Demographics of Tanzania explained

Place:	Tanzania
Size Of Population:	63,852,892
Growth:	2.78% (2022 est.)
Nation:	Tanzanian
Official:	Kiswahili or Swahili, English
Death:	5.09 deaths/1,000 population
Birth:	33.3 births/1,000 population
Net Migration:	-0.41 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Sr At Birth:	1.03 male(s)/female
Total Mf Ratio:	1 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
Infant Mortality:	30.87 deaths/1,000 live births
Life:	70.19 years
Life Male:	68.42 years
Life Female:	72.02 years
Fertility:	4.39 children

Demographic features of the population of Tanzania include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population.

The population distribution in Tanzania is extremely uneven. Most people live on the northern border or the eastern coast, with much of the remainder of the country being sparsely populated.^[1] Density varies from 12/km2 in the Katavi Region to 3133/km2 in Dar es Salaam. Approximately 70 percent of the population is rural, although this percentage has been declining since at least 1967.^[2] Dar es Salaam is the de facto capital and largest city. Dodoma, located in the centre of Tanzania, is the de jure capital, although action to move government buildings to Dodoma has stalled.

The population consists of about 125 ethnic groups.^[3] The Sukuma, Nyamwezi, Chagga, and Haya peoples have more than 1 million members each.^[4]

Over 100 languages are spoken in Tanzania, making it the most linguistically diverse country in East Africa. Among the languages spoken in Tanzania are all four of Africa's language families: Bantu, Cushitic, Nilotic, and Khoisan. Swahili and English are Tanzania's official languages.^[5] Swahili belongs to the Bantu branch of the Niger-Congo family.^[6] The Sandawe people speak a language that may be related to the Khoe languages of Botswana and Namibia, while the language of the Hadzabe people, although it has similar click consonants, is arguably a language isolate.^[7] The language of the Iraqw people is Cushitic.^[8] Other languages are Indian languages and Portuguese (spoken by Goans and Mozambicans).

Non-Africans residing on the mainland and Zanzibar account for 1 percent of the total population. The Asian community including Hindus, Sikhs, Shi'a and Sunni Muslims, Parsis, and Goans, exceed 60,000. An estimated 70,000 Arabs and 20,000 Europeans (90 percent of which are from the British diaspora) reside in Tanzania. Over 100,000 people living in Tanzania are of Asian or European ancestry.^[9]

Based on 1999–2003 data, over 74,000 Tanzanian-born people were living in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries, with 32,630 residing in the United Kingdom; 19,960 in Canada; 12,225 in the United States; 1,714 in Australia; 1,180 in the Netherlands; and 1,012 in Sweden.^[10]

Population

According to the 2012 census, the total population was 44,928,923 compared to 12,313,469 in 1967,^[11] resulting in an annual growth rate of 2.9 percent. The under 15 age group represented 44.1 percent of the population, with 35.5 percent being in the 15–35 age group, 52.2 percent being in the 15–64 age group, and 3.8 percent being older than 64.^[12]

According to the 2012 revision of the World Population Prospects, children below the age of 15 constituted 44.8 percent of the total population, with 52.0 percent aged 15–64 and 3.1 percent aged 65 or older.^[13]

	Total population	Population aged 0–14 (%)	Population aged 15–64 (%)	Population aged 65+ (%)
1950	7,650,000	46.0	51.8	2.2
1955	8,741,000	45.7	52.0	2.3
1960	10,074,000	45.8	51.8	2.4
1965	11,683,000	45.8	51.7	2.4
1970	13,605,000	46.2	51.3	2.5
1975	15,978,000	46.4	51.1	2.6
1980	18,687,000	46.5	50.8	2.6
1985	21,850,000	46.4	51.0	2.7
1990	25,485,000	46.0	51.3	2.7
1995	29,944,000	45.3	51.9	2.8
2000	34,021,000	44.8	52.3	2.9
2005	38,824,000	44.6	52.4	3.0
2010	44,793,000	44.8	52.0	3.1

Structure of the population

Structure of the population (01.07.2013) (Estimates) (Projections based on the 2002 Population Census.):^[14]

Age Group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	23 267 957	23 864 623	47 132 580	100
0-4	4 191 004	4 121 103	8 312 107	17.64
5-9	3 608 891	3 551 955	7 160 846	15.19
10-14	2 735 494	2 728 687	5 464 181	11.59
15-19	2 494 983	2 490 960	4 985 943	10.58
20-24	2 179 173	2 160 970	4 340 143	9.21
25-29	1 730 600	1 754 007	3 484 607	7.39
30-34	1 289 114	1 563 083	2 852 197	6.05
35-39	1 207 182	1 394 428	2 601 610	5.52
40-44	1 032 605	1 088 697	2 121 302	4.50
45-49	770 149	797 868	1 568 017	3.33
50-54	604 621	629 580	1 234 201	2.62
55-59	422 141	459 343	881 484	1.87
60-64	347 604	387 334	734 938	1.56
65-69	223 365	243 517	466 882	0.99
70-74	179 960	207 795	387 755	0.82
75-79	115 076	130 796	245 872	0.52
80+	135 995	154 500	290 495	0.62
Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0-14	10 535 389	10 401 745	20 937 134	44.42
15-64	12 078 172	12 726 270	24 804 442	52.63
65+	654 396	736 608	1 391 004	2.95

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2020) (Projections based on the 2012 Population Census.): ^[15]

Age Group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	28 229 599	29 408 029	57 637 628	100
0–4	4 972 289	4 878 738	9 851 027	17.09
5–9	4 013 263	3 968 953	7 982 216	13.85
10–14	3 582 899	3 568 790	7 151 689	12.41
15–19	3 014 118	3 041 114	6 055 232	10.51
20–24	2 656 362	2 674 122	5 330 484	9.25
25–29	2 042 003	2 333 256	4 375 259	7.59
30–34	1 642 384	1 971 517	3 613 901	6.27
35–39	1 464 246	1 732 225	3 196 471	5.55
40–44	1 241 782	1 330 290	2 572 072	4.46
45–49	1 032 732	1 113 792	2 146 524	3.72
50–54	758 908	762 341	1 521 249	2.64
55–59	605 139	713 099	1 318 238	2.29
60–64	411 344	406 728	818 072	1.42
65-69	312 655	351 895	664 550	1.15
70-74	199 196	211 801	410 997	0.71
75-79	141 944	180 717	322 661	0.56
80+	138 335	168 651	306 986	0.53
Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0–14	12 568 451	12 416 481	24 984 932	43.35
15–64	14 869 018	16 078 484	30 947 502	53.69
65+	792 130	913 064	1 705 194	2.96

Vital statistics

The Tanzanian Demographic and Health Survey 2010 estimated that the infant mortality rate for 2005–10 was 51. Registration of other vital events in Tanzania is not complete. The Population Department of the United Nations prepared the following estimates.^[16]

	Mid-year population (thousands)	Live births (thousands)	Deaths (thousands)	Natural change (thousands)	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death rate (per 1000)	Natural change (per 1000)	Total fertility rate (TFR)	Infant mortality (per 1000 births)
1950	7 632	365	168	197	47.7	22.0	25.8	6.49	145.0
1951	7 835	376	170	205	48.0	21.7	26.2	6.51	144.0
1952	8 045	387	174	213	48.1	21.7	26.5	6.53	143.1
1953	8 264	399	178	221	48.3	21.6	26.8	6.56	142.1
1954	8 490	411	182	229	48.5	21.4	27.0	6.58	141.2
1955	8 726	425	186	239	48.7	21.4	27.3	6.61	140.4
1956	8 970	439	191	248	48.9	21.3	27.6	6.65	139.7
1957	9 224	454	196	258	49.2	21.2	28.0	6.69	138.9
1958	9 488	467	201	266	49.2	21.1	28.1	6.70	138.1
1959	9 760	482	206	276	49.3	21.1	28.3	6.72	137.4
1960	10 042	496	211	285	49.4	21.0	28.4	6.73	136.6
1961	10 338	512	216	296	49.6	20.9	28.7	6.75	135.8
1962	10 645	528	221	307	49.6	20.8	28.8	6.76	134.9
1963	10 960	544	226	318	49.7	20.6	29.0	6.77	133.9
1964	11 290	560	231	329	49.6	20.4	29.2	6.78	132.7
1965	11 631	576	235	341	49.5	20.2	29.3	6.78	131.5
1966	11 982	593	239	354	49.5	20.0	29.5	6.79	130.1
1967	12 346	609	243	367	49.4	19.7	29.7	6.80	128.6
1968	12 740	628	245	383	49.4	19.2	30.1	6.84	127.1
1969	13 168	651	248	403	49.5	18.8	30.7	6.88	125.6
1970	13 618	675	252	423	49.7	18.5	31.1	6.91	124.0
1971	14 092	701	257	444	49.8	18.3	31.6	6.94	122.3
1972	14 596	725	262	463	49.8	18.0	31.8	6.95	120.5
1973	15 124	752	266	487	49.8	17.6	32.2	6.96	118.7
1974	15 671	781	272	510	49.9	17.4	32.6	7.00	116.7
1975	16 244	808	277	531	49.8	17.1	32.7	7.00	114.7
1976	16 839	832	281	551	49.5	16.7	32.8	6.99	112.6
1977	17 455	860	285	576	49.3	16.3	33.0	6.99	110.5
1978	18 080	887	289	598	49.1	16.0	33.1	6.98	108.7
1979	18 699	909	292	617	48.6	15.6	33.0	6.95	107.1
1980	19 298	930	297	632	48.1	15.4	32.7	6.91	106.2
1981	19 891	950	303	647	47.7	15.2	32.5	6.85	105.8
1982	20 500	973	311	663	47.4	15.1	32.3	6.80	105.8
1983	21 171	998	320	678	47.2	15.1	32.1	6.75	106.0
1984	21 857	1 017	329	688	46.5	15.1	31.4	6.67	106.1
1985	22 570	1 038	337	700	46.1	15.0	31.1	6.57	105.8
1986	23 324	1 059	345	714	45.4	14.8	30.6	6.48	105.0
1987	24 099	1 082	353	729	45.0	14.7	30.3	6.40	103.8
1988	24 844	1 110	360	749	44.6	14.5	30.1	6.37	102.5
1989	25 523	1 130	369	761	44.2	14.4	29.8	6.29	101.1
1990	26 206	1 149	380	769	43.8	14.5	29.3	6.20	99.9
1991	26 891	1 171	391	781	43.5	14.5	29.0	6.14	98.9
1992	27 581	1 190	404	787	43.1	14.6	28.5	6.08	98.2
1993	28 469	1 211	414	798	42.8	14.6	28.2	6.01	97.1
1994	29 598	1 250	426	824	42.5	14.5	28.0	5.93	96.2
1995	30 560	1 300	440	860	42.5	14.4	28.1	5.87	95.0
1996	31 141	1 334	450	884	42.5	14.3	28.2	5.85	93.4
1997	31 786	1 353	460	893	42.5	14.5	28.1	5.84	91.5
1998	32 626	1 386	464	922	42.4	14.2	28.2	5.79	88.7
1999	33 500	1 415	459	956	42.2	13.7	28.5	5.73	85.4
2000	34 464	1 453	457	996	42.1	13.3	28.9	5.69	81.6
2001	35 414	1 495	452	1 043	42.1	12.7	29.4	5.67	77.4
2002	36 354	1 525	447	1 078	41.9	12.3	29.6	5.62	73.1
2003	37 334	1 565	437	1 128	41.8	11.7	30.2	5.61	69.0
2004	38 361	1 613	433	1 179	42.0	11.3	30.7	5.61	65.4
2005	39 440	1 662	430	1 232	42.1	10.9	31.2	5.61	62.1
2006	40 562	1 696	428	1 269	41.7	10.5	31.2	5.56	59.2
2007	41 716	1 719	424	1 295	41.1	10.2	31.0	5.49	56.4
2008	42 871	1 748	422	1 325	40.7	9.8	30.8	5.43	54.0
2009	43 958	1 773	415	1 358	40.2	9.4	30.8	5.36	51.5
2010	45 111	1 795	401	1 394	39.7	8.9	30.8	5.29	49.5
2011	46 416	1 816	392	1 424	39.1	8.4	30.6	5.21	47.4
2012	47 786	1 833	382	1 451	38.3	8.0	30.3	5.10	45.5
2013	49 254	1 908	375	1 533	38.7	7.6	31.1	5.12	43.9
2014	50 815	1 978	369	1 609	38.9	7.3	31.6	5.12	42.2
2015	52 543	2 032	365	1 667	38.7	7.0	31.8	5.09	41.1
2016	54 402	2 086	361	1 725	38.4	6.7	31.7	5.03	39.8
2017	56 267	2 140	360	1 780	38.1	6.4	31.7	4.99	38.6
2018	58 090	2 181	359	1 822	37.5	6.2	31.3	4.92	37.3
2019	59 873	2 224	360	1 864	37.1	6.0	31.1	4.86	36.3
2020	61 705	2 262	381	1 881	36.7	6.2	30.5	4.80	35.3
2021	63 588	2 303	396	1 907	36.2	6.2	30.0	4.73	34.3

Life expectancy

Period	Life expectancy in Years^[17]
1950–1955	41.25
1955–1960	43.03
1960–1965	44.31
1965–1970	45.83
1970–1975	47.70
1975–1980	49.90
1980–1985	50.64
1985–1990	50.86
1990–1995	49.61
1995–2000	50.06
2000–2005	53.65
2005–2010	58.82
2010–2015	62.78
2020	66.40
2021	66.20

Population numbers

Source:^[18]

Region	1967 (Population / Crude Birth Rate / Total Fertility Rate)	1978 (Population / Crude Birth Rate / Total Fertility Rate)	1988 (Population / Crude Birth Rate / Total Fertility Rate)	2002 (Population / Crude Birth Rate / Total Fertility Rate)	2012 (Population / Crude Birth Rate / Total Fertility Rate)
Tanzania, including Zanzibar	12,313,469 / 47 / 7.3	17,036,499 / 49 / 6.3	22,455,207 / 47 / 5.4	33,461,849 / 43 / 4.2	44,928,923 / /
Zanzibar	354,815 / 48 / 7.3	476,111 / 48 / 7.1	640,675 / 49 / 6.4	981,754 / 43 / 4.5	1,303,569 / /

Fertility and Births (Demographic and Health Surveys)

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR):^[19]

Year	CBR (Total)	TFR (Total)	CBR (Urban)	TFR (Urban)	CBR (Rural)	TFR (Rural)	CBR (Zanzibar)	TFR (Zanzibar)
1991-1992	42.8	6.25 (5.57)	42.1	5.14	43.0	6.59 (5.91)
1996	40.8	5.82 (5.1)	36.3	4.11 (3.5)	41.9	6.34 (5.5)
1999	41.4	5.55 (4.8)	34.4	3.16 (2.9)	43.5	6.48 (5.5)
2004-2005	42.4	5.7 (4.9)	34.6	3.6 (3.1)	44.8	6.5 (5.6)	38.0	5.3 (4.6)
2010	38.1	5.4 (4.7)	35.0	3.7 (3.3)	39.0	6.1 (5.3)	35,9	5.1 (4.8)
2015-16	37.2	5.2 (4.5)	35.1	3.8 (3.4)	38.1	6.0 (5.1)	36.3	5.1 (4.6)
2017	35.5	4.9	31.0	3.5	37.3	5.7	33.7	4.5
2022	33.8	4.8 (4.4)	31.9	3.6 (3.4)	34.6	5.5 (5.0)	33.8	4.7 (4.3)

Total fertility rate in Tanzania

Fertility rates are estimated by Surveys (TDHS) and Census in different times.TDHS surveys estimated these fertility rates: 6.3 (1991–92), 5.8 (1996), 5.7 (2004–05), 5.4 (2010)and 2002 Census said 6.3 ^[20]

Region	1967^[21]	1978	1988	2006-09^[22]	2017^[23]
Tanzania (country total)	7.3	6.3	5.4	5.4	4.9
Dodoma (capital)	7.6	6.2	5.9		6.0
Arusha	7.5	7.0	6.0		3.2
Kilimanjaro	8.9	7.5	5.8		3.4
Tanga	7.7	6.2	5.1		4.6
Morogoro	6.2	6.5	4.3		3.7
Pwani	5.8	6.1	5.4		3.8
Dar es Salaam	5.0	5.4	3.4		2.8
Lindi	-	5.4	4.6		3.9
Mtwara	5.7	4.9	4.5		3.3
Ruvuma	7.1	6.1	5.0		3.7
Iringa	7.8	6.3	4.9		4.5
Mbeya	8.1	6.3	4.7		4.7
Singida	6.3	5.9	5.7		7.4
Tabora	6.7	6.0	5.4		6.9
Rukwa	-	6.1	6.2		5.7
Kigoma	6.6	7.2	6.5		5.7
Shinyanga	8.7	6.9	6.3		5.5
Kagera	7.5	7.3	6.9		4.7
Mwanza	8.1	7.1	6.1		6.0
Mara	8.0	6.9	5.9		6.4
Manyara	-	-	-		6.0
Njombe	-	-	-		4.2
Simiyu	-	-	-		7.6
Geita	-	-	-		6.9
Katavi	-	-	-		6.7
Songwe	-	-	-		5.4
Tanzania Mainland	7.3	6.3	5.4	5.4	4.9
North Unguja	-	7.1	7.0		4.5
South Unguja	-	6.2	6.5		3.2
Urban West	-	6.1	5.2		3.6
North Pemba	-	8.3	6.9		6.3
South Pemba	-	8.2	7.6		5.5
Tanzania Zanzibar	7.3	7.1	6.4	5.1	4.5

Other demographic statistics

The following demographic statistics of Tanzania in 2022 are from the World Population Review.

• One birth every 14 seconds
• One death every 1 minutes
• One net migrant every 13 minutes
• Net gain of one person every 18 seconds

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.

Population

63,852,892 (2022 est.)

55,451,343 (July 2018 est.)

48,261,942 (July 2013 est.)

Religions

Christian 63.1%, Muslim 34.1%, folk religion 1.1%, Buddhist <1%, Hindu <1%, Jewish <1%, other <1%, unspecified 1.6% (2020 est.)

note: Zanzibar is almost entirely Muslim

Age structure

0-14 years: 42.7% (male 12,632,772/female 12,369,115)

15-24 years: 20.39% (male 5,988,208/female 5,948,134)

25-54 years: 30.31% (male 8,903,629/female 8,844,180)

55-64 years: 3.52% (male 954,251/female 1,107,717)

65 years and over: 3.08% (male 747,934/female 1,056,905) (2020 est.)

0-14 years: 43.4% (male 12,159,482 /female 11,908,654)

15-24 years: 20.03% (male 5,561,922 /female 5,543,788)

25-54 years: 30.02% (male 8,361,460 /female 8,284,229)

55-64 years: 3.51% (male 872,601 /female 1,074,480)

65 years and over: 3.04% (male 706,633 /female 978,094) (2018 est.)

Median age

total: 18.2 years. Country comparison to the world: 212nd

male: 17.9 years

female: 18.4 years (2020 est.)

total: 17.9 years. Country comparison to the world: 215th

male: 17.6 years

female: 18.2 years (2018 est.)

total: 17.3 years

male: 17.0 years

female: 17.6 years (2013 est.)

Birth rate

33.3 births/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 21st

35.3 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 19th

Death rate

5.09 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 192nd

7.5 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 112nd

Total fertility rate

4.33 children born/woman (2023 est.) Country comparison to the world: 19th

4.39 children born/woman (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 20th

4.71 children born/woman (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 20th

Population growth rate

2.78% (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 13th

2.74% (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 14th

Mother's mean age at first birth

19.8 years (2015/16 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

Contraceptive prevalence rate

38.4% (2015/16)

Net migration rate

-0.41 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 123rd

-0.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 127th

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 93.4 (2015 est.)

youth dependency ratio: 87.4 (2015 est.)

elderly dependency ratio: 6 (2015 est.)

potential support ratio

16.6 (2015 est.)

Urbanization

urban population: 36.7% of total population (2022)

rate of urbanization: 4.89% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population: 33.8% of total population (2018)

rate of urbanization: 5.22% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk: very high (2020)

food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

vectorborne diseases: malaria, dengue fever, and Rift Valley fever

water contact diseases: schistosomiasis

animal contact diseases: rabies

Ethnic groups

mainland - African 99% (of which 95% are Bantu consisting of more than 130 tribes), other 1% (consisting of Asian, European, and Arab); Zanzibar - Arab, African, mixed Arab and African. Around 100,000 people living in Tanzania are from Europe or Asia.

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15–54 years: 1.00 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.75 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2013 estimate)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 70.19 years. Country comparison to the world: 169th

male: 68.42 years

female: 72.02 years (2022 est.)

total population: 63.1 years

male: 61.6 years

female: 64.6 years (2018 est.)

total population: 60.76 years

male: 59.48 years

female: 62.09 years (2013 estimate)

HIV/AIDS

See main article: article and HIV/AIDS in Tanzania.

Age 15-49 HIV infection rates:

4.5 percent overall,^[24] with 6.2 percent of women^[25] and 3.8 percent of men^[26] being infected.^[27]

People living with HIV/AIDS:

1.5 million (2017 est.)^[28]

Deaths:

32,000 (2017 est.)

Languages

See main article: article and Languages of Tanzania.

• Kiswahili or Swahili or Kiunguja (in Zanzibar) (official)^[29]
• English (official)^[29]
• Arabic (widely spoken in Zanzibar)^[29]

Education expenditures

3.1% of GDP (2020) Country comparison to the world: 146th

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write Swahili, English, or Arabic

total population: 77.9%

male: 83.2%

female: 73.1% (2015 est.)

total population: 69.4%

male: 77.5%

female: 62.2% (2003 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 9 years

male: 9 years

female: 9 years (2020)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

total: 3.9%

male: 3.1%

female: 4.6% (2014 est.)

Religions

See main article: article and Religion in Tanzania.

Most Tanzanians are nowadays Christians and Muslims. The numerical relationship between followers of the two religions is regarded as politically sensitive and questions about religious affiliation have not been included in census questionnaires since 1967.

For many years estimates have been repeated that about a third of the population each follows Islam, Christianity and traditional religions.^[30] As there is likely no longer such a large percentage of traditional religionists,^[31] a range of competing estimates has been published giving one side or the other a large share or trying to show equal shares.

Estimates from the Pew Report Islam and Christianity (2010) were 60% Christian and 36% Muslim.^[32]

The remainder of the population are Hindus, Buddhists, animists, and unaffiliated. Most Christians are Roman Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican or Pentecostal, though a number of other churches, as Seventh-Day Adventist, and Eastern Orthodox Christians are also represented in the country. Most Tanzanian Muslims are Sunni Muslims, though there are also populations of Ibadi, Shia, Ahamadiya, Bohora. Muslims are concentrated in coastal areas and in mainland areas along former caravan trade routes.

See also

• List of ethnic groups in Tanzania

Notes and References

1. "Economy", authored by Joseph Lake, in Africa South of the Sahara, edited by Europa Publications and Iain Frame, Routledge, 2013
2. Web site: "Report reveals rapid rural-urban migration", The Citizen, reported by Athuman Mtulya, 26 September 2013. 23 November 2014. 10 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180710194919/http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/Report-reveals-rapid-rural--urban-migration-/-/1840392/2006950/-/m6w9qv/-/index.html. dead.
3. Book: Levinson, David. Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook. 26 August 1998. Oryx Press. 9781573560191. Google Books.
4. Book: Otiso, Kefa M.. Culture and Customs of Tanzania. 24 January 2013. ABC-CLIO. 9780313087080. Google Books.
5. Book: "East Africa", authored by Silvester Ron Simango, in Sociolinguistics: Regional overview, edited by Ulrich Ammon, published by Walter de Gruyter, 2006, pages 1966-7. 2005. Walter de Gruyter. 9783110184181.
6. Web site: Swahili - A language of Tanzania . Ethnologue . 9 February 2014.
7. Book: Blench, Roger. Archaeology, Language, and the African Past. 22 June 2006. Rowman Altamira. 9780759114210. Google Books.
8. Web site: "Iraqw", Ethnologue: Languages of the World, edited by M. Paul Lewis, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig, SIL International, Seventeenth edition, Dallas, Texas, USA, accessed 14 October 2014.
9. Web site: Tanzania History and Information - Safari Info for Tanzania. www.eyesonafrica.net. 2020-05-28.
10. Web site: Country-of-birth database . . 10 July 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090617032129/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/23/34792376.xls . 17 June 2009 .
11. http://www.nbs.go.tz/sensa/PDF/Census%20General%20Report%20-%2029%20March%202013_Combined_Final%20for%20Printing.pdf Population Distribution by Administrative Units, United Republic of Tanzania, 2013
12. Web site: Tanzania in figures 2012, National Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Finance, June 2013, page 23. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20131126120431/http://www.nbs.go.tz/takwimu/references/Tanzania_in_figures2012.pdf. 2013-11-26.
13. Web site: World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations. esa.un.org.
14. Web site: United Nations Statistics Division - Demographic and Social Statistics. unstats.un.org.
15. Web site: UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics.
16. Web site: World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations . 2022-07-13 . population.un.org.
17. Web site: World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations. esa.un.org. 2018-08-26.
18. Web site: Analytical Report, 2002 Census, United Republic of Tanzania. 2013-03-12. https://web.archive.org/web/20120417080712/http://www.nbs.go.tz/takwimu/references/2002popcensus.pdf. 2012-04-17. dead.
19. Web site: MEASURE DHS: Demographic and Health Surveys. microdata.worldbank.org.
20. Web site: Archived copy . 2012-01-02 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120913152403/http://www.nbs.go.tz/takwimu/references/2010TDHS.pdf . 2012-09-13 .
21. Web site: 2002 Census, United Republic of Tanzania. 2013-03-12. https://web.archive.org/web/20120417080712/http://www.nbs.go.tz/takwimu/references/2002popcensus.pdf. 2012-04-17. dead.
22. http://www.nbs.go.tz/takwimu/references/2010TDHS.pdf Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey 2010, Tanzania National Bureau of Standards, funding provided by the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (Tanzania), Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre, Department for International Development (United Kingdom), World Health Organization/Zanzibar, United Nations Fund for Population Activities, United Nations Children's Fund, World Food Programme, United Nations Development Programme, and Irish Aids, technical assistance provided by ICF Macro through its MEASURE DHS programme, survey conducted 19 December 2010 to 23 May 2011, with results applying to the preceding three-year period
23. Web site: STATcompiler. www.statcompiler.com. 2020-02-17.
24. At a 95 percent confidence level, the rate was 4.6 to 5.6 percent. Refer to page 202 of the survey.
25. At a 95 percent confidence level, the rate was 5.5 to 6.8 percent. Refer to page 202 of the survey.
26. At a 95 percent confidence level, the rate was 3.2 to 4.5 percent. Refer to page 202 of the survey.
27. Web site: Tanzania HIV/AIDS and Malaria Indicator Survey 2011-12, authorized by the Tanzania Commission for AIDS (TACAIDS) and the Zanzibar Commission for AIDS; implemented by the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics in collaboration with the Office of the Chief Government Statistician (Zanzibar); funded by the United States Agency for International Development, TACAIDS, and the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, with support provided by ICF International; data collected 16 December 2011 to 24 May 2012; report published in Dar es Salaam in March 2013. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20141020181026/http://www.nbs.go.tz/takwimu/this2012/THMIS2011-12FReport.zip. 20 October 2014.
28. Web site: UNAIDS World AIDS Day Report 2012, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, page 7.
29. Web site: Africa :: TANZANIA. 19 April 2022. CIA The World Factbook.
30. So repeated here: Web site: (USA government). Central Intelligence Agency. The World Fact Book. 25 May 2014.
31. note continued adherence to traditional beliefs also among Christians and Muslims:"(In Tanzania) more than half the people surveyed believe that sacrifices to ancestors or spirits can protect them from harm." see Pew report Christians and Muslims in Subsaharan Africa (2010)
32. Web site: Tolerance and Tension: Islam and Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa. https://web.archive.org/web/20160312190819/https://www.pewforum.org/files/2010/04/sub-saharan-africa-full-report.pdf. dead. 2016-03-12. 20. 25 April 2018. April 2010. Pew Forum on Religious & Public life.