Demographics of Trinidad and Tobago explained

Place:Trinidad and Tobago
Size Of Population:1,405,646 (2022 est.)
Nation:Trinidadian and Tobagonian
Official:English
Growth:0.14% (2022 est.)
Birth:10.79 births/1,000 population
Death:8.38 deaths/1,000 population
Net Migration:-1.01 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Sr At Birth:1.04 male(s)/female
Total Mf Ratio:1.01 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
Infant Mortality:15.83 deaths/1,000 live births
Life:75.94 years
Life Male:74.02 years
Life Female:77.93 years
Fertility:1.63 children

This article is about the demography of the population of Trinidad and Tobago including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

Population

The total population of Trinidad and Tobago was 1,328,018 according to the 2011 census, an increase of 5.2% since the 2000 census. According to the total population was estimated at in, compared to only 646,000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2010 was 20.7%, 71% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 8.3% was 65 years or older.[1]

Total population
(x 1000)		Proportion
aged 0–14
(%)		Proportion
aged 15–64
(%)		Proportion
aged 65+
(%)
195064639.956.14.0
195574042.254.23.7
196084842.853.73.5
196591243.453.23.4
197094641.454.34.2
19751 01137.657.54.8
19801 08534.060.65.5
19851 17134.360.25.6
19901 22233.660.75.8
19951 25530.863.26.1
20001 26825.667.96.5
20051 29721.870.97.2
20101 32820.771.08.3

Structure of the population

Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 09.I.2011):[2]

Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total666 305661 7141 328 019100
0-447 84746 27494 1217.09
5-946 37944 95291 3306.88
10-1444 95343 01087 9636.62
15-1949 70948 67098 3787.41
20-2457 40756 833114 2408.60
25-2962 26861 250123 5179.30
30-3453 89751 683105 5807.95
35-3946 86245 67792 5386.97
40-4443 49142 67286 1636.49
45-4948 68547 42996 1137.24
50-5443 98143 20387 1846.56
55-5936 71936 49673 2155.51
60-6429 64529 00258 6474.42
65-6921 58223 05544 6393.36
70-7414 20916 07930 2892.28
75-799 28611 46320 7501.56
80+9 38413 96623 3511.76
Age group MaleFemaleTotalPercent
0-14139 179134 236273 41520.59
15-64472 665462 915935 58070.45
65+54 46164 563119 0248.96

Due to decreasing fertility, the proportion of children below the age of 15 is decreasing, while the proportion of elderly is increasing. The median age has increased from 21.6 in 1980, 24.1 in 1990, 28.1 in 2000 to 32.6 in 2011. The estimated mid-year population of 2014 is 1,344,000 (medium fertility scenario of The 2012 Revision of the World Population Prospects).[1] As of January 2019, the estimated population is 1,383,368.

Emigration

Emigration from Trinidad and Tobago, as with other Caribbean nations, has historically been high; most emigrants go to the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. Emigration has continued, albeit at a lower rate, even as the birth-rate sharply dropped to levels typical of industrialised countries. Largely because of this phenomenon, as of 2011, Trinidad and Tobago has been experiencing a low population growth rate (0.48%). More recently, there has been some return migration, chiefly from the United States after the recession of 2008, which caused a population jump in the last census in 2011.

Vital statistics

[3] [4] [5]

Average population Live birthsDeathsNatural changeCrude birth rate (per 1000)Crude death rate (per 1000)Natural change (per 1000)TFR
1934428,00012,7437,9704,77329.818.611.2
1935435,00014,3527,6186,73433.017.515.5
1936442,00014,6257,2307,39533.116.416.7
1937450,00014,2267,8486,37831.617.414.2
1938458,00015,1197,2837,83633.015.917.1
1939466,00014,5257,4917,03431.216.115.1
1940476,00016,5357,4999,03634.715.819.0
1941492,00016,4947,9068,58833.516.117.5
1942510,00017,7299,0288,70134.817.717.1
1943525,00020,2108,69911,51138.516.621.9
1944536,00020,9448,05512,88939.115.024.0
1945547,00021,6167,95913,65739.514.625.0
1946561,00021,7677,73414,03338.813.825.0
1947578,00022,3427,82814,51438.713.525.1
1948600,00023,9407,29316,64739.912.227.7
1949616,00022,9317,48715,44437.212.225.1
1950646,00023,7227,66516,05737.512.125.4
1951659,00023,8047,81515,98936.712.024.6
1952676,00022,9238,00014,92334.612.122.5
1953695,00025,5657,26218,30337.710.727.0
1954717,00029,2536,80722,44641.99.832.2
1955740,00030,2167,46222,75441.910.331.6
1956763,00027,4477,13620,31136.99.627.3
1957786,00028,8487,28321,56537.79.528.2
1958809,00029,6677,28822,37937.69.228.4
1959829,00030,5927,47623,11637.49.228.3
1960848,00032,8586,60826,25039.17.931.2
1961865,00032,8806,89125,98937.97.930.0
1962880,00034,1076,46527,64237.97.230.7
1963893,00032,8986,66826,23035.67.228.4
1964903,00032,9556,67526,28034.77.027.6
1965912,00031,9536,73125,22232.86.925.9
1966920,00030,0797,06023,01930.27.123.1
1967926,00028,4626,77521,68728.26.721.5
1968931,00028,1077,11620,99127.57.020.6
1969938,00025,1307,06818,06224.46.917.6
1970946,00025,1516,95618,12024.46.817.6
1971956,00026,1167,04418,47324.66.817.9
1972969,00028,0496,95520,09926.37.019.2
1973983,00026,2317,51718,71424.87.117.7
1974997,00026,1386,71619,42224.56.318.2
19751,011,00025,6736,89918,77425.46.818.6
19761,026,00027,1497,38819,76126.57.219.3
19771,040,00027,8957,31120,58426.87.019.8
19781,054,00028,2956,82421,47127.06.520.5
19791,069,00029,6987,06022,63827.96.621.3
19801,085,00029,8697,50622,36327.66.920.7
19811,103,00032,1777,35524,82229.46.722.7
19821,121,00032,5377,64124,89629.26.822.3
19831,139,00033,2087,54625,66229.26.622.5
19841,156,00031,5997,81923,78027.06.720.3
19851,171,00033,7198,02625,69328.86.921.9
19861,184,00031,8867,69924,18726.96.520.4
19871,195,00029,1678,05421,11324.46.717.7
19881,205,00026,9838,03618,94722.46.715.7
19891,214,00025,0728,21316,85920.76.813.9
19901,222,00023,9608,19615,76419.66.712.92.45
19911,230,00022,3688,19214,17618.26.711.52.34
19921,237,00023,0648,53314,53118.66.911.72.23
19931,244,00021,0948,80712,28717.07.19.92.13
19941,250,00019,6829,26510,41715.77.48.32.04
19951,255,00019,2589,04210,21615.37.28.11.96
19961,258,00017,9929,3768,61614.37.56.81.90
19971,261,00018,4529,1579,29514.67.37.41.84
19981,263,00017,8989,3658,53314.27.46.81.80
19991,265,00018,32110,0148,30714.57.96.61.77
20001,268,00018,1609,4788,68214.37.56.81.75
20011,272,00018,0789,7538,32514.27.76.51.74
20021,278,00016,9909,7977,19313.37.75.61.74
20031,284,00017,98910,2067,78314.07.96.11.75
20041,290,00017,2359,8727,36313.47.75.71.76
20051,294,00017,2649,8857,37913.37.65.71.77
20061,297,00018,0909,6688,42213.97.56.41.78
20071,303,00018,8899,6549,23514.57.47.11.79
20081,308,00019,88810,4639,42515.28.07.21.80
20091,310,00017,4999,6937,80613.47.46.01.80
20101,317,00019,09210,4778,61514.58.06.51.81
20111,328,00018,14110,0078,13413.77.56.21.80
20121,335,00019,8019,62710,17414.87.27.61.80
20131,340,00018,74110,3768,36514.07.76.31.79
20141,345,00018,43110,6427,78913.77.95.81.78
20151,350,00018,89611,5807,31614.08.65.41.77
20161,354,00018,37311,1457,22813.68.25.41.75
20171,356,00017,39311,6555,73812.88.64.21.74
20181,359,00017,21811,6585,56012.78.64.11.73
20191,364,00016,05811,2664,79211.88.23.6

Life expectancy at birth

PeriodLife expectancy in
Years		PeriodLife expectancy in
Years
1950–195557.91985–199068.2
1955–196060.81990–199568.4
1960–196564.11995–200068.7
1965–197064.82000–200569.3
1970–197565.52005–201070.2
1975–198066.72010–201570.8
1980–198567.3
Source: UN World Population Prospects[6]

Ethnic groups

Population of Trinidad and Tobago according to ethnic group
Ethnic
group		Census 1946Census 1960Census 1970Census 1980Census 1990Census 2000Census 2011 [7]
Number % Number % Number %Number %Number % Number %Number %
Indian195,74735.1301,94636.5373,53840.1426,66040.3453,06940.3446,27340.0 468,52435.43
African261,48546.9358,58843.3398,76542.8434,73041.1445,44439.6418,26837.5452,53634.22
Mixed78,77514.1134,74916.3133,70614.4175,15016.5207,55818.4228,08920.5301,86622.82
European including Portuguese15,2832.720,2022.411,3831.29,8500.97,2540.67,034 0.6 8,6690.65
Chinese5,6411.08,3611.07,9620.95,6700.54,3140.43,800 0.3 4,0030.30
Amerindian1,3940.11
Syrian, Lebanese or Arab8890.21,5900.21,0100.19340.1849 0.1 1,0290.08
Other6,7140.84,3320.52,9000.31,7240.21,972 0.2 2,2800.17
Unknown or undeclared1500.02910.01,3852,3500.24,8310.48,487 0.8 82,2466.22
Total557,970827,9571,058,3201,125,1281,114,7721,322,546

Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonians

See main article: Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian. Indo-Trinidadians make up the country's largest ethnic group (approximately 35.43%). Indo-Trinidadians are primarily the descendants of indentured workers from British India.

Afro-Trinidadian and Tobagonians

See main article: Afro-Trinidadian and Tobagonian. Afro-Trinidadian and Tobagonian make up the country's second largest ethnic group (approximately 34.22%). Although enslaved Africans were first imported in 1517, they constituted only 11 percent of the population (310) in 1783.[8] Many Afro-Trinbagonians have ancestors hailing from West and West-central Africa, akin to numerous other Caribbean islands and in some cases a result of later migration between the islands. This would have been from many kingdoms, states, and peoples from a range of modern-day Senegal in the north to Angola in the south. The majority of the enslaved Africans were brought in the last few years of Trinidad's Spanish colonial era, and the beginning of the British colonial period. The Cedula of Population transformed a small colony of 1,000 in 1773 to 18,627 by 1797. In the census of 1777 there were only 2,763 people recorded as living on the island, including some 2,000 Arawaks. In 1807, the UK Parliament passed the Slave Trade Act 1807 that abolished the trading of enslaved persons, and the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 abolished the practice of slavery itself. Numerous staples of Trinbagonian culture have Afro-Trinbagonian roots, such as Calypso, Carnival, and traditional dishes such as callaloo.

European Trinidadian and Tobagonians

See main article: White Trinidadian and Portuguese Trinidadian and Tobagonian. The European Trinidadian (or White Trinidadian) population is primarily descended from early settlers and immigrants. The recent census counted 8,669 people of European descent including those of Portuguese descent. These numbers do not include people who have at least some European ancestry or self-identify as African or Indian.

The French arrived mostly during the Spanish period to take advantage of free agricultural lands. Some Portuguese arrived in the mid-nineteenth century and more came at the turn of the century.[9] The Europeans who remained in Trinidad live in areas in and around Port of Spain. Furthermore, British rule led to an influx of settlers from the United Kingdom and the British colonies of the Eastern Caribbean and descendants of English indentured workers brought in as overseers following the end of the Second World War.

The Portuguese came to Tobago and Trinidad as early as the 17th century, including groups of Jews, Catholics and Protestants. For over 140 years, from 1834 up to 1975, the ancestors of the modern Portuguese community in Trinidad and Tobago hailed mostly from the archipelago of Madeira, starting from 1846, with the earliest registers being from the Azores in 1834.

Most Portuguese came directly from Madeira, and also via Guyana, St Vincent, Antigua and St Kitts.

Important communities settled in Port of Spain, Arima, Arouca, Chaguanas, San Fernando and Scarborough.

In 2011, the Madeiran Portuguese Community of Trinidad and Tobago celebrated their 165th Anniversary of arrival of the first Madeirans in Trinidad back in 1846.

Recalling the presence of the Portuguese in the nation today are over 100 Portuguese surname, some of which have become street nomenclature. As an independent nation, the country has recognised several members of the Portuguese community, through official awards.[10]

In Tobago, many white residents are retirees who have recently arrived there.

Mixed ethnicity

See main article: Multiracial. Given the large number of ethnic identities in Trinidad and Tobago, many citizens have a mixed ethnic heritage due to influences from French, West African, Indian or Han Chinese ancestry. Common ethnic mixtures include people of African and European descent (mulatto-creoles) and African and Indian descent (often colloquially known as dougla). This mixed population is estimated at around 22.8%. A Dougla person might self-identify as simply African based on physical appearance, for instance, but they might be genetically more similar to a person of Indian descent.[11] [12] [13]

Chinese-Trinidadians and Tobagonians

See main article: Chinese Trinidadian. There are groups of Chinese who, like the Indians, are descended from indentured labourers. They account for about 4,000 people and live mostly in Port-of-Spain and San Fernando.

In Trinidad there were, about twenty years ago [i.e. about 1886], 4,000 or 5,000 Chinese, but they have decreased to probably about 2,000 or 3,000, [2,200 in 1900]. They used to work in sugar plantations, but are now principally shopkeepers, as well as general merchants, miners and railway builders, etc.[14]

Arab-Trinidadians and Tobagonians

See main article: Arab. There are also more than 1,000 Arabs, originating from Syria and Lebanon who live mostly in Port-of-Spain. The Syrian and Lebanese communities of Trinidad are predominantly Christian, migrating from the Middle East in the 19th century from the Ottoman Empire later landing in the Caribbean and Latin America. Other Lebanese and Syrians came in the early to middle 20th century to escape the war and turmoil in the region.[15]

Indigenous (Caribs)

Finally, there are the mixed raced Caribs who are descended from the native, precolonial people of the islands. They are organized around the Santa Rosa Carib Community and live mostly in and around Arima.

Religion

See main article: Religion in Trinidad and Tobago.

In 2011, according to census data, Roman Catholicism was again the largest religious denomination with 285,671 followers (21.6% of the total population), having declined from a membership of 289,711 in 2000 (26% of the population). Other religious denominations that experienced decreases in their membership in 2011 were Hinduism (from 22.5% in 2000 to 18.2% in 2011), Anglican (from 7.8% to 5.7%), Presbyterian/Congregational (from 3.3% to 2.5%) and Methodist (from 0.9% to 0.7%). The number of persons claiming affiliation to Pentecostal/Evangelical/Full Gospel more than doubled from 76,327 in 2000 (6.8%) to 159,033 in 2011 (12.0%). The number of Muslims slightly increased but as proportion of the total population there was a decrease from 5.8% in 2000 to 5.0% in 2011. The category ‘None’ witnessed a small increase from 1.9% to 2.2%, while those who did not state a religion increased significantly, from 1.4% to 11.1%. Approximately 1.2% of the population are adherents of the Baháʼí Faith. The African religions and specifically Orisha have become institutions in Trinidad and Tobago's society. They serve not only the obvious religious needs but also as a source of inspiration for personal identity. Many people, motivated by the need to re-claim their African heritage can now openly support these religions because they see in them a source of understanding and a coming to terms with their enslavement and the colonial past.[16]

Language

Country:Trinidad and Tobago
Indigenous:Carib, Yaio, Shebaya (all extinct)
Immigrant:English, French, Spanish, Bhojpuri, Awadhi, Magahi, Hindi-Urdu, Sindhi, Bengali, Tamil, Telugu, Punjabi, Yoruba, Chinese, Portuguese, Arabic, several other South Asian languages and African languages

English and creoles

English is the country's official language (the local variety of standard English is Trinidadian and Tobagonian English or more properly, Trinidad and Tobago Standard English, abbreviated as "TTSE"), but the main spoken language is either of two English-based creole languages (Trinidadian Creole or Tobagonian Creole), which reflects the Amerindian, European, African, and Asian heritage of the nation. Both creoles contain elements from a variety of African and South Asian languages; Trinidadian English Creole, however, is also influenced by French and French Creole (Patois).[17]

Hindustani

The variant that is spoken in Trinidad and Tobago is known as Trinidadian Hindustani, Trinidadian Bhojpuri, Trinidadian Hindi, Indian, Plantation Hindustani, or Gaon ke Bolee (Village Speech).[18] A majority of the early Indian indentured immigrants spoke the Bhojpuri and Awadhi dialects, which later formed into Trinidadian Hindustani. In 1935, Indian movies began showing to audiences in Trinidad. Most of the Indian movies were in the Standard Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu) dialect and this modified Trinidadian Hindustani slightly by adding Standard Hindi and Urdu phrases and vocabulary to Trinidadian Hindustani. Indian movies also revitalized Hindustani among Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonians.[19] The British colonial government and estate owners had disdain and contempt for Hindustani and Indian languages in Trinidad. Due to this, many Indians saw it as a broken language keeping them in poverty and bound to the cane fields, and did not pass it on as a first language, but rather as a heritage language, as they favored English as a way out.[20] Around the mid to late 1960s the lingua franca of Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonians switched from Trinidadian Hindustani to a sort of Hindinized version of English. Today Hindustani survives on through Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian musical forms such as, Bhajan, Indian classical music, Indian folk music, Filmi, Pichakaree, Chutney, Chutney soca, and Chutney parang. As of 2003, there are about 15,633 Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonians who speak Trinidadian Hindustani and as of 2011, there are about 10,000 who speak Standard Hindi. Many Indo-Trinidadians and Tobagonians today speak a type of Hinglish that consists of Trinidadian and Tobagonian English that is heavily laced with Trinidadian Hindustani vocabulary and phrases and many Indo-Trinidadians and Tobagonians can recite phrases or prayers in Hindustani today. There are many places in Trinidad and Tobago that have names of Hindustani origin. Some phrases and vocabulary have even made their way into the mainstream English and English Creole dialect of the country.[21] [22] [23] [24] [18] [25] World Hindi Day is celebrated each year on 10 January with events organized by the National Council of Indian Culture, Hindi Nidhi Foundation, Indian High Commission, Mahatma Gandhi Institute for Cultural Co-operation, and the Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha.[26]

Spanish

In 2014, Spanish was the native language of 4,000[27] (0.3% of the total population) people in Trinidad and Tobago, being mostly made up of Venezuelan immigrants. Due to Trinidad and Tobago's proximity to Venezuela, current government regulations require that Spanish be taught in secondary education. Spanish is estimated to be spoken by around 5% of the population[28] and has been promoted by recent governments as a "first foreign language" since March 2005 due to the country's proximity to Venezuela.[29] [30]

Tamil

The Tamil language is spoken by some of the older Tamil Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian population. It is mostly spoken by the few remaining children of indentured Indian laborers from the present-day state of Tamil Nadu in India. Other speakers of the language are recent immigrants from Tamil Nadu.[31]

Chinese

The Chinese language first came to Trinidad and Tobago in 1806, when the British had brought Chinese laborers in order to determine if they were fit to use as laborers after the abolition of slavery. About 2,645 Chinese immigrants arrived in Trinidad as indentured labour between 1853 and 1866. A majority of the people who immigrated in the 19th century were from southern China and spoke the Hakka and Yue dialects of Chinese. In the 20th century after the years of indentureship up to the present-day more Chinese people have immigrated to Trinidad and Tobago for business and they speak the dialects of the indenturees along with other Chinese dialects, such as Mandarin and Min.[32]

Indigenous languages

The indigenous languages were Yao on Trinidad and Karina on Tobago, both Cariban, and Shebaya on Trinidad, which was Arawakan.[32] These languages have been extinct for over a century, but there are attempts to revive the Carib language by the Santa Rosa First Peoples Community.[33] [34]

Notes and References

  1. http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision
  2. Web site: United Nations Statistics Division - Demographic and Social Statistics. unstats.un.org.
  3. Web site: United Nations Statistics Division - Demographic and Social Statistics. Unstats.un.org. 3 October 2017.
  4. Web site: Central Statistical Office. Unstats.un.org. 3 October 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20131101212758/http://cso.planning.gov.tt/category/statistics-category/vital-statistics. 1 November 2013. dead.
  5. Web site: DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE: TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO. Caricomstats.org. 3 October 2017. 3 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170532/http://www.caricomstats.org/Files/Databases/Demography/TT.pdf. dead.
  6. Web site: World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations. 2017-07-15.
  7. Web site: Trinidad and Tobago 2011 Population and Housing Census Demographic Report.
  8. Web site: Trinidad and Tobago - HISTORY. countrystudies.us.
  9. The Portuguese of Trinidad and Tobago Jo-Anne S Ferreira Institute of Social and Economic Research The University of. The West Indies St Augustine Trinidad
  10. Trinidad & Tobago 50 Years of Independence, THE PORTUGUESE OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO, Locating an important minority, Dr Jo-Anne Ferreira Lecturer in Linguistics, UWI, St Augustine Campus, Trinidad, September 28, 2017
  11. Book: Brereton, Bridget. Race Relations in Colonial Trinidad 1870–1900. Bridget Brereton. 6 June 2002. Cambridge University Press. Google Books. 9780521523134.
  12. http://www.une.edu.au/langnet/definitions/trinidad.html Trinidad French Creole
  13. Web site: Estimates of African, European and Native American Ancestry in Afro-Caribbean Men .. Content.karger.com. 3 October 2017.
  14. Things Chinese or Notes Connected with China. 4th Edition. J. Dyer Ball (1906), New York, Charles Scribner's Son, p. 144
  15. Web site: Syrian Lebanese. Nalis.gov.tt. 3 October 2017.
  16. "Most Baha'i Nations (2010)" QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions. The Association of Religion Data Archives. 2010. Retrieved 2013-08-20.
  17. Jo-Anne Sharon Ferreira. THE SOCIOLINGUISTIC SITUATION OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO. University of the West Indies. unb.br
  18. Book: The Indian Diaspora: Dynamics of Migration. 9780761932185. Jayaram. N.. Atal. Yogesh. 24 May 2004.
  19. Book: Bala Joban: The First Indian Movie in Trinidad (1935). 9789766483227. Gooptar. Primnath. 2014. Caribbean Educational Publishers .
  20. Web site: The Hindustani language as an element of Caribbean identity . .
  21. Web site: Hindustani, Sarnami . Ethnologue.com . 2 August 2017.
  22. Web site: The Languages spoken in Trinidad and Tobago.
  23. Web site: 10,000 students graduate in Hindi.
  24. Mahabir. Kumar . December 1999 . The Impact of Hindi on Trinidadian English . Caribbean Quarterly. 45 . 4. 13–34. 10.1080/00086495.1999.11671866.
  25. Book: Frawley, William. International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set. 15 April 2020. Oxford University Press, USA. 9780195139778. en. May 2003.
  26. Web site: TT celebrates World Hindi Day. 19 January 2020. Trinidad and Tobago Newsday.
  27. Web site: EL ESPAÑOL: UNA LENGUA VIVA - INFORME 2019 .
  28. Maria Grau Perejoan, María Pilar Gea Monera. el ESPAÑOL EN TRINIDAD Y TOBAGO. cervantes.es
  29. Web site: Secretariat for the Implementation of Spanish . 10 October 2008 . Spanish road signs quite correct . Trinidad and Tobago's Newsday.
  30. Web site: FAQ . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101103080637/http://www.tradeind.gov.tt/SIS/FAQ.htm . 3 November 2010 . 10 January 2012 . The Secretariat for The Implementation of Spanish . Government of the Republic . Trinidad and Tobago.
  31. Web site: Interview with 97 yr old Mansee Subiah on Tamil Heritage in Trinidad. https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/TH2RQiJOkRg. 2021-12-11 . live. YouTube.
  32. Web site: The Languages spoken in Trinidad and Tobago.
  33. Web site: World-Systems, Globalization . 2001-12-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20011201224056/http://www.angelfire.com/ma/maxforte/renindg.html . 2001-12-01 . dead .
  34. Web site: The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad & Tobago.

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