Derek Walcott Explained

Honorific Prefix:Sir
Derek Walcott
Birth Name:Derek Alton Walcott
Birth Date:1930 1, df=y
Birth Place:Castries, Colony of Saint Lucia, British Windward Islands, British Empire
Death Place:Cap Estate, Gros-Islet, Saint Lucia
Occupation:Poet, playwright, professor
Genre:Poetry and plays
Movement:Postcolonialism
Notableworks:Dream on Monkey Mountain (1967), Omeros (1990), White Egrets (2007)
Children:3
Signature:Derek Walcott signature.svg

Sir Derek Alton Walcott OM (23 January 1930 – 17 March 2017) was a Saint Lucian poet and playwright. He received the 1992 Nobel Prize in Literature.[1] His works include the Homeric epic poem Omeros (1990), which many critics view "as Walcott's major achievement."[2] In addition to winning the Nobel Prize, Walcott received many literary awards over the course of his career, including an Obie Award in 1971 for his play Dream on Monkey Mountain, a MacArthur Foundation "genius" award, a Royal Society of Literature Award, the Queen's Medal for Poetry, the inaugural OCM Bocas Prize for Caribbean Literature,[3] the 2010 T. S. Eliot Prize for his book of poetry White Egrets[4] and the Griffin Trust For Excellence in Poetry Lifetime Recognition Award in 2015.

Early life and childhood

Walcott was born and raised in Castries, Saint Lucia, in the West Indies, the son of Alix (Maarlin) and Warwick Walcott.[5] He had a twin brother, the playwright Roderick Walcott, and a sister, Pamela Walcott. His family is of English, Dutch and African descent, reflecting the complex colonial history of the island that he explores in his poetry. His mother, a teacher, loved the arts and often recited poetry around the house.[6] His father was a civil servant and a talented painter. He died when Walcott and his brother were one year old, and were left to be raised by their mother. Walcott was brought up in Methodist schools. His mother, who was a teacher at a Methodist elementary school, provided her children with an environment where their talents could be nurtured.[7] Walcott's family was part of a minority Methodist community, who felt overshadowed by the dominant Catholic culture of the island established during French colonial rule.[8]

As a young man Walcott trained as a painter, mentored by Harold Simmons,[9] whose life as a professional artist provided an inspiring example for him. Walcott greatly admired Cézanne and Giorgione and sought to learn from them. Walcott's painting was later exhibited at the Anita Shapolsky Gallery in New York City, along with the art of other writers, in a 2007 exhibition named The Writer's Brush: Paintings and Drawing by Writers.[10] [11]

He studied as a writer, becoming "an elated, exuberant poet madly in love with English" and strongly influenced by modernist poets such as T. S. Eliot and Ezra Pound.[2] Walcott had an early sense of a vocation as a writer. In the poem "Midsummer" (1984), he wrote:

Forty years gone, in my island childhood, I felt that the gift of poetry had made me one of the chosen, that all experience was kindling to the fire of the Muse.

At 14, Walcott published his first poem, a Miltonic, religious poem, in the newspaper The Voice of St Lucia. An English Catholic priest condemned the Methodist-inspired poem as blasphemous in a response printed in the newspaper. By 19, Walcott had self-published his first two collections with the aid of his mother, who paid for the printing: 25 Poems (1948) and Epitaph for the Young: XII Cantos (1949). He sold copies to his friends and covered the costs.[12] He later commented:

I went to my mother and said, "I'd like to publish a book of poems, and I think it's going to cost me two hundred dollars." She was just a seamstress and a schoolteacher, and I remember her being very upset because she wanted to do it. Somehow she got it—a lot of money for a woman to have found on her salary. She gave it to me, and I sent off to Trinidad and had the book printed. When the books came back I would sell them to friends. I made the money back.

The influential Bajan poet Frank Collymore critically supported Walcott's early work.

After attending high school at Saint Mary's College, he received a scholarship to study at the University College of the West Indies in Kingston, Jamaica.[13]

Career

After graduation, Walcott moved to Trinidad in 1953, where he became a critic, teacher and journalist.[13] He founded the Trinidad Theatre Workshop in 1959 and remained active with its board of directors.[12] [14]

Exploring the Caribbean and its history in a colonialist and post-colonialist context, his collection In a Green Night: Poems 1948–1960 (1962) attracted international attention.[2] His play Dream on Monkey Mountain (1970) was produced on NBC-TV in the United States the year it was published. Makak is the protagonist in this play; and "Makak"s condition represents the condition of the colonized natives under the oppressive forces of the powerful colonizers".[15] In 1971 it was produced by the Negro Ensemble Company off-Broadway in New York City; it won an Obie Award that year for "Best Foreign Play".[16] The following year, Walcott won an OBE from the British government for his work.[17]

He was hired as a teacher by Boston University in the United States, where he founded the Boston Playwrights' Theatre in 1981. That year he also received a MacArthur Foundation Fellowship in the United States. Walcott taught literature and writing at Boston University for more than two decades, publishing new books of poetry and plays on a regular basis. Walcott retired from his position at Boston University in 2007. He became friends with other poets, including the Russian expatriate Joseph Brodsky, who lived and worked in the U.S. after being exiled in the 1970s, and the Irishman Seamus Heaney, who also taught in Boston.[14]

Walcott's epic poem Omeros (1990), which loosely echoes and refers to characters from the Iliad, has been critically praised as his "major achievement."[2] The book received praise from publications such as The Washington Post and The New York Times Book Review, which chose Omeros as one of its "Best Books of 1990".[18]

Walcott was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1992, the second Caribbean writer to receive the honour after Saint-John Perse, who was born in Guadeloupe, received the award in 1960. The Nobel committee described Walcott's work as "a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment".[2] He won an Anisfield-Wolf Book Award for Lifetime Achievement in 2004.

His later poetry collections include Tiepolo's Hound (2000), illustrated with copies of his watercolours;[19] The Prodigal (2004), and White Egrets (2010), which received the T. S. Eliot Prize[2] [13] and the 2011 OCM Bocas Prize for Caribbean Literature.[20]

Derek Walcott held the Elias Ghanem Chair in Creative Writing at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas in 2007.[21] In 2008, Walcott gave the first Cola Debrot Lectures[22] In 2009, Walcott began a three-year distinguished scholar-in-residence position at the University of Alberta. In 2010, he became Professor of Poetry at the University of Essex.[23]

As a part of St Lucia's Independence Day celebrations, in February 2016, he became one of the first knights of the Order of Saint Lucia.[24]

Writing

Themes

Methodism and spirituality have played a significant role from the beginning in Walcott's work. He commented: "I have never separated the writing of poetry from prayer. I have grown up believing it is a vocation, a religious vocation." Describing his writing process, he wrote: "the body feels it is melting into what it has seen… the 'I' not being important. That is the ecstasy... Ultimately, it's what Yeats says: 'Such a sweetness flows into the breast that we laugh at everything and everything we look upon is blessed.' That's always there. It's a benediction, a transference. It's gratitude, really. The more of that a poet keeps, the more genuine his nature." He also notes: "if one thinks a poem is coming on... you do make a retreat, a withdrawal into some kind of silence that cuts out everything around you. What you're taking on is really not a renewal of your identity but actually a renewal of your anonymity."

Influences

Walcott said that his writing was influenced by the work of the American poets Robert Lowell and Elizabeth Bishop, who were also friends.

Playwriting

He published more than twenty plays, the majority of which have been produced by the Trinidad Theatre Workshop and have also been widely staged elsewhere. Many of them address, either directly or indirectly, the liminal status of the West Indies in the post-colonial period.[25] Through poetry he also explores the paradoxes and complexities of this legacy.[26]

Essays

In his 1970 essay "What the Twilight Says: An Overture", discussing art and theatre in his native region (from Dream on Monkey Mountain and Other Plays), Walcott reflects on the West Indies as a colonized space. He discusses the problems for an artist of a region with little in the way of truly Indigenous forms, and with little national or nationalist identity. He states: "We are all strangers here... Our bodies think in one language and move in another". The epistemological effects of colonization inform plays such as Ti-Jean and his Brothers. Mi-Jean, one of the eponymous brothers, is shown to have much information but truly knows nothing. Every line Mi-Jean recites is rote knowledge gained from the coloniser; he is unable to synthesize it or apply it to his life as a colonised person.[27]

Walcott notes of growing up in West Indian culture:

What we were deprived of was also our privilege. There was a great joy in making a world that so far, up to then, had been undefined... My generation of West Indian writers has felt such a powerful elation at having the privilege of writing about places and people for the first time and, simultaneously, having behind them the tradition of knowing how well it can be done—by a Defoe, a Dickens, a Richardson.

Walcott identified as "absolutely a Caribbean writer", a pioneer, helping to make sense of the legacy of deep colonial damage. In such poems as "The Castaway" (1965) and in the play Pantomime (1978), he uses the metaphors of shipwreck and Crusoe to describe the culture and what is required of artists after colonialism and slavery: both the freedom and the challenge to begin again, salvage the best of other cultures and make something new. These images recur in later work as well. He writes: "If we continue to sulk and say, Look at what the slave-owner did, and so forth, we will never mature. While we sit moping or writing morose poems and novels that glorify a non-existent past, then time passes us by."

Omeros

See main article: Omeros. Walcott's epic book-length poem Omeros was published in 1990 to critical acclaim. The poem very loosely echoes and references Homer and some of his major characters from The Iliad. Some of the poem's major characters include the island fishermen Achille and Hector, the retired English officer Major Plunkett and his wife Maud, the housemaid Helen, the blind man Seven Seas (who symbolically represents Homer), and the author himself.[28]

Although the main narrative of the poem takes place on the island of St. Lucia, where Walcott was born and raised, Walcott also includes scenes from Brookline, Massachusetts (where Walcott was living and teaching at the time of the poem's composition), and the character Achille imagines a voyage from Africa onto a slave ship that is headed for the Americas; also, in Book Five of the poem, Walcott narrates some of his travel experiences in a variety of cities around the world, including Lisbon, London, Dublin, Rome, and Toronto.[29] Composed in a variation on terza rima, the work explores the themes that run throughout Walcott's oeuvre: the beauty of the islands, the colonial burden, the fragmentation of Caribbean identity, and the role of the poet in a post-colonial world.[30]

In this epic, Walcott speaks in favour of unique Caribbean cultures and traditions to challenge the modernity that existed as a consequence of colonialism.[31]

Criticism and praise

Walcott's work has received praise from major poets including Robert Graves, who wrote that Walcott "handles English with a closer understanding of its inner magic than most, if not any, of his contemporaries",[32] and Joseph Brodsky, who praised Walcott's work, writing: "For almost forty years his throbbing and relentless lines kept arriving in the English language like tidal waves, coagulating into an archipelago of poems without which the map of modern literature would effectively match wallpaper. He gives us more than himself or 'a world'; he gives us a sense of infinity embodied in the language." Walcott noted that he, Brodsky, and the Irish poet Seamus Heaney, who all taught in the United States, were a band of poets "outside the American experience".

The poetry critic William Logan critiqued Walcott's work in a New York Times book review of Walcott's Selected Poems. While he praised Walcott's writing in Sea Grapes and The Arkansas Testament, Logan had mostly negative things to say about Walcott's poetry, calling Omeros "clumsy" and Another Life "pretentious". Logan concluded with: "No living poet has written verse more delicately rendered or distinguished than Walcott, though few individual poems seem destined to be remembered."[33]

Most reviews of Walcott's work are more positive. For instance, in The New Yorker review of The Poetry of Derek Walcott, Adam Kirsch had high praise for Walcott's oeuvre, describing his style in the following manner:

By combining the grammar of vision with the freedom of metaphor, Walcott produces a beautiful style that is also a philosophical style. People perceive the world on dual channels, Walcott's verse suggests, through the senses and through the mind, and each is constantly seeping into the other. The result is a state of perpetual magical thinking, a kind of Alice in Wonderland world where concepts have bodies and landscapes are always liable to get up and start talking.[34]

Kirsch calls Another Life Walcott's "first major peak" and analyzes the painterly qualities of Walcott's imagery from his earliest work through to later books such as Tiepolo's Hound. Kirsch also explores the post-colonial politics in Walcott's work, calling him "the postcolonial writer par excellence". Kirsch calls the early poem "A Far Cry from Africa" a turning point in Walcott's development as a poet. Like Logan, Kirsch is critical of Omeros, which he believes Walcott fails to successfully sustain over its entirety. Although Omeros is the volume of Walcott's that usually receives the most critical praise, Kirsch believes Midsummer to be his best book.

In 2013 Dutch filmmaker Ida Does released Poetry is an Island, a feature documentary film about Walcott's life and the ever-present influence of his birthplace of St Lucia.[35] [36]

Personal life

In 1954 Walcott married Fay Moston, a secretary, and they had a son, the St. Lucian painter Peter Walcott. The marriage ended in divorce in 1959. Walcott married a second time to Margaret Maillard in 1962, who worked as an almoner in a hospital. Together they had two daughters, Elizabeth Walcott-Hackshaw and Anna Walcott-Hardy, before divorcing in 1976.[37] In 1976, Walcott married for a third time, to actress Norline Metivier; they divorced in 1993. His companion until his death was Sigrid Nama, a former art gallery owner.[14] [38] [39] [40]

Walcott was also known for his passion for travelling to countries around the world. He split his time between New York, Boston, and St. Lucia, and incorporated the influences of different locations into his pieces of work.[2]

Allegations of sexual harassment

In 1982, a Harvard sophomore accused Walcott of sexual harassment in September 1981. She alleged that after she refused a sexual advance from him, she was given the only C in the class. In 1996 a student at Boston University sued Walcott for sexual harassment and "offensive sexual physical contact". The two reached a settlement.[41] [42]

In 2009, Walcott was a leading candidate for the position of Oxford Professor of Poetry. He withdrew his candidacy after reports of the accusations against him of sexual harassment from 1981 and 1996.[43]

When the media learned that pages from an American book on the topic were sent anonymously to a number of Oxford academics, this aroused their interest in the university's decisions.[44] [45] Ruth Padel, also a leading candidate, was elected to the post. Within days, The Daily Telegraph reported that she had alerted journalists to the harassment cases.[46] [47] Under severe media and academic pressure, Padel resigned.[46] [48] Padel was the first woman to be elected to the Oxford post, and some journalists attributed the criticism of her to misogyny[49] [50] and a gender war at Oxford. They said that a male poet would not have been so criticized, as she had reported published information, not rumour.[51] [52]

Numerous respected poets, including Seamus Heaney and Al Alvarez, published a letter of support for Walcott in The Times Literary Supplement, and criticized the press furore.[53] Other commentators suggested that both poets were casualties of the media interest in an internal university affair because the story "had everything, from sex claims to allegations of character assassination".[54] Simon Armitage and other poets expressed regret at Padel's resignation.[55] [56]

Death

Walcott died at his home in Cap Estate, St. Lucia, on 17 March 2017.[57] He was 87. He was given a state funeral on Saturday, 25 March, with a service at the Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception in Castries and burial at Morne Fortune.[58] [59]

Legacy

In 1993, a public square and park located in central Castries, Saint Lucia, was named Derek Walcott Square.[60] A documentary film, Poetry Is an Island: Derek Walcott, by filmmaker Ida Does, was produced to honour him and his legacy in 2013.[61]

The Saint Lucia National Trust acquired Walcott's childhood home at 17 Chaussée Road, Castries, in November 2015, renovating it before opening it to the public as Walcott House in January 2016.[62]

In 2019, Arrowsmith Press, in partnership with The Derek Walcott Festival in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, and the Boston Playwrights' Theatre, began awarding the annual Derek Walcott Prize for Poetry to a full-length book of poems by a living poet who is not a US citizen published in the previous calendar year.[63]

In January 2020, the Sir Arthur Lewis Community College in St. Lucia announced that Walcott's books on Caribbean Literature and poetry have been donated to its Library.[64]

Awards and honours

List of works

Poetry collections

Plays

Other books

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Derek Walcott – Biographical. Nobel Foundation. 1992. 18 March 2017. 17 June 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180617120042/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1992/walcott-bio.html. live.
  2. Web site: Derek Walcott 1930–2017. Poetry Foundation. Chicago, IL. 18 March 2017. 2 April 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160402003921/http://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/derek-walcott. live.
  3. http://www.trinidadexpress.com/news/Derek_Walcott_wins_OCM_Bocas_Prize-121040233.html "Derek Walcott wins OCM Bocas Prize"
  4. Charlotte Higgins, "TS Eliot prize goes to Derek Walcott for 'moving and technically flawless' work". The Guardian, 24 January 2011.
  5. Mayer . Jane . The Islander . The New Yorker . 9 February 2004 . 20 March 2017 . 9 January 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190109011427/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2004/02/09/the-islander . live .
  6. [Edward Hirsch]
  7. Puchner, Martin. The Norton Anthology of World Literature. 4th ed., f, W.W. Norton & Company, 2013.
  8. News: Grimes. William. Derek Walcott, Poet and Nobel Laureate of the Caribbean, Dies at 87. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/17/books/derek-walcott-dead-nobel-prize-literature.html . 2022-01-01 . limited. 18 March 2017. The New York Times. 17 March 2017.
  9. Web site: Harold Simmons. Folk Research Centre. St Lucia. 23 August 2015. 28 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190428003956/http://www.stluciafolk.org/folkPersonalities/view/18. live.
  10. Web site: The Writer's Brush. 16 December 2007. CBS News. 21 March 2015. 22 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190422121410/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-writers-brush/. live.
  11. Web site: The Writer's Brush; September 11 – October 27, 2007. Anita Shapolsky Gallery. New York City. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150201060315/http://www.anitashapolskygallery.com/past_exhibits_writers.html. 1 February 2015.
  12. Web site: Derek Walcott. poets.org. Academy of American Poets. 4 February 2014. 29 December 2010. 10 March 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110310130930/http://www.poets.org/poet.php/prmPID/220. live.
  13. Web site: Derek Walcott – British Council Literature. British Puchner, Martin. The Norton Anthology of World Literature. 4th ed., f, W.W. Norton & Company, 2013.Council. contemporarywriters.com. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110104042528/http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=authC2D9C28A0a4dc1BE88LsX2F7F9A1. 4 January 2011.
  14. Als. Hilton. Derek Walcott – a mighty poet has fallen. 18 March 2017. The New Yorker. 17 March 2017. 14 November 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191114034425/https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/derek-walcott-a-mighty-poet-has-died. live.
  15. Islam, Md. Manirul (April 2019). "Derek Walcott's Dream on Monkey Mountain: A Complicated Presentation of Postcolonial Condition of the West Indians". New Academia. 8(2).
  16. http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0153558.html Obie Award Listing: Dream on Monkey Mountain
  17. Web site: Honorary degrees 2006 - University of Oxford . 13 April 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101217065910/http://www.ox.ac.uk/about_the_university/university_year/encaenia/past_five_years/honorary06.html . 17 December 2010 .
  18. News: Editors' Choice: The Best Books of 1990. 18 March 2017. The New York Times. 2 December 1990. 17 June 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180617115924/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/02/books/editors-choice-the-best-books-of-1990.html. live.
  19. http://www.poets.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/5936 "Derek Walcott's Tiepolo's Hound"
  20. Web site: Derek Walcott wins OCM Bocas Prize . . 30 April 2011 . 30 September 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160315153758/http://www.trinidadexpress.com/news/Derek_Walcott_wins_OCM_Bocas_Prize-121040233.html . 15 March 2016 . dead .
  21. Web site: Poet, Playwright and Nobel Laureate Derek Walcott to Speak at UNLV April 19 . 6 April 2007 . UNLV . 12 October 2022 . 12 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221012120941/https://www.unlv.edu/news/release/poet-playwright-and-nobel-laureate-derek-walcott-speak-unlv-april-19 . live .
  22. Web site: Nobelprijs winnaar Derek Walcott bezoekt Amsterdam. Spui 25 (Academic Podium of University of Amsterdam). 9 June 2020. nl. 9 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200609065157/https://www.spui25.nl/gedeelde-content/evenementen/lezingen/2008/05/nobelprijs-winnaar-derek-walcott-bezoekt-amsterdam.html?cb. dead.
  23. Web site: Nobel Laureate Derek Walcott is new Professor of Poetry. 11 December 2009. 10 January 2010. University of Essex. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20170502010909/http://www.essex.ac.uk/news/event.aspx?e_id=1156. 2 May 2017.
  24. News: List of awards to be given on Independence Day. 22 February 2016. 22 February 2016. St Lucia News Online. 3 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201203013149/https://www.stlucianewsonline.com/list-of-awards-to-be-given-on-independence-day/. live.
  25. Book: Suk, Jeannie. Postcolonial Paradoxes in French Caribbean Writing: Césaire, Glissant, Condé. 17 May 2001. Clarendon Press. 9780191584404. en. 31 October 2020. 8 August 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240808090347/https://books.google.com/books?id=72B3hZjp_LoC&q=derek+walcott+paradoxes+postcolonial&pg=PA22#v=snippet&q=derek%20walcott%20paradoxes%20postcolonial&f=false. live.
  26. Nidhi. Mahajan. 1 January 2015. Cultural Tensions and Hybrid Identities in Derek Walcott's Poetry. Inquiries Journal. 7. 9. 18 March 2017. 19 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170319195741/http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1141/cultural-tensions-and-hybrid-identities-in-derek-walcotts-poetry. live.
  27. News: Walcott: Caribbean literary colossus . https://web.archive.org/web/20170319112052/http://www.barbadostoday.bb/2016/02/25/walcott-caribbean-literary-colossus/ . 2017-03-19. St Michael, Barbados . 19 March 2017. Barbados Today. 25 February 2016.
  28. News: Bringing Him Back Alive. Lefkowitz. Mary. 7 October 1990. The New York Times. 18 March 2017.
  29. Morrison. James V.. 1 January 1999. Homer Travels to the Caribbean: Teaching Walcott's "Omeros". 4352373. The Classical World. 93. 1. 83–99. 10.2307/4352373.
  30. Bixby, Patrick. "Derek Walcott", essay: Spring 2000, Emory University. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
  31. Baral, Raj Kumar and Shrestha, Heena (2020). "What is behind Myth and History in Derek Walcott's Omeros". Cogent Arts and Humanities, 7.1. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2020.1776945
  32. Robert D. Hamner, "Introduction", Critical Perspectives on Derek Walcott (Three Continents, 1993), Lynne Rienner, 1997, p. 1.
  33. News: The Poet of Exile. William. Logan. 8 April 2007. The New York Times. 19 March 2017. 22 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170322100843/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/08/books/review/Logan.t.html. live.
  34. Full Fathom Five. Kirsch. Adam. 3 February 2014. The New Yorker. 18 March 2017. 19 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170319222248/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/02/03/full-fathom-five-2. live.
  35. News: Charles. Dee Lundy. It's Past Time For Walcott's Poetry Island. 11 April 2017. St Lucia Star. 19 May 2014. 11 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170411135816/http://stluciastar.com/its-past-time-for-walcotts-poetry-island/. live.
  36. News: El Gammal-Ortiz. Sharif. Film: Review Of "Poetry Is An Island". 11 April 2017. Repeating Islands. 13 August 2015. 11 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170411140514/https://repeatingislands.com/2015/08/13/film-review-of-poetry-is-an-island/. live.
  37. http://www4.guardian.co.tt/news/2017-03-18/world-mourns "Sir Derek loses battle with kidney disease | World mourns"
  38. Book: The International Who's Who 2004. 2003. Psychology Press. 9781857432176. 1760. 5 April 2017.
  39. News: Haynes. Leanne. Interview: Peter Walcott. 5 April 2017. ARC Magazine. 2 August 2013. 5 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170405171952/http://arcthemagazine.com/arc/2013/08/peter-walcott/. live.
  40. News: Wroe. Nicholas. The laureate of St Lucia. The Guardian. 2 September 2000. 17 March 2017. 8 August 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240808090352/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2000/sep/02/poetry. live.
  41. News: Angela A.. Sun. Poet Accused of Harassment. The Harvard Crimson. 4 June 2007. 25 March 2017. 14 August 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180814062322/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2007/6/4/poet-accused-of-harassment-students-in/. live.
  42. Book: The Lecherous Professor: Sexual Harassment on Campus . Billie Wright . Dziech. Linda . Weiner. second. University of Illinois Press. Urbana. IL. 1990. 978-0-252-06118-9. registration . 29–32.
  43. News: Griffiths. Sian. Grimston. Jack. Sex pest file gives Oxford poetry race a nasty edge. 5 April 2017. The Sunday Times. 10 May 2009. London. 6 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170406020337/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sex-pest-file-gives-oxford-poetry-race-a-nasty-edge-trfrtkj9zfn. live.
  44. News: Call for Oxford poet to resign after sex row. 24 May 2009. 25 May 2009. The Sunday Times. London. Richard. Woods. 17 June 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110617003953/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/poetry/article6350589.ece. live.
  45. Web site: Poetic justice as Padel steps down. 26 May 2009. 26 May 2009. Channel 4 News. 28 May 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090528203314/http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/arts_entertainment/poetic+justice+as+padel+steps+down/3169662. live.
  46. News: Ruth Padel under pressure to resign Oxford post over emails about rival poet Derek Walcott. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/5378474/Ruth-Padel-under-pressure-to-resign-Oxford-post-over-emails-about-rival-poet-Derek-Walcott.html . 12 January 2022 . subscription . live. 24 May 2009. 24 May 2009. The Daily Telegraph . London . Urmee . Khan . Richard . Eden.
  47. News: Press Association . Oxford professor of poetry Ruth Padel resigns . The Guardian . 25 May 2009. 20 September 2010 . London.
  48. News: Hay festival diary: Ruth Padel talks about the poetry professorship scandal. 26 May 2009. 26 May 2009. The Guardian. London. Rebecca. Lovell. 8 August 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240808090344/https://www.theguardian.com/books/video/2009/may/26/hay-festival-ruth-padel. live.
  49. Libby Purves, "A familiar reek of misogyny and mistrust", The Times, 18 May 2009.
  50. News: A Male Poet Wouldn't Have Been Blamed for Rough Tactics . Alibhai Brown . Yasmin . . 25 May 2009 . 26 August 2017 . 30 January 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120130034641/http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/yasmin-alibhai-brown/yasmin-alibhaibrown-a-male-poet-wouldnt-have-been-blamed-for-rough-tactics-1690430.html . live .
  51. Halford . Macy . The Book Bench: Oxford's Gender Trouble . The New Yorker . 7 January 2009 . 20 September 2010 . 19 October 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121019225021/http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/books/2009/05/oxfords-gender-trouble.html . live .
  52. Web site: Gardner . Suzanne . Ruth Padel resigns, but the 'gender war' rages on . Quill and Quire . 26 May 2009 . 21 March 2017 . 22 March 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170322110944/http://www.quillandquire.com/book-news/2009/05/26/ruth-padel-resigns-but-the-gender-war-rages-on/ . live .
  53. [Al Alvarez]
  54. http://www.enotes.com/topic/Oxford_Professor_of_Poetry "Oxford Professor of Poetry"
  55. Web site: Newsnight: From the web team . BBC . May 2009 . 10 September 2010 . 6 August 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090806175344/http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/newsnight/fromthewebteam/2009/05/ . live .
  56. News: Robert McCrum . Who dares to follow in Ruth Padel's footsteps? . The Observer . 31 May 2009 . 18 September 2010 . London . Robert McCrum . 8 August 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240808090346/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/may/31/ruth-padel-derek-walcott-oxford-professor-poetry . live .
  57. News: Derek Walcott has died . St. Lucia Times . 17 March 2017 . 17 March 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170318010059/https://stluciatimes.com/2017/03/17/derek-walcott-died . 18 March 2017 . dead .
  58. http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/World-bids-farewell-to-Derek-Walcott "World bids farewell to Derek Walcott"
  59. https://stluciatimes.com/2017/03/27/derek-walcott-laid-rest "Derek Walcott laid to rest"
  60. Book: The Rough Guide to St Lucia . Luntta . Karl . Agate . Nick . Rough Guides . 2003 . 60 . 978-1-8582-8916-8 . 31 October 2020 . 8 August 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240808091004/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hm-zPSOzql0C&q=%22Derek+Walcott+Square%22&pg=PA60#v=snippet&q=%22Derek%20Walcott%20Square%22&f=false . live .
  61. Book: Romero . Ivette . Knight . Franklin W. . Gates . Henry Louis Jr. . Henry Louis Gates, Jr . Dictionary of Caribbean and Afro–Latin American Biography . 2016 . . Oxford, England . 978-0-199-93580-2 . Does, Ida (1955–), film director and journalist . 6 September 2020 . 8 August 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240808091008/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199935796.001.0001/acref-9780199935796-e-664?rskey=CFMZIz&result=13 . live .
  62. Bishop, Stan, "Walcott House Opens – Nobel Laureate Says He's Thankful", The Voice, 28 January 2016.
  63. Web site: Walcott . 2024-04-25 . ARROWSMITH . en-US . 21 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240221002224/https://www.arrowsmithpress.com/walcott . live .
  64. http://salcc.edu.lc/main/hand_over_derek_walcott.html "Donation Of Walcott Library To SALCC Library"
  65. Book: Chidi. Sylvia Lovina. The Greatest Black Achievers in History. 2004. Lulu. 9781291909333. 34–37. 5 April 2017. 8 August 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240808090900/https://books.google.com/books?id=lzjNBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA35#v=onepage&q&f=false. live.
  66. http://www.anisfield-wolf.org/books/lifetime-derek-walcott/?sortby=year "Derek Walcott, 2004 – Lifetime Achievement"
  67. Web site: 2015 – Derek Walcott. The Griffin Trust for Excellence in Poetry. 5 April 2017. Oakville, Ontario. 3 June 2015. 29 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170329164521/http://www.griffinpoetryprize.com/awards-and-poets/lifetime-recognition-award/derek-walcott/. live.

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