Demographics of Thailand explained

Place:Thailand
Size Of Population:66,052,615 (December 2023)
Nation:Thai
Growth: -0.14 (2022 est.)
Birth:7.6 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death:9.0 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Net Migration:-0.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Age 0–14 Years:16.87%
Age 15–64 Years:71.20%
Age 65 Years:11.93%
Sr At Birth:1.05 male(s)/female
Total Mf Ratio:0.95 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
Infant Mortality:6.47 deaths/1,000 live births
Life:77.66 years
Life Male:74.65 years
Life Female:80.83 years
Fertility:1.0 children per woman (2022 est.)

The demographics of Thailand paint a statistical portrait of the national population. Demography includes such measures as population density and distribution, ethnicity, educational levels, public health metrics, fertility, economic status, religious affiliation, and other characteristics of the populace.

Population

Thailand's population is mostly rural. It is concentrated in the rice growing areas of the central, northeastern, and northern regions. Its urban population—principally in greater Bangkok—was 45.7 percent of the total population in 2010 according to National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB). Accurate statistics are difficult to arrive at, as millions of Thai migrate from rural areas to cities, then return to their place of origin to help with seasonal field work. Officially they have rural residency, but spend most of the year in urban areas.

Thailand's successful government-sponsored family planning program has resulted in a decline in population growth from 3.1 percent in 1960 to around 0.4 percent in 2015.[1] The World Bank forecasts a contraction of the working-age population of about 10 percent between 2010 and 2040. In 1970, an average of 5.7 people lived in a Thai household. At the time of the 2010 census, the figure was down to 3.2. Even though Thailand has one of the better social security systems in Asia, the increasing population of elderly people is a challenge for the country.[2] [3]

Life expectancy has risen, a reflection of Thailand's efforts to implement effective public health policies. The Thai AIDS epidemic had a major impact on the Thai population. In 2022, over 500,000 Thai were HIV or AIDS positive, approximately 1.1% of adult men and 0.9% of adult women. Every year, 30,000–50,000 Thai die from HIV or AIDS-related illnesses. Ninety percent of them are ages 20–24, the youngest range of the workforce. An aggressive public education campaign begun in the early-1990s reduced the number of new HIV infections from 150,000 to under 10,000 annually.[4] The leading cause of death among the age cohort under 15 years of age: drowning. A study by the Child Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Centre of Ramathibodi Hospital revealed that more than 1,400 youths under 15 years old died from drowning each year, or an average four deaths a day, becoming the top cause of deaths of children, even exceeding that of motorbike deaths. Thailand's Disease Control Department estimates that only 23 percent of Thai children under 15 can swim.[5] The Public Health Ministry said that from 2006 to 2015, 10,923 children drowned. Of the 8.3 million children aged 5–14 nationwide, only two million can swim, according to the Public Health Ministry.[6]

The United Nations classifies Thailand as an "aging society" (one-tenth of the population above 60), on track to become an "aged society" (one-fifth of the population above 60) by 2025. The Fiscal Policy Office projects that the number of Thais aged 60-plus will increase from 14 percent in 2016 to 17.5 percent in 2020, 21.2 percent in 2025, and 25.2 percent in 2030.[7] it is estimated that there are 94,000 employees aged 60 years or more in the workforce.[8]

Ethnic groups

Thailand's ethnic origins are diverse and continue to evolve. The nation's ethnic makeup is obscured by the pressures of Thaification, Thai nationalism, and social pressure, which is intertwined with a caste-like mentality assigning some groups higher social status than others. In its report to the United Nations for the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, the Thai government officially recognized 62 ethnic communities.[9] Twenty million Central Thai (together with approximately 650,000 Khorat Thai) make up approximately 20,650,000 million (34.1 percent) of the nation's population of 60,544,937[10] at the time of completion of the Mahidol University Ethnolinguistic Maps of Thailand data (1997).[11]

Thailand's report to the UN provided population numbers for mountain peoples and ethnic communities in the northeast. Thus, though over 3.288 million people in the northeast alone could not be categorised, the population and percentages of other ethnic communities c. 1997 are known and constitute minimum populations. In descending order, the largest (equal to or greater than 400,000) are:

  1. Lao (15,080,000, 24.9%) consisting of the Thai Lao[12] (14 million) and other smaller Lao groups, namely the Thai Loei (400–500,000), Lao Lom (350,000), Lao Wiang/Klang (200,000), Lao Khrang (90,000), Lao Ngaew (30,000), and Lao Ti (10,000)
  2. 6 million Khon Muang (9.9%, also called Northern Thais)
  3. 4.5 million Pak Tai (7.5%, also called Southern Thais)
  4. 1.4 million Khmer Leu (2.3%, also called Northern Khmer)
  5. 900,000 Malay (1.5%)
  6. 500,000 Nyaw (0.8%)
  7. 470,000 Phu Thai (0.8%)
  8. 400,000 Kuy/Kuay (also known as Suay) (0.7%)
  9. 350,000 Karen (0.6%).

Thailand's Ministry of Social Development and Human Security's 2015 Master Plan for the Development of Ethnic Groups in Thailand 2015–2017[13] omitted the larger, ethnoregional ethnic communities, including the Central Thai majority; it therefore covers only 9.7% of the population.

There is a significant number of Thai-Chinese in Thailand. However, Chinese origins as evidenced by surname were erased in the 1920s by royal decree, about one-sixth of Thais may have Chinese origins.[14] One scholar estimated that the Sino-Thai population, itself around 14 per cent of the total, was composed of around 56 percent Teochew, 16 percent Hakka, 12 percent Hainanese, 7 percent Hokkien, 7 percent Cantonese and 2 percent other.[15] Significant intermixing has taken place such that there are few pure ethnic Chinese, and those of partially mixed Chinese ancestry account for as much as a third to a half of the Thai population. Those assigned Thai ethnicity in the census process made up the vast majority of the population in 2010 (95.9 percent); two percent were Burmese, 1.3 percent other, and 0.9 percent unspecified.[16] Thus, the ethnosocial and genetic makeup situation is very different from that which is reported or self-claimed.

The vast majority of the Isan people, one-third of Thailand's population, are of ethnic Lao[12] with some belonging to the Khmer minority. They speak the Isan language. Additionally there have been more recent waves of immigration from Vietnam and Cambodia across porous borders due to wars and subsequent poverty over the last few decades, whose immigrants have tried to keep a low profile and blend in.

In more recent years the Isan people began mixing with the rest of the nation as urbanization and mobility increase. Myanmar's numerous ethnic wars between the army and tribes who speak more than 40 languages and control large fiefdoms or states, has led to waves of immigrants seeking refuge or work in Thailand. The makeup of Myanmar nationals is complex and includes, for example, people of Nepali ethnicity who escaped Nepal, entered Myanmar, and then emigrated to Thailand.

Following the 2014 Thai coup d'état, Thailand's Department of Employment released figures showing that 408,507 legal workers from Myanmar, Laos, and Cambodia worked in Thailand. An additional 1,630,279 Myanmar nationals of all ethnicities, 40,546 Laotians, and 153,683 Cambodians were without legal work authorization, but also worked and resided in Thailand.[17] Some 180,000 Cambodians were said to have left Thailand post-coup due to crackdown rumors, indicating government figures were an under count.[18] These statistics are merely a single snapshot and hardly authoritative as there is constant movement and much eluding of authority.

The language of the central Thai population is the educational and administrative language. Other dialects of Thai exist, most notably the Southern Thai language. Several other small Tai (not Thai) groups include the Shan, Lue, and Phu Thai.

Malay- and Yawi-speaking Muslims of the south are another significant minority group (2.3 percent), yet there are a substantial number of ethnic Malays who speak only Thai. Other groups include the Khmer; the Mon, who are substantially assimilated with the Thai, and the Vietnamese.

Smaller mountain-dwelling tribes, such as the Hmong and Mien, as well as the Karen, number about 788,024. Some 300,000 Hmong were to have received citizenship in 2010.

Thailand is also home to more than 200,000 foreigners—retirees, extended tourists, and workers from, for example, Europe, North America, and elsewhere.[19]

Languages

Thailand is dominated by languages of the Southwestern Tai family. Karen languages are spoken along the border with Burma, Khmer is spoken near Cambodia (and previously throughout central Thailand), and Malay in the south near Malaysia.

The Thai hill tribes speak numerous small languages, many Chinese retain varieties of Chinese, and there are half a dozen sign languages. Thailand has 73 living languages.[20]

The following table shows first languages in Thailand with 400,000 or more speakers according to the Royal Thai Government's 2011 Country Report to the Committee Responsible for the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.

Official first languages of Thailand with 400,000 or more speakers! Language !! Speakers !! Language Family
million Tai-Kadai
million Tai-Kadai
million Tai-Kadai
million Tai-Kadai
million Austroasiatic
million Austronesian
million Tai-Kadai
million Tai-Kadai
million Sino-Tibetan
million Austroasiatic
The following table employs 2000 census data. Caution should be exercised with Thai census data on first language. In Thai censuses, the four largest Tai-Kadai languages of Thailand (in order, Central Thai, Isan (majority Lao), Kam Mueang, Pak Tai) are not provided as options for language or ethnic group. People declaring one of these as a first language, including Lao, are assigned to "Thai".[21] This explains the disparity between the two tables. For instance, self-reporting as Lao has been prohibited, due to the prohibition of the Lao ethnonym in the context of describing Thai citizens for approximately one hundred years.[22] [23] This was due to the promotion of "Thai" national identity to cement Siamese claims over the Lao city-states of what is now northern and northeast Thailand following the 1893 Franco-Siamese crisis and subsequent threats posed by French Indochina to the Lao tributary states of Siam. The birth of a homogenizing Thai ethnocentric national identity sufficient to begin transforming Siam from an absolute monarchy into a modern nation-state was achieved by assimilating the Lao with this Thai "identity", equivalent to what is now known as the Tai–Kadai languages, under a "Greater Thai Empire", and can be traced back to at least 1902.[24] This homogenization began affecting the Thai census from 1904 onwards. The 2011 UN report data is therefore more comprehensive and better differentiates between the large Tai-Kadai languages of Thailand. As a country submission to a UN convention ratified by Thailand, it is also arguably more authoritative.
Population of Thailand above the age of 5 by language (UN statistics 2000)[25]
LanguageLanguage familyNo. of speakers
ThaiTai-Kadai52,325,037
KhmerAustroasiatic1,291,024
MalayAustronesian1,202,911
KarenSino-Tibetan317,968
ChineseSino-Tibetan231,350
MiaoHmong-Mien112,686
LahuSino-Tibetan70,058
BurmeseSino-Tibetan67,061
AkhaSino-Tibetan54,241
EnglishIndo-European48,202
TaiTai-Kadai44,004
JapaneseJaponic38,565
LawaAustroasiatic31,583
LisuSino-Tibetan25,037
VietnameseAustroasiatic24,476
YaoHmong-Mien21,238
KhmuAustroasiatic6,246
IndianSanskrit Pali5,598
Haw YunnaneseSino-Tibetan3,247
HtinAustroasiatic2,317
Others33,481
Unknown325,134
Total56,281,538

Religion

Theravada Buddhism is the official religion of Thailand. 93.5 percent are estimated to be Buddhist; 5.4 percent Muslim; 1.1 percent Christian; and 0.1 percent other or have no religion.[26]

In addition to Malay and Yawi speaking Thai and other southerners who are Muslim, the Muslim Cham of Cambodia in recent years began a large scale influx into Thailand. The government permits religious diversity, and other major religions are represented, though there is much social tension, especially in the Muslim south. Spirit worship and animism are widely practiced.

People with disabilities

According to Thailand's Social Development and Human Security Ministry, about 1.6 million Thais have some form of disability. That amounts to 2.4% of the population of 68 million.

Expatriates

The largest foreign community are the Burmese, followed by the Cambodians and Laotians.

, Thai government data showed that over 770,900 Cambodian migrants, meaning five percent of the total population of Cambodia, currently live in Thailand. Some NGOs estimate that the actual number may be up to one million.[28]

Laotians are particularly numerous considering the small size of Laos' population, about seven million, due to the lack of a language barrier. The Chinese expatriate employee population in Thailand, mostly Bangkok, has doubled from 2011 to 2016, making it the largest foreign community in Thailand not originating in a neighbouring country. Chinese hold 13.3 percent of all work permits issued in Thailand, an increase of almost one-fifth since 2015.[29] Japanese expats are on the decline, and now rank sixth, behind Chinese and British. One in every four foreigners working in Thailand formerly were Japanese, and the figure has now dropped slightly to 22.8 percent of the foreign workforce as of late-2016.[30]

Foreign residents in Thailand, according to the 2010 Census. It was found that there were 2,581,141 of foreign origins, composing around 3.87 percent of Thailand's population.[31] Migrants from Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar, the most prevalent, accounted for 1.8 million foreigners.[32]

Research by Kasikorn Bank estimated that in 2016, there were 68,300 foreigners over 50 years old—the minimum age for a retirement visa—holding long-stay visas living in Thailand, a 9% increase over the preceding two years. In 2018, Thailand issued almost 80,000 retirement visas, an increase of 30% from 2014, with Britons accounting for the majority of the new visas.[33]

In 2010 there were 27,357 Westerners living in the northeastern region, 90 percent living with Thai spouses, according to research by the College of Population Studies at Chulalongkorn University in 2017.[34]

As of 2016, up to 145,000 Taiwanese expatriates live in Thailand.[35]

Foreign residents by country of origin 2010! Nationality!! Population !! Percentage
Myanmar1,292,686
Cambodia281,292
Laos222,432
China141,553
United Kingdom85,836
Japan80,898
India46,326
United States40,230
Netherlands25,000
Germany24,383
France22,486
Vietnam17,662
Philippines17,574
Malaysia8,182
Norway2,952
Sweden2,952
Others174,236
Stateless117,315
Unknown2,147
Total population2,581,141
Foreign Expats by regions 2010
RegionPopulationPercentage
Southeast Asia1,845,788
East Asia249,204
Europe200,564
South Asia78,454
Northern America46,279
Australia and Oceania13,233
Central and South America10,608
Africa8,166
Western Asia6,634
Central Asia2,749
Stateless117,315
Unknown2,147
Total population2,581,141

Vital statistics

YearPopulation[36] Live birthsDeathsNatural changeCrude birth rate (per 1000)Crude death rate (per 1000)Natural change (per 1000)Total Fertility RateSource
195724,148,000777,436218,124559,29432.29.023.2
195824,873,000970,155208,866761,28939.08.430.6
195925,619,000801,380206,129595,25431.38.023.3
196026,388,000915,538221,853693,68534.78.426.3
1961813,805210,709603,096
1962973,634221,157752,477
19631,020,051233,192786,859
19641,119,715231,095888,620
19651,117,698216,830900,868
19661,085,594236,243849,351
19671,116,424230,622855,802
19681,200,131232,116968,015
19691,133,526243,444890,082
19701,145,293223,899921,394
19711,221,228227,990992,238
19721,189,950248,676941,274
19731,167,272293,151874,121
19741,185,869246,459939,410
19751,132,416234,550897,966
197643,213,7061,166,292237,062929,23027.05.521.54.15
197744,272,6931,079,331236,854842,47724.35.319.03.90
197845,221,6251,040,218241,146799,07223.05.317.73.66
197946,113,7561,073,436214,111859,32523.24.618.63.51
198046,961,3381,077,300247,970729,32022.95.317.63.36
198147,875,0021,062,238239,423822,81522.25.017.23.18
198248,846,9271,075,632247,402828,23022.05.017.03.00
198349,515,0741,055,802252,592803,21021.35.116.23.02
198450,583,105956,680225,282731,39819.04.514.52.70
198551,795,651973,624225,088748,53618.84.414.42.57
198652,969,204945,827218,025727,80218.04.113.92.45
198753,873,172884,043232,968651,07516.54.312.22.35
198854,960,917873,842231,227642,61516.04.211.82.26
198955,888,393905,837246,570659,26716.34.411.92.18
199056,303,273956,237252,512703,72517.04.512.52.11
199156,961,030960,556264,350696,20617.04.712.32.06
199257,788,965964,557275,313689,24416.84.812.01.98
199358,336,072957,832285,731672,10116.54.911.61.89
199459,095,419960,248305,526654,72216.35.211.11.84
199559,460,382963,678324,842638,83616.25.510.71.81
199660,116,182983,395315,467667,92816.35.211.11.85
199760,816,227880,028279,090600,93814.54.69.91.69
199861,466,178862,260344,210518,05014.05.68.41.69
199961,661,701774,349315,550382,27112.55.17.41.51
200061,878,746773,009365,741407,26812.55.96.61.53
200162,308,887790,425369,493420,93212.76.06.71.54
200262,799,872782,911380,364402,54712.56.16.41.53
200363,079,765742,183384,131358,05211.86.15.71.47
200461,973,621*813,069393,592419,47713.06.36.71.55
200562,418,054809,485395,374414,11113.06.46.61.55
200662,828,706793,623391,126402,49712.76.26.51.53
200763,038,247797,588393,255404,33312.76.36.41.54
200863,389,730784,256397,326386,93012.46.36.11.51
200963,525,062765,047393,916371,13112.16.25.91.47
201063,878,267761,689411,331350,35812.06.55.51.49
201164,076,033782,198414,670367,52812.26.55.71.55
201264,456,695780,975415,141365,83412.26.55.71.56
201364,785,909748,081426,065322,01611.66.65.01.46
201465,124,716711,081435,624275,45711.06.74.31.41
201565,729,098679,502445,964233,53810.46.93.51.45[37] [38]
201665,931,550666,207469,085197,12210.27.23.01.39
201766,188,503656,570458,010198,56010.17.03.11.38[39]
201866,413,979628,450461,818166,6329.67.12.51.36
201966,558,935596,736494,339102,3979.17.51.61.25[40]
202066,186,727569,338489,71779,6218.77.51.21.18
202166,171,439544,570563,650-19,0808.18.4-0.31.16
202266,080,812502,107595,965-93,8587.49.0-1.61.0 (e)
202366,052,615517,934565,992-48,0587.88.5-0.71.03(e)

Current vital statistics

[41]

PeriodLive birthsDeathsNatural increase
January - July 2023291,534333,413−41,879
January - July 2024260,977342,125−81,148
Difference -30,557(-10.48%) +8,712 (+2.61%) -39,269

Births and deaths

PeriodLive births per yearDeaths per yearNatural change per yearCBR1CDR1NC1TFR1IMR1
1950–1955940 000344 000596 00042.515.627.06.14130.3
1955–19601 093 000348 000745 00043.013.729.36.14108.7
1960–19651 249 000353 000896 00042.312.030.36.1390.5
1965–19701 386 000362 0001 025 00040.410.529.85.9975.5
1970–19751 371 000355 0001 016 00034.68.925.65.0563.2
1975–19801 297 000338 000959 00028.97.521.33.9250.4
1980–19851 201 000300 000901 00024.16.018.12.9538.9
1985–19901 113 000266 000848 00020.44.915.52.3029.1
1990–19951 050 000313 000737 00018.05.412.61.9922.6
1995–2000955 000373 000582 00015.66.19.51.7718.6
2000–200513.67.06.61.60
2005–201012.37.25.11.56
2010–201511.27.33.91.53
2015–202010.57.62.91.53
2020–20259.58.31.21.46
2025–20308.99.1-0.21.42
1 CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births. Sources:[42]

Life expectancy at birth

Average life expectancy at birth of the total population.[43]

PeriodLife expectancy in
Years		PeriodLife expectancy in
Years
1950–195550.81985–199069.8
1955–196053.31990–199570.2
1960–196556.11995–200070.3
1965–197058.22000–200571.2
1970–197560.72005–201073.2
1975–198063.32010–201575.2
1980–198565.82015–202076.8

Total fertility rate

Total fertility rate (TFR) in Thailand by region and year:[44]

Region 2005–06 1995–96 1985–86
Thailand (total) 1.471 2.022 2.730
Urban 1.033 1.332 1.766
Rural 1.727 2.285 2.962
Bangkok Metropolis 0.878 1.261 1.735
Central Region[45] 1.190 1.664 2.494
1.575 1.894 2.248
2.038 2.435 3.096
1.524 2.851 4.049

Total fertility rate (TFR) in Thailand by province as of 2010:[46]

Total fertility rate
Bangkok Metropolis 0.89
0.86
1.03
0.78
1.54
1.64
1.66
1.71
1.63
1.87
0.60
1.23
1.40
1.42
1.34
1.48
1.67
2.16
1.65
2.07
2.26
2.09
1.65
1.88
1.88
1.86
2.06
1.95
1.47
1.56
1.60
1.65
1.50
2.06
1.73
1.66
1.94
1.63
1.22
1.26
1.45
1.80
1.66
1.77
1.45
1.59
1.66
1.69
1.31
1.86
1.94
1.83
1.70
1.98
1.90
1.37
1.81
1.72
1.04
0.98
1.58
1.37
1.52
1.78
1.68
1.70
0.88
1.30
1.29
1.40
1.47
1.92
1.53
1.82
1.80
1.84
2.00

Population pyramids

Age groupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total33 328 64534 583 07567 911 720100
0–42 041 0711 938 7933 979 8645.86
5–92 353 1982 270 8904 624 0886.81
10–142 438 7742 327 4144 766 1887.02
15–192 593 6292 473 4025 067 0317.46
20–242 673 8462 563 3595 237 2057.71
25–292 673 2012 588 9475 262 1487.75
30–342 683 0152 637 9455 320 9607.84
35–392 673 4042 759 4165 432 8208.00
40–442 672 8912 870 5315 543 4228.16
45–492 574 4232 769 6765 344 0997.87
50–542 315 1772 503 5664 818 7437.10
55–591 854 7192 052 0303 906 7495.75
60–641 347 2511 534 6912 881 9424.24
65–69963 7281 154 9842 118 7123.12
70–74695 434908 0331 603 4672.36
75–79451 737659 6841 111 4211.64
80+323 147569 714892 8611.31
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–146 833 0436 537 09713 370 14019.69
15–6424 061 55624 753 56348 815 11971.88
65+2 434 0463 292 4155 726 4618.43
Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total32 128 24534 406 43966 534 684100
0–41 820 7221 738 0613 558 7835.35
5–91 928 8561 842 7293 771 5845.67
10–141 994 9081 899 7973 894 7055.85
15–192 173 1802 087 9434 261 1236.40
20–242 318 4252 248 6224 567 0476.86
25–292 328 5142 291 4494 619 9646.94
30–342 195 0782 192 4814 387 5596.59
35–392 285 5222 332 1544 617 6766.94
40–442 519 3952 633 7405 153 1347.75
45–492 556 5012 723 6775 280 1787.94
50–542 605 2812 844 4825 449 7638.19
55–592 320 6282 612 3194 932 9477.41
60–641 879 0792 222 1284 101 2076.16
65–691 397 2421 777 0883 174 3304.77
70–74855 1431 207 6402 062 7833.10
75–79508 729825 7151 334 4442.01
80–84269 850508 932778 7811.17
85–89126 009284 038410 0470.62
90–9437 824103 801141 6250.21
95–996 64025 42532 0660.05
100+7194 2194 9380.01
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–145 744 4865 480 58711 225 07316.87
15–6423 181 60324 188 99447 370 59771.20
65+3 202 1564 736 8587 939 01411.93

Data (The World Bank)

Life expectancy at birth

Mortality rate, under-5 (deaths per 1,000 live births)

Adolescent birth rate

CIA World Factbook demographic statistics

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.

Population

The population of Thailand is approximately 69.7 million people, with an annual growth rate of about 0.3 percent. In addition to Thais, it includes ethnic Chinese, Malay, Lao, Burmese, Cambodians, and Indians, among others. The 2010 decennial census revealed a population of 65,981,600 (up from 60,916,441 in 2000). Post-census adjustments are being made to lower reporting errors.

Age spread

According to the UN, the proportion of those over 65 will be 19.5 percent in 2030 and 25 percent by 2040.[48]

National Statistical Office (NSO) figures for 2017 show that of the Thai population of 66.18 million persons:

Population growth rate

Net migration rate

0 migrants/1,000 population (2011 est.)

Sex ratio

At birth: 1.06 males/female

Life expectancy at birth

Ethnic groups

See main article: Ethnic groups in Thailand. The CIA World Factbook lists Thai at 95.9 percent, Burmese 2 percent, others 1.3 percent, unspecified 0.9 percent. While 2 percent Burmese is accurate and reflects mainly illegal migrants, the Thai figure of 95.9 percent figures is not referenced and contradicts more detailed 2011 Royal Thai Government data which suggests ethnic Central Thai 34.1 percent, ethnic Lao[12] 24.9 percent, ethnic Khon Muang 9.9 percent, ethnic Pak Tai 7.4 percent, ethnic Khmer 2.3 percent, ethnic Malay 1.5 percent.

Literacy

Definition: age 15 and over can read and write

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Thailand Population Growth Rate 1950–2021. 2021-03-09. www.macrotrends.net.
  2. Book: Live Long and Prosper; Aging in East Asia and Pacific. 2016. World Bank. Washington, DC. 978-1-4648-0470-0. 18 January 2016.
  3. Web site: Dombrowski. Katja. Modernity has arrived. 2015-01-05. D+C Development and Cooperation. 2013-10-03.
  4. Web site: Country Factsheets: Thailand, 2016. UNAIDS. 24 November 2017.
  5. News: More parents send children to learn swimming as drowning topping cause of deaths among youths under 15. 28 Mar 2015. ThaiPBS. 2015-03-16. 2015-03-26. https://web.archive.org/web/20150326033733/http://englishnews.thaipbs.or.th/more-parents-send-children-to-learn-swimming-as-drowning-topping-cause-of-deaths-among-youths-under-15-2. dead.
  6. News: Water tops child killer list. 19 July 2016. Bangkok Post. 19 July 2016.
  7. News: Paweewun. Oranan. Sirimai. Pawee. Resetting the economy. 12 November 2016. Bangkok Post. 11 November 2016.
  8. News: Theparat. Chatrudee. Somkid presses for Thailand 4.0 labour reforms. 15 November 2016. Bangkok Post. 15 November 2016.
  9. Book: International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination; Reports submitted by States parties under article 9 of the Convention: Thailand. 28 July 2011. United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. 8 October 2016. en, th. 9 October 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161009184727/http://www.rlpd.go.th/rlpdnew/images/rlpd_1/HRC/CERD%201_3.pdf. dead.
  10. Web site: Population, total – Thailand | Data. 2023-02-06. data.worldbank.org.
  11. Book: Ethnolinguistic Maps of Thailand. 2004. Office of the National Culture Commission. 8 October 2016. th.
  12. Draper . John . Kamnuansilpa. Peerasit. 2016. The Thai Lao Question: The Reappearance of Thailand's Ethnic Lao Community and Related Policy Questions. Asian Ethnicity. 19. 81–105. 10.1080/14631369.2016.1258300. 151587930 .
  13. Book: แผนแม่บท การพัฒนากลุ่มชาติพันธุ์ในประเทศไทย(พ.ศ.2558–2560). Ministry of Social Development and Human Security. 2015. Bangkok. th. Master Plan for the Development of Ethnic Groups in Thailand 2015–2017. 2019-11-10. 2021-03-12. https://web.archive.org/web/20210312033022/http://www.harvardasia.co.th/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/503.pdf. dead.
  14. Barbara A. West (2009), Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania, Facts on File, p. 794
  15. Anderson. Benedict. RIDDLES OF YELLOW AND RED. New Left Review. January–February 2016. 97. 13 January 2018. Taken from George William Skinner, Chinese Society in Thailand: An Analytical History, New York 1957..
  16. Web site: EAST & SOUTHEAST ASIA: THAILAND. The World Factbook. CIA. 9 October 2016.
  17. News: Junta: No crackdown on foreign workers. 9 October 2016. The Nation. 2014-06-17.
  18. News: Thailand, Cambodia to quash 'rumours' after worker exodus. 9 October 2016. Bangkok Post. Agence France Presse. 2014-06-17.
  19. Web site: Bickerstaff. Bruce. An Attempt to Quantify the Number of Foreigners Living in Thailand. Burning Bison. 1 Mar 2015. Feb 2013. 14 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150914024441/http://www.burning-bison.com/expats.htm. dead.
  20. Web site: Thailand. Ethnologue. 9 October 2016.
  21. Luangthongkum, Theraphan. (2007). "The Position of Non-Thai Languages in Thailand". In Lee Hock Guan & L. Suryadinata (eds.), Language, Nation and Development in Southeast Asia (pp. 181–194). Singapore: ISEAS Publishing.
  22. Breazeale, Kennon. (1975). The Integration of the Lao States. PhD dissertation, Oxford University.
  23. Grabowsky, Volker. (1996). "The Thai census of 1904: Translation and analysis". Journal of the Siam Society, 84(1): 49–85.
  24. Streckfuss, D. (1993). "The mixed colonial legacy in Siam: Origins of Thai Racialist Thought, 1890–1910". In L. J. Sears (ed.), Autonomous histories, particular truths: Essays in Honor of John R. W. Smail (pp.123–154). Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin.
  25. Web site: UNdata | record view | Population by language, sex and urban/rural residence. 5 July 2013. data.un.org.
  26. Web site: Population by religion, region and area, 2018. NSO. 9 March 2021. 24 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210424172255/http://statbbi.nso.go.th/nso/nso_center/project/table/files/S-soc-health/2561/000/00_S-soc-health_2561_000_000000_00100.xls. dead.
  27. News: Karnjanatawe. Karnjana. Access for All?. 7 November 2016. Bangkok Post. 7 November 2016.
  28. News: Wangkiat . Paritta . Migrants face changing climate . 1 July 2018 . Bangkok Post . 1 July 2018.
  29. News: Songwanich. Suwatchai. Chinese expat community swells in Thailand. 9 January 2017. The Nation. Opinion. 9 January 2017. 9 January 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170109125053/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/news/opinion/30303702. dead.
  30. Web site: Pitchon. James. Changing Expat Profile Presents Challenges. CBRE Thailand. 9 January 2017. 16 November 2016.
  31. Web site: Population of Thailand in 2010. worldometers.info. June 30, 2017.
  32. Web site: ชาวต่างชาติในเมืองไทยเป็นใครบ้าง? (Foreigners in Thailand). Institute for Population and Social Research – Mahidol University. Patama. Vapattanawong. June 30, 2017. April 12, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190412025602/http://www.ms.ipsr.mahidol.ac.th/ConferenceXI/Download/Book/447-IPSR-Conference-A12-fulltext.pdf. dead.
  33. News: Styllis . George . Thailand's foreign retirees see their good life slip away . 6 March 2020 . Nikkei Asian Review . 5 March 2020.
  34. News: Clinic opens for Isan/farang matches . 24 August 2018 . Bangkok Post . 24 August 2018.
  35. Web site: http://www.ocac.gov.tw/OCAC/File/Attach/313/File_82347.pdf. zh:2016僑務統計年報. Statistical Yearbook of the Overseas Community Affairs Council. Overseas Community Affairs Council. 2017-09-01. 2017-10-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20171016175222/http://www.ocac.gov.tw/OCAC/File/Attach/313/File_82347.pdf. 2017-10-16. live.
  36. Web site: Population from Registration Record by Sex, 1988–2012. Statistical Yearbook Thailand 2013. National Statistical Office Thailand. 17 Feb 2015. 1 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210401215757/http://web.nso.go.th/en/pub/e_book/YEARBOOK_2013/#/75/zoomed. dead.
  37. Book: Kijsanayotin. Boonchai. Ingun. Pianghatai. Sumputtanon. Kanet. Review of National Civil Registration and Vital Statistics Systems: A case study of Thailand. Mar 2003. Thai Health Information Standards Development Center (THIS). Bangkok. 978-616-11-1913-3. 12. 15 Feb 2015. 25 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210125081406/https://www.this.or.th/files/77.pdf. dead.
  38. Web site: 4. Vital statistics summary and life expectancy at birth: 2010-2014. UNstats. United Nations. 26 January 2016.
  39. Web site: Population, birth and death throughout the Kingdom, 1993 – 2018 . National Economic and Social Development Board . 23 September 2019 . 11 February 2019 . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904063820/http://social.nesdb.go.th/SocialStat/StatReport_Final.aspx?reportid=68&template=2R1C&yeartype=M&subcatid=1 . dead .
  40. Web site: National Economic and Social Development Council. 3 August 2020. https://www.nesdc.go.th/ewt_dl_link.php?nid=3507. xls-file.
  41. Web site: Population statistics of the civil registration (monthly) .
  42. Web site: Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision.
  43. Web site: World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations – [Filter:] Thailand]. 2020-12-05. esa.un.org.
  44. http://web.nso.go.th/en/survey/popchan/data/Summary%20Results.pdf
  45. excluding Bangkok
  46. http://thailand.unfpa.org/en/publications/state-thailand%E2%80%99s-population-report-2015 The State of Thailand’s Population Report 2015: Features of Thai Families in the Era of Low Fertility and Longevity
  47. Book: Geoghegan . Tracy . End of Childhood Report 2018; The Many Faces of Exclusion . 2018 . Save the Children. 35. 978-1-888393-34-7 . 26 July 2018.
  48. News: Mala. Dumrongkiat. Prawase calls for care of ageing society. 28 May 2016. Bangkok Post. 2016-05-28.
  49. News: Jitpleecheep. Pitsinee. 23 September 2019. Taking workers out of retirement. Bangkok Post. 23 September 2019.

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