Dental aerosol explained

A dental aerosol is an aerosol that is produced from dental instrument, dental handpieces, three-way syringes, and other high-speed instruments. These aerosols may remain suspended in the clinical environment.[1] Dental aerosols can pose risks to the clinician, staff, and other patients. The heavier particles (e.g., >50 μm) contained within the aerosols are likely to remain suspended in the air for relatively short period and settle quickly onto surfaces, however, the lighter particles may remain suspended for longer periods and may travel some distance from the source.[2] These smaller particles are capable of becoming deposited in the lungs when inhaled and provide a route of diseases transmission.[3] Different dental instruments produce varying quantities of aerosol, and therefore are likely to pose differing risks of dispersing microbes from the mouth. Air turbine dental handpieces generally produce more aerosol, with electric micromotor handpieces producing less, although this depends on the configuration of water coolant used by the handpiece.[4] [5]

Composition

These dental aerosols are bioaerosols which may be contaminated with bacteria, fungi, and viruses from the oral cavity, skin, and the water used in dental units.[6] Dental aerosols also have micro-particles from dental burs, and silica particles which are one of the components of dental filling materials like dental composite.[7] Depending upon the procedure and site, the aerosol composition may change from patient to patient. Apart from microorganisms, these aerosols may consist of particles from saliva, gingival crevicular fluid, blood, dental plaque, calculus, tooth debris, oronasal secretions, oil from dental handpieces, and micro-particles from grinding of the teeth and dental materials.[8] They may also consist of abrasive particles that are expelled during air abrasion and polishing methods.

Size

Dental aerosols contain a wide range of particles with the majority being less than 50 μm. The smaller particles with size between 0.5 and 10 μm are more likely to be inhaled and have the potential to transmit infection. Smaller particles are likely to remain suspended for longer periods of time, and may travel further from the source. Settling time of particles is described by Stokes' law in part as a function of their aerodynamic diameter.

Potential hazards and mitigation

The water used in the dental units may be contaminated with Legionella, and the aerosols produced by dental handpieces may contribute to the spread of the Legionella in the environment; there is therefore a risk of inhalation by the dentist, staff and patients.[9] The dental unit water lines (DUWLs) may also be contaminated with other bacteria like Mycobacterium spp and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.[10] Infection from Legionella species causes infections like Legionellosis and several pneumonia like diseases.[11] However, still there is no strong evidence that suggests the dentists are at greater occupational risk from Legionella. Transmission of tuberculosis also occurs from the cough producing procedures on the patients with tuberculosis that involve production of aerosols.[12] Mycobacterium tuberculosis is transmitted in the form of droplet nuclei which are smaller than 5 μm which stay suspended in the environment for longer duration. The development of active tuberculosis in Dental Health Care Workers (DHCWs) is less likely than the rest of the other Health Care Workers (HCWs). There are lacking evidences to prove the active tuberculosis development resulting from this transmission in Dental health care Workers (DHCWs).[13]

The virus that caused the COVID-19 pandemic is named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) on 11 February 2020.[14] SARS-CoV-2 remains stable in aerosols for several hours.[15] The virus is viable for hours in aerosols and for few days on surfaces, hence the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is feasible through aerosols and also shows fomite transmission.[16]

Dentists have previously been described as one of the top of the working groups with high risk of exposure to SARS-CoV-2. Due to the close proximity of the dental health care workers to the patients, dental procedures involving aerosol production is not advisable in patients who tested positive for COVID-19 except for emergency dental treatment.[17] On 16 March 2020, the American Dental Association (ADA) has advised dentists to postpone all elective procedures.[18] ADA also developed guidance specific to address dental services during the COVID-19 pandemic.[19]

Elements like calcium, aluminium, silica and phosphorus can also be found in the dental aerosols produced during the procedures like debonding of orthodontic appliances.[20] These particles may range from 2 to 30 μm in diameter and there are chances of inhaling them.[21]

A number of methods have been proposed, and are widely used, to control dental aerosols and reduce risk of disease transmission. For example, dental aerosols can be controlled or reduced using dental suction,[22] rubber dam,[5] alternative handpieces, and local exhaust ventilation (extra-oral suction).[23]

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Chuang CY, Cheng HC, Yang S, Fang W, Hung PC, Chuang SY . 2014. Investigation of the spreading characteristics of bacterial aerosol contamination during dental scaling treatment. Journal of Dental Sciences. en. 9. 3. 294–296. 10.1016/j.jds.2014.06.002. free.
  2. Holliday R, Allison JR, Currie CC, Edwards DC, Bowes C, Pickering K, Reay S, Durham J, Lumb J, Rostami N, Coulter J, Nile C, Jakubovics N . 6 . Evaluating contaminated dental aerosol and splatter in an open plan clinic environment: Implications for the COVID-19 pandemic . Journal of Dentistry . 105 . 103565 . February 2021 . 33359041 . 7787509 . 10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103565 .
  3. Harrel SK, Molinari J . Aerosols and splatter in dentistry: a brief review of the literature and infection control implications . Journal of the American Dental Association . 135 . 4 . 429–37 . April 2004 . 15127864 . 7093851 . 10.14219/jada.archive.2004.0207 .
  4. Allison JR, Edwards DC, Bowes C, Pickering K, Dowson C, Stone SJ, Lumb J, Durham J, Jakubovics N, Holliday R . 6 . The effect of high-speed dental handpiece coolant delivery and design on aerosol and droplet production . Journal of Dentistry . 112 . 103746 . September 2021 . 34265364 . 10.1016/j.jdent.2021.103746 . 235961737 .
  5. Vernon JJ, Black EV, Dennis T, Devine DA, Fletcher L, Wood DJ, Nattress BR . Dental Mitigation Strategies to Reduce Aerosolization of SARS-CoV-2 . Journal of Dental Research . 1461–1467 . August 2021 . 100 . 13 . 34338580 . 10.1177/00220345211032885 . 8649409 . 236775223 .
  6. Zemouri C, de Soet H, Crielaard W, Laheij A . A scoping review on bio-aerosols in healthcare and the dental environment . PLOS ONE . 12 . 5 . e0178007 . 2017-05-22 . 28531183 . 5439730 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0178007 . 2017PLoSO..1278007Z . Zhou D . free .
  7. Sivakumar I, Arunachalam KS, Solomon E . Occupational health hazards in a prosthodontic practice: review of risk factors and management strategies . The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics . 4 . 4 . 259–65 . November 2012 . 23236581 . 3517967 . 10.4047/jap.2012.4.4.259 .
  8. King TB, Muzzin KB, Berry CW, Anders LM . The effectiveness of an aerosol reduction device for ultrasonic scalers . Journal of Periodontology . 68 . 1 . 45–9 . January 1997 . 9029451 . 10.1902/jop.1997.68.1.45 .
  9. Petti S, Vitali M . Occupational risk for Legionella infection among dental healthcare workers: meta-analysis in occupational epidemiology . BMJ Open . 7 . 7 . e015374 . July 2017 . 28710211 . 5734417 . 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015374 .
  10. Web site: WHO Water safety in buildings. https://web.archive.org/web/20160930080657/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/9789241548106/en/. dead. September 30, 2016. WHO. 2020-03-13.
  11. Book: Legionella and the prevention of legionellosis. World Health Organization. 2007.
  12. Web site: Guidelines for Preventing the Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Health-Care Settings, 2005. www.cdc.gov. 2020-03-16.
  13. Petti S . Tuberculosis: Occupational risk among dental healthcare workers and risk for infection among dental patients. A meta-narrative review . Journal of Dentistry . 49 . 1–8 . June 2016 . 27106547 . 10.1016/j.jdent.2016.04.003 .
  14. Web site: Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it. www.who.int. en. 2020-03-19.
  15. Web site: New coronavirus stable for hours on surfaces. 2020-03-17. National Institutes of Health (NIH). EN. 2020-03-19.
  16. van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, Holbrook MG, Gamble A, Williamson BN, Tamin A, Harcourt JL, Thornburg NJ, Gerber SI, Lloyd-Smith JO, de Wit E, Munster VJ . 6 . Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1 . The New England Journal of Medicine . 382 . 16 . 1564–1567 . April 2020 . 32182409 . 7121658 . 10.1056/nejmc2004973 . free . letter .
  17. News: Gamio L . The Workers Who Face the Greatest Coronavirus Risk. 2020-03-15. The New York Times. 2020-03-16. en-US. 0362-4331.
  18. Web site: ADA Calls Upon Dentists to Postpone Elective Procedures. 16 March 2020. 23 March 2020. American Dental Association. 8 May 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210508182640/https://www.ada.org/en/press-room/news-releases/2020-archives/march/ada-calls-upon-dentists-to-postpone-elective-procedures. dead.
  19. Web site: COVID-19 Resources for Dentists. American Dental Association. 23 March 2020.
  20. Day CJ, Price R, Sandy JR, Ireland AJ . Inhalation of aerosols produced during the removal of fixed orthodontic appliances: a comparison of 4 enamel cleanup methods . American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics . 133 . 1 . 11–7 . January 2008 . 18174065 . 10.1016/j.ajodo.2006.01.049 .
  21. Ireland AJ, Moreno T, Price R . Airborne particles produced during enamel cleanup after removal of orthodontic appliances . American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics . 124 . 6 . 683–6 . December 2003 . 14666082 . 10.1016/s0889-5406(03)00623-1 .
  22. Allison JR, Currie CC, Edwards DC, Bowes C, Coulter J, Pickering K, Kozhevnikova E, Durham J, Nile CJ, Jakubovics N, Rostami N, Holliday R . 6 . Evaluating aerosol and splatter following dental procedures: Addressing new challenges for oral health care and rehabilitation . Journal of Oral Rehabilitation . 48 . 1 . 61–72 . January 2021 . 32966633 . 7537197 . 10.1111/joor.13098 .
  23. Allison JR, Dowson C, Pickering K, Červinskytė G, Durham J, Jakubovics NS, Holliday R . Local Exhaust Ventilation to Control Dental Aerosols and Droplets . Journal of Dental Research . 384–391 . November 2021 . 101 . 4 . 34757884 . 10.1177/00220345211056287 . 8935467 . 243987221 .

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