Demographics of Poland explained

Place:Poland
Size Of Population:37,940,000 (2022 est.)
Nation:Pole
Major Ethnic:Polish - 98.6%
Official:Polish
Growth:-0.26% (2022 est.)
Birth:8.7 births/1,000 population
Death:13.6 deaths/1,000 population
Net Migration:-0.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Life:78.76 years
Life Male:75.02 years
Life Female:82.73 years
Fertility:1.26 children
Infant Mortality:4.16 deaths/1,000 live births

The demographics of Poland constitute all demographic features of the population of Poland including population density, ethnicity, education level, the health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population.

According to the 2021 census by the Polish Central Statistical Office (GUS), as of March 31, 2021, Poland had an official population of 38,036,118,[1] a decrease of 0.9% since the 2011 census, and a usually resident population of 37,019,327,[2] a 2.7% decrease since the 2011 census. The difference between official and usually resident population comes from two different methodologies used by GUS for population counts.[3] In addition, Poland is home to a large number of foreigners, most of whom are not counted towards the official population of the country. As of the 2021 census, there were 1,433,779 of them in Poland.[4]

Poland's population has been growing quickly after World War II, during which the country lost millions of citizens. Population passed 38 million in the late 1980s and has since then stagnated within the 38.0-38.6 million range until the 2020s where the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, the baby boom generation starting to die out and a baby boost started to overlap.

59.8% of the Polish population lives in urban areas, a number which is continuously declining due to suburbanization. In 2018, the average life expectancy was 77.9 years; 74.1 for men and 82 for women. Population distribution is uneven, with densely populated south, moderately populated center and south-east and scarcely populated north.

Ethnically, Poland used to be one of the most multi-ethnic countries in Europe before World War II. It hosted the largest Jewish community in Europe, with Warsaw being the largest concentration of Jews in the world besides New York City. In the eastern parts of the country, Ukrainians and Belarusians often outnumbered Poles, while in the west there were large German communities. After the war, Poland became an ethnically homogeneous country. However, in the last decade Poland witnessed a mass-scale migration to the country, mostly from the neighboring Ukraine and Belarus and increasingly from Central and Southern Asia.

In connection with the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, as part of the Russo-Ukrainian War, by 2 August 2022, more than 10.4 million Ukrainian refugees left the territory of Ukraine, moving to the countries closest to the west of Ukraine, of which more than 5.1 million people fled to neighboring Poland initially.[5] As of September 2023, 958,120 Ukrainian refugees continue to reside in Poland.[6] They are also not counted towards official or usually resident population.

History

For many centuries, until the end of World War II in 1945, the population of Poland included many significant ethnic minorities.[7]

1945-1989

The population of Poland decreased from more than 35 million in 1939 to less than 24 million in 1946. Of that, around 6 million were killed during the Holocaust, Porajmos, and German and Soviet occupations, while the remaining decline can be mostly attributed to altered borders and associated population expulsions of Germans and Ukrainians and resettlement of Poles. As a result, Poland became one of the most ethnically homogeneous areas in Europe.

Poland's population has been rising consistently in the 1945-1989 period, to 37.96 million in 1989. This growth has been fully fueled by positive natural change (more births than deaths), as net international migration was negative for Poland every year between 1966 and 1989, even despite the socialist government's restrictions on leaving the country for any reason. 578,405 people emigrated from Poland between 1966 and 1989,[8] with the main destination countries being Germany (388,137) and United States (50,453).

1990–present

Since 1990, Poland's population stagnated at 38.0-38.6 million, with the median age rising due to low birth rates. Official population statistics are a point of debate in Poland,[9] though, with many academics criticizing the Polish Central Statistical Office (GUS) for failing to adapt to successfully capture internal and international migration in particular. Already the 2002 census revealed Poland had 402,000 residents less than expected,[10] and subsequent censuses reflected neither the mass emigration of Poles after Poland's admission to the European Union in 2004, nor the mass immigration to Poland since 2014.[11]

Population

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2019.

Fertility

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.

Birth rate:
  • 9.3 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 202nd
    Total fertility rate
  • 1.36 children born/woman (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 214th
    Mother's mean age at first birth
  • 27.4 years (2014 est.)

    Life expectancy

    PeriodLife expectancy in Years
    1950–195561.4
    1955–196065.9
    1960–196568.3
    1965–197069.8
    1970–197570.3
    1975–198070.4
    1980–198570.7
    1985–199070.7
    1990–199571.2
    1995–200072.7
    2000–200574.6
    2005–201075.6
    2010–201577.0
    2015–202077.6
    Source: UN World Population Prospects

    Age structure

    0-14 years: 14.8% (male 2,924,077 /female 2,762,634)

    15-24 years: 10.34% (male 2,040,043 /female 1,932,009)

    25-54 years: 43.44% (male 8,431,045 /female 8,260,124)

    55-64 years: 13.95% (male 2,538,566 /female 2,819,544)

    65 years and over: 17.47% (male 2,663,364 /female 4,049,281) (2018 est.)

    Median age
  • total: 41.1 years. Country comparison to the world: 44th
  • male: 39.4 years
  • female: 42.8 years (2018 est.)

    Vital statistics

    Vital statistics from 1921 to 1938

    [12] [13] [14]

    Year [15] Average populationLive birthsDeathsNatural changeCrude birth rate (per 1000)Crude death rate (per 1000)Natural change (per 1000)Total fertility rates
    192127,224,000890,400568,300322,10032.720.911.84.40
    192227,846,000983,100554,600482,50035.319.915.44.73
    192328,480,0001,014,700493,800520,90035.617.318.34.82
    192429,007,0001,000,100519,200480,90034.517.916.64.69
    192529,475,0001,036,600492,200544,40035.216.718.54.74
    192629,906,000989,100532,700456,40033.117.815.34.44
    192730,302,000958,733525,633433,10031.617.314.34.23
    192830,693,000990,993504,207486,78632.316.415.94.29
    192931,084,000994,101518,929475,17232.016.715.34.26
    193031,490,0001,022,811488,417534,39432.515.517.04.33
    193131,935,000964,573493,703470,87030.215.514.74.05
    193232,394,000934,663486,548448,11528.915.013.83.87
    193332,823,000868,675466,210402,46526.514.212.33.55
    193433,223,000881,615479,684401,93126.514.412.13.56
    193533,616,000876,667470,998405,66926.114.012.13.50
    193634,020,000892,320482,633409,68726.214.212.03.51
    193734,441,000856,064481,594374,47024.914.010.93.34
    193834,849,000849,873479,602370,27124.413.810.63.26

    After World War II

    [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25]

    Average population (December 31)Live birthsDeathsNatural changeCrude birth rate (per 1000)Crude death rate (per 1000)Natural change (per 1000)Crude migration change (per 1000)Crude population change (per 1000)Total fertility ratesLife expectancy (males)Life expectancy (females)Share of births outside marriageImmigrationEmigrationNet external migration
    194623,777,000570,000335,000235,00024.014.19.93.06
    194723,970,000630,000271,000359,00026.311.315.0 style="color: red" -6.9 8.13.51
    194823,980,000704,772268,000436,77229.411.218.2 style="color: red" -17.8 0.43.93
    194924,410,000725,061284,000441,06129.711.618.1 style="color: red" -0.5 17.63.94
    195024,824,000763,108288,685474,42330.711.619.1 -2.4 16.73.7156.0761.68
    195125,271,000783,597312,314471,28331.012.418.6 style="color: red" -1 17.73.7555.1160.67
    195225,753,000778,962286,730492,23230.211.119.1 style="color: red" -0.4 18.7 3.6757.5963.07
    195326,255,000779,000266,527512,47329.710.219.5 -0.4 19.13.6159.5865.05
    195426,761,000778,054276,406501,64829.110.318.7 0.2 18.93.5859.8065.06
    195527,281,000793,847261,576532,27129.19.619.5 -0.4 19.13.6160.8266.19
    195627,815,000779,835249,606530,22928.09.019.1 0.1 19.23.6162.2967.52
    195728,310,000782,319269,137513,18227.69.518.1 style="color: red" -0.6 17.53.4961.2066.70
    195828,770,000752,600241,435511,16526.28.417.8 style="color: red" -1.8 163.3663.0868.57
    195929,240,000722,928252,430470,49824.78.616.1 0 16.13.2262.7168.30
    196029,561,000669,485224,167445,31822.67.615.1 style="color: red" -4.2 10.92.9864.9470.60
    196129,965,000627,624227,759399,86520.97.613.3 0.1 13.52.8364.9170.78
    196230,324,000599,505239,199360,30619.87.911.9 0 11.82.7264.5370.49
    196330,691,000588,235230,072358,16319.27.511.7 0.3 122.7065.4171.52
    196431,161,000562,855235,919326,93618.17.610.5 4.6 15.12.5765.7871.60
    196531,496,000546,362232,421313,94117.37.410.0 0.7 10.62.5266.5872.40
    196631,698,000530,307232,945297,36216.77.39.4 style="color: red" -3.0 6.42.3366.8772.85
    196731,944,000520,383247,705272,67816.37.88.5 -0.8 7.72.3066.4472.61
    196832,426,000524,174244,115280,05916.27.58.6 6.2 14.92.2467.0473.55
    196932,555,000531,135262,823268,31216.38.18.2 style="color: red" -4.2 42.2066.5073.09
    197032,526,000545,973266,799279,17416.88.28.6 style="color: red" -9.5 -0.92.2266.6273.335.0
    197132,805,000562,341283,702278,63917.18.68.5 0 8.52.2566.1373.25
    197233,068,000575,725265,250310,47517.48.09.4 -1.4 82.2467.3274.17
    197333,363,000598,559277,188321,37117.98.39.6 style="color: red" -0.8 8.82.2467.1574.30
    197433,691,000621,080277,085343,99518.48.210.2 style="color: red" -0.5 9.7 2.2667.8074.64
    197534,022,000643,772296,896346,87618.98.710.2 style="color: red" -0.5 9.72.2767.0274.264.7
    197634,362,000670,140304,057366,08319.58.810.7 -0.8 9.92.3166.9274.55
    197734,698,000662,582312,956349,62619.19.010.1 style="color: red" -0.4 9.72.3366.4974.50
    197835,010,000666,336325,104341,23219.09.39.7 -0.8 8.92.3066.3674.53
    197935,257,000688,293323,048365,24519.59.210.4 -3.4 72.3966.7974.914.8
    198035,578,000692,798350,203342,59519.59.89.6 -0.6 92.4266.0174.44
    198135,902,000678,696328,923349,77318.99.29.7 -0.7 92.3467.1075.24
    198236,227,000702,351334,869367,48219.49.210.1 style="color: red" -0.4 92.3867.2475.20
    198336,571,000720,756349,388371,36819.79.610.2 -0.7 9.42.4167.0475.16
    198436,914,000699,041364,883334,15818.99.99.1 0.2 9.32.3666.8474.97
    198537,203,000677,576381,458296,11818.210.38.0 style="color: red" -0.2 7.82.3366.5074.815.0
    198637,456,000634,748376,316258,43216.910.06.9 style="color: red" -0.1 6.82.2166.7675.13
    198737,664,000605,492378,365227,12716.110.06.0 style="color: red" -0.5 5.52.1566.8175.20
    198837,862,000587,741370,821216,92015.59.85.7 -0.5 5.22.1267.1575.67
    198937,963,000562,530381,173181,35714.810.04.8 -2.1 2.72.0866.7675.45
    199038,119,000545,817390,343155,47414.310.24.1 0 4.12.0466.2375.246.2
    199138,245,000547,719405,716142,00314.310.63.7 -0.4 3.32.0565.8875.066.6
    199238,365,000515,214394,729120,48513.410.33.1 0 3.11.9166.4775.487.2
    199338,459,000494,310392,259102,05112.910.22.7 style="color: red" -0.3 2.41.8667.1775.818.2
    199438,544,000481,285386,39894,88712.510.02.5 -0.3 2.21.7867.5076.089.0
    199538,588,000443,109386,08457,02511.510.01.5 style="color: red" -0.3 1.11.6567.6276.399.5
    199638,618,000 428,203385,49642,70711.110.01.1 style="color: red" -0.3 0.81.5868.1276.5710.2
    199738,659,979 [26] 412,635380,20132,43410.79.80.8 0 0.81.5268.4576.9911.0
    199838,666,983395,619375,35420,26510.29.70.5 style="color: red" -0.1 0.41.4468.8777.3411.6
    199938,634,799382,002381,4155879.99.90.0 style="color: red" -0.3 style="color: red" -0.31.3768.8377.4911.7
    200038,623,119378,348368,02810,3209.89.50.3 style="color: red" -0.4 -0.11.3569.7478.0012.1
    200138,572,026368,205363,2204,9859.59.40.1 style="color: red" -1.9 -2.01.3270.2178.3813.1
    200238,548,360353,765359,486-5,7219.29.3-0.2 style="color: red" -0.6 -0.81.2570.4078.8014.46,58724,532-17,945
    200338,520,437351,072365,230-14,1589.19.5-0.4 -0.4 -0.71.2270.5078.9015.87,04820,813-13,765
    200438,503,664356,131363,522-7,3919.29.4-0.2 style="color: red" -0.2 -0.41.2370.7079.2017.19,49518,877-9,382
    200538,486,884364,383368,285-3,9029.59.6-0.1 style="color: red" -0.3 -0.41.2470.8079.4018.59,36422,242-12,878
    200638,455,308374,244369,6864,5589.79.60.1 -0.9 -0.81.2770.9079.6018.910,80246,936-36,134
    200738,445,470387,873377,22610,64710.19.90.3 -0.5 -0.31.3171.0079.7019.514,99535,480-20,485
    200838,465,705414,499379,39935,10010.89.90.9 style="color: red" -0.4 0.51.3971.3080.0019.915,27530,140-14,865
    200938,497,158417,589384,94032,64910.810.00.8 0 0.81.4071.5080.1020.217,42418,620-1,196
    201038,529,866413,300378,47834,82210.79.80.9 -0.1 0.81.3872.1080.6020.615,24617,360-2,114
    201138,538,447388,416375,50112,91510.19.70.3 style="color: red" -0.1 0.21.3072.4080.9021.215,52419,858-4,334
    201238,533,299387,858384,7883,07010.110.00.1 -0.2 -0.11.3072.7081.0022.314,58321,200-6,617
    201338,495,659369,576387,312-17,7369.610.1-0.5 style="color: red" -0.5 style="color: red" -11.2673.1081.1023.412,19932,103-19,904
    201438,478,602375,160376,467-1,3079.79.8-0.0 -0.4 -0.41.2973.8081.6024.212,33028,080-15,750
    201538,437,239369,308394,921-25,6139.610.3-0.7 -0.4 -1.11.2973.6081.6024.612,33028,080-15,750
    201638,432,992382,257388,009-5,7529.910.1-0.1 0 style="color: red" -0.11.3673.9081.9025.013,47511,9701,505
    201738,433,558401,982402,852-87010.510.5-0.0 0 01.4574.0081.8024.113,32411,8881,436
    201838,411,148388,178414,200-26,02210.110.8-0.7 0.1 -0.61.4473.8081.7026.415,46111,8493,612
    201938,382,576374,954409,709-34,7559.810.7-0.9 0.2 style="color: red" -0.71.4274.1081.8025.416,90910,7266,183
    202038,088,564355,309477,355-122,0469.312.5-3.2 0.1 -3.11.3972.6080.7026.413,2638,7804,483
    202137,907,704331,511519,517-188,0068.713.6-5.00.1 style="color: red" -9.31.3371.8079.7026.715,40912,0053,404
    202237,766,327305,132448,448-143,3168.111.9-3.80.1 style="color: red" -3.71.2673.4081.1028.115,57213,6331,939
    202337,636,508 272,451409,036-136,5857.210.9-3.70.1style="color: red" -3.61.1674.7082.0028.716,7079,9416,766

    Current vital statistics

    [27]

    PeriodLive birthsDeathsNatural increase
    January - May 2023116,200178,100-61,900
    January - May 2024107,500175,000-67,500
    Difference -8,700 (-7.5%) -3,100 (-1.7%) -5,600

    Structure of the population

    Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
    Total18 651 44119 882 34838 533 789100
    0–41 058 8741 005 0692 063 9435.36
    5–9945 643897 7231 843 3664.78
    10–14974 509925 5061 900 0154.93
    15–191 158 3671 108 2672 266 6345.88
    20–241 394 7611 341 3932 736 1547.10
    25–291 623 0721 575 5463 198 6188.30
    30–341 602 7361 558 6223 161 3588.20
    35–391 470 7511 432 8222 903 5737.54
    40–441 231 0831 209 7512 440 8346.33
    45–491 196 5481 192 9522 389 5006.20
    50–541 369 2581 414 9962 784 2547.23
    55–591 404 1411 522 1402 926 2817.59
    60–641 163 9351 350 6842 514 6196.53
    65–69675 573861 5841 537 1573.99
    70–74529 739776 7221 306 4613.39
    75–79424 407720 2491 144 6562.97
    80–84278 428566 126844 5542.19
    85–89115 213311 388426 6011.11
    90–9428 56591 223119 7880.31
    95–99461418 26522 8790.06
    100+22413201544<0.01
    Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
    0–142 979 0262 828 2985 807 32415.07
    15–6413 615 65213 707 17327 322 82570.91
    65+2 056 7633 346 8775 403 64014.02
    Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
    Total18 607 41719 847 15938 454 576100
    0–4982 639928 6621 911 3014.97
    5–91 047 830996 2052 044 0355.32
    10–14924 671877 7801 802 4514.69
    15–191 028 884979 5852 008 4695.22
    20–241 257 7031 209 4982 467 2016.42
    25–291 464 4381 417 0402 881 4787.49
    30–341 647 1471 602 9303 250 0778.45
    35–391 561 3961 522 2023 083 5988.02
    40–441 354 8991 329 4762 684 3756.98
    45–491 166 3581 160 8782 327 2366.05
    50–541 211 2941 238 3982 449 6926.37
    55–591 386 3031 489 8162 876 1197.48
    60–641 256 0351 443 9852 700 0207.02
    65–69917 8931 147 7252 065 6185.37
    70–74501 311716 2241 217 5353.17
    75–79426 059715 6291 141 6882.97
    80–84287 908573 415861 3232.24
    85+184 649497 711682 3601.77
    Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
    0–142 955 1402 802 6475 757 78714.97
    15–6413 334 45713 393 80826 728 26569.51
    65+2 317 8203 650 7045 968 52415.52
    Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
    Total18 307 48819 532 513 37 840 001100
    0–4978 526926 7961 905 3225.04
    5–9979 042 925 7371 904 7795.03
    10–141 049 403997 5562 046 9595.41
    15–19911 890866 5751 778 465 4.70
    20–241 000 405957 3581 957 7635.17
    25–291 221 5841 177 9602 399 5446.34
    30–341 420 3681 367 6452 788 0137.37
    35–391 594 6201 543 3893 138 0098.29
    40–441 515 2341 482 3012 997 5357.92
    45–491 328 8521 316 4042 645 2566.99
    50–541 116 2441 130 9512 247 1955.94
    55–591 115 8231 176 5302 292 3536.06
    60–641 246 5891 407 0972 653 6867.01
    65–691 114 3111 374 4772 488 7886.58
    70–74806 0031 102 9451 908 9485.04
    75–79388 818621 3151 010 1332.67
    80–84291 685571 202862 8872.28
    85–89159 279376 980536 2591.42
    90–9456 278164 806221 0840.58
    95–9910 821 38 97049 7910.13
    100+1 7135 5197 2320.02
    Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
    0–143 006 9712 850 0895 857 06015.48
    15–6412 471 60912 426 21024 897 81965.80
    65+2 828 9084 256 2147 085 12218.72

    Employment and income

    As of June 2023, there were 16,228,195 people in employment in Poland. Men were 51.5% of the workforce while women were 48.5%. Employment has been steadily rising in Poland - growing by exactly 0.5 million since June 2018.[28]

    Unemployment, youth ages 15–24

    total: 17.7%. Country comparison to the world: 74th

    male: 17.4% female: 18% (2016 est.)

    Population density and distribution

    With an estimated usually resident population of 37 million, Poland is the 5th most-populous country in the European Union and 7th or 8th most-populous one in Europe (depending on how many people live in Ukraine, to which there are various estimates).

    Depending on whether one uses the official population or usually resident population as a base, population density of Poland was 122 or 118.7 people per square kilometer (315.9 or 307.4 people per square mile) as of the 2021 census.

    Population distribution is unequal. The south, particularly the area along the A4 highway between Gliwice and Rzeszów, is densely populated with over 250 people per square kilometer, while population density drops below 50 people per square kilometer in much of the north of the country. Silesian voivodeship is the densest, at over 350 people per square kilometer.

    Urban areas

    Poland is relatively rural for a country of its population and economic development. As of the 2021 census, 59.8% of total population lived in cities and town, a percentage well below European average. Poland has historically been a rural and agricultural country and while cities started rapidly growing in neighboring countries in the second half of the 19th century, many Polish cities were artificially limited in growth by the partitioners due to military reasons. After regaining independence in 1918, Polish authorities have started investment in urbanizing the country but it was quickly interrupted by World War II. Therefore, Poland has not started fully urbanizing until after the war.

    Urbanization rate has also been declining, at an annual rate of -0.25% between 2015 and 2020 due to suburbanization. In Poland, many suburbs are officially rural areas even despite in reality might resemble a town or even a city neighborhood, such as the Poznań suburb of Koziegłowy. In the Eurostat's urban-rural typology, Poland's urbanization rate is slightly higher, however still below the European average.[29] Eurostat estimates 61.2% of Poland's population to live in urban clusters (including 28.9% in dense urban centers), compared to the 70.4% average across the EU.

    Metropolitan areas

    There is no one official delimitation of metropolitan areas in Poland, and various institutions use different definitions. However, both central institutions and academics are in agreement that the following are the major metropolitan areas of Poland:

    1. Warsaw - the capital and largest city of Poland, with 1.9 million official residents in city proper and 2.7-3.1 million in the metropolitan area. Warsaw is the largest economy in Poland, with the Warsaw Stock Exchange, most major financial institutions, and CEE headquarters of international companies. Warsaw is also an important educational center, with the University of Warsaw, Warsaw School of Economics and Polish Academy of Sciences located there. Warsaw metropolitan area has been growing rapidly in recent decades, eclipsing the previously larger Katowice metropolitan area around 2015.
    2. Katowice - the center of the large Katowice urban area, with 2.2-2.7 million in the metropolitan area. Katowice area developed initially as a hub of heavy industry and coal mining. Most of the industry has been closed since. Katowice and some other cities (Gliwice, Tychy) managed to successfully transform its economies becoming a major Polish hubs of information technology, healthcare, education, finance and manufacturing, however many other cities (Bytom, Sosnowiec) experience depopulation. Katowice metropolitan area is bordering Rybnik, Bielsko-Biała and Ostrava metropolitan areas from the south and southwest, which combined create a large Upper Silesian-Moravian metropolitan area with 4.5-5.2 million people.
    3. Kraków - the historical capital of Poland, with 0.8 million residents in city proper and 1.2 million in the metropolitan area. Kraków is one of the main tourist destinations in Poland and a is often called a cultural capital of the country. In recent decades, Kraków emerged as a major international center of back office operations through the SSC/BPO industry. Kraków is also the second largest college city in Poland after Warsaw, with the Jagiellonian University dating back to the Middle Ages.
    4. Łódź - a post-industrial city in the middle of Poland, with 0.7 million people in the city proper and 1-1.2 million in the urban area. Łódź has developed in the 19th century as a center for textile manufacturing, and has been a major manufacturing hub exporting mostly towards Russia and then Soviet Union. Following the market transformations in the early 1990s, most of the industry has collapsed and Łódź struggled with high unemployment rate. In recent years, the city has embraced its industrial past and exploits its location close to Warsaw.
    5. Gdańsk - one of the three major cities of the Tricity area, Gdańsk has around 0.5 million people in the city proper and 1-1.2 million in the urban area. Gdańsk has been the largest cities in Poland for most of the Middle Ages, thanks to its seaside location that fostered trade with other cities and countries in the Baltic and North Seas. Being the largest urban area in the north of the country, Gdańsk benefits from internal migration from neighboring regions.
    6. Poznań - with its 0.5 million residents in city proper and 0.8-1.1 million in the metropolitan area, Poznań emerged as one of the main hubs of trade and manufacturing in Poland. Poznań area is the most entrepreneurial part of Poland, with more than 1 in 10 residents running a business. Poznań is also the prime example of suburbanization in Poland, with the suburbs around as populous as the city proper.
    7. Wrocław - in recent years emerged a major immigration center, with more than 100,000 immigrants residing in the city in addition to its official population of 0.7 million and 0.9-1.1 million in the metropolitan area. Similarly to Kraków, Wrocław is a major tourist destination thanks to its medieval old town, as well as a hub of back office operations particularly in the financial industry.
    8. Szczecin - with a population of 0.4 million in the city proper and 0.7-0.9 million in the metropolitan area (partially stretching to Germany), Szczecin is the second-largest city in the country's north and a major port.

    Notes and References

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