilii	Boonstra, 1948	Middle Permian	Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
*Dicynodon cadlei*	Broom, 1940	Late Permian	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Dicynodon lacerticeps
Dicynodon calverleyi	Broom, 1940	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Basilodon woodwardi
Dicynodon cavifrons	Broom and Haughton, 1917	Late Permian	Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Tropidostoma dubium
Dicynodon clarencei	Broom, 1950	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Dicynodontoides recurvidens
Dicynodon copei	Seeley, 1889	Early Triassic	Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Lystrosaurus murrayi
Dicynodon cordylus	Lydekker, 1889	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Nomen dubium
Dicynodon corstorphinei	Broom and Haughton, 1917	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon curtus	Broom, 1921	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon curvatus	Owen, 1876	Early Triassic	Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone	Valid as Lystrosaurus curvatus
Dicynodon cyclops	Haughton, 1917	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon daptocephaloides	Toerien, 1955	Late Permian	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Daptocephalus leoniceps
Dicynodon declivis	Owen, 1860	Early Triassic	Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone	Valid as Lystrosaurus declivis
Dicynodon depressus	(Owen, 1876)	Early Triassic	Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Lystrosaurus declivis
Dicynodon dubius	Owen, 1876	Late Permian	Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone	Valid as Tropidostoma dubium
Dicynodon duffianus	von Huene, 1940	Late Permian		Junior synonym of Gordonia traquairi
Dicynodon dunnii	Seeley, 1889	Late Permian	Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Tropidostoma dubium
*Dicynodon dutoiti*	Broom and Schepers, 1937	Late Permian	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Dicynodon lacerticeps
Dicynodon duvenhagei	Broom, 1948	Late Permian	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Dicynodontoides recurvidens
Dicynodon euryceps	Boonstra, 1938	Late Permian		Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon feliceps	Owen, 1876	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone or Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Valid as Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon galecephalus	Broom and Robinson, 1948	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Dinanomodon gilli
Dicynodon gamkaensis	Broom, 1937	Middle Permian	Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon gilli	Broom, 1932	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Valid as Dinanomodon gilli
Dicynodon glaucops	Broom, 1948	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon graaffi	Broom, 1940	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon gracilis	Broom, 1913	Late Permian	Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Dicynodontoides recurvidens
Dicynodon grahami	Broom, 1940	Late Permian	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Nomen dubium
Dicynodon grandis	Haughton, 1917	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Incertae sedis
Dicynodon greyii	Broom, 1913	Late Permian	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon grimbeeki	Broom, 1935	Late Permian	Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon grossarthi	Broili and Schröder, 1937	Late Permian	Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon halli	Watson, 1914	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon hartzenbergi	Broom, 1940	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Incertae sedis
Dicynodon haughtonianus	von Huene, 1931	Middle Permian	Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon helenae	Boonstra, 1938	Late Permian		Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon howardi	Broom, 1948	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Dicynodontoides recurvidens
Dicynodon huenei	Haughton, 1932	Late Permian	Upper Usili Formation	Valid as Daptocephalus huenei
Dicynodon huxleyanus	von Huene, 1940	Late Permian	Cutties Hillock Sandstone Formation	Junior synonym of Gordonia traquairi
Dicynodon ictidops	Broom, 1913	Late Permian	Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon ictinops	Broom, 1921	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Emydops arctatus
Dicynodon incisivum	Repelin, 1923	Late Permian	"Purple beds"	Nomen dubium
Dicynodon ingens	Broom, 1907	Late Permian	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Daptocephalus leoniceps^[3]
Dicynodon jouberti	Broom, 1905	Middle Permian		Junior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon juddianus	von Huene, 1940	Late Permian	Cutties Hillock Sandstone Formation	Junior synonym of Gordonia traquairi
*Dicynodon kitchingi*	Broom, 1937	Late Permian	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Dicynodon lacerticeps
Dicynodon kolbei	Broom, 1912	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
*Dicynodon lacerticeps*	Owen, 1845	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone or Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Valid
Dicynodon laticeps	Broom, 1912	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Aulacephalodon bainii
Dicynodon latifrons	Broom, 1899			Junior synonym of Kannemeyeria simocephalus
Dicynodon latirostris	Owen, 1860	Early Triassic	Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Lystrosaurus declivis
Dicynodon leoniceps	Owen, 1876	Late Permian	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Valid as Daptocephalus leoniceps
Dicynodon leontocephalus	Broom, 1950	Late Permian	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Daptocephalus leoniceps
Dicynodon leontops	Broom, 1913	Late Permian	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Daptocephalus leoniceps
Dicynodon leptorhinus	Broom, 1932	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Nomen dubium
Dicynodon leptoscelus	Broom, 1932	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Nomen dubium
Dicynodon limbus	Lucas, 1998	Late Permian		Valid as Daqingshanodon limbus
Dicynodon lissops	Broom, 1913	Late Permian	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Daptocephalus leoniceps
Dicynodon locusticeps	von Huene, 1942	Late Permian	Upper Usili Formation	Valid as Geikia locusticeps
Dicynodon luangwanensis	Boonstra, 1938	Late Permian	Upper Usili Formation	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon luckhoffi	Broom, 1937	Late Permian	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Nomen dubium
Dicynodon lutriceps	Broom, 1912	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon maccabei	Broom, 1940	Late Permian	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon macrodon	Broom, 1940	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Dinanomodon gilli
Dicynodon macrorhynchus	Broom, 1921	Late Permian	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon magnus	Broom, 1913	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Valid as Rhachiocephalus magnus
Dicynodon marlothi	von Huene, 1940	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon megalops	Broom, 1913	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon megalorhinus	Broom, 1913	Middle Permian	Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone	Nomen dubium
Dicynodon microdon	Broom, 1936	Late Permian	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Basilodon woodwardi
Dicynodon microrhynchus	von Huene, 1931	Late Permian	Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Pristerodon mackayi
Dicynodon microtrema	Seeley, 1889	Late Permian	Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Tropidostoma dubium
Dicynodon milletti	Broom, 1928	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon moschops	Broom, 1913	Late Permian	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Valid as Pelanomodon moschops
Dicynodon moutonae	Broom, 1948	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon murrayi	Huxley, 1859	Early Triassic	Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone	Valid as Lystrosaurus murrayi
Dicynodon mustoi	Haughton, 1915	Late Permian	Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon nanus	Broom, 1936	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon nesemanni	Broom, 1940	Late Permian	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon njalilus	von Huene, 1942	Middle Triassic		Valid as Tetragonias njalilus
Dicynodon nowacki	von Huene, 1942	Late Permian	Usili Formation	Valid as Dicynodontoides nowacki
Dicynodon orientalis	Huxley, 1865	Early Triassic		Junior synonym of Lystrosaurus murrayi
Dicynodon osborni	Broom, 1921	Late Permian	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Daptocephalus leoniceps
Dicynodon oweni	Lydekker, 1889	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Nomen dubium
Dicynodon pachyrhynchus	Broom, 1913	Middle Triassic	Cynognathus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Kannemeyeria simocephalus
Dicynodon parabreviceps	Boonstra, 1938	Late Permian		Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
*Dicynodon pardiceps*	Owen, 1876	Late Permian	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Dicynodon lacerticeps
Dicynodon parvidens	Owen, 1876	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon planus	Broom, 1913	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon platyceps	Broom, 1913	Late Permian	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon platyfrons	Broom, 1932	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon prognathus	Broom, 1913	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon pseudojouberti	Boonstra, 1948	Middle Permian	Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone	Nomen dubium
Dicynodon psittacops	Broom, 1912	Late Permian	Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon pygmaeus	Broom and Haughton, 1917	Late Permian	Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Pristerodon mackayi
Dicynodon raniceps	Broom, 1913	Late Permian	Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Pristerodon mackayi
Dicynodon rectidens	Owen, 1876	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone or Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Nomen dubium
Dicynodon recurvidens	Owen, 1876	Late Permian	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Valid as Dicynodontoides recurvidens
Dicynodon richardi	Broom, 1940	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon roberti	Boonstra, 1938	Late Permian		Junior synonym of Syops vanhoepeni
Dicynodon robertsi	Broom, 1948	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone or Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon robustus	Broom, 1932	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon rogersi	Broom and Haughton, 1917	Late Permian	Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Tropidostoma dubium
Dicynodon rosmarus	Cope, 1870			Nomen dubium
Dicynodon rossicus	Sushkin, 1926	Late Permian	Upper Vyatkian	Junior synonym of Vivaxosaurus trautscholdi
Dicynodon rubidgei	Broom, 1932	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon scheepersi	Broom, 1948	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Rhachiocephalus magnus
Dicynodon schroederi	Toerien, 1953	Middle Permian	Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Robertia broomiana
Dicynodon schwarzi	Broom, 1919	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon scopulusa	Lucas, 1998	Late Permian		Incertae sedis
Dicynodon seeleyi	Broili, 1908	Early Triassic	Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone	Nomen dubium
Dicynodon sidneyi	Broom, 1940	Late Permian	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Pelanomodon moschops
Dicynodon simocephalus	Weithofer, 1888	Middle Triassic	Cynognathus Assemblage Zone	Valid as Kannemeyeria simocephalus
Dicynodon sinkianensis	Yuan and Young, 1934	Late Permian	Guodikeng Formation	Valid as Jimusaria sinkianensis
Dicynodon sollasi	Broom, 1921	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon strigiceps	Owen, 1845	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone or Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Nomen dubium
Dicynodon strigops	Broom, 1913	Early Triassic	Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone	Nomen dubium
Dicynodon sunanensis	Li et al., 2000	Late Permian	Guodikeng Formation	Junior synonym of Turfanodon bogdaensis
Dicynodon swierstrai	Broom, 1940	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Pristerodon mackayi
Dicynodon taoshuyuanensis	King, 1988	Late Permian	Guodikeng Formation	Junior synonym of Jimusaria sinkianensis
*Dicynodon taylori*	Broom, 1932	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Dicynodon lacerticeps
Dicynodon tealei	Haughton, 1932	Late Permian	Usili Formation	Nomen dubium
Dicynodon tener	von Huene, 1935	Middle - Late Triassic		Nomen dubium
Dicynodon testudiceps	Owen, 1845	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone or Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Nomen dubium
Dicynodon testudirostris	Broom and Haughton, 1913	Late Permian	Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon tienshanensis	Sun, 1973	Late Permian	Guodikeng Formation	Junior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon tigriceps	Owen, 1855	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Aulacephalodon bainii
Dicynodon traquairi	von Huene, 1940	Late Permian	Cutties Hillock Sandstone Formation	Junior synonym of Gordonia traquairi
Dicynodon trautscholdi	Amalitzky, 1922	Late Permian	Upper Vyatkian	Valid as Vivaxosaurus trautscholdi
Dicynodon trigoniceps	Broom, 1913	Late Permian	Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Pristerodon mackayi
*Dicynodon trigonocephalus*	Broom, 1940	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Dicynodon lacerticeps
Dicynodon truncatus	Broom, 1913	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone or Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon turpior	von Huene, 1935	Late Triassic		Nomen dubium
Dicynodon tylorhinus	Broom, 1913	Late Permian	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Incertae sedis
Dicynodon validus	Broom, 1935	Late Permian	Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Tropidostoma dubium
Dicynodon vanderbyli	Broom, 1928	Late Permian	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon vanderhorsti	Toerien, 1953	Middle Permian	Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon vanhoepeni	Boonstra, 1938	Late Permian		Valid as Syops vanhoepeni
Dicynodon venteri	Broom, 1935	Late Permian	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Nomen dubium
Dicynodon venyukovi	Sushkin, 1926	Late Permian	Upper Vyatkian	Junior synonym of Vivaxosaurus trautscholdi
Dicynodon verticalis	Owen, 1860	Early Triassic	Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Lystrosaurus murrayi
Dicynodon watsoni	Broom, 1921	Late Permian	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Daptocephalus leoniceps
Dicynodon weatherbyi	Broom, 1941	Late Permian	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Basilodon woodwardi
Dicynodon wellwoodensis	Broom, 1936	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon whaitsi	Broom, 1913	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Valid as Odontocyclops whaitsi
Dicynodon whitsonae	Toerien, 1954	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Dinanomodon gilli
Dicynodon wilmanae	Broom, 1928	Late Permian	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon woodwardi	Broom, 1921	Late Permian	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Valid as Basilodon woodwardi

References

Angielczyk . Kenneth D. . Kurkin . Andrey A. . Phylogenetic analysis of Russian Permian dicynodonts (Therapsida: Anomodontia): implications for Permian biostratigraphy and Pangaean biogeography . . 139 . 2 . 157–212 . October 2003 . 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00081.x. free .
Lucas, S. G., 2005, Dicynodon (Reptilia: Therapsida) from the Upper Permian of Russia: biochronologic significance: In: The Nonmarine Permian; edited by Lucas, S. G., and Zeigler, K. E., New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science, Bulletin 30, p. 192-196.

External links

Dicynodon - Mikko's Phylogeny archive (list of species and cladogram)

Notes and References

Kammerer . C.F. . Angielczyk, K.D. . Fröbisch, J. . 2011 . A comprehensive taxonomic revision of Dicynodon (Therapsida, Anomodontia) and its implications for dicynodont phylogeny, biogeography, and biostratigraphy . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 31 . Suppl. 1 . 1–158 . 10.1080/02724634.2011.627074. 2011JVPal..31S...1K . 84987497 .
Christian F. Kammerer . 2019 . Revision of the Tanzanian dicynodont Dicynodon huenei (Therapsida: Anomodontia) from the Permian Usili Formation . PeerJ . 7 . e7420 . 10.7717/peerj.7420 . 31497385 . 6708577 . free .
Groenewald . D. P. . Kammerer . C. F. . 2023 . Re-identification and updated stratigraphic context of the holotypes of the late Permian tetrapods Dicynodon ingens and Scymnosaurus warreni from KwaZulu-Natal . Palaeontologia africana . 56 . 171–179 . 10539/37143 . free.