| Department of Guaviare | |
| Native Name: | Departamento del Guaviare |
| Native Name Lang: | es |
| Type: | Department |
| Image Map1: | Guaviare Topographic 2.png |
| Map Caption1: | Topography of the department |
| Coordinates: | 2.5667°N -110°W |
| Subdivision Type: | Country |
| Subdivision Name: |  Colombia |
| Subdivision Type1: | Region |
| Subdivision Name1: | Amazon Region |
| Parts Type: | Largest city |
| Parts Style: | para |
| Established Title: | Established |
| Established Date: | July 4, 1991 |
| Blank Name Sec1: | Provinces |
| Blank1 Name Sec1: | Municipalities |
| Seat Type: | Capital |
| Seat: | San José del Guaviare |
| Leader Title: | Governor |
| Leader Name: | Nebio De Jesus Echeverry Cadavid (2016–2019) |
| Unit Pref: | Metric |
| Area Footnotes: | [1] [2] |
| Area Total Km2: | 53460 |
| Area Rank: | 8th |
| Population Footnotes: | [3] |
| Population Total: | 82,767 |
| Population As Of: | 2018 |
| Population Rank: | 28th |
| Population Density Km2: | auto |
| Demographics Type1: | GDP |
| Demographics1 Title1: | Total |
| Demographics1 Info1: | COP 1,124 billion (US$ 0.3 billion) |
| Timezone1: | UTC-05 |
| Iso Code: | CO-GUV |
| Blank Name Sec2: | HDI (2019) |
| Blank Info Sec2: | 0.755[4] · 14th of 33 |
Guaviare (pronounced as /es/) is a department of Colombia. It is in the southern central region of the country. Its capital is San José del Guaviare. Guaviare was created on July 4, 1991, by the new Political Constitution of Colombia. Up until that point, it was a national territory that operated as a commissariat, segregated from territory of the then Commissariat of Vaupés on December 23, 1977.
Originally inhabited by the indigenous Nukak people, Guaviare was one of the regions colonized during the Amazon rubber boom of the 1910s and 1940s. Many families migrated from the centre of the country, seeking fast revenue and escaping from the bi-partisan violence taking place in other regions of Colombia. Nevertheless, the 'rubber fever' ended quickly, leaving the new inhabitants of Guaviare alone in an immense rainforest difficult to conquer.[5] The boom of cocaine in the second half of the 20th century attracted new colonizers who migrated from other impoverished regions attracted by the coca revenues. Following this new wave of colonization, the territory started growing almost of coca per year.[6] Several segments of Guaviare's territory were controlled by drug traffickers and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Columbia (FARC) guerrilla group during this period in which violence was widespread and clashes between the factions of the Colombian armed conflict were constant. According to Colombia's Victims Unit, the conflict in Guaviare has had more than 93,000 victims since 1985, with more than 83,000 displaced and 6,612 dead.[7]
The Colombian government's efforts to fight against coca cultivation have faced several difficulties. Aerial aspersion of glyphosate over the coca crops was suspended by a judicial order as it was potentially risky for the health of the inhabitants. Additionally, plans to replace coca with other crops have encountered legal, environmental, and economic restrains that limit their viability.[8] None of these crops could match the level of profit that coca provided.[9] The introduction of cattle to the region has reduced the farmers' dependence on coca by generating alternative sources of income. However, deforestation caused by cattle-ranching has led to droughts, fires, and loss of biodiversity.
The demobilization of the FARC in 2016 has led to the improvement of the living conditions in rural areas of Guaviare, although FARC dissident groups that did not demobilize still exert territorial control of some zones of the department.
The Nukak, a nomadic tribe that was uncontacted until 1988, live in Guaviare.