Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School explained

Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School
Established:	1966
Chairman:	David D. Ginty
City:	Boston, MA
Website:	http://neuro.hms.harvard.edu

The Department of Neurobiology at Harvard Medical School is located in the Longwood Medical Area of Boston, MA.^{[1] [2]} The Department is part of the Basic Research Program at Harvard Medical School, with research pertaining to development of the nervous system, sensory neuroscience, neurophysiology, and behavior. The Department was founded by Stephen W. Kuffler in 1966, the first department dedicated to Neurobiology in the world. The mission of the Department is “to understand the workings of the brain through basic research and to use that knowledge to work toward preventive and therapeutic methods that alleviate neurological diseases”.^[3]

History

Prior to moving to Boston, while at Johns Hopkins University, Kuffler recruited Torsten N. Wiesel, David Hubel, David Potter, and Edwin Furshpan to work on various aspects of nerve physiology. As Hubel later recounted, Wiesel, Hubel, and Kuffler "...represented central nervous system physiology; Furshpan and Potter (and of course Steve) represented synaptic physiology; and Ed Kravitz, representing neurochemistry, arrived soon after our move to Harvard."^[4]

The group moved to Harvard Medical School in 1959 as a sub-department within the Department of Pharmacology, headed by Otto Krayer. In 1966, Kuffler came up with the term neurobiology to unite these sub-disciplines into the first-ever Department of Neurobiology, an independent department at Harvard Medical School. Hubel later said, “I can’t be absolutely certain how the term neurobiology originated, but I believe Steve Kuffler invented it when we had to think up a title for our department when it was founded on 1965. That he almost single-handedly invented the field of neurobiology, I think few would dispute.”^[5]

Early on, the founders of the Department worked to recruit students and researchers to work in their laboratories, and paid special attention to recruiting with a social conscience. According to David Potter, "There’s another fact of the department that interests me personally, [that] has to do with our involvement in acceptance of medical students who were minorities… it was something new, and it was a political struggle and that made it very interesting. I spent a lot of time there, time that I should have been spending in the lab doing science and research, on admissions and recruiting, and I got kind of devoted to that. I don’t regret that at all, it was an education for me."^[6]

Wiesel chaired the department from 1973, and was succeeded by David Potter in 1982, Gerald Fishbach in 1990, and Carla Shatz in 2000 (the first female to chair such a department). In 2008, Michael E. Greenberg assumed the position of Department chair, a position he held until 2022. Under his leadership, he has integrated Harvard Neurobiology with neuroscience in the Harvard-affiliated hospitals, such as Boston Children’s Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary. To further facilitate the interaction and collaboration of neuroscientists at Harvard University in Cambridge, MA and Harvard Medical School, the Harvard Brain Initiative, co-chaired by Michael Greenberg and Joshua Sanes, funds collaborations and research initiatives specifically between members of the Department faculty and other neuroscientists at Harvard University.^[7]

David D. Ginty assumed the role of chair in 2022.

In October 2016, current and past faculty, students, and researchers will gather in Boston to celebrate the 50th Anniversary of the founding of the Department.

Notable Contributions to Neurobiology

• Receptive fields in visual cortex: Pioneering work on the selective responses of retinal ganglion cells by Kuffler
• Discovery of critical periods, ocular dominance columns, and orientation selectivity: Hubel and Wiesel discovered that experience can shape the brain’s circuitry, but only during early life, a period of time they call the ‘critical period’.^[8] This work in the visual cortex earned the duo the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1981.
• Development of electrodes: Hubel developed an electrode for recording of single neurons in awake cats.^[9]
• Kravitz, Potter, and colleagues define GABA as an inhibitory neurotransmitter^[10]
• Activity-dependent transcription in neurons during development of neural circuits, and in neurodevelopmental disorders^{[11] [12] [13]}
• Central sensitization in pain^[14]
• Processing of sub-modalities of vision in primates^[15]
• Cortical area specifically dedicated to face recognition^[16]
• Fundamental principles of olfactory processing^[17]
• Characterization and modulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors^[18] and discovery of rapsyn^[19]
• Molecular and biophysical analysis of auditory hair cells^[20]
• Novel GABAergic pathway from basal ganglia to cortex^[21]
• Discovery of enhancer RNA, RNA transcribed at enhancer sites in the genome^[22]
• The molecular impact of the ketogenic diet in epilepsy^[23]
• Blood brain barrier development and regulation^[24]
• Real-time 3D imaging of mouse behavior to phenotype and analyze mouse behavior^[25]
• Timing of neurotransmitter release from synapse^[26] and asynchronous release from synapses^[27]
• Role of CRY1 and CRY2 in mammalian circadian clock^[28]
• New treatment target for glioblastoma^[29]
• Pain receptor specific local anesthesia^[30]

Current Research and Academic Staff

The Department currently has 38 faculty members and close to 300 graduate students, post-doctoral fellows, and other research staff.

The Department’s current research generally encompasses the following areas:

• Development and plasticity of the brain
• Characterization of GABA and other amine neurotransmitters
• Sensory neuroscience and processing in Drosophila melanogaster, mice, and nonhuman primates
• Ion channel physiology
• Neurobiology of Behavior
• Neurodevelopmental disorders, such as Rett Syndrome and Autism Spectrum Disorders
• Neuropsychiatric disorders
• Development of technologies to activate and monitor neuronal activity
• Regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms

The Department's faculty also participates in the Program in Neuroscience^[31] PhD Program offered by Harvard University.

Select Awards and Honors for Past and Current Faculty Members

Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

• 1981: Torsten N. Wiesel and David Hubel "for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system"^[32]
• 2003: Roderick MacKinnon (faculty member 1992–96) "for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels"^[33]
• 2004: Linda Buck (faculty member 1991–2001) "for...discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"^[34]

Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research

• 1999: Roderick MacKinnon (faculty member 1992–96)

NIH Director's Pioneer Awards

• 2006: Rosalind A. Segal (current faculty member)
• 2012: Gary Yellen (current faculty member)
• 2014: Chenghua Gu (current faculty member)

NIH Director's New Innovator Awards:

• 2010: S. Robert Datta (current faculty member)
• 2016: Dragana Rogulja (current faculty member)

Gruber Prize in Neuroscience

• 2014: Thomas Jessell (faculty member 1981–84)
• 2015: Michael E. Greenberg (current chair and faculty member) and Carla Shatz (chair and faculty member, 2000–07)

American Academy of Arts and Sciences

• 1976: Edward Kravitz
• 2014: Bernardo L. Sabatini
• 2015: Margaret Livingstone

External links

• Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School
• 50th Anniversary of the Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School
• Harvard Brain Initiative
• Harvard Medical School

Notes and References

1. Book: Hubel, David. Brain and Visual Perception. 2005. Oxford University Press, USA . 978-0195176186.
2. Web site: Top Neuroscience and Behavior Universities in the World US News Best Global Universities. www.usnews.com. 2016-08-02.
3. Web site: Department of Neurobiology. neuro.hms.harvard.edu. 2016-08-02.
4. Book: Hubel, David. Brain and Visual Perception. 2005. Oxford University Press, USA . 978-0195176186.
5. Book: McMahan, UJ. Steve: Remembrances of Stephen W. Kuffler. 1990. Sinauer Associates . 978-0878935161.
6. Web site: A Personal History. 2016-08-05.
7. Web site: Harvard Brain Science Institute. brain.harvard.edu. 2016-08-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20160930074604/http://brain.harvard.edu/home. 2016-09-30. dead.
8. Wiesel. T. N.. Hubel. D. H.. 1963-11-01. Effects of Visual Deprivation on Morphology and Physiology of Cells in the Cat's Lateral Geniculate Body. Journal of Neurophysiology. 26. 6. 978–993. 0022-3077. 14084170. 10.1152/jn.1963.26.6.978.
9. Hubel. D. H.. 1957-03-22. Tungsten Microelectrode for Recording from Single Units. Science. 125. 3247. 549–550. 10.1126/science.125.3247.549. 0036-8075. 17793797.
10. Kravitz. E. A.. Potter. D. D.. Van Gelder. N. M.. 1962-04-28. Gamma-aminobutyric acid and other blocking substances extracted from crab muscle. Nature. 194. 4826. 382–383. 0028-0836. 14459471. 10.1038/194382b0.
11. Kim. Tae-Kyung. Hemberg. Martin. Gray. Jesse M.. Costa. Allen M.. Bear. Daniel M.. Wu. Jing. Harmin. David A.. Laptewicz. Mike. Barbara-Haley. Kellie. 2010-05-13. Widespread transcription at neuronal activity-regulated enhancers. Nature. 465. 7295. 182–187. 10.1038/nature09033. 0028-0836. 3020079. 20393465.
12. Spiegel. I. Mardinly. AR. Gabel. HW. Bazinet. JE. Couch. CH. Tzeng. CP. Harmin. DA. Greenberg. ME. 2014-05-22. Npas4 regulates excitatory-inhibitory balance within neural circuits through cell type-specific gene programs. Cell. 157. 5. 1216–1229. 10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.058. 0092-8674. 4089405. 24855953.
13. Gabel. Harrison W.. Kinde. Benyam Z.. Stroud. Hume. Gilbert. Caitlin S.. Harmin. David A.. Kastan. Nathaniel R.. Hemberg. Martin. Ebert. Daniel H.. Greenberg. Michael E.. 2015-06-04. Disruption of DNA methylation-dependent long gene repression in Rett syndrome. Nature. 522. 7554. 89–93. 10.1038/nature14319. 0028-0836. 4480648. 25762136.
14. Woolf. CJ. 1983. Evidence for a central component of post-injury pain hypersensitivity. Nature. 306. 5944. 10.1038/306686a0. 6656869. 686–8.
15. Hubel DH, Livingstone MS . 1987. Segregation of form, color, and stereopsis in primate area 18.. Journal of Neuroscience. 7. 11. 6569042 . 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.07-11-03378.1987. 2824714. 3378–415. free.
16. Tsao. Doris Y.. Freiwald. Winrich A.. Tootell. Roger B. H.. Livingstone. Margaret S.. 2006-02-03. A Cortical Region Consisting Entirely of Face-Selective Cells. Science. 311. 5761. 670–674. 10.1126/science.1119983. 0036-8075. 2678572. 16456083.
17. Olsen. Shawn R.. Wilson. Rachel I.. 2008-04-24. Lateral presynaptic inhibition mediates gain control in an olfactory circuit. Nature. 452. 7190. 956–960. 10.1038/nature06864. 0028-0836. 2824883. 18344978.
18. Wang. D.. Chiara. D. C.. Xie. Y.. Cohen. J. B.. 2000-09-15. Probing the structure of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor with 4-benzoylbenzoylcholine, a novel photoaffinity competitive antagonist. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275. 37. 28666–28674. 10.1074/jbc.M005441200. 0021-9258. 10893246. free.
19. 1988-09-01. Acetylcholine receptor-associated 43K protein contains covalently bound myristate. The Journal of Cell Biology. 107. 3. 1113–1121. 0021-9525. 2115306. 3417776. 10.1083/jcb.107.3.1113 . Musil . LS . Carr . C . Cohen . JB . Merlie . JP.
20. Assad JA, Shepherd GM, Corey DP . 1991. Tip-link integrity and mechanical transduction in vertebrate hair cells.. Neuron. 7. 6. 10.1016/0896-6273(91)90343-x. 1764247. 985–94.
21. Saunders. Arpiar. Oldenburg. Ian A.. Berezovskii. Vladimir K.. Johnson. Caroline A.. Kingery. Nathan D.. Elliott. Hunter L.. Xie. Tiao. Gerfen. Charles R.. Sabatini. Bernardo L.. 2015-05-07. A direct GABAergic output from the basal ganglia to frontal cortex. Nature. 521. 7550. 85–89. 10.1038/nature14179. 1476-4687. 4425585. 25739505.
22. Kim. Tae-Kyung. Hemberg. Martin. Gray. Jesse M.. Costa. Allen M.. Bear. Daniel M.. Wu. Jing. Harmin. David A.. Laptewicz. Mike. Barbara-Haley. Kellie. 2010-05-13. Widespread transcription at neuronal activity-regulated enhancers. Nature. 465. 7295. 182–187. 10.1038/nature09033. 1476-4687. 3020079. 20393465.
23. Giménez-Cassina. Alfredo. Martínez-François. Juan Ramón. Fisher. Jill K.. Szlyk. Benjamin. Polak. Klaudia. Wiwczar. Jessica. Tanner. Geoffrey R.. Lutas. Andrew. Yellen. Gary. 2012-05-24. BAD-dependent regulation of fuel metabolism and K(ATP) channel activity confers resistance to epileptic seizures. Neuron. 74. 4. 719–730. 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.03.032. 1097-4199. 3361694. 22632729.
24. Ben-Zvi. Ayal. Lacoste. Baptiste. Kur. Esther. Andreone. Benjamin J.. Mayshar. Yoav. Yan. Han. Gu. Chenghua. 2014-05-22. MSFD2A is critical for the formation and function of the blood brain barrier. Nature. 509. 7501. 507–511. 10.1038/nature13324. 0028-0836. 4134871. 24828040.
25. Wiltschko. Alexander B.. Johnson. Matthew J.. Iurilli. Giuliano. Peterson. Ralph E.. Katon. Jesse M.. Pashkovski. Stan L.. Abraira. Victoria E.. Adams. Ryan P.. Datta. Sandeep Robert. 2015-12-16. Mapping Sub-Second Structure in Mouse Behavior. Neuron. 88. 6. 1121–1135. 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.11.031. 1097-4199. 4708087. 26687221.
26. Sabatini BL, Regehr WG . 1996. Timing of neurotransmission at fast synapses in the mammalian brain.. Nature. 384. 6605. 10.1038/384170a0. 8906792. 170–2.
27. Best. Aaron R.. Regehr. Wade G.. 2009-05-28. Inhibitory regulation of electrically-coupled neurons in the inferior olive is mediated by asynchronous release of GABA. Neuron. 62. 4. 555–565. 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.04.018. 0896-6273. 3261724. 19477156.
28. Griffin. E. A.. Staknis. D.. Weitz. C. J.. 1999-10-22. Light-independent role of CRY1 and CRY2 in the mammalian circadian clock. Science. 286. 5440. 768–771. 0036-8075. 10531061. 10.1126/science.286.5440.768.
29. Filbin. Mariella Gruber. Dabral. Sukriti K.. Pazyra-Murphy. Maria F.. Ramkissoon. Shakti. Kung. Andrew L.. Pak. Ekaterina. Chung. Jarom. Theisen. Matthew A.. Sun. Yanping. 2013-11-01. Coordinate activation of Shh and PI3K signaling in PTEN-deficient glioblastoma: new therapeutic opportunities. Nature Medicine. 19. 11. 1518–1523. 10.1038/nm.3328. 1546-170X. 3923315. 24076665.
30. Binshtok. Alexander M.. Bean. Bruce P.. Woolf. Clifford J.. 2007-10-04. Inhibition of nociceptors by TRPV1-mediated entry of impermeant sodium channel blockers. Nature. 449. 7162. 607–610. 10.1038/nature06191. 1476-4687. 17914397.
31. Web site: Ph.D. Program in Neuroscience. www.hms.harvard.edu. 2016-08-03.
32. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1981. www.nobelprize.org. 2016-08-03.
33. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2003. www.nobelprize.org. 2016-08-03.
34. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004. www.nobelprize.org. 2016-08-03.