Democratic Party (Serbia) Explained

Democratic Party
Native Name:Демократска странка
Demokratska stranka
Native Name Lang:sr
Abbreviation:DS
Logo Alt:Logo of the Democratic Party
President:Zoran Lutovac
Leader1 Title:Deputy President
Leader1 Name:Dragana Rakić
Leader2 Title:Vice-Presidents
Leader3 Name:Zoran Lutovac
Founder:The Founding Committee of the Democratic Party
Founded:3 February 1990
Registered:27 July 1990
Headquarters:Nušićeva 6/II, Belgrade
Newspaper:Bedem
Youth Wing:Democratic Youth
Womens Wing:Women's Forum
Ideology:Social democracy
Position:Centre-left
Affiliation1 Title:Parliamentary group
Affiliation1:Democratic Party
European:Party of European Socialists (associate)
Seats1 Title:National Assembly
Seats2 Title:Assembly of Vojvodina
Seats3 Title:City Assembly of Belgrade
Flag:Flag of the Democratic Party (Serbia).svg
Flag Alt:Flag of the Democratic Party
Country:Serbia

The Democratic Party (Serbian: Демократска странка|Demokratska stranka;, abbr. DS) is a social democratic political party in Serbia. Zoran Lutovac has led the party as its president since 2018. The party is colloquially known as the žuti (yellows) because of one of its main colours.

DS was founded in 1990 by a group of intellectuals who sought to revive the Democratic Party, which was active in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Dragoljub Mićunović was the first president of DS until 1994 and under his leadership DS gained representation in the National Assembly of Serbia and took part in anti-government protests against Slobodan Milošević. After Zoran Đinđić's election as president of DS in 1994, DS was reorganised. Đinđić led the party into the Together coalition, and DS took part in the 1996–1997 protests that occurred after the Electoral Commission invalidated local election results in cities in which the Together coalition had won. DS later led the, which became part of the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) in January 2000. DOS won the 2000 Yugoslav general election, but Milošević, the president of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and president of the Socialist Party of Serbia (SPS), declined to accept the results, culminating in his overthrow.

DS assumed power in Serbia after winning parliamentary elections in December 2000 and Đinđić then became prime minister. Đinđić was assassinated in March 2003 and succeeded by Boris Tadić as president of DS. Tadić also became president of Serbia while DS was in opposition from 2004 to 2007 when it became part of a coalition government led by DSS. Tadić led DS to victory in 2008 when a coalition government with SPS was formalised. DS was defeated by the Serbian Progressive Party in 2012 and went into opposition. Dragan Đilas became the president of DS in December 2012; he was ousted as mayor of Belgrade in 2013 but survived an internal motion of no confidence in January 2014. He was succeeded by Bojan Pajtić in May 2014. Dragan Šutanovac became the president of DS after Pajtić's resignation in 2016. Šutanovac was then succeeded by Lutovac in 2018. Lutovac led DS into several opposition coalitions and boycotted the 2020 parliamentary election, causing a schism in the party. He successfully led DS back into the National Assembly in the 2022 election.

DS was a catch-all party in its early years, occupying the centrist and centre-right position. It supported the establishment of a market economy, denationalisation, and union rights. DS shifted to a centrist and socially liberal profile under Tadić and became the leading party of the pro-European bloc of Serbian politics. It shifted towards social democracy in 2013, and is now positioned on the centre-left on the political spectrum. Its supporters tend to be female, high school or university educated, tolerant towards diversity, socially progressive, and opposed to authoritarianism and nationalism. DS is an associate member of the Party of European Socialists and a member of the Progressive Alliance and Socialist International.

History

Formation

On 11 December 1989, a group of intellectualsincluding anti-communist dissidents, liberal academics, poets, writers, and film and theatre directorsheld a press conference announcing the revival of the Democratic Party (DS), at which they also released a written proclamation.[1] [2] DS had existed in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia until 1945, when the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, later known as League of Communists of Yugoslavia (SKJ),[3] came to power;[4] [5] as such, DS claims that it was "re-founded" (obnovljena), instead of categorising itself as a new political party.[6] The original thirteen signatories of the proclamation of the Founding Committee included Kosta Čavoški, Milovan Danojlić, Zoran Đinđić, Gojko Đogo, Vladimir Gligorov, Slobodan Inić, Marko Janković, Vojislav Koštunica, Dragoljub Mićunović, Borislav Pekić, Miodrag Perišić, Radoslav Stojanović, and Dušan Vukajlović.[7] [8] Their programmatic proclamation, named Letter of Intents (Pismo o namerama), attracted even more intellectuals who eventually joined DS.[9]

In 1989, the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was still a one-party state; DS thus became the first opposition, non-communist party in Yugoslavia.[10] [11] With the disintegration of the SKJ that began in January 1990, its constituent republics, later including Serbia in July 1990, adopted multi-party systems.[12] [13] DS organised its founding assembly on 3 February 1990 at the Belgrade Youth Center. The first presidency of the DS was contested between Čavoški and Mićunović, with the latter ultimately winning the position. Ideological differences between the two existed; Čavoški wanted the party to adopt a more nationalist and anti-communist rhetoric,[14] while Mićunović was viewed as a liberal. Although Čavoški lost in the leadership election, he was elected president of the party's executive board; Pekić became the deputy president of the DS.[15]

According to Mićunović, Čavoški initially registered the party in Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in March 1990 because Serbia had not yet adopted a law authorising a multi-party system. DS was later registered in Serbia on 27 July 1990.[16]

1990–1993: the Mićunović years

After its establishment, the DS began publishing its newspaper, Demokratija, and it also established the Democratic Youth, its youth wing.[17] [18] [19] Gligorov and Inić, who worked on the economic programme of the party, left DS also shortly after its formation due to ideological disagreements. At its second assembly in September 1990, Mićunović was re-elected president of DS while Koštunica and were elected vice-presidents.[20] A month later, DS announced that it would take part in the 1990 Serbian parliamentary election. This decision was opposed by Čavoški and Nikola Milošević, who advocated for an election boycott instead.[21] Čavoški previously proposed that opposition parties should receive television air time, representation on electoral bodies, and for the campaign to last 90 days in total. Čavoški and Milošević left DS shortly before the December 1990 election, claiming that fair electoral conditions had not been created. They then formed the Serbian Liberal Party (SLS) in January 1991. Đinđić succeeded Čavoški as the president of the party's executive board. Despite winning 7 percent of the popular vote in the 1990 election, DS only won 7 seats in the National Assembly due to Serbia's new first-past-the-post electoral system, which favoured the Socialist Party of Serbia (SPS), the then-ruling and largest party of Serbia.[22] [23]

Together with the Serbian Renewal Movement (SPO), DS organised mass protests in Belgrade in March 1991, demanding reforms of the Radio Television of Serbia (RTS).[24] [25] As a result of the protests, SPO leader Vuk Drašković was let go, and the RTS director resigned.[26] After the break-up of Yugoslavia in early 1992, Serbia became a part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.[27] [28] DS boycotted the May 1992 federal parliamentary elections and declined to accept the results, claiming that free and fair conditions had not been created for the election.[29] Instead of campaigning, DS preferred to organise anti-government protests to force the government to call new elections. In June 1992, DS decided not to join the Democratic Movement of Serbia (DEPOS) coalition that had been created a month earlier. Koštunica led the "DS for DEPOS" faction that was in favour of joining DEPOS.[30] He left the party after DS decided not to join the coalition, claiming that Mićunović and Đinđić were in a "secret alliance" with SPS.[31] After leaving DS, he partnered with Mirko Petrović, Draško Petrović, and Vladan Batić and formed the Democratic Party of Serbia (DSS).[32]

After the mass protests, another federal parliamentary election was organised for December 1992. DS decided to take part in this election and it won 6 percent of the popular vote and 5 seats in the Federal Assembly.[33] DS then joined the government led by Milan Panić, the then-incumbent prime minister of FR Yugoslavia. Simultaneously, in December 1992, general elections were organised in Serbia as a result of an October 1992 early elections referendum. Although DS opposed the referendum, it participated in the election, winning 6 seats.[34] In the presidential election, however, DS supported Panić, who placed second behind Slobodan Milošević, the leader of SPS.[35]

In 1993, Đinđić asserted himself in the party and led its operations going into the 1993 parliamentary election.[36] Milošević ended his coalition with the Serbian Radical Party (SRS) in mid-1993 and turned towards DS for negotiations instead.[37] Mićunović claimed that there was a meeting between Milošević and DS, although Zoran Živković has denied that claim. Đinđić invited several entrepreneurs to join DS during this period and DS was dubbed the "yellow company" from its opponents. Yellow was both an official colour of DS and the colour of Centromarket, a company owned by Slobodan Radulović, one of the entrepreneurs invited to join the party.[38] Shortly before the 1993 election, DS agreed that Đinđić should be their ballot representative. He led DS under the "Honestly" (Pošteno) banner and visited over 100 locations in Serbia during the campaign period. Đinđić also said that he would retire from politics if DS won less than 20 seats.[39] The campaign was successful: DS won 29 seats in the National Assembly.[40] DS remained in opposition after the election as Đinđić was unable to bring DS into the SPS-led government.[41]

1994–2000: the Đinđić years

At a party congress on 25 January 1994, Đinđić was elected president, and Perišić and Miroljub Labus were elected vice-presidents of the party. Mićunović and Vida Ognjenović also resigned from their positions in DS during the congress. Đinđić commented that "Mićunović's time has passed... Mićunović is no Tina Turner who sounds better now than when she was 30" (Mićunovićevo vreme je prošlo... Mićunović nije Tina Tarner pa da bolje zvuči sada nego sa trideset godina).[42] By contrast, Mićunović characterised the manner of Đinđić's takeover of DS as a "combination of Machiavellianism and a revolutionary technique" (spoj makijavelizma i revolucionarne tehnike).[43] During this period, Đinđić also benefited from discreet support in the Milošević-controlled state-run media. After Đinđić became the president of DS, the party was reorganised and moved away from Mićunović's "intellectualistic" approach.[44] In 1995, DS rejected Slobodan Gavrilović's proposal to reunite with DSS, while later that year, Mićunović left DS and then formed the Democratic Centre (DC) in 1996.

In September 1996, DS formed the Together coalition with SPO and the Civic Alliance of Serbia (GSS) to take part in the federal parliamentary election and local elections, which were organised for November 1996.[45] [46] DSS also took part in the coalition, although only at the federal level. Together won 23 percent of the popular vote in the federal parliamentary elections; it also won local elections in key cities such as Belgrade, Niš, and Novi Sad. However, the Electoral Commission invalidated those local election results, which ultimately led to mass protests that were attended by hundreds of thousands of people in total.[47] The aftermath of the protests resulted in Đinđić and Živković becoming mayors of Belgrade and Niš respectively, after the Electoral Commission recognised the results. In September 1997, Đinđić was removed from office after losing a motion of no confidence staged by SPO.

The Together coalition was dissolved shortly before the 1997 general elections.[48] DS, DSS, and GSS opted to boycott the election, while SPO did not because the government partially accepted their demands.[49] [50] Čedomir Jovanović and Čedomir Antić, who led the Student Political Club during the 1996–1997 protests, joined DS in 1998.[51] [52] In the same year, DS became part of the, a moderate opposition coalition.[53] This coalition later became part of a wider alliance, the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) that was formed in January 2000. Đinđić faced Slobodan Vuksanović at a party congress in February 2000, with Đinđić ultimately retaining the position of party president. Živković and Gavrilović remained vice-presidents of DS and were joined by Predrag Filipov and Boris Tadić. Vuksanović left DS in October 2000 and formed the People's Democratic Party (NDS) in 2001. Milošević, then-President of FR Yugoslavia, amended the federal constitution to provide for direct, rather than indirect, elections in the 2000 general elections. DOS nominated Koštunica as their presidential candidate.[54] Koštunica faced Milošević in the presidential election which he won in the first round.[55] However, Milošević declined to accept the results, and the Electoral Commission reported that Koštunica had not won more than 50 percent of the votes in the first round and that a second round would be scheduled instead. This culminated in mass protests which led to the overthrow of Milošević on 5 October 2000. The Electoral Commission published the actual results two days later, confirming that Koštunica had won in the first round.[56] Together with SPS and SPO, DOS agreed to organise a snap parliamentary election in December 2000 in which DOS won 176 out of 250 seats in the National Assembly.

2001–2004: Post-Milošević period

In January 2001, Đinđić was elected prime minister of Serbia; his cabinet was composed of 16 ministers.[57] [58] Following the extradition of Milošević to the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in June 2001, members of DSS left his cabinet.[59] [60] DS also adopted its new programme that marked the beginning of the party's shift towards the left. DS nominated Labus, who, at the time, was the leader of a citizens' group, in the presidential election that was organised for September 2002.[61] The election proceeded to a second round, in which Labus placed second. However, the election was invalidated because less than 50 percent of registered voters turned out to vote, and another election was organised for December 2002.[62] Labus subsequently became the president of G17 Plus (G17+), a think tank that he registered as a political party.[63] DS initially stated its intent to support Koštunica but DSS declined their support.[64] The December 2002 presidential election was also invalidated as a result of low turnout, and a third presidential election was organised for November 2003.[65]

Đinđić, who was opposed to organised crime, escaped an assassination attempt in February 2003.[66] Đinđić sought to tackle and reduce organised crime and corruption while he also previously introduced security measures due to the growing threats from paramilitary groups and organised crime.[67] [68] One month later, on 12 March 2003, Zvezdan Jovanović, a member of the Serbian Mafia's Zemun Clan, assassinated Đinđić as he was exiting a vehicle in front of a government building.[69] [70] [71]

Živković succeeded Đinđić as prime minister of Serbia and as the acting president of DS.[72] In the presidential election in 2003, DS supported Mićunović as part of the DOS coalition.[73] He placed second, but the election was invalidated as a result of low (38 percent) voter turnout.[74] During his premiership, Živković lost confidence from the Social Democratic Party, and he announced that he would not reshuffle his cabinet but call a snap parliamentary election instead; Nataša Mićić, the president of the National Assembly, confirmed that the election would be held in December 2003.[75] DOS then disbanded, and DS nominated Tadić to represent its list in the election instead. DS was on a joint ballot list with DSS, DC, Social Democratic Union (SDU), and List for Sandžak (LZS). The DS list won 37 seats in the National Assembly, out of which 22 went to DS alone, resulting in DS being in opposition.

At the party congress in February 2004, Tadić and Živković nominated themselves as candidates for the presidency, with the former ultimately becoming the president on 22 February 2004. Mićunović's party merged with DS after Tadić's election as president of DS. Otpor, an organisation that played a key role in the overthrow of Milošević, also merged into DS in 2004.[76]

The National Assembly amended the Law on the Election of the President of the Republic in February 2004, abolishing the 50 percent voter turnout requirement in presidential elections.[77] DS then nominated Tadić as its presidential candidate in the election that was scheduled for June 2004.[78] [79] Tadić placed second in the first round, but won in the second round with 53 percent of the popular vote, defeating Tomislav Nikolić of SRS. In December 2004, Tadić expelled Jovanović from the party for breaching party protocol; Jovanović formed the Liberal Democratic Party a year later.

2005–2012: the Tadić years

During Tadić's first term as president of Serbia, he apologised to Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia for Serbia's role in the Yugoslav Wars and pursued a pro-Western foreign policy.[80] [81] [82] He was reelected, unopposed, as DS president at the party's congress in 2006. In late 2006, G17+ withdrew from Koštunica's government which led Tadić to schedule a snap parliamentary election for January 2007.[83] [84] DS chose Ružica Đinđić, the spouse of Zoran Đinđić, as their ballot representative, campaigning on continuing Đinđić's legacy and fighting against corruption. DS also promised not to form a coalition government with SPS or SRS.[85] DS won over 900,000 votes[86] and negotiated with DSS and G17+ to form a coalition government; Koštunica remained as prime minister and Božidar Đelić of DS was appointed deputy prime minister in his cabinet. In December 2007, Oliver Dulić, the president of the National Assembly, announced that he had scheduled presidential elections for January 2008.[87] DS nominated Tadić for reelection.[88] He again faced Nikolić in the second round of the election and was successfully re-elected.[89]

Shortly after the 2008 presidential election, Kosovo declared its independence from Serbia.[90] Kosovo's declaration of independence, as well as the issue of European integration, resulted in a political crisis between DS and G17+ on one side and DSS on the other.[91] Koštunica embraced anti-Western positions and was a hardliner on the Kosovo issue; he blamed his coalition partners for "creating an unworkable rift in the government" during his resignation speech.[92] [93] [94] Koštunica also said that "he could no longer rule in a coalition with DS", and as a result, Tadić announced a snap parliamentary election for May 2008.[95] [96] Prior to the election, DS formed the For a European Serbia (ZES) coalition composed of DS, G17+, SDP, SPO, the Democratic Alliance of Croats in Vojvodina (DSHV), and the League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina (LSV).[97] This coalition nominated Mićunović as their ballot representative and campaigned on continuing negotiations for the accession of Serbia to the European Union. ZES placed first, winning 102 seats in the National Assembly; DS won 64 seats out of those 102.[98] After the election, DS was excluded from government formation talks, and in June 2008, it entered talks with SPS to form a coalition government. DS and SPS agreed to continue Serbia's accession to the European Union, work on fighting crime and corruption, and enact social justice reforms to help the vulnerable sections of the population. DS and SPS formalised their cooperation after the election by signing a reconciliation agreement.[99] The new government was formed in July 2008, with Mirko Cvetković, an independent politician affiliated with DS,[100] serving as prime minister and Ivica Dačić, the leader of SPS, serving as deputy prime minister.

The DS-led government was faced with the arrest of Radovan Karadžić, Kosovo's declaration of independence, and the global financial crisis that resulted in low rates of economic growth.[101] The Serbian Progressive Party (SNS), now led by Nikolić, arranged mass protests in 2011, demanding that Tadić call snap elections;[102] Tadić complied, and called an election in March 2012 to be held two months later in May.[103] [104] In April, however, Tadić announced that he would resign as president and that presidential elections would be held on the same day as the parliamentary election.[105] DS led the Choice for a Better Life (IZBŽ) coalition that also included DSHV, LSV, the Social Democratic Party of Serbia, the Greens of Serbia, and the Christian Democratic Party of Serbia.[106] Dragan Đilas, the deputy president of DS and mayor of Belgrade, was chosen as the coalition's ballot representative. DS campaigned on economic recovery, emphasising attracting foreign investments and developing small business. IZBŽ placed second, winning 67 seats, and 49 of those were won by DS alone.[107] In the presidential election, Tadić placed first in the first round of voting, but lost to Nikolić in the second.[108]

Following the 2012 parliamentary election, SPS successfully formed a government with SNS, and DS went into opposition.[109] Đilas, who was re-elected as mayor of Belgrade, was positioned as a prominent candidate to succeed Tadić as president of DS.[110] [111] An extraordinary party congress was called for 25 November 2012, with Đilas and Branimir Kuzmanović put forward as the only candidates to succeed Tadić as president of DS.[112] Đilas was elected president in a landslide victory and Tadić was awarded the title of an honorary president.[113] [114] Additionally, Pajtić was re-elected as vice-president and was joined by Nataša Vučković, Vesna Martinović, Dejan Nikolić, Miodrag Rakić, Goran Ćirić, and Jovan Marković.[115] Živković criticised the measure to award Tadić the honorary president title and described it as a "rotten compromise between Đilas and Tadić"; this led to his departure from DS.[116] [117] After leaving DS, Živković announced the formation of the New Party (Nova).[118] As president of DS, Đilas ordered former government ministers to resign from the National Assembly.[119] This order received support from Tadić, but was criticised by Mićunović and Dušan Petrović, the former minister of agriculture, who refused to resign.[120]

2013–2017: Internal crisis

Petrović was expelled from DS in January 2013[121] and subsequently formed a parliamentary group named Together for Serbia (ZZS) which was later registered as a political party.[122] [123] Former minister of foreign affairs Vuk Jeremić was expelled from DS in February 2013.[124] Jeremić claimed that the party's decision was unconstitutional and filed a suit in the Constitutional Court.[125] His appeal was rejected; Jeremić complied with the decision and left DS, although he kept his seat in the National Assembly.[126] DS also dropped to 13 percent support amongst the public while SNS received over 40 percent.[127] In September 2013, SNS filed a motion of no confidence against Đilas, resulting in his dismissal.[128] [129] SNS cited DS' poor results and asserted that "DS lost legitimacy" as reasons for the motion while Đilas stated that "this is the beginning of a dictatorship and a one-party system" (smatra da je to uvod u diktaturu i jednopartijski sistem).[130] As a consequence, local boards of DS called for Đilas to resign as president of DS. Tadić was accused of conspiring against Đilas in a bid to return to the post of president of DS, and the accusations called attention to the conflict between Đilas and Tadić.[131] This resulted in an internal party motion of no confidence against Đilas. He survived.[132] [133] Đilas and Pajtić also suggested that an extraordinary congress should be held after the Belgrade City Assembly election which was ultimately scheduled for March 2014. Tadić left DS on 30 January 2014, citing his disagreement with party leadership.[134] [135] Shortly after, Tadić announced that he would begin collecting signatures to register his new party, the New Democratic Party[136] later renamed the Social Democratic Party,[137] to participate in the snap parliamentary election scheduled to be held on the same day as the Belgrade City Assembly election.[138]

DS announced that it would take part in the 2014 parliamentary election with Nova, DSHV, Rich Serbia, and the United Trade Unions of Serbia "Sloga" as part of the With the Democratic Party for a Democratic Serbia coalition.[139] [140] The coalition only won 19 seats in the National Assembly; DS won 17 seats and Nova won 2.[141] [142] In the Belgrade City Assembly election, the DS coalition won 22 seats.[143] After the elections, an extraordinary congress was organised on 31 May 2014.[144] [145] Pajtić faced Đilas and Pajtić was successfully elected to the presidency of DS.[146] [147] Đilas subsequently resigned from his position as a member of the National Assembly and left DS in June 2016.[148] [149] Borko Stefanović, a vice-president of DS, left the party in December 2015, citing ideological differences, and then formed the Serbian Left (LS).[150] In March 2016, Nikolić called for snap parliamentary elections to take place in April 2016.[151] DS then formed the "For a Just Serbia" coalition with Nova, ZZS, DSHV, and Together for Šumadija.[152] The coalition won 16 seats in the National Assembly, 12 of which were occupied by DS.[153] [154] After the election, a party congress was organised for 24 September 2016.[155] Pajtić faced Dragan Šutanovac, Zoran Lutovac, and Srboljub Antić in the leadership election.[156] He ultimately lost to Šutanovac in the first round. Marković, Branislav Lečić, Nada Kolundžija, Goran Salak, and Tamara Tripić were elected vice-presidents.[157] [158]

In January 2017, Šutanovac announced that DS would support Saša Janković in the 2017 presidential election instead of filing its own candidate.[159] [160] DS also called for other parties to rally around Janković as a joint opposition candidate.[161] During the campaign, Janković used the infrastructure of DS to position himself as the leader of the opposition. He placed second behind Aleksandar Vučić of SNS, winning 16 percent of the popular vote.[162] After the election, Janković stopped cooperating with DS and formed the Movement of Free Citizens (PSG) in May 2017.[163] In preparation for the 2018 Belgrade City Assembly election, DS advocated for the opposition parties to participate on a joint list.[164] By the end of 2017, DS had announced that it would take part in a coalition with Nova, with Šutanovac as their mayoral candidate.[165]

2018–present: the Lutovac years

DS and Nova were joined by Tadić's SDS in January 2018, while the Green Ecological Party – The Greens also appeared on the ballot.[166] [167] However, the coalition did not win any seats as it only received 2 percent of the popular vote.[168] [169] This led to the resignations of Šutanovac and Balša Božović, the president of the DS branch in Belgrade.[170] [171]

In April 2018, DS announced that a party congress would be arranged for 2 June 2018.[172] The leadership election was contested by Lutovac, Branislav Lečić, and Gordana Čomić.[173] Lutovac ultimately won the election. Nikolić, Aleksandra Jerkov, Dragana Rakić, Dragoslav Šumarac, and Saša Paunović were elected vice-presidents.[174] [175] Lutovac announced that DS "must organise itself" and that DS would cooperate with the Alliance for Serbia (SZS), a group in the City Assembly of Belgrade led by Đilas.[176] However, SZS was reorganised as a nationwide coalition in September 2018 that, in addition to DS, included ZZS, Sloga, LS, Jeremić's People's Party (Narodna), Dveri, the Movement for Reversal (PZP), and Healthy Serbia.[177] [178] In internal DS deliberations, founding members Mićunović and Ognjenović, as well as Čomić and Šutanovac, were opposed to joining SZS.[179] After the physical attack on the leader of LS in November 2018, SZS organised mass anti-government protests.[180] [181] In January 2019, DS announced it's intent to boycott the sessions of the National Assembly, the City Assembly of Belgrade, and the Assembly of Vojvodina, claiming that the bodies did not have legitimacy due to the government's obstruction of the parliamentary opposition by allegedly "violating the rules of Parliament, as well as laws and the Constitution".[182] [183] DS also signed the "Agreement with the People" which stated that if fair and free conditions for elections were not met, it would boycott the 2020 parliamentary election.[184]

In February 2019, Lutovac and Tadić began discussing merging their parties to become "the main option for civic-democratic voters that will be able to integrate voters that are against Aleksandra Vučić" (glavna opcija za građansko-demokratske birače i koja će biti u stanju da integriše snage koje su protiv Aleksandra Vučića).[185] [186] This decision was approved by both DS and SDS.[187] [188] ZZS, led by Nebojša Zelenović, also joined the talks.[189] The merger was formalised as a union in May 2019 under the name United Democratic Party.[190] The merger was to be completed upon the relaxation of COVID-19 pandemic measures.[191] During the COVID-19 pandemic, SDS left the process, with Tadić later claiming that Lutovac allegedly put an end to the merger.[192] [193] As part of SZS, in September 2019 DS announced that it would boycott the 2020 parliamentary election.[194] [195] The decision to boycott the election received criticism from some DS members, such as Mićunović and Šutanovac, who stated that DS officials in response would create citizens' groups to encourage voting in the elections.[196] [197] [198] During a session of the party's main board in November 2019, Lečić, Jerkov, Božović, Radoslav Milojičić, and Slobodan Milosavljević left a meeting to attempt to break quorum after demanding a new leadership election.[199] [200] Lutovac described the move as a coup d'état and claimed that Vučić was attempting to break up DS.[201] He also later claimed that a group inside DS was attempting to cooperate with Vučić.[202] After attending a session in the National Assembly in February 2020, Čomić was expelled from DS.[203] She was later featured on United Democratic Serbia's ballot and became a government minister.[204] [205]

DS' scheduled March 2020 party congress was postponed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and rescheduled for 21 June 2020 when the parliamentary election was also scheduled to be take place.[206] [207] During the party congress, a group of DS members left the congress to hold an alternate leadership election.[208] The congress continued on 28 June 2020; the dissatisfied group held its own congress in Belgrade with Tadić in attendance, while Lutovac held the official party congress in Šabac.[209] Lutovac then expelled Lečić, Božović, Milojičić and Milosavljević from DS.[210] The dissatisfied group then chose Lečić as president. The Ministry of Public Administration and Local Self-Government rejected Lečić's request to be recognised as the legal president of DS, concluding that Lutovac was its legitimate president.[211] [212] Lečić then formed the Democrats of Serbia that later merged into Tadić's SDS.[213] [214]

During the conflict between the two DS factions, SZS was dissolved and succeeded by the United Opposition of Serbia (UOPS).[215] [216] However, UOPS dissolved in January 2021 due to a dispute regarding inter-party dialogues on electoral conditions between Narodna and Party of Freedom and Justice (SSP), the party led by Đilas.[217] [218] DS organised a congress on 4 July 2021; Lutovac was reelected president and Rakić was reelected deputy president. Tatjana Manojlović, Nenad Mitrović, Miodrag Gavrilović, and Branimir Jovančićević were elected vice-presidents.[219] After the congress, DS, Narodna, SSP, and PSG announced that they would cooperate in the 2022 Serbian general election.[220] [221] Their coalition was formalised in February 2022 under the name United for the Victory of Serbia (UZPS); they nominated Zdravko Ponoš of Narodna as their presidential candidate.[222] [223] UZPS won 14 percent of the popular vote in the parliamentary election; DS won 10 seats.[224] [225] Ponoš placed second in the presidential election behind Vučić.[226] After the election, UZPS was dissolved with Lutovac stating that it was only a pre-election coalition.[227] [228] Shortly before the first constitutive session of the National Assembly on 1 August 2022, Narodna, DS, Do not let Belgrade drown, and Together nominated Lutovac for vice-president of the National Assembly.[229] He was successfully elected on 2 August 2022.[230] The Movement of Free Serbia, which was a part of the UZPS coalition, merged into DS in September 2022.[231]

After the May 2023 Belgrade school shooting and mass murder in Mladenovac and Smederevo, DS was one of the organising parties of the mass protests.[232] [233] In August 2023, DS, Together, and Serbia Centre signed a cooperation agreement.[234] DS became part of the Serbia Against Violence (SPN) coalition in October 2023, a coalition of political parties organising the 2023 protests.[235] SPN announced that it would contest the parliamentary, Vojvodina provincial, and Belgrade City Assembly elections, all scheduled for 17 December 2023.[236] [237] Manojlović resigned as vice-president of DS when her name was absent from the SPN electoral list for the parliamentary elections.[238] In the parliamentary election, SPN won 65 seats, 8 of which went to DS.[239] After the elections, SPN organised anti-government protests until 30 December.[240] [241] Once the 14th National Assembly of Serbia was constituted, DS formed its own parliamentary group, with Lutovac as its leader.[242] The City Assembly of Belgrade, on the other hand, was not constituted because the quorum was not met during its constitutive session.[243] Because of this, a new election was called for 2 June.[244] SPN remained divided regarding the participation in the 2 June election, with DS being neutral on the matter.[245] [246] This led to the dissolution of SPN and establishment of the We Choose Belgrade electoral list.[247] [248] In the 2024 Belgrade City Assembly election, this electoral list only won 14 seats, 2 of which went to DS.[249]

Ideology and platform

Mićunović and Đinđić era

DS was a catch-all party during its early period and was composed of ideologically heterogeneous groups. It included the founders of the Praxis School, Mićunović and Đinđić, who were labelled liberals, as well as Čavoški, Koštunica, and Milošević, who argued for the adoption of a stronger anti-communist position inside the party. DS was also divided on nationalism, with members such as Gligorov and Inić arguing that nationalism should be solved within a common Yugoslav state, while members like Đogo favoured a Greater Serbian policy. DS supported a mixed economy with a strong role of the market, but it also sought to implement reforms towards establishing a modern market economy and integrating Serbia into the European Community.[250] DS adopted a "civic and centrist identity", and in its Letter of Intent of December 1989, it stated its support for the establishment of a democratic and multi-party system. Regarding Yugoslavia, DS supported federalisation and a pluralistic democratic order to guarantee human security and personal freedom and decrease ethnic conflicts.

Political scientist Dijana Vukomanović has argued that DS has promoted liberalism in an economic and democratic sense since its formation, and noted that, in its 1990 programme, DS emphasised establishing a representative parliamentary democracy, and advancing human and political freedoms and civic rights.[251] By contrast, political scientist Vukašin Pavlović has noted that DS could be described as centre-right at the time of its formation in 1990 due to its founders' ideological positions. Likewise, Metropolitan University Prague lecturer Marko Stojić has described DS in its founding era as centre-right because its programme advocated a liberal market economy and minimal role for the state. Political scientist Vladimir Goati has positioned the 1990s DS on the moderate right, noting its support for private property rights and the omission of the regulatory and redistributive functions of the state from its 1992 programme . Goati has also categorised the party as liberal-democratic, explaining that after 1993, DS began to use less anti-communist rhetoric compared with other opposition parties. In 1991, then-Washington Post journalist Blaine Harden described DS as a "moderate, opposition" party,[252] and in a 1999 report, BBC News described DS as centrist.[253] Scholar Slaviša Orlović has noted that the party "provide[d] a balance of goals of the right and left political traditions".

Political scientist Slobodan Antonić has stated that although DS was formed as a civic partyin its 1992 programme, DS identified itself as a "civic, national, liberal, and socially responsible" partyit had a "nationalistic phase" in mid-1990s, supporting the "modernisation of the country" as well as the self-determination of Serbs, but that, soon after, it returned to civic positions.[254] Additionally, political scientist Jovan Komšić has noted that DS moderated its stance on nationalism after the 1995 Dayton Agreement, thereafter focusing on the "democratisation of Serbia". Goati has described DS as an anti-system party because it opposed the 1990 constitution.

Under Đinđić, DS shifted to more pragmatic and flexible approaches and principles, becoming the leading anti-Milošević party after 1998.[255] Đinđić has been described as a pro-Western reformist and a technocrat. DS advocated for denationalisation and free mass distribution of shares, and established the Centre for Privatisation. However, DS also supported the right to work, trade union rights, social security, and the fight against unemployment. DS described these economic positions as "people's capitalism", but the party dropped these positions after coming to power in 2001, when it began promoting neoliberalism. DS was also associated with the "shock therapy", group of economic policies. DS supported policies that would bring Serbia closer to the West and reintegrate Serbia into the international community, and also supported the extradition of Serbian citizens that were indicted by the ICTY.

Tadić era

Despite trying to position itself as a social democratic party after Đinđić's assassination, Vukomanović has argued that the leadership of DS did not "dare to take a decisive step towards the left". Political scientist Zoran Stojiljković has noted that, instead, it shifted towards social liberalism.[256] On the other hand, political scientist Zoran Slavujević argued in 2003 that, at the time, DS "was still positioned between the centre and centre-right". Others have described DS under Tadić as centrist, and as associated with liberalism and social liberalism.[257] [258]

Tadić has been described as a liberal, a label he accepts.[259] During his leadership, he was considered to be popular amongst businessmen due to his support for the accession of Serbia to the European Union.[260] Despite being supported by liberals, DS would occasionally position itself as a "state-building party of the centre-left". During Tadić's tenure, DS was the leading party of the liberal and pro-European bloc, but it also promoted privatisation to accelerate Serbia's economic development. Stojić has noted that DS' programmatic shift towards social democracy began in 2007, but while in government, DS did not pursue a social democratic agenda.

DS under Tadić has been described as internationalist[261] and pro-Western.[262] Although it also declared itself in favour of military neutrality, DS expressed sympathy for, and its government ministers cooperated with, NATO.[263] DS also believed that the political status of Kosovo should be solved via diplomacy, although it did not adopt a clear stance on the issue following Kosovo's declaration of independence in 2008. Under Tadić, DS took a balanced approach towards foreign relations; for example, a year after Kosovo's declaration, Tadić hosted U.S. Vice-president Joe Biden and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev for talks.[264] Shortly before the 2012 elections, Serbia received candidate status for European Union membership.[265]

To attract ethnic minority voters, DS exploited the cultural-ideological cleft in Vojvodina, seeking to attract voters from minority interests parties, and promoted regionalism.[266] DS also advocated for the improvement of the standard of living and for a balanced regional development, and proposed the creation of an independent body that would implement anti-corruption measures in the judiciary.

Post-Tadić era

After 2012, DS shifted further to the left and began identifying itself as social democratic,[267] a description which has since been accepted by scholars and political observers.[268] [269] Stojić has categorised DS as social democratic and as a party with a "liberal legacy". DS has been described as being on the centre-left of the political spectrum.[270] [271] [272] By contrast, Dušan Spasojević, a professor at the Faculty of Political Sciences of the University of Belgrade, has described DS' social views as being orientated towards the left.[273] The current leader of DS, Zoran Lutovac, describes himself as a leftist.[274]

DS has served in opposition to SNS since 2012.[275] It has been critical of the government's stance on Kosovo,[276] [277] although it supported the 2013 Brussels Agreement.[278] In an interview, Šutanovac described the Kosovo issue as a "not an everyday political problem".[279] During the North Kosovo crisis in 2023, DS voiced its opposition to the Ohrid Agreement, with Lutovac claiming that "the agreement does not respect the interests of Serbia and the rights of Serbs in Kosovo" but also because DS "does not want to give Vučić legitimacy for what he did".[280]

When Đilas led DS in opposition to SNS during the 2014 election, he pledged to provide free textbooks for students and full salaries for pregnant women, increase wages for healthcare workers, and help pensioners. DS is opposed to jadarite mining and was one of the signatories of an agreement on the prohibition of exploration, exploitation, and processing of lithium in Serbia in October 2021.[281] [282]

DS has declared itself to be "the bearer of the most progressive ideas"; it is in favour of protecting workers, minorities, and the environment, and it supports guaranteed rights to healthcare, education, and pensions.[283] In 2014, the Gay Straight Alliance, an association that promotes LGBT rights in Serbia, described DS as the "most positive party towards the LGBT community".[284] DS has condemned violence against the LGBT community and in August 2022, it supported hosting 2022 EuroPride in Belgrade.[285] [286] It has also criticised the attacks on the Pride Info Centre in Belgrade.[287]

Demographic characteristics

Before the federal parliamentary election in December 1992, a majority of DS supporters preferred a citizen state (građanska država) over a nation state (nacionalna država). According to political scientist Dragomir Pantić, supporters of DS in the 1990s shared similar characteristics with supporters of DSS, GSS, and other minority parties. DS supporters were young and urban, and they came from the middle and upper classes. Public intellectuals, technicians, and those who worked in the private sector were also supporters of DS. After 2000, DS voters professed liberal-democratic values; they were also less religious, opposed to authoritarianism and centralism, and supportive of political reforms. Political scientist Ilija Vujačić, however, has argued that DS supporters in the 21st century skewed more towards the political centre.[288] In 2007, political scientist Srećko Mihailović noted that a majority of DS supporters identified with the left—18% with the far-left, 22% with the left-wing, and 25% with the centre-left—while 18% described themselves as centrist.[289]

According to a 2005 opinion poll, 66% of DS supporters thought Serbia should rely on the European Union for Serbia's foreign policy.[290] In opinion polls conducted prior to the 2008 elections, a majority of DS supporters declared themselves to be pro-European.

In 2012, a majority of DS voters were female, below 50 years old, and possessed a high school or university diploma. DS supporters were mostly workers, technicians, officials, and dependents. In 2014, 80% of DS supporters were female, 60% of supporters were under 50 years old, and a majority of supporters held either a high school or university diploma. In 2014, most DS supporters were tolerant of diversity and they rejected authoritarianism and nationalism. By 2016, most DS supporters were younger than 40.[291] November 2020 research conducted by the Heinrich Böll Foundation found that supporters of DS viewed themselves as socially progressive.

Organisation

, DS is led by Zoran Lutovac who was elected president in 2018. At the party congress in 2021, Lutovac was re-elected president and Rakić was elected deputy president; Jovančićević, Gavrilović, and Mitrović currently serve as vice-presidents. Lutovac is also the party's parliamentary leader in the National Assembly.[292] DS is colloquially known as žuti (yellows) due to one of its main colours.[293]

DS has its headquarters at Nušićeva 6/II in Belgrade.[294] From 1990 to 1998, DS put out the newspaper Demokratija,[295], the party has published the newspaper Bedem.[296] [297] Its youth wing, the Democratic Youth, has been led by Stefan Ninić .[298] DS also operates a women's wing called Women's Forum.[299] DS membership is open to every adult citizen of Serbia who is not a member of another party organisation. In December 2010, DS reported that it had 185,192 members; by 2013, the numer had increased to 196,673 members.[300] [301] However, only 18,459 DS members had the right to vote in the 2016 leadership election.

DS has city, local, and municipal branches, as well as a special branch in Vojvodina. DS has an assembly, a main board, a presidency, an executive board, a statutory commission—which includes the centre of departmental committees and the centre for education—a supervisory board, a political council, and an ethics committee.[302] [303] DS also operates the Foundation for Improving Democracy "Ljuba Davidović".[304] The main board is the highest body of DS; the president of DS represents and manages the party. Ten political parties have been formed as splits from DS: the DC, DSS, now known as the New Democratic Party of Serbia,[305] G17+, LDP, Nova, NDS, LS, SLS, SDS, and ZZS.[306]

International cooperation

DS has been a member of the Socialist International, and in December 2006, it became an associate member of the Party of European Socialists.[307] According to Doris Pack, a German politician and close friend of Đinđić, Đinđić made the decision to apply to become an associate member of the Party of European Socialists; Zoran Alimpić, a senior DS official, stated that the decision came as a surprise to senior DS officials. DS is also affiliated with the Progressive Alliance.[308] [309] Its youth wing is a member of the Young European Socialists[310] [311] and a full member of the International Union of Socialist Youth.[312] In the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, DS was associated with the Socialist Group.[313]

In 2014, Pajtić—with Sergey Stanishev, then-president of the Party of European Socialists, Victor Ponta, then-leader of the Social Democratic Party of Romania, and Zlatko Lagumdžija, then-leader of the Social Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina—met with Li Yuanchao, an official of the Chinese Communist Party, to discuss economic relations between China and Europe.[314] In 2017, Šutanovac met with Zoran Zaev, the leader of the Social Democratic Union of Macedonia, to discuss regional cooperation, Serbia and North Macedonia's integration into the European Union, and cooperation inside the Party of European Socialists.[315] [316]

List of presidents

PresidentBirth–DeathTerm startTerm end
11930– 3 February 1990 25 January 1994
21952–2003 25 January 1994 12 March 2003
(assassinated)
–Zoran Živković
(acting) 		1960– 12 March 2003 22 February 2004
31958– 22 February 2004 25 November 2012
41967– 25 November 2012 31 May 2014
51970– 31 May 2014 24 September 2016
61968– 24 September 2016 2 June 2018
71964– 2 June 2018 Incumbent

Electoral performance

Parliamentary elections

National Assembly of Serbia! Year! Leader! Popular vote! % of popular vote! ! # of seats! Seat change! Coalition! Status!
1990Dragoljub Mićunović374,8877.78% 3rd 7–[317]
1992196,3474.42% 4th 1–[318]
1993497,58212.06% 4th 23–[319]
1997Zoran ĐinđićElection boycott 29–[320]
20002,402,38765.69% 1st 45DOS[321]
2003Boris Tadić481,24912.75% 3rd 23DS–GSS–SDU–LZS[322]
2007915,85423.08% 2nd 38DS–SDP–DSHV[323]
20081,590,20039.25% 1st 4ZES[324]
2012863,29423.09% 2nd 15IZBŽ[325]
2014Dragan Đilas216,6346.23% 3rd 32DS–DSHV–Nova–BS[326]
2016Bojan Pajtić227,5896.20% 5th 5DS–Nova–DSHV–ZZS–ZZŠ[327]
2020Zoran LutovacElection boycott 12SZS[328]
2022520,46914.09% 2nd 10UZPS[329]
2023902,45024.32% 2nd 2SPN[330]

ImageSize = width:1050 height:70PlotArea = width:950 height:50 left:20 bottom:20

DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyyPeriod = from:01/01/1990 till:31/12/2024TimeAxis = orientation:horizontalScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1 start:01/01/1990Legend = columns:2 left:40 top:75 columnwidth:90

  1. there is no automatic collision detection,
  2. so shift texts up or down manually to avoid overlap

Colors= id:Government value:green legend:Government id:Opposition value:red legend:Opposition

Define $dx = 25 # shift text to right side of barDefine $dy = -1 # adjust height

PlotData=

bar:Govern. color:blue width:25 mark:(line,black) align:center fontsize:8

from:03/02/1990 till:24/10/2000 shift:($dx,$dy) color:Opposition from:24/10/2000 till:03/03/2004 shift:($dx,$dy) color:Government from:03/03/2004 till:15/05/2007 shift:($dx,$dy) color:Opposition from:15/05/2007 till:27/07/2012 shift:($dx,$dy) color:Government from:27/07/2012 till:end shift:($dx,$dy) color:Opposition

Presidential elections

1st round popular vote! % of popular vote! colspan="2"
2nd round popular vote% of popular voteNotes
1990Did not participate–
1992Milan Panić1,516,69334.65%——Supported Panić[331]
Sep 1997Election boycottElection annulled due to low turnout–
Dec 1997Election boycott–
Sep–Oct 2002Miroljub Labus995,20027.96%921,09431.62%Supported Labus; election annulled due to low turnout[332]
Dec 2002Did not participateElection annulled due to low turnout–
2003Dragoljub Mićunović893,90636.67%——Election annulled due to low turnout[333]
2004Boris Tadić853,58427.70%1,681,52853.97%[334]
20081,457,03036.08%2,304,46751.19%[335]
2012989,45426.50%1,481,95248.84%
2017Saša Janković507,72816.63%——Supported Janković[336]
2022Zdravko Ponoš698,53818.84%——Supported Ponoš[337]

Federal parliamentary elections

YearLeaderPopular vote% of popular vote
  1. of seats
Seat changeCoalitionStatusNotes
May 1992Dragoljub MićunovićElection boycott 0––
1992–1993280,183 6.32% 4th 5–
1996Zoran Đinđić969,29623.77% 2nd 17TogetherCoalition Together won 22 seats in total
20002,040,64643.86% 1st 36DOSDOS won 58 seats in total
2,092,79946.23% 1st 10DOSDOS won 10 seats in total

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bar:Govern. color:blue width:25 mark:(line,black) align:center

from:31/05/1992 till:20/12/1992 shift:($dx,$dy) color:Opposition from:20/12/1992 till:09/02/1993 shift:($dx,$dy) color:Government from:09/02/1993 till:04/11/2000 shift:($dx,$dy) color:Opposition from:04/11/2000 till:04/02/2003 shift:($dx,$dy) color:Government

Federal presidential elections

1st round popular vote! % of popular vote! colspan="2"
2nd round popular vote% of popular voteNotes
2000Vojislav Koštunica2,470,30451.71%——Supported Koštunica

References

Primary sources

In the text these references are preceded by a double dagger (‡):

External links

Notes and References

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  15. Web site: Miladinović . Veljko . Telesković . Dušan . 3 February 2020 . 30 godina od obnove Demokratske stranke: Od intelektualne elite preko "žutog preduzeća" do velike neizvesnosti . 30 years since the restoration of the Democratic Party: From the intellectual elite to the "yellow company" to great uncertainty . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220922141619/https://www.nedeljnik.rs/uspon-i-pad-demokratske-stranke-od-intelektualne-elite-do-zutog-preduzeca/ . 22 September 2022 . 20 January 2023 . . sr.
  16. Web site: 21 August 1990 . Rešenje o registraciji Demokratske stranke . The Decision for Registration of the Democratic Party . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230202071633/https://ds.org.rs/documents/osnovni_dokumenti/1990-07-27_Resenje_DS_Registar_politickih_organizacija.pdf . 2 February 2023 . 30 January 2023 . Democratic Party . sr.
  17. Book: Popović . Srđa . Nenasilna borba u 50 tačaka: strateški pristup svakodnevnoj taktici . Milivojević . Andrej . Đinović . Slobodan . 2007 . . 9788690899708 . Belgrade . 174 . sr . Nonviolent Struggle in 50 Points: A Strategic Approach to Everyday Tactics . Srđa Popović (activist) . 20 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230202071634/https://canvasopedia.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Nenasilna-Borba-u-50-tacaka-fin.pdf . 2 February 2023 . live.
  18. Web site: 12 May 2020 . Demokratska omladina danas proslavlja svoj trideseti rođendan . Democratic Youth celebrates its thirtieth birthday today . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230120212102/https://www.danas.rs/vesti/politika/demokratska-omladina-danas-proslavlja-svoj-trideseti-rodjendan/ . 20 January 2023 . 20 January 2023 . . sr.
  19. News: 13 February 1999 . Devet godina Demokratske stranke . sr . Nine years of the Democratic Party . . live . 20 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230120213628/https://www.vreme.rs/arhiva_html/434/6.html . 20 January 2023.
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  47. Web site: 17 November 2016 . Studenti su ozbiljno uzdrmali režim Slobodana Miloševića . Students seriously shook the regime of Slobodan Milošević . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230121142002/https://www.danas.rs/vesti/drustvo/studenti-su-ozbiljno-uzdrmali-rezim-slobodana-milosevica/ . 21 January 2023 . 21 January 2023 . . sr.
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  49. Web site: Dedeić . Siniša . 8 March 2020 . Kako su bojkotovani izbori 1997. godine? (1. deo) . How were the 1997 elections boycotted? (part 1) . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230121140503/https://www.istinomer.rs/amnezija/kako-su-bojkotovani-izbori-1997-godine-1-deo/ . 21 January 2023 . 21 January 2023 . Istinomer . sr.
  50. Web site: Dedeić . Siniša . 10 March 2020 . Kako su bojkotovani izbori 1997. godine? (2. deo) . How were the 1997 elections boycotted? (part 2) . 22 May 2023 . Istinomer . sr.
  51. Web site: Antić . Čedomir . Čedomir Antić . 5 April 2020 . Zašto sam napustio DS, stranka u vreme najveće pobede i jedno pitanje koje glasi: "A ti bi odbio Arkanov poziv" - Sećanja Čedomira Antića na "žutu stranku" . Why I left DS, the party at the time of its greatest victory and one question that reads: "And you would refuse Arkan's invitation" - Memories of Čedomir Antić on the "yellow party" . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230121140502/https://www.nedeljnik.rs/zasto-sam-napustio-ds-boris-tadic-sa-bubicom-u-uhu-kako-su-se-dos-u-delili-mandati-secanja-cedomira-antica-na-zutu-stranku-4/ . 21 January 2023 . 21 January 2023 . . sr.
  52. News: Grujić . Dragoslav . 11 January 2001 . Lik i delo: Čedomir Jovanović . sr . Character and work: Čedomir Jovanović . . live . 21 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230121140458/https://old.vreme.com/arhiva_html/523/03.html . 21 January 2023.
  53. News: Kojić . Nikola . 10 March 2020 . Izbori 2000: Debakl Miloševića i Šešelja, Vuk ispod cenzusa, DOS "brojao" do 176 . sr . 2000 elections: Debacle between Milošević and Šešelj, Vuk under the threshold, DOS "counted" up to 176 . N1 . live . 21 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230121143016/https://n1info.rs/vesti/a576572-izbori-2000-debakl-milosevica-i-seselja-vuk-ispod-cenzusa-dos-brojao-do-176/ . 21 January 2023.
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  55. Web site: 27 March 2017 . Izbori za predsednika SRJ, 24. septembar 2000. . Elections for the President of the FRY, 24 September 2000 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230121160309/https://www.vreme.com/vreme/izbori-za-predsednika-srj-24-septembar-2000/ . 21 January 2023 . 21 January 2023 . . sr.
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  74. Book: Nedović, Slobodanka . Oko izbora 12: izveštaj sa ponovljenih predsedničkih izbora u Republici Srbiji, 16. novembar 2003 . 2003 . . 9788683491278 . Belgrade . sr . Oko izbora 12: report from the repeated Presidential elections in the Republic of Serbia, 16 November 2003 . 262616515 . 21 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220120214116/http://www.cesid.rs/pdfovi/OKO%20IZBORA%2012.pdf . 20 January 2022 . live.
  75. Book: Lučić, Zoran . Oko izbora 13: izveštaj sa vanrednih parlamentarnih izbora u Republici Srbiji, 28. decembar 2003. godine . 2004 . . 9788683491285 . Belgrade . 21 January 2023 . sr . Oko izbora 13: report from the extraordinary parliamentary elections in the Republic of Serbia, 28 December 2003 . 262616269 . 21 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220121013848/http://www.cesid.rs/pdfovi/OKO%20IZBORA%2013.pdf . 21 January 2022 . live.
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  84. Book: Mihailović, Srećko . Oko izbora 15: parlamentarni izbori u Republici Srbiji, 21. januara 2007 . 2007 . . 9788683491438 . Belgrade . sr . Oko izbora 15: Parliamentary elections in the Republic of Serbia, 21 January 2007 . 262615553 . 21 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220120230957/http://www.cesid.rs/pdfovi/OKO%20IZBORA%2015.pdf . 20 January 2022 . live.
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  88. Book: Mihailović, Srećko . Oko izbora 16: predsednički izbori 20. januara i 3. februara 2008. godine . 2008 . . 9788683491469 . Belgrade . sr . Oko izbora 16: Presidential elections on 20 January and 3 February 2008 . 823319307 . 25 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220121035323/http://www.cesid.rs/pdfovi/OKO%20IZBORA%2016.pdf . 21 January 2022 . live.
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  138. Web site: 29 January 2014 . Nek su nam srećni novi izbori . Good luck with the new elections . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211202191647/https://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2014&mm=01&dd=29&nav_category=11&nav_id=805708 . 2 December 2021 . 25 January 2023 . . sr.
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  145. Web site: 31 May 2014 . DS bira novog predsjednika: Đilas ili Pajtić? . DS elects a new president: Đilas or Pajtić? . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230125224742/https://www.vijesti.me/svijet/balkan/232113/ds-bira-novog-predsjednika-dilas-ili-pajtic . 25 January 2023 . 25 January 2023 . . sr.
  146. Web site: 31 May 2014 . Bojan Pajtić novi predsednik DS . Bojan Pajtić is the new president of DS . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230125224728/https://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2014&mm=05&dd=31&nav_category=11&nav_id=855405 . 25 January 2023 . 25 January 2023 . . sr.
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  148. Web site: Kojić . Nikola . 17 June 2020 . Izbori 2016: Bitka za cenzus, povratak Šešelja i Vučićev drugi mandat . 2016 elections: The battle for the threshold, the return of Šešelj and Vučić's second term . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126003232/https://n1info.rs/vesti/a610728-izbori-2016-bitka-za-cenzus-povratak-seselja-i-vucicev-drugi-mandat/ . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  149. Web site: Valtner . Lidija . 30 June 2016 . Đilas se iščlanio iz Demokratske stranke . Đilas disaffiliated from the Democratic Party . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211124121544/https://www.danas.rs/vesti/politika/djilas-se-isclanio-iz-demokratske-stranke/ . 24 November 2021 . 25 January 2023 . . sr.
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  151. Web site: 4 March 2016 . Nikolić raspisao izbore: Želim da pobedi SNS . Nikolić calls the elections: I want SNS to win . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211202205806/https://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2016&mm=03&dd=04&nav_category=11&nav_id=1103685 . 2 December 2021 . 25 January 2023 . . sr.
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  154. Web site: Poslanička grupa Demokratska stranka . Democratic Party parliamentary group . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221129100437/https://otvoreniparlament.rs/poslanicki-klub/351 . 29 November 2022 . 26 January 2023 . Otvoreni Parlament . sr.
  155. Web site: Valtner . Lidija . 7 September 2016 . Realan drugi krug izbora u DS . A second round of elections in DS is realistic . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126003230/https://www.danas.rs/vesti/politika/realan-drugi-krug-izbora-u-ds/ . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  156. Web site: 24 September 2016 . Novi lider demokrata Dragan Šutanovac obećao da DS ostaje jedan tim . The new leader of the Democrats, Dragan Šutanovac, promises that DS would remain one team . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126003233/https://www.danas.rs/vesti/politika/novi-lider-demokrata-dragan-sutanovac-obecao-da-ds-ostaje-jedan-tim/ . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  157. Web site: 24 September 2016 . Srbija: Dragan Šutanovac novi lider Demokratske stranke . Serbia: Dragan Šutanovac is the new leader of the Democratic Party . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126003506/https://www.vijesti.me/svijet/balkan/112837/srbija-dragan-sutanovac-novi-lider-demokratske-stranke . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  158. Web site: 24 September 2016 . Dragan Šutanovac izabran za novog predsednika DS . Dragan Šutanovac has been elected as the new president of the DS . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126003233/https://autonomija.info/dragan-sutanovac-izabran-za-novog-predsednika-ds/ . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . Autonomija . sr.
  159. Web site: Ćirić . S. . 15 January 2017 . Podrška demokrata Jankoviću . Democrats' support for Janković . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126172510/https://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/372136/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%9B%D1%83 . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  160. News: Mihajlović . Branka . Martinović . Iva . 19 February 2017 . Saša Janković: Vratićemo otetu državu . sr . Saša Janković: We will return the stolen state . . live . 26 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126172511/https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/sasa-jankovic-prvi-skup-beograd/28318472.html . 26 January 2023.
  161. Web site: 17 February 2017 . DS: Okupiti se oko Jankovića . DS: Gather around Janković . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126172504/https://rtv.rs/sr_ci/politika/ds-okupiti-se-oko-jankovica_800814.html . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  162. Web site: 18 April 2017 . RIK rezultati izbora . RIK's election results . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126221955/https://n1info.rs/vesti/a242882-rik-rezultati-izbora/ . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  163. News: Nešić . Milan . 21 May 2017 . Osnovan Pokret "Slobodni građani Srbije" Saše Jankovića . sr . Movement "Free Citizens of Serbia" of Saša Janković has been formed . . live . 26 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126172510/https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/sasa-jankovic-osnivanje-politickog-pokreta/28500382.html . 26 January 2023.
  164. Web site: 7 June 2017 . DS želi da opozicija zajedno izađe na izbore u Beogradu . DS wants the opposition to go to the elections in Belgrade together . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126221956/https://n1info.rs/vesti/a274478-ds-zeli-da-opozicija-zajedno-izadje-na-izbore-u-beogradu/ . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  165. Web site: 29 December 2017 . DS i Nova stranka zajedno na beogradskim izborima . DS and the New Party together in the Belgrade elections . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230202071640/https://beta.rs/politika/80893-ds-i-nova-stranka-zajedno-na-beogradskim-izborima . 2 February 2023 . 26 January 2023 . sr . Novinska agencija Beta.
  166. News: Mihajlović . Branka . 18 January 2018 . DS sabiranje posle rasula . sr . DS gathering after scattering . . live . 26 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126184859/https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/ds-rasulo-sabiranje/28982510.html . 26 January 2023.
  167. Web site: 18 January 2018 . Beograd, do sada proglašeno šest izbornih lista . Belgrade, six election lists have been announced so far . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126184902/https://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/2728/izbori-2018/3006594/proglasene-jos-cetiri-liste-za-skupstinu-grada-beograda.html . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  168. Web site: 5 March 2018 . Konačni rezultati beogradskih izbora 2018. . Final results of the 2018 Belgrade elections . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230112145901/https://n1info.rs/vesti/a369485-konacni-rezultati-beogradskih-izbora-2018/ . 12 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  169. News: 4 March 2018 . Pobeda SNS-a u Beogradu, još tri liste prešle cenzus . sr . Victory of SNS in Belgrade, three more lists passed the threshold . . live . 26 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230112201120/https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/beograd-lokalni-izbori-skupstina-grada-srbija/29076567.html . 12 January 2023.
  170. Web site: 7 March 2018 . Balša Božović podneo ostavku na mesto šefa beogradskog odbora DS . Balša Božović resigned from the position as head of the Belgrade DS branch . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126190401/https://n1info.rs/vesti/a369819-balsa-bozovic-podneo-ostavku-na-mesto-sefa-beogradskog-odbora-ds/ . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  171. Web site: 11 March 2018 . Šutanovac podnio ostavku, ali ostaje u DS-u . Šutanovac resigns, but remains in DS . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126184859/https://www.vijesti.me/svijet/balkan/39882/sutanovac-podnio-ostavku-ali-ostaje-u-ds-u . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  172. Web site: 5 April 2018 . Demokratska stranka novo rukovodstvo bira 2. juna . Democratic Party to elect a new leadership on 2 June . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126184950/https://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/9/politika/3097064/demokratska-stranka-novo-rukovodstvo-bira-2.-juna.html . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  173. News: 2 June 2018 . Demokratska stranka bira novog predsednika . sr . Democratic Party to elect a new president . . live . 26 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126192340/https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/29267108.html . 26 January 2023.
  174. Web site: Štetin Lakić . Jovana . 2 June 2018 . Zoran Lutovac novi predsednik Demokratske stranke . Zoran Lutovac is the new president of the Democratic Party . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126192315/https://n1info.rs/vesti/a393175-zoran-lutovac-novi-predsednik-demokratske-stranke/ . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  175. Web site: 2 June 2018 . Zoran Lutovac novi lider DS . Zoran Lutovac is the new leader of DS . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126190859/https://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2018&mm=06&dd=02&nav_category=11&nav_id=1399839 . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  176. Web site: Rudić . Filip . 5 June 2018 . New Serbian Opposition Leader Fuels Talk of United Front . 26 January 2023 . . en-US . 26 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126190811/https://balkaninsight.com/2018/06/05/new-serbian-opposition-leader-fuels-talk-of-united-front-06-05-2018/ . live .
  177. Web site: Popović . A. . 2 September 2018 . U Beogradu i zvanično formiran Savez za Srbiju . Alliance for Serbia officially formed in Belgrade . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126192550/https://www.danas.rs/vesti/politika/u-beogradu-i-zvanicno-formiran-savez-za-srbiju/ . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  178. News: Miladinović . Aleksandar . 27 July 2018 . Šta je važnije na izborima - principi ili ljudi . sr . What is more important in elections - principles or people . . live . 26 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220922062138/https://www.bbc.com/serbian/lat/srbija-44979373 . 22 September 2022.
  179. Web site: 3 September 2018 . Ko je u DS protiv Saveza za Srbiju . Who in the DS is against the Alliance for Serbia? . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126223331/https://n1info.rs/vesti/a416958-ko-je-u-ds-protiv-saveza-za-srbiju/ . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  180. Web site: Arbutina . Zoran . 27 November 2018 . Serbia's Opposition Crackdown . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230112220156/https://www.dw.com/en/serbian-opposition-politicians-becoming-frequent-targets-of-violent-attacks/a-46477901 . 12 January 2023 . 12 January 2023 . . en.
  181. Web site: 30 December 2018 . Serbia: Thousands Rally in Fourth Week of Anti-government Protests . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221020090330/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/dec/30/serbia-thousands-rally-in-fourth-week-of-anti-government-protests . 20 October 2022 . 12 January 2023 . . en.
  182. Web site: 30 January 2019 . Predsedništvo DS: Demokrate napuštaju Skupštinu Srbije, Vojvodine, Beograda . DS Presidency: Democrats are leaving the Parliament of Serbia, Vojvodina, and Belgrade . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126215449/https://n1info.rs/vesti/a456327-predsednistvo-ds-demokrate-napustaju-skupstinu-srbije-vojvodine-beograda/ . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  183. News: Glavonjić . Zoran . 11 February 2019 . Za i protiv bojkota rada Skupštine Srbije . sr . For and against the boycott of the work of the Assembly of Serbia . . live . 26 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230112222934/https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/29764010.html . 12 January 2023.
  184. News: 6 February 2019 . Opozicija u Srbiji dogovorila Sporazum sa narodom . sr . The opposition in Serbia agreed on the Agreement With the People . . live . 26 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190206172843/https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/29754704.html . 6 February 2019.
  185. Web site: Stanković . Stefan . 28 February 2019 . Tadić i Lutovac o ujedinjenju DS: Da se suprotstavimo čudovištu stranci . Tadić and Lutovac on the unification of DS: Let's oppose the monster party . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126215454/https://n1info.rs/vesti/a464263-tadic-i-lutovac-o-ujedinjenju-ds-da-se-suprotstavimo-cudovistu-stranci/ . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  186. Web site: Petrović . Ivica . 3 March 2019 . Kome još treba Demokratska stranka? . Who still needs the Democratic Party? . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126213951/https://www.dw.com/sr/kome-jo%C5%A1-treba-demokratska-stranka/a-47755963 . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  187. Web site: 3 March 2019 . Glavni odbor Demokratske stranke podržao ujedinjenje . The main committee of the Democratic Party supports the unification . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126215502/https://n1info.rs/vesti/a464967-glavni-odbor-demokratske-stranke-podrzao-ujedinjenje/ . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  188. Web site: Mlađenović . Dušan . 23 March 2019 . Tadićev SDS doneo odluku o integraciji sa DS-om i Zajedno za Srbiju . Tadić's SDS made the decision on integration with DS and Together for Serbia . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126220959/https://n1info.rs/vesti/a470391-tadicev-sds-doneo-odluku-o-integraciji-sa-ds-om-i-zajedno-za-srbiju/ . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  189. Web site: 4 March 2019 . Zelenović: Do ujedinjenja u jednu stranku potrebno vreme, do tada kao unija . Zelenović: It will take time to unify into one party, until then as a union . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126215458/https://n1info.rs/vesti/a465131-zelenovic-do-ujedinjenja-u-jednu-stranku-potrebno-vreme-do-tada-kao-unija/ . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  190. Web site: Tatalović . Žaklina . 19 May 2019 . DS, ZZS i SDS se ujedinile u jedinstvenu Demokratsku stranku . DS, ZZS, and SDS unite into the United Democratic Party . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126230340/https://n1info.rs/vesti/a484933-ds-zzs-i-sds-se-ujedinile-u-jedinstvenu-demokratsku-stranku/ . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  191. Web site: Milovančević . Vojislav . 11 August 2020 . Saznajemo: Ujedinjenje DS čim popusti korona . We find out: Unification of DS as soon as the corona subsides . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126213959/https://nova.rs/vesti/politika/saznajemo-ujedinjenje-ds-cim-popusti-korona/ . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . Nova . sr.
  192. Web site: Dobrilović . Jasmina . 30 April 2020 . Tadić gradi poziciju za predsedničkog kandidata velike DS . Tadić is building a position for the presidential candidate for the United DS . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126213954/https://nova.rs/vesti/politika/tadic-gradi-poziciju-za-predsednickog-kandidata-velike-ds/ . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . Nova . sr.
  193. Web site: 4 August 2020 . SDS: Lutovac jednostrano prekinuo proces ujedinjenja DS, SDS i Zajedno za Srbiju . SDS: Lutovac unilaterally interrupted the unification process of DS, SDS, and Together for Serbia . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126214528/https://insajder.net/arhiva/vesti/sds-lutovac-jednostrano-prekinuo-proces-ujedinjenja-ds-sds-i-zajedno-za-srbiju . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . Insajder . sr.
  194. Web site: 16 September 2019 . Savez za Srbiju bojkotuje izbore . Alliance for Serbia is boycotting the elections . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230113144106/https://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/437928/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7-%D0%B7%D0%B0-%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D1%98%D0%B5-%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5) . 13 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  195. Web site: 14 September 2019 . DS, SDS i Zajedno za Srbiju za bojkot izbora . DS, SDS, and Together for Serbia to boycott the elections . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126213945/https://rtv.rs/sr_lat/politika/ds-sds-i-zajedno-za-srbiju-za-bojkot-izbora_1048281.html . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  196. Web site: 27 October 2019 . Šutanovac: Neki funkcioneri DS će organizovati grupe građana za izbore . Šutanovac: Some DS officials will organise citizens' groups for the elections . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126220955/https://n1info.rs/vesti/a538441-sutanovac-neki-funkcioneri-ds-ce-na-izbore/ . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  197. Web site: 19 January 2020 . Mićunović: Bojkot izbora je besmislen . Mićunović: Boycotting the elections is pointless . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126221204/https://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2020&mm=01&dd=19&nav_category=11&nav_id=1643795 . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  198. Web site: Vučenić . Danica . 30 October 2019 . Šutanovac: Brine me šta će biti sa DS posle bojkota . Šutanovac: I am worried about what will happen to DS after the boycott . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126213946/https://www.istinomer.rs/analize/sutanovac-brine-me-sta-ce-biti-sa-ds-posle-bojkota/ . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . Istinomer . sr.
  199. Web site: 30 November 2019 . Deo demokrata napustio sednicu Glavnog odbora stranke . Part of the Democrats left the session of the Main Board . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126215450/https://n1info.rs/vesti/a548352-sednica-glavnog-odbora-demokratske-stranke/ . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  200. Web site: 3 December 2019 . Lutovac: Na Glavnom odboru se desio pokušaj puča . Lutovac: There was an attempted coup at the Main Board . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200624135125/https://www.blic.rs/vesti/politika/lutovac-na-glavnom-odboru-se-desio-pokusaj-puca/fnzfpdj . 24 June 2020 . 22 June 2020 . Blic . sr.
  201. Web site: 1 December 2019 . Lutovac: Vučić uporno pokušava da razbije Demokratsku stranku . Lutovac: Vučić is persistently trying to break up the Democratic Party . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230127000520/https://n1info.rs/vesti/a548554-lutovac-vucic-uporno-pokusava-da-razbije-demokratsku-stranku/ . 27 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  202. Web site: 21 May 2020 . Lutovac: Postoji grupa koja pokušava da okrene DS otvorenoj saradnji sa Vučićem . Lutovac: There is a group that is trying to turn DS to open cooperation with Vučić . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126224208/https://n1info.rs/vesti/a601746-lutovac-postoji-grupa-koja-pokusava-da-okrene-ds-otvorenoj-saradnji-sa-vucicem/ . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  203. Web site: 15 May 2020 . Čomić obaveštena da je izbrisana iz članstva u DS . Čomić was informed that she was deleted from the membership in DS . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126221158/https://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/454168/Comic-obavestena-da-je-izbrisana-iz-clanstva-u-DS . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  204. Web site: 9 March 2020 . Predstavljena koalicija Ujedinjena demokratska Srbija, na listi i Gordana Čomić . The United Democratic Serbia coalition has been presented, Gordana Čomić is also on the list . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126221200/https://n1info.rs/vesti/a576264-predstavljena-koalicija-ujedinjena-demokratska-srbija-na-listi-i-gordana-comic/ . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  205. Web site: Nešić . Nenad . 26 October 2020 . Među nestranačkim kadrovima i oni koji to nisu, za fotelju - hvala predsedniku . Among non-party cadres and those who are not, for the chair - thank you to the president . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126224211/https://n1info.rs/vesti/a665096-medju-nestranackim-kadrovima-i-oni-koji-to-nisu-za-fotelju-hvala-predsedniku/ . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  206. Web site: 12 March 2020 . Otkazan Glavni odbor Demokratske stranke . Main Board of the Democratic Party has been cancelled . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126235729/https://n1info.rs/vesti/a577256-otkazan-glavni-odbor-demokratske-stranke/ . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  207. Web site: 26 May 2020 . Politika: Sednica Glavnog odbora DS zakazana za 21. jun . Politika: Session of the Main Board of DS scheduled for 21 June . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126224210/https://n1info.rs/vesti/a603652-politika-sednica-glavnog-odbora-ds-zakazana-za-21-jun/ . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  208. Web site: 21 June 2020 . Sukob demokrata pred sednicu Glavnog odbora . Clash of Democrats before the session of the Main Board . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230127005032/https://n1info.rs/vesti/a612077-sukob-demokrata-pred-sednicu-glavnog-odbora/ . 27 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  209. Web site: Gajić . Petar . 28 June 2020 . Dva paralelna Glavna odbora DS-a: Optužbe, isključenja i ujedinjenja . Two parallel Main Boards of DS: Accusations, exclusions, and unifications . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126232723/https://n1info.rs/vesti/a614500-dva-paralelna-glavna-odbora-ds-a-optuzbe-iskljucenja-i-ujedinjenja/ . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  210. Web site: 31 August 2020 . Božović, Lečić, Milojičić i Milosavljević isključeni iz Demokratske stranke . Božović, Lečić, Milojičić, and Milosavljević expelled from the Democratic Party . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126222702/https://n1info.rs/vesti/a635109-bozovic-lecic-milojicic-i-milosavljevic-iskljuceni-iz-demokratske-stranke/ . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  211. Web site: 26 September 2020 . Deo DS-a izabrao Lečića za predsednika, s centrale stranke skinuta tabla . Part of the DS elects Lečić as president, board has been removed from party's headquarters . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126235511/https://n1info.rs/vesti/a654221-deo-ds-a-izabrao-lecica-za-predsednika-s-centrale-stranke-skinuta-tabla/ . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  212. Web site: Anđelić . Bojana . 22 February 2021 . Saznajemo: Odbačen zahtev Lečića da bude predsednik DS . We learn: Lečić's request to be president of DS was rejected . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210222123707/https://nova.rs/vesti/politika/saznajemo-odbacen-zahtev-lecica-da-bude-predsednik-ds/ . 22 February 2021 . 26 January 2023 . Nova . sr.
  213. Web site: 28 February 2021 . Održan skup "Demokrata Srbije", na čelu novog pokreta Branislav Lečić . A meeting of Democrats of Serbia was held, a new movement headed by Branislav Lečić . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126221159/https://insajder.net/arhiva/vesti/odrzan-skup-demokrata-srbije-na-celu-novog-pokreta-branislav-lecic . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . Insajder . sr.
  214. Web site: 9 February 2022 . SDS nakon ujedinjenja sa Demokratama Srbije izabrala novo rukovodstvo . SDS elects new leadership after unification with the Democrats of Serbia . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126234856/https://n1info.rs/vesti/sds-nakon-ujedinjenja-sa-demokratama-srbije-izabrala-novo-rukovodstvo/ . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  215. Web site: Valtner . Lidija . 29 June 2020 . Savez za Srbiju više ne postoji . Alliance for Serbia does not exist anymore . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220202183310/https://www.danas.rs/vesti/politika/savez-za-srbiju-vise-ne-postoji/ . 2 February 2022 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  216. News: 10 August 2020 . Formirana Udružena opozicija Srbije . sr . United Opposition of Serbia formed . . live . 26 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201006091847/https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/30776112.html . 6 October 2020.
  217. Web site: 16 December 2020 . UOPS više ne postoji? . UOPS does not exist anymore? . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220702131502/https://www.rtv.rs/sr_lat/politika/uops-vise-ne-postoji_1189157.html . 2 July 2022 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  218. Web site: 21 January 2021 . Aleksić: Udružena opozicija Srbije više ne funkcioniše . Aleksić: United Opposition of Serbia does not function anymore . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213601/https://rtv.rs/sr_lat/politika/aleksic-udruzena-opozicija-srbije-vise-ne-funkcionise_1200389.html . 2 June 2021 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  219. Web site: 4 July 2021 . Lutovac ponovo izabran za predsednika DS . Lutovac again elected president of DS . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230202071637/https://www.rtv.rs/sr_lat/politika/stranacka-hronika/lutovac-ponovo-izabran-za-predsednika-ds_1254171.html . 2 February 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  220. Web site: 14 October 2021 . Mediji: SSP, DS i Narodna stranka postigli dogovor o zajedničkoj listi . Media: SSP, DS, and the People's Party reached an agreement on a joint list . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  221. Web site: Latković . Nataša . 23 November 2021 . SSP, DS, Narodna stranka i PSG postigli dogovor: Zajedno izlaze na izbore . SSP, DS, the People's Party, and PSG reached an agreement: they are going to the elections together . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211123085620/https://nova.rs/vesti/politika/ssp-ds-i-psg-postigli-dogovor-zajedno-izlaze-na-izbore/ . 23 November 2021 . 26 January 2023 . Nova . sr.
  222. Web site: 2 February 2022 . Predstavljanje kandidata dela opozicije - govore Tepić, Janković i Ponoš . Presentation of candidates from the opposition - Tepić, Janković, and Ponoš speak . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230127075008/https://n1info.rs/vesti/predstavljanje-kandidata-dela-opozicije-govore-tepic-jankovic-i-ponos/ . 27 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  223. Web site: 20 February 2022 . Ko su kandidati Ujedinjeni za pobedu Srbije za poslanike? . Who are the United for the Victory of Serbia candidates for deputies? . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220407202515/https://www.danas.rs/vesti/politika/izbori22/ko-su-kandidati-ujedinjeni-za-pobedu-srbije-za-poslanike/ . 7 April 2022 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  224. Web site: 4 April 2022 . Rezultati predsedničkih, parlamentarnih i beogradskih izbora 2022 . Results of the 2022 presidential, parliamentary, and Belgrade elections . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220404160230/https://crta.rs/rezultati-predsednickih-parlamentarnih-i-beogradskih-izbora-2022/ . 4 April 2022 . 26 January 2023 . CRTA . sr.
  225. Web site: Čekerevac . M. . 6 April 2022 . U Skupštini Srbije 31 stranka i pokret . In the Parliament of Serbia there are 31 parties and movements . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220922000456/https://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/504183/U-Skupstini-Srbije-31-stranka-i-pokret . 22 September 2022 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  226. Web site: 9 May 2022 . RIK usvojio konačne rezultate predsedničkih izbora . RIK adopted the final results of the presidential elections . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220929190323/https://www.danas.rs/vesti/politika/izbori22/rik-usvojio-konacne-rezultate-predsednickih-izbora/ . 29 September 2022 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  227. Web site: Latković . Nataša . 13 May 2022 . Prestrojavanja u opoziciji: Formiraju novu organizaciju, DS sve bliži Moramo . Realignments in the opposition: formation of a new organisation, DS is getting closer to We Must . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220513214434/https://nova.rs/vesti/politika/prestrojavanja-u-opoziciji-formiraju-novu-organizaciju-ds-sve-blizi-moramo/ . 13 May 2022 . 26 January 2023 . Nova . sr.
  228. Web site: 26 April 2022 . Lutovac: Već sad se razmišlja o najširem savezu umerene političke orijentacije . Lutovac: the broadest alliance of moderate political orientation is being considered . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126230948/https://n1info.rs/izbori-2022/lutovac-vec-sad-se-razmislja-o-najsirem-savezu-umerene-politicke-orijentacije/ . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  229. Web site: 28 July 2022 . NS, DS, NDMBGD i Zajedno predlažu Lutovca za potpredsednika parlamenta . NS, DS, NDMBGD, and Together propose Lutovac for the vice-president of the parliament . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126225447/https://n1info.rs/vesti/ns-ds-ndmbgd-i-zajedno-predlazu-lutovca-za-potpredsednika-parlamenta/ . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  230. Web site: Kovačević . Emina . Đurić . Vanja . 2 August 2022 . Orlić na čelu Skupštine, izabrano sedam potpredsednika, Smiljanić sekretar . Orlić as the head of the Assembly, seven vice-presidents were elected, Smiljanić as secretary . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126225449/https://n1info.rs/vesti/poslanici-biraju-predsednika-skupstine-srbije-i-sedam-potpredsednika/ . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  231. Web site: 4 September 2022 . Pokret Slobodna Srbija postaje deo Demokratske stranke . The Movement of Free Serbia becomes part of the Democratic Party . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126230001/https://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/9/politika/4941659/ds-glavni-odbor-pss-.html . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . . sr.
  232. Web site: 5 May 2023 . Opozicija pozvala građane u šetnju protiv nasilja u ponedeljak . The opposition invites citizens to march against violence on Monday . 17 May 2023 . . sr.
  233. Web site: 8 May 2023 . Protest protiv nasilja: Građani tražili ostavke, organizatori - na ulici 50.000 . Protest against violence: Citizens demanded resignations, organisers - 50,000 on the street . 17 May 2023 . . sr.
  234. Web site: 30 August 2023 . DS, SRCE, Zajedno i Rumunska partija potpisali Deklaraciju o saradnji . DS, SRCE, Together, and the Romanian part sign a Declaration on Cooperation . 30 August 2023 . N1 . sr.
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  236. Web site: Milovančević . Vojislav . 27 October 2023 . Opozicija postigla dogovor o nastupu na izborima: Saopšteno ko su kandidati i nosioci lista . The opposition reached an agreement on participation in the elections: It was announced who the candidates and representatives of the list are . 27 October 2023 . NOVA portal . sr.
  237. Web site: Milovančević . Vojislav . Latković . Nataša . 3 November 2023 . Šta piše u koalicionom sporazumu liste "Srbija protiv nasilja" . What is written in the coalition agreement of the list "Serbia against violence" . 3 November 2023 . NOVA portal . sr.
  238. Web site: 4 November 2023 . Tatjana Manojlović podnela ostavku na funkciju potpredsednice DS . Tatjana Manojlović resigns as vice-president of DS . 4 November 2023 . N1 . sr.
  239. Web site: 18 December 2023 . CeSID i IPSOS obradili 99,8 odsto uzorka: SNS-u 128 mandata, SPN-u 65 . CeSID and IPSOS processed 99.8 percent of the sample: SNS 128 mandates, SPN 65 . 19 December 2023 . N1 . sr.
  240. Web site: 18 December 2023 . Protesti opozicije pred zgradom RIK-a, traže poništavanje izbora u Beogradu . Protest of the opposition in front of the RIK building, they are demanding the annulling of the elections in Belgrade . 18 December 2023 . Al Jazeera . sr.
  241. News: 30 December 2023 . Hiljade ljudi na protestu inicijative ProGlas, poništavanje izbora jedini zahtev . Thousands of people at the protest of the ProGlas initiative, annulment of the election the only demand . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240621220819/https://www.bbc.com/serbian/lat/srbija-67843134 . 21 June 2024 . 21 June 2024 . BBC News . sr.
  242. Web site: 10 March 2024 . U Skupštini Srbije formirano 16 poslaničkih grupa . 16 parliamentary groups were formed in the Serbian Parliament . 7 July 2024 . Radio Television of Serbia . sr.
  243. News: 3 March 2024 . Skupština Beograda nije formirana, ide se na nove izbore . The Assembly of Belgrade has not been formed, new elections will be held . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240318133931/https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/srbija-vucic-izbori-beograd-skupstina/32845781.html . 18 March 2024 . 21 June 2024 . Radio Free Europe . sr.
  244. News: 26 April 2024 . Raspisani lokalni izbori u Srbiji za 2. jun . Local elections in Serbia announced for 2 June . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240515235105/https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/srbija-lokalni-izbori/32921836.html . 15 May 2024 . 21 June 2024 . Radio Free Europe . sr.
  245. News: 19 April 2024 . Opoziciona koalicija 'Srbija protiv nasilja' bez jedinstvenog stava o izlasku na izbore . The opposition coalition 'Serbia Against Violence' does not have a unified position on going to the elections . 6 July 2024 . Radio Free Europe . sr.
  246. Web site: 22 April 2024 . Predsedništvo DS potvrdilo da će poštovati stav većine u SPN o izlasku na izbore 2. juna . The DS presidency confirmed that it will respect the position of the majority in the SPN on going to the elections on 2 June . 7 July 2024 . NIN . sr.
  247. Web site: Ranković . Rade . 23 April 2024 . Posle podele unutar koalicije "Srbija protiv nasilja": Zbunjeno i članstvo i birači . After the split within the "Serbia Against Violence" coalition: Both membership and voters are confused . 6 July 2024 . Voice of America . sr.
  248. Web site: Ranković . Rade . 22 April 2024 . Raspad koalicije "Srbija protiv nasilja", deo opozicije izlazi na izbore na listi "Biram borbu!" . The collapse of the "Serbia Against Violence" coalition, part of the opposition is going to the elections on the list "I choose the fight!" . 6 July 2024 . Voice of America . sr.
  249. Web site: 2 June 2024 . Cesid: Preliminarni rezultati izbora u Beogradu . Cesid: Preliminary results of the elections in Belgrade . 6 July 2024 . NIN . sr.
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  276. Web site: 20 April 2013 . DS: Podržaće sporazum ako vlast prizna da je priznala Kosovo . DS: We will support the agreement if the government admit that it has recognised Kosovo . 3 June 2023 . Radio Television of Vojvodina . sr.
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  299. Web site: 25 November 2022 . DS: Poražavajuće je što je od ukupnog broja žrtava, svaka treća žena prethodno prijavila nasilje . DS: It is devastating that out of the total number of victims, every third woman previously reported violence . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230202071643/https://beta.rs/vesti/vesti-drustvo/171999-ds-porazavajuce-je-sto-je-od-ukupnog-broja-zrtava-svaka-treca-zena-prethodno-prijavila-nasilje . 2 February 2023 . 27 January 2023 . sr . Novinska agencija Beta.
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  304. Web site: 19 February 2022 . DS obeležila godišnjicu rođenja Tošića i 62 godine od smrti Ljube Davidovića . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230127173406/https://n1info.rs/vesti/ds-obelezila-godisnjicu-rodjenja-tosica-i-62-godine-od-smrti-ljube-davidovica/ . 27 January 2023 . 27 January 2023 . . sr.
  305. Web site: 29 May 2022 . DSS menja ime u Novi DSS, Miloš Jovanović izabran za predsednika . DSS changes its name to New DSS, Miloš Jovanović is elected president . 22 May 2023 . . sr.
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  307. Web site: 18 June 2018 . Socijalistička internacionala pozvala napredne gradjane da podrže sporazum Atine i Skoplja . The Socialist International called on progressive citizens to support the agreement between Athens and Skopje . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230202071645/https://beta.rs/vesti/vesti-region/91942-socijalisticka-internacionala-pozvala-napredne-gradjane-da-podrze-sporazum-atine-i-skoplja . 2 February 2023 . 27 January 2023 . sr . Novinska agencija Beta.
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  314. Web site: 2 September 2014 . Pajtić se sastao sa potpredsednikom Kine . Pajtić met with the Vice President of China . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206123539/https://www.rtv.rs/sr_lat/politika/pajtic-se-sastao-sa-potpredsednikom-kine_515534.html . 6 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . . sr.
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  333. Book: Jančić . Zoran . Izbori za predsednika Republike Srbije 2003. . Republički zavod za statistiku . Belgrade . 2 . sr . Elections for the President of the Republic of Serbia in 2003 . 26 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220621193041/http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/doc/arhiva/predsednik/2003/cir/3.%202003%20publikacija%20rzs.compressed.pdf . 21 June 2022 . live.
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  336. Book: Kovačević . Miladin . Izbori za predsednika Republike Srbije . 2017 . Republički zavod za statistiku . 978-86-6161-164-3 . Beograd . 9 . sr . Elections for the President of the Republic of Serbia . 14 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220126005604/https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2017/Pdf/G20176003.pdf . 26 January 2022 . live.
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