Deposit gauge explained

A deposit gauge is a large, funnel-like scientific instrument used for capturing and measuring atmospheric particulates, notably soot, carried in air pollution and "deposited" back down to ground.^[1]

Design and construction

Deposit gauges are similar to rain gauges. They have a large circular funnel on top, made of stone so it's not corroded by acid rain and mounted on a simple wooden or metal stand, which drains down into a collection bottle beneath. Typically the funnel has a wire-mesh screen around its perimeter to deter perching birds.^[1] Most are made to a standardized design, known as a standard deposit gauge, introduced in 1916^[2] and formalized in a British Standard in 1951,^[3] which means the pollution collected in different places can be systematically studied and compared.^{[1] [4] [5]} The bottle is removed after a month and the contents taken away for analysis of water (such as rain, fog, and snow), insoluble matter (such as soot), and soluble matter.^[4]

Early history

The first gauges of this type were developed in the early 20th century by W.J. Russell of St Bartholomew's Hospital and the Coal Smoke Abatement Society.^[1] Between 1910 and 1916, the design was refined and standardized by the Committee for the Investigation of Atmospheric Pollution, a group of expert, volunteer scientists studying air pollution of which Sir Napier Shaw, first director of the Met Office, was chair.^[5] The first scientific paper featuring deposit gauge measurements was titled "The Sootfall of London: Its Amount, Quality, and Effects" and published in The Lancet in January 1912.^{[6] [7]} Thanks to the introduction of the deposit gauge, air quality in Britain was monitored systematically from 1914 onward and this played an important role in determining the effectiveness of efforts to control pollution.^[8] By 1927, some deposit gauges were already showing 50 percent reductions in "deposited matter", although air pollution remained a major problem.^[9]

Over the next few decades, deposit gauges were deployed in many British towns and cities, allowing rough comparisons to be made of pollution in different parts of the country.^{[10] [11]} According to pollution historian Stephen Mosley, by 1949, some 177 gauges had been deployed across Britain, so creating the world's first large-scale pollution monitoring network, but the number increased dramatically after the Great London Smog of 1952, reaching 615 in 1954 and 1066 in 1966.^[4]

Modern use

Although deposit gauges were inaccurate and their limitations were well known from the start,^{[1] [12] [13]} their widespread introduction still represented a considerable advance in the study and comparison of pollution at different times of the year and in different places.^{[4] [14]} In his book State, Science and the Skies: Governmentalities of the British Atmosphere, Mark Whitehead, geography lecturer at Aberystywth University, has described the deposit gauge as "perhaps the most important technological device in the history of Britain's air pollution monitoring".^[15] Even so, from the mid-20th century, it was gradually superseded by more accurate instruments and better methods of data collection and analysis.

Today, although air pollution is more likely to be measured with automated, electronic sensors, deposit gauges are still occasionally used. Modern variants on the standard deposit gauge include the so-called "frisbee" gauge, in which the deposit collector is shaped like an inverted frisbee.^[16] Other variants include the directional deposit gauge, which has four tall, removable bottles to collect deposits arriving from different directions.^[17]

See also

• Rain gauge
• Air pollution measurement

Further reading

• Book: Brimblecombe . Peter . The Big Smoke: A History of Air Pollution in London Since Medieval Times . 1987 . Routledge . 9781136703294 . 147–160.

Notes and References

1. Book: Brimblecombe. Peter Brimblecombe. Peter . The Big Smoke: A History of Air Pollution in London Since Medieval Times . 1987 . Routledge . 9781136703294 . 147–160.
2. Isaac . Peter . Air Pollution and Man's Health: In Great Britain . Public Health Reports . September 1953 . 68 . 9 . 868–870 . 10.2307/4588576 . 4588576 . 13089018 . 2024105 .
3. Book: BS 1747-13:1994: Deposit gauges for atmospheric pollution . 15 February 1994 . British Standards Institution . London.
4. Mosley . Stephen . 'A Network of Trust': Measuring and Monitoring Air Pollution in British Cities, 1912- 1960 . Environment and History . August 2009 . 15 . 3 . 273–302 . 10.3197/096734009X12474738131074 . 20723733 . 21 February 2022.
5. Atmospheric Pollution . Nature . 17 December 1914 . 94 . 2355 . 433–434 . 10.1038/094433a0 . 1914Natur..94..433. . 3978590 . free .
6. Book: Shaw . Napier . Owens . John Switzer . The Smoke Problem of Great Cities . 1925 . Constable & Company . London. 78–90 . 17 January 2022.
7. The Sootfall of London: Its Amount, Quality, and Effects . The Lancet . 6 January 1912 . 179 . 4610 . 47–50 . 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)51732-2 . 21 February 2022.
8. Hodgson . Susan . Khaw . Fu-Meng . Pearce . Mark . Mulloli . Tanja-Pless . Predicting black smoke levels from deposit gauge and SO2 data to estimate long-term exposure in the United Kingdom, 1956–1961 . Atmospheric Environment . July 2009 . 43 . 21 . 3356–3363 . 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.03.059 . 2009AtmEn..43.3356H . 10044/1/29161 . 14 April 2022. free .
9. Book: Report 14: Acid Rain . August 1984 . Watt Committee on Energy Publications . 26 . 9780203210314 . 14 April 2022 . Smoke abatement led to a 50% reduction of total deposited matter in some of these gauges by 1927, but pollution continued to be a problem..
10. Harris . D. Fraser . Atmospheric Pollution . British Medical Journal . 8 August 1925 . 2 . 3371 . 262 . 10.1136/bmj.2.3371.262 . 25445979 . 20772144 . 2226833 .
11. Owens . John Switzer . Modern Atmospheric Conditions: With Special Reference to London . Journal of the Royal Society of Arts . 27 March 1925 . 73 . 3775 . 434–457 . 41357699 . 21 February 2022.
12. Ashworth . J.R. . Atmospheric Pollution and the Deposit Gauge . Weather . May 1948 . 3 . 5 . 137–140 . 21 February 2022 . Royal Meteorological Society. 10.1002/j.1477-8696.1948.tb00890.x . 1948Wthr....3..137A .
13. Meetham . A.R. . Notes on Atmospheric Pollution and the Deposit Gauge . Weather . May 1948 . 3 . 5 . 140–143 . 21 February 2022 . Royal Meteorological Society. 10.1002/j.1477-8696.1948.tb00891.x . 1948Wthr....3..140M .
14. Lucas . D.H. . 1969. Developments in Air Pollution Measurement . Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A . 265 . 1161 . 143–151 . 10.1098/rsta.1969.0043 . 73721 . 1969RSPTA.265..143L . 92486401 . 21 February 2022.
15. Book: Whitehead . Mark . State, Science and the Skies: Governmentalities of the British Atmosphere . 2011 . Wiley . 9781444399868 . 14 April 2022 . 5: Instrumentation and the Sites of Atmospheric Monitoring.
16. Vallack . H.W. . A field evaluation of Frisbee-type dust deposit gauges . Atmospheric Environment . 1995 . 29 . 12 . 1465–1469 . 10.1016/1352-2310(95)00079-E . 1995AtmEn..29.1465V . 21 February 2022.
17. Book: Harrison . Roy . Understanding Our Environment: An Introduction to Environmental Chemistry and Pollution . 2007 . Royal Society of Chemistry . London . 9781847552235 . 295 .