Dera language explained

Dera language should not be confused with Dera language (Chadic).

Dera
Coordinates:-3.6119°N 141.0572°W
Speakers:1,200
Date:2006
Ref:e25
Region:Papua

Keerom Regency, 13 villages

Familycolor:Papuan
Iso3:kbv
Glotto:dera1245
Glottorefname:Dera (Indonesia)

Dera (Dra, Dla) Mangguar and Kamberataro (Komberatoro) is a Senagi language of Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. In Papua New Guinea, it is primarily spoken in Kamberataro village (-3.6119°N 141.0572°W), Amanab Rural LLG, Sandaun Province.[1]

Dialects

There are two dialects, namely Dla proper and Menggwa Dla. Dla proper is spoken in the three main villages of Kamberatoro Mission (3°36′S 141°03′E; 1299 feet) in Papua New Guinea, Amgotro Mission (3°38′S 140°58′E; 1969 feet) in West Papua, and Komando village in West Papua. Komando village was formerly a Dutch border post. Other Dla proper speaking villages in Papua New Guinea are Tamarbek (-3.5917°N 141.0551°W), Akamari (-3.597°N 141.0592°W), New Kamberatoro; Old Kamberatoro, ‘Border Village’, Nimberatoro (-3.626°N 141.0424°W), Nindebai (-3.6411°N 141.006°W), Mamamora (-3.6538°N 141.0202°W), Yamamainda (-3.6695°N 141.0334°W), Orkwanda (-3.6473°N 141.0812°W), and Lihen (-3.6238°N 141.1174°W). West Papua, Indonesia has the Dla villages of Amgotro, Komando, Indangan, Mongwefi, Buku, and Agrinda, which are mostly located in Yaffi District, Keerom Regency.[2]

Menggwa Dla, the less populous of the two dialects, is spoken in five villages located between Kamberatoro Mission and Komando village, which are Menggau, Wahai (-3.5809°N 141.0293°W), Ambofahwa (alternatively known as Wahai Nº 2), Wanggurinda (-3.5804°N 141.0287°W; 3°34′59″S, 141°01′41″E) in Papua New Guinea, and Menggwal (3°33′53″S, 140°59′04″E) in West Papua.[2]

Status

Dla (Dera) speakers are shifting to Tok Pisin and Papuan Malay. De Sousa (2006) reports that the younger generation born in the 1990s or later usually cannot speak Dera fluently, whereas the older generation remains fluent.[2]

Phonology

Dera has 14 consonants (4 less than Angor), which are:[3]

LabialAlveolarPalatalVelarGlottal
Nasalpronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/
Plosivepronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/
pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/
Fricativepronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/
Liquidpronounced as /link/
Semivowelpronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/

Dera has 5 vowels (2 less than Angor), which are:[3]

Front Back
Closepronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/
Midpronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/
Openpronounced as /link/

Vocabulary comparison

The following basic vocabulary words of Dera dialects are from Voorhoeve (1971, 1975),[4] [5] as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:[6]

gloss Dera (Amgotro dialect)
headboda bapale boda
hairnanada nenale nanada
earkumbo- keda gombo-gala kumbo- keda
eyekumba- kwada kamba-gala kumba- kwada
nosegutubu damor gutubu
toothjabo-gemda djabo jabo-gemda
tonguetabu tep tabu
lousemanə mave manə
dogjabodo jabodo
pigwadə wadə
birddu tu du
eggdogomda tugabola dogomda
bloodkodoa hola kodoa
bonegemda saba gemda
skinkueda kiaba kueda
breasttoto tutu toto
treenamo; nomo agala namo; nomo
manjani- ndia jani jani- ndia
womankuadedebo kolbake kuadedebo
sunkəbu gəfu kəbu
moonamana anam amana
waterkue gəwei kue
firekai kai kai
stonenəmai nimi nəmai
road, pathbakoda bakoda
namedia
eattato- hede- tato-
onemano; ŋguadu mamu mano; ŋguadu
twoimbu jimbal imbu

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Papua New Guinea Village Coordinates Lookup . United Nations in Papua New Guinea . Humanitarian Data Exchange . 1.31.9 . 2018.
  2. de Sousa . Hilário . 2006 . The Menggwa Dla language of New Guinea . Doctoral dissertation . University of Sydney.
  3. Book: Foley, William A. . William A. Foley . Palmer . Bill . 2018 . The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide . The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs . The World of Linguistics . 4 . Berlin . De Gruyter Mouton . 197–432 . 978-3-11-028642-7.
  4. Voorhoeve, C.L. "Miscellaneous Notes on Languages in West Irian, New Guinea". In Dutton, T., Voorhoeve, C. and Wurm, S.A. editors, Papers in New Guinea Linguistics No. 14. A-28:47-114. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1971.
  5. Voorhoeve, C.L. Languages of Irian Jaya: Checklist. Preliminary classification, language maps, wordlists. B-31, iv + 133 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975.
  6. Web site: TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea . Greenhill . Simon . 2016. 2020-11-05.