Demographics of Northern Ireland explained

Place:Northern Ireland
Size Of Population:1,903,175 (2021 census)
Density:133 per km2
Life Male:78.4 years[1]
Life Female:82.3 years
Age 0-14 Years:19%
Age 15-64 Years:64%
Age 65 Years:17%
Major Ethnic:White 97%
Minor Ethnic:other ethnic groups 3%

Northern Ireland is the smallest of the four parts of the United Kingdom in terms of both area and population, containing 2.9% of the total population and 5.7% of the total area of the United Kingdom. It is the smaller of the two political entities on the island of Ireland by area and population, the other being the Republic of Ireland. Northern Ireland contains 27.1% of the total population and 16.75% of the total area of the island of Ireland.

The Belfast Metropolitan Area dominates in population terms, with over a third of the inhabitants of Northern Ireland.

When Northern Ireland was created, it had a Protestant majority of approximately two-to-one,[2] [3] [4] unlike the Republic of Ireland, where Catholics were in the majority.[5] The 2001 census was the first to show that the Protestant and other (non-Catholic) Christian share of the population had dropped below 50%, but 53.1% still identified as being from a Protestant or other Christian background. In the 2011 census, this dropped to 48.4%.[6] [4] In 2021, the recorded number of Catholics by background (45.7%) overtook the Protestant and other Christian by background share (43.48%), becoming the plurality, with no group in the overall majority.[7] [8] [9] [10]

Its people speak Irish (Gaelic), Ulster Scots and Ulster English which is itself heavily influenced by the Scots language of which Ulster Scots is a dialect. In addition the Ulster dialect of Irish (Gaelic) also has a closer connection to Scottish Gaelic than other Irish (Gaelic) dialects. This is both because of historic links with Scotland going back centuries, and because of settlements of lowland Scots Protestants in Ulster in the 17th century, such as the Plantation of Ulster.

Also unlike the Republic, a large proportion of people in Northern Ireland have a British national identity, although a significant minority identifies as Irish. Many people in Northern Ireland have a Northern Irish identity, whether in addition to a British or Irish identity or by itself.

Historic population trends

Cities and towns by population[11]

Belfast

Derry

SettlementPopulationMetro population

Lisburn

Newry

1Belfast293,300626,339
2Derry85,27994,376
3Lisburn [12] 51,44784,090
4Craigavon Urban Area72,301
5Metropolitan Newtonabbey 67,599
6Bangor 64,596
7Metropolitan Castlereagh 58,762
8Ballymena31,205
9Newtownards29,677
10Newry28,530
11Carrickfergus 28,141

Fertility

Population density

Northern Ireland's population density is 133 people per square kilometre - comparable to European countries such as Denmark and the Czech Republic. If Northern Ireland were a sovereign state, it would have the 16th-highest population density in Europe.

It has a higher population density than Scotland (70 people per km2), but less than England and Wales (434 per km2 and 153 per km2 respectively).[13]

Belfast is the most population-dense of the 11 local government districts by far, at 2,617 per km2 - it has the highest population (345,418)[14] and least land area (133km2)[15] of any district, and takes in Belfast City itself as well as much of the Metropolitan Castlereagh settlement (formerly part of the Castlereagh local government district before 2015).

By contrast, Fermanagh and Omagh is the least dense, with the lowest population (116,812)[16] and greatest land area (2,836km2). It includes all of Northern Ireland's least-populous county, Fermanagh (except the townland of Killybane near Fivemiletown), and the largely rural former Omagh district.Of the 80 District Electoral Areas that make up the local government districts, Botanic in Belfast has the highest population density at 4,653 people per km2,[17] as well as being the most populous DEA (49,727 people in 2021).[18] The DEA includes Belfast city centre, Queen's University, and much of the city's student population.

By contrast, Erne West in Fermanagh and Omagh has the lowest population density of any DEA, with 20 people per km2, as well as being the least populous DEA (14,661 people in 2021). Erne West is largely made up of and surrounded by mountainous terrain. Lough Erne forms a geographical barrier between it and the rest of Northern Ireland, with only a few roads around and over the lough. The largest settlement, Bellanaleck, a small village near Enniskillen, is home to only 714 people,[19] and is apart from the other small villages spread through Erne West's large, narrow area.As of 2021, 50.2% of Northern Ireland's population lived in the 217 most population-dense electoral wards (around 47% of Northern Ireland's 462 wards). The 217 wards have an area of 460.1km2, 3.3% of Northern Ireland's total area. Of these 217 wards, 99 are a contiguous area covering most of Belfast, Castlereagh, Lisburn and Newtownabbey. These 217 wards are highlighted in red on the map.

These wards cover part or all of the 28 largest settlements in Northern Ireland, as well as Warrenpoint, Donaghadee, Ballynahinch, Moira, Maghera and Coalisland. The vast majority of these wards contain or are near a motorway, dual carriageway or train station. Considering this, the most remote wards are the Portora and Erne wards in Ennskillen, which are 30 miles from the A4 dual carriageway near Ballygawley.

Furthermore, 50.02% of Northern Ireland's population lived in the most population-dense contiguous area of 216 electoral wards. These 216 wards have an area of 1,299km2, 9.4% of Northern Ireland's total area. These 216 wards are highlighted in purple on the map. These wards cover part or all of the 10 largest settlements, and almost entirely track Northern Ireland's rail lines, motorways and dual carriageways. The exceptions are a spur towards Armagh city; and a string of villages between Ballymena and Limavady.

The electoral wards in Northern Ireland with the highest and lowest population density are listed in the table below:

No.Electoral Ward (2012)District Electoral Area (2012)Local Government District (2012)Electoral Ward population (2021)[20] Density (/km2)[21] Area (km2)
1ArdoyneOldparkBelfast5,49010,235.660.54
2WoodstockTitanicBelfast6,4319,649.750.67
3WindsorBotanicBelfast11,3028,183.801.38
4ClonardCourtBelfast5,9997,641.160.79
5BloomfieldTitanicBelfast5,8947,224.940.82
6BeersbridgeTitanicBelfast6,6106,952.380.95
7New LodgeOldparkBelfast4,8816,815.490.72
8ConnswaterTitanicBelfast5,9296,387.940.93
9BallymurphyBlack MountainBelfast5,1316,329.390.81
10BeechmountBlack MountainBelfast5,3946,255.170.86
11WoodvaleCourtBelfast5,1706,143.260.84
12BallymacarrettTitanicBelfast5,9055,972.050.99
13ShankillCourtBelfast6,4455,793.761.11
14FairviewThree Mile WaterAntrim and Newtownabbey3,1155,610.430.56
15CentralBotanicBelfast15,4465,497.582.81
16CregaghLisnasharraghBelfast4,5875,418.460.85
17FortwilliamCastleBelfast4,7175,381.770.88
18ShantallowBallyarnettDerry City and Strabane3,6675,317.610.69
19SilverstreamBangor WestArds and North Down3,9605,305.380.75
20RosettaLisnasharraghBelfast5,7935,215.151.11
.....................
443DerrylinErne WestFermanagh and Omagh2,79426.45105.65
444DunnamanaghSperrinDerry City and Strabane3,51325.75136.45
445Fairy WaterWest TyroneFermanagh and Omagh2,82625.57110.50
446Boho, Cleenish and LetterbreenErne WestFermanagh and Omagh3,46624.76139.99
447DungivenBenbradaghCauseway Coast and Glens3,29724.44134.88
448RossleaErne EastFermanagh and Omagh2,33124.4395.43
449MagilliganLimavadyCauseway Coast and Glens3,48124.00145.01
450DonaghErne EastFermanagh and Omagh2,52723.17109.06
451FivemiletownClogher ValleyMid Ulster3,17421.34148.76
452BrookeboroughErne EastFermanagh and Omagh2,57920.88123.50
453DrumquinWest TyroneFermanagh and Omagh2,91018.38158.31
454DerrygonnellyErne WestFermanagh and Omagh2,89818.00160.98
455SlemishBraidMid and East Antrim3,20717.90179.17
456Florence Court and KinawleyErne WestFermanagh and Omagh2,88317.61163.75
457Belleek and BoaErne NorthFermanagh and Omagh3,12315.94195.90
458GlendergDergDerry City and Strabane3,20015.09212.05
459OwenkillewMid TyroneFermanagh and Omagh2,69814.40187.30
460Torr Head and RathlinThe GlensCauseway Coast and Glens3,59714.21253.11
461Glenelly ValleySperrinDerry City and Strabane3,40313.25256.90
462Belcoo and GarrisonErne WestFermanagh and Omagh2,64413.07202.26

Place of birth

In 2001, 91.0% of the population were born in Northern Ireland, 7.2% were born in other parts of the UK and Ireland, and 1.8% were born elsewhere. By 2021, the proportion of immigrants from outside the UK and Ireland had risen to 6.6%, while the proportion born within other parts of the UK and Ireland had fallen to 6.9%. The highest number of non-British/Irish immigrants are in Belfast City Council, followed by Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon Borough Council and Mid Ulster District Council. The town of Dungannon in Mid Ulster District Council has a bigger share of immigrants than any town in Northern Ireland, while Derry City and Strabane has the smallest share of immigrants.[22]

Place of Birth2001[23] 2011[24] 2021[25]
Number % Number %Number%
Northern Ireland1,534,268 91.04 1,608,853 88.841,646,27686.50%
England 61,609 3.66 64,717 3.5772,9403.83%
Scotland 16,772 1.00 15,455 0.8516,5210.87%
Wales 3,008 0.182,552 0.142,7960.15%
Republic of Ireland39,051 2.32 37,833 2.0940,3572.12%
Other European Union member countries 10,355 0.61 67,4513.54%
— Member countries prior to 2004 expansion 9,703 0.54
— Accession countries 2004 onwards 35,7041.97
Other outside the EU 20,204 1.20 36,046 1.99 57,0122.99%
Europe3,6890.19%
Africa10,7610.57%
Middle East and Asia29,2411.54%
North, Central America and Caribbean8,2070.43%
South America1,8580.10%
Oceania and other3,0760.16%
Total 1,685,267 100.00 1,810,863 100.001,903,173100%

Below are the 5 largest foreign-born groups in Northern Ireland according to 2014 ONS estimates.[26]

Country of birthEstimated population, 2013Estimated population, 2014Estimated population, 2015
Poland
Lithuania
India
Philippines

Emigration

Detailed statistic on births are available between 1887 and 2022 in Birth tables [27] and deaths between 1955 and 2022 in Death tables [28]

Using deaths and births between 1955 and 2021, and the number of those from the 2021 census whose country of birth is Northern Ireland, we can estimate emigration for those aged under 66 by subtracting the total of the number of deaths and the number of those born in Northern Ireland who are still living there.

Northern Irish emigration estimates
All ages 18-66 year olds
Births 1955-2021 1,801,552 1,353,624
Deaths 1955-2021 among those born 1955-2021 78,914 76,226
Country of birth is Northern Ireland in 2021 Census, ages 0-66 1,389,081 965,538
Estimated Emigration 333,557 311,860
Estimated Emigration as a percentage of births 18.5% 23.0%

This gives an estimate of 18.5% of all people born since 1955 have emigrated, or 23% of adults aged 18-66. This is an estimate of the minimum amount of emigration, since deaths are not broken down by country of birth, so some of those will not have been born in Northern Ireland. Most deaths occur in the over 50 and currently about 12.5% of those aged 50 and over were born outside Northern Ireland. Adjusting the number of deaths downwards by 12.5%, we can estimate an emigration rate of 18.5 to 19% for all ages, and 23.0% to 23.7% for adults aged 18-66.

Doing the same analysis by age, we see that this is consistent with the actual number of those born in Northern Ireland from the 2021 England/Wales census,[29] where about 40% of emigrants have settled in England or Wales.

Below are the numbers of Northern Ireland born living outside Northern Ireland from the most recent censuses for England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand.

Northern Irish emigration to other countries
0-17 year olds 18-34 year olds 34-65 year olds65+ year olds Total
England 5,730 37,193 87, 245 60,362 190, 534
Scotland[30] 1,354 10,061 18,029 7,817 37,260
Wales 273 1,541 3,471 2,521 7,806
Total UK 7,357 48,795 108,745 70,700 235,600
Ireland[31] 61,750
Australia[32] 3,293 10,244 9,450 22,995
New Zealand[33] 4,806
Total 325,151
Based on UK emigration
United States[34] 693,465 UK emigrants 18,700
Canada[35] 464,135 UK emigrants 12,500
EU (excluding Ireland)[36] 994,000 UK emigrants 26,800
Total Estimated from 2.7% of UK figures58,000

Numbers for other countries are not available for the individual countries that make up the UK, so it's not possible to accurately determine the number living in the US, Canada, or the EU (excluding Ireland). The numbers estimated from total UK emigrants are included in the above table but not included in the total.

See also Irish people in Great Britain

Ethnicity

The following table shows the ethnic group of respondents for the following censuses

Ethnic group2001[37] [38] 2011[39] [40] 2021[41] [42]
Number % Number %Number%
White

Total

1,672,698 99.25% 1,779,750 98.28%1,841,71396.77%
White 1,670,988 99.15% 1,778,449 98.21%––
White: British/Irish/Northern Irish only (national identity) and Christian/no religion/religion not stated (religion)––––1,749,97091.9%
White: Other––––87,6074.6%
1,710 0.10% 1,301 0.07%2,6090.14%
White: Roma ––––1,5290.08%
Asian or Asian British: Total 6,824 0.40% 19,130 1.06%30,6671.61%
Asian/Asian British: Indian1,567 0.09% 6,1980.34% 9,881 0.52%
Asian/Asian British: Pakistani668 0.04% 1,0910.06% 1,596 0.08%
Asian/Asian British: Bangladeshi252 0.01% 5400.03% 7100.04%
Asian/Asian British: Chinese4,145 0.25% 6,303 0.35% 9,495 0.50%
2,0530.11%4,4510.23%
Asian/Asian British: Other Asian194 0.01% 2,6710.15% 4,5340.24%
Black or Black British: Total 1,136 0.07% 3,616 0.20%11,0320.58%
Black or Black British: Caribbean255 0.02% 372 0.02%––
Black or Black British: African494 0.03% 2,3450.13%8,0690.42%
387 0.02% 899 0.05%2,9630.16%
Mixed

Total

3,319 0.20% 6,014 0.33%14,3820.76%
Other: Any other ethnic group:Total 1,290 0.08% 2,353 0.13%5,3850.29%
Other: Arab ––2740.02%1,8170.10%
Other: Any other ethnic group ––––3,5680.19%
Total 1,685,267 100% 1,810,863 100%1,903,179100%

Languages spoken

See main article: Languages of Northern Ireland. English is by far the most commonly spoken language in Northern Ireland. Two regional languages of Northern Ireland, Irish and Ulster Scots, are protected under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Several other languages are spoken by immigrants to Northern Ireland, the most common of which is Polish.

A question about knowledge of Irish was reintroduced to the census in 1991, for the first time since 1911. In 2011, the census question was modified to ask about Ulster Scots alongside Irish.[43]

Main language of all usual residents aged 3 and over

Main language2011[44] 2021[45]
Usual residents aged 3+ ProportionUsual residents aged 3+Proportion
English1,681,171 96.86%1,751,51095.37%
Polish17,731 1.02%20,1341.10%
Lithuanian6,250 0.36%8,9780.49%
Irish4,164 0.24%5,9690.32%
Portuguese2,293 0.13%4,9820.27%
Slovak2,257 0.13%2,3330.13%
Chinese2,214 0.13%3,3290.18%
Tagalog/Filipino1,895 0.11%1,3390.07%
Latvian1,273 0.07%1,7000.09%
Russian1,191 0.07%1,6050.09%
Hungarian1,008 0.06%2,1720.12%
Other 13,090 0.75%28,2931.5%
Total1,836,616100%

Ability in Irish of all usual residents aged 3 and over in the Census[46] [47]

Ability in Irish2001[48] 2011[49] 2021
Usual residents aged 3+ProportionUsual residents aged 3+ProportionUsual residents aged 3+Proportion
Understands spoken Irish, but cannot speak, read, or write 36,479 2.25% 70,5014.06%90,8014.94%
Can speak but cannot read or write Irish 24,536 1.52% 24,6771.43%37,4972.04%
Can speak and read but cannot write Irish 7,183 0.44% 7,4140.43%9,6830.53%
Can speak, read, write, and understand Irish 75,125 4.64% 64,8473.74%71,8723.91%
Other combination of skills 24,167 1.49% 17,4591.01%18,7641.02%
Has some knowledge of Irish 167,490 10.35% 184,898 10.65%228,61712.45%
Ability in Ulster Scots of all usual residents aged 3 and over in the Census[50]
Ability in Ulster Scots2011[51] 2021
Usual residents aged 3+ProportionUsual residents aged 3+Proportion
Understands spoken Ulster Scots, but cannot speak, read, or write 92,0405.30%115,0886.27%
Can speak but cannot read or write Ulster Scots 10,2650.59%26,5701.45%
Can speak and read but cannot write Ulster Scots 7,8010.45%12,2970.67%
Can speak, read, write, and understand Ulster Scots 16,3730.94%20,9301.14%
Other combination of skills 13,7250.79%15,7280.86%
Has some knowledge of Ulster Scots 140,204 8.08%190,61310.38%

Education

Northern Ireland has a highly educated and literate population, particularly among the younger generations.

The following shows the educational attainment, shown by highest qualification received, at different ages for adults, in the 2021 census[52]

The census defines the levels as follows:

Younger adults, aged 18-30, are the highest ever qualified group. Just under 50% of that age group who have reached university graduation age (around 23 years old) have achieved a Level 4 or above qualification. This is about 10% higher than those aged 30-40. The number of those without qualifications is the lowest in 18-30 group.

There is a large gender gap with 10% more females than males receiving Level 4 or above qualification. About 55% of women in their 20s have achieved Level 4.

The number of young adults with no qualifications is less than 8%, compared to an overall 23.8%. There has been a decrease in the number of people with apprenticeships from about 20% of males over 70 to only 5% for 20-30 year olds.

Overall educational attainment
Level 4 Level 3 Level 2 Level 1 Apprenticeship Other No Qualifications
Female 35.0% 15.7% 15.0% 6.0% 1.7% 2.7% 23.9%
Male 29.1% 16.2% 12.2% 5.8% 11.3% 1.7% 23.7%
All residents NI 32.1% 16.0% 13.6% 5.9% 6.4% 2.2% 23.8%
All residents England and Wales[53] 34.7% 17.3% 12.3% 9.6% 5.4% 2.8% 17.9%
20-30 year olds NI 41.7% 29.4% 12.2% 3.7% 3.3% 1.2% 8.5%
20-30 year olds England/Wales 40.1% 28.4% 11.7% 6.9% 4.4% 1.5% 7.0%

Compared to the UK regions in England and Wales, Northern Ireland has one of the highest percentages of those with a Level 4 qualification, with only London and southern England regions higher. However it also has the highest proportion of people with no qualifications. This isn't entirely due to higher numbers of older people without qualifications. Even among the younger, more qualified, NI residents, Northern Ireland has the highest proportion of people with no qualifications.[53]

Past Censuses

Questions about the highest academic qualification received has been asked since the 1991 census. The categorization of results has changed since 1991, but each prior census can be mapped to 2021 categories.

Apprenticeships were not tracked as separate categories in 1991 or 2001 and it's not certain whether they were counted as "No Qualifications". About 10% of those over 50 reported holding an apprenticeship in 2021. Currently apprenticeships have a large academic component, and are separated into "Intermediate", "Advanced," and "Higher" apprenticeships, and so are included as academic qualifications.[54]

Mapping the past results to the 2021 categories, we see that the number of people with no qualifications has dropped considerably in each census, whereas the number of people with degrees or equivalent is nearly 4 times larger than in 1991.

Educational attainment in past censuses
Level 4 Level 3 Level 2 Level 1 Apprenticeship Other No Qualifications
1991[55] 8.2% 7.2% 16.2% 3.5% - - 65.0%
2001[56] 15.8% 9.0% 16.4% 17.2% - - 41.6%
2011[57] 23.7% 12.3% 14.9% 11.5% 4.2% 4.3% 29.2%
2021 32.1% 16.0% 13.6% 5.9% 6.4% 2.2% 23.8%

Religion

For the first century that Northern Ireland existed, the majority or plurality of its population identified with Protestantism, and with its founding, the region was intended to have a permanent Protestant majority.[58] With the 2021 census, Catholics outnumbered Protestants for the first time.

Northern Ireland is geographically polarized by religion. Catholics are concentrated in the west and border areas, and recently in Belfast. Protestants are concentrated in the east, in an east-west band across northern Armagh to northern Down, and north-south from the Antrim coast to north of Belfast. Belfast was once a majority Protestant city but became a Catholic plurality city between the 2001 and 2011 censuses.

The following table shows the religion stated by respondents to the 2001, 2011 and 2021 censuses.

Religion stated!scope="col" colspan=2
2001[59] 2011[60] 2021[61]
Number%Number%Number%
Roman Catholic678,46240.2738,03340.8805,15142.3
Presbyterian Church in Ireland348,74220.7345,10119.1316,10316.6
Church of Ireland257,78815.3248,82113.7219,78811.5
Methodist Church in Ireland59,1733.554,2533.044,7282.4
Other Christian102,2216.1104,3805.8130,3776.9
(Total non-Roman Catholic Christian)767,92445.6752,55541.6710,99637.3
(Total Christian)1,446,38685.81,490,58882.31,516,14779.6
Other religion5,0280.314,8590.825,5191.3
No religion183,16410.1330,98317.4
Religion not stated122,2526.830,5291.6
(No religion and Religion not stated)233,85313.9305,41616.9361,51219.0
Total population1,685,267100.01,810,863100.01,903,175100.0

The religious affiliations in the districts of Northern Ireland at the time of the 2011 census were as follows. Note that these boundaries changed in 2015.

District2001[62] 2011[63] 2021[64]
Catholic Protestant and other Christian Other or none Catholic Protestant and other Christian Other or noneCatholicProtestant and other ChristianNo religion/not statedOther
35.2% 47.2% 17.6% 37.5% 43.2% 19.2%38.1%39.0%21.6%1.3%
10.4% 68.7% 20.9% 10.9% 65.4% 23.6%10.9%58.8%29.2%1.1%
45.4% 45.5% 9.1% 44.8% 43.0% 12.2%46.4%41.1%11.7%0.9%
19.0% 67.8% 13.3% 20.4% 63.3% 16.3%21.3%58.4%19.5%0.7%
29.5% 59.1% 11.3% 29.6% 56.7% 13.6%30.0%53.8%15.5%0.6%
28.6% 58.7% 12.7% 29.4% 55.3% 15.3%31.0%49.4%18.6%0.9%
42.1% 40.3% 17.5% 41.9% 34.1% 24.0%42.5%29.7%24.5%3.3%
6.5% 70.4% 23.1% 7.6% 67.2% 25.2%7.6%59.5%31.8%1.2%
15.8% 64.9% 19.3% 19.5% 57.3% 23.2%21.8%48.4%28.2%1.7%
24.1% 60.5% 15.4% 25.0% 56.8% 18.2%25.3%52.5%21.2%1.0%
55.2% 38.0% 6.8% 55.1% 34.0% 11.0%58.2%31.8%9.6%0.4%
41.7% 46.7% 11.6% 42.1% 42.1% 15.8%43.4%37.7%17.5%1.4%
70.9% 20.8% 8.4% 67.4% 19.4% 13.1%70.3%18.0%10.6%1.0%
57.1% 29.2% 13.7% 57.5% 27.1% 15.4%58.4%24.8%16.2%0.6%
57.3% 34.9% 7.7% 58.7% 29.8% 11.5%62.6%26.9%9.9%0.7%
55.5% 36.1% 8.4% 54.9% 34.3% 10.8%55.8%32.1%11.2%0.9%
22.2% 61.9% 15.9% 21.8% 59.7% 18.5%21.3%54.7%23.3%0.7%
53.1% 36.1% 10.7% 56.0% 34.3% 9.7%57.5%31.7%10.5%0.3%
30.1% 53.6% 16.4% 32.8% 47.9% 19.3%35.2%41.8%21.6%1.4%
61.5% 32.0% 6.5% 62.4% 28.3% 9.3%65.0%26.2%8.1%0.7%
56.6% 33.8% 9.6% 54.4% 32.3% 13.3%54.3%32.1%13.1%0.5%
75.9% 16.4% 7.7% 72.1% 15.2% 12.7%75.1%14.9%9.3%0.7%
17.1% 64.5% 18.4% 19.9% 57.8% 22.3%22.1%51.0%25.6%1.4%
10.0% 64.5% 25.5% 11.2% 60.3% 28.5%11.6%52.2%34.9%1.4%
65.1% 26.3% 8.6% 65.4% 24.8% 9.8%67.7%22.9%8.8%0.7%
63.1% 30.9% 6.0% 60.1% 30.7% 9.2%63.0%29.5%7.0%0.5%

"Religion" vs "Religion or Religion Raised In" (Religious Background)

The census included two questions related to religion: what religion, religious denomination or body do you belong to? and what religion, religious denomination or body were you brought up in?

This produced two sets of results, where the "current religion" is in all cases less than the "religion brought up in"

The difference between the two measurements is higher for Protestants than for Catholics, and is higher among younger people.

Geographically, using Religion instead of Religious Background doesn't change the areas where Catholic outnumber Protestants, or vice versa, but results in some regions where a majority turns into a plurality.

National identity

In Northern Ireland national identity is complex. Many in Northern Ireland have a British national identity and view the English, Scots and Welsh as fellow members of their common nation while regarding people from the Republic of Ireland as foreigners. Many others in Northern Ireland view people from the Republic of Ireland as being members of their common nation encompassing the island of Ireland and regard the English, Scots and Welsh as foreigners. Co-existing with this dichotomy is a Northern Irish identity, which can be held alone or, as is also the case with Englishness, Scottishness and Welshness, alongside a British identity, or alongside an Irish identity. A small number of people see themselves as being both British and Irish.

In the 2021 census respondents gave their national identity as follows.

National Identity and Religion

National Identity by Religions breaks down as follows.[65] All tables, maps, and graphs in this section use "Religion or Religion brought up in" from the census.

Catholic Protestant Other No Religion All Residents
British only 6.6% 57.8% 29.3% 35.5% 31.9%
British and Northern Irish only 0.8% 15.4% 3.9% 9.0% 8.0%
Irish only 60.0% 2.0% 8.8% 7.6% 29.1%
Irish and Northern Irish only 3.1% 0.4% 1.0% 1.5% 1.8%
Northern Irish only 20.9% 17.7% 9.9% 25.6% 19.8%
British and Irish only 0.7% 0.5% 1.1% 0.6% 0.6%
British, Irish and Northern Irish only 0.9% 1.9% 1.5% 2.3% 1.5%
Other 7.0% 4.4% 44.7% 18.0% 7.4%
British only plus British and Northern Irish only 7.4% 73.1% 33.2% 44.5% 39.9%
Irish only plus Irish and Northern Irish only 63.1% 2.4% 9.7% 9.0% 30.9%
Other combinations of British, Irish and Northern Irish 1.6% 2.4% 2.6% 2.9% 2.1%
Any choice that includes British 9.0% 75.5% 35.8% 47.4% 42.0%
Any choice that includes Irish 64.7% 4.8% 12.3% 11.9% 33.0%
Although there is a strong correlation between religion and national identity, Catholics tending to identify as Irish and Protestants tending to identify as British, this is not an absolute relationship, and the correlation is weaker amongst Catholics than it is amongst Protestants. Amongst Catholics, geography also plays an important role, with Catholics in heavily Protestant parts of Northern Ireland being more likely to call themselves British and less likely to call themselves Irish than Catholics in more Catholic areas of Northern Ireland. The reverse is true for Protestants, but to a lesser extent. However, the actual numbers are low for both those Protestants identifying as Irish and Catholics identifying as British, since it happens in areas where the respective religion is proportionally low.

In the 2021 census, Protestants outnumbered Catholics in 37 DEAs, down from 44 in 2011, while those considering themselves British outnumbered those who considered themselves Irish in 45 DEAs, down from 58 in 2011.

The majority of areas being British, despite the majority of areas being Catholic, is partly because Catholics were more likely to see themselves as British than Protestants were to see themselves as Irish (however this changed significantly between 2011 and 2021 - 9% vs. 4.8% respectively – in 2011 it was 13% vs 4% respectively), but is also partly because those of no religion were more likely to see themselves as British as see themselves as Irish. The non-religious tend to live in Protestant areas, suggesting that they are mostly of Protestant descent. In 2021, 47% of those professing no religion considered themselves British, while 12% considered themselves Irish. Members of the immigrant population, which includes many Poles, are also more likely to consider themselves Catholic.

Northern Irish identity was slightly more likely amongst Catholics than amongst Protestants, and it varied little according to geography.

Changes from 2011 to 2021

The following metrics account for over 90% of the population in both 2011 and 2021. National Identity showed a large shift from British to Irish of 10% between 2011 and 2021.

2011 2021 Change
British Only39.9% 31.9% -8.0%
British And Northern Irish6.2% 8.0% +1.8%
Irish Only25.3% 29.1% +3.9%
Irish And Northern Irish1.1% 1.8% +0.7%
Northern Irish Only20.9% 19.8% -1.1%
All DEAs showed an increase in Irish National Identity relative to British, with the lowest increase (3%) in the Court DEA, and the largest increase (22%) in the Castlereagh South DEA. Generally the largest increases were in the east, in and around Belfast.

Between 2011 and 2021, Catholics seeing themselves as British fell from 13% to 9%, while Protestants seeing themselves as Irish increased from 4% to 4.8%.

The shift from British to Irish can be seen from the plot comparing the age groups from the 2011 census with the same age cohort in the 2021 census. There was a swing towards Irish across all age cohorts, but it was 12-13% among younger adults (under 35 in 2021), approximately 2-6% among 35-64 (in 2021) year olds, and a much smaller 0.8% in the oldest age cohort.

Passports held

People born in Northern Ireland have automatic British citizenship on the same basis and with the same provisions as those born elsewhere in the United Kingdom. Despite the Irish Government's withdrawal of its constitutional claim to Northern Ireland in 1999, those born in Northern Ireland are entitled to Irish citizenship, should they so choose. Because of this entitlement most people in Northern Ireland are able to get both a British passport and an Irish Passport. Through an agreement between the Irish Government and Post Office Ltd, post offices in Northern Ireland provide a service where customers can apply for an Irish passport, alongside their service where customers can apply for a British passport.

Significantly more Irish passports (+11.4%) and fewer British passports (-6.5%) were held in 2021 compared to 2011. Catholics in particular gave up their British passports (-10.9%) and now hold Irish passports (+16.7%), but there was also a small drop in the percentage of Protestants with British passports (-0.4%) and large increase in Protestants with Irish passports (+6.5%). Similarly "Other" and "No religion" British passport holders fell by 8.3% and 4.9% respectively, and Irish passport holder increased by 5.6% and 6.9% respectively.

In the 2021 census, respondents stated that they held the following passports,[66] compared to 2011.[67] [68]

PassportAll usual residentsReligion or religion brought up in
Catholic Protestant and other Christian Other Religions None
2021 Change 2021 Change 2021 Change 2021 Change 2021 Change
No passport 15.9% -3.0 % 15.1% -4.1% 16.0% -2.5% 12.5% -6.0% 19.6% -0.6%
EU/EEA Countries 83.0% +0.9% 84.3% +1.9% 83.5% +1.1% 64.8% -4.5% 77.6% -0.8%
United Kingdom 52.6% -6.5% 27.5% -10.9% 77.4% -0.4% 47.7% -8.3% 60.3% -4.9%
Ireland 32.3% +11.4% 57.2% +16.7% 10.6% +6.5% 15.6% +5.6% 14.1% +6.9%
Poland 1.3% +0.3% 2.4% 0.4% 0.1% 0.0% 0.7% +0.1% 0.9% 0.0%
Lithuania 0.6% +0.2% 1.0% +0.3% 0.1% +0.1% 0.4% +0.2% 1.2% +0.4%
Other EU/EEA 1.9% +1.1% 1.5% +0.6% 1.3% +0.9% 5.5% +3.1% 5.7% +1.5%
Other 1.1% -0.1% 0.5% -0.4% 0.6% -0.1% 22.7% -3.3% 2.8% -0.7%

The following table shows the number of passport applications from within Northern Ireland since the 2021 census. 2024 numbers are up to 26 August 2024, and are not yet available broken down into first time or renewals.

In 2022, 34.8% of Irish passport applications were first time applications. In 2023 this rose to 38.2% of applications.

Irish passport applications from Northern Ireland
Year First time applications Renewals Total
2021[69] 56,700
2022[70] 32,719 61,423 94,142
2023[71] 33,849 54,858 88,707
2024[72] 78,799

Age

According to the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Authority the average (median) age increased from 34 years to 37 years between the 2001 and 2011 censuses. Over the same period, the share of the population represented by children aged under 16 years fell from 24 per cent to 21 per cent, while the proportion of people aged 65 years and over rose from 13 per cent to 15 per cent.[73]

Vital statistics since 1900

Average population [74] [75] [76] [77] Live birthsDeathsNatural changeCrude birth rate (per 1000)Crude death rate (per 1000)Natural change (per 1000)Total fertility rate
190130,78223,9546,828
190230,70723,1717,536
190331,29023,0968,194
190431,55023,5368,014
190531,40522,9498,456
190631,38923,0398,350
190730,96923,7547,215
190830,60023,1337,467
190930,64022,2758,365
19101,246,00030,21922,5767,64324.318.16.1
19111,249,00030,40721,3269,08124.317.17.3
19121,248,00030,30121,6988,60324.317.46.9
19131,243,00029,88022,5107,37024.018.15.9
19141,242,00029,70421,6718,03323.917.46.5
19151,210,00028,08222,4385,64423.218.54.7
19161,205,00026,62320,7645,85922.117.24.9
19171,208,00024,94921,0113,93820.717.43.3
19181,214,00026,21225,0131,19921.620.61.0
19191,250,00027,49622,8364,66022.018.23.8
19201,258,00032,52121,01711,50425.816.79.1
19211,264,00029,71019,30110,40923.715.48.3
19221,269,00029,53119,7959,73623.215.67.6
19231,259,00030,09718,79011,30723.914.99.1
19241,258,00028,49620,2998,19722.716.16.5
19251,257,00027,68619,7847,90222.015.86.3
19261,254,00028,16218,8279,33522.515.17.4
19271,250,00026,67618,2168,46021.414.66.8
19281,247,00025,96318,0047,95920.914.46.4
19291,240,00025,41019,8225,58820.516.04.4
19301,237,00025,87917,1488,73120.913.97.0
19311,243,00025,67318,0497,62420.714.56.2
19321,251,00025,10717,8127,29520.114.25.8
19331,258,00024,60118,1546,44719.614.55.1
19341,265,00025,36517,5217,84420.113.96.2
19351,271,00024,74218,5926,15019.514.64.8
19361,276,00025,90918,4297,48020.314.45.9
19371,281,00025,41219,2826,13019.815.14.8
19381,286,00025,74217,6498,09320.013.76.3
19391,295,00025,24017,5427,69819.513.55.9
19401,299,00025,36318,9416,42219.514.64.9
19411,308,00026,88720,0346,85320.615.35.2
19421,329,00029,64517,57012,07522.313.29.1
19431,341,00031,52117,72013,80123.513.210.3
19441,357,00030,90016,98013,92022.812.510.3
19451,359,00029,00716,43212,57521.312.19.3
19461,350,00030,13416,70613,42822.312.49.9
19471,350,00031,25416,94414,31023.212.610.6
19481,362,00029,53215,14514,38721.711.110.6
19491,371,00029,10615,67013,43621.211.49.8
19501,377,00028,79415,83912,95520.911.59.4
19511,373,00028,47717,62810,84920.712.87.9
19521,375,00028,76014,81213,94820.910.810.1
19531,384,00028,98414,81314,17120.910.710.2
19541,387,00028,80315,12413,67920.810.99.9
19551,394,00028,96515,40713,55820.811.19.7
19561,397,00029,48914,85814,63121.110.610.5
19571,399,00030,10815,18714,92121.510.910.7
19581,402,00030,30115,13215,16921.610.810.8
19591,408,00030,80915,40315,40621.910.910.9
19601,420,00031,98915,29616,69322.510.811.8
19611,427,00031,91516,10815,80722.411.311.1
19621,435,00032,56515,22617,33922.710.612.1
19631,446,00033,41415,89917,51523.111.012.1
19641,458,00034,34515,35418,99123.610.513.0
19651,469,00033,89015,55118,33923.110.612.5
19661,478,00033,22816,44116,78722.511.111.4
19671,491,00033,41514,67118,74422.49.812.6
19681,502,00033,17315,93317,24022.110.611.5
19691,513,00032,42816,33816,09021.410.810.6
19701,525,00032,08616,55115,53521.010.910.2
19711,540,00031,76516,20215,56320.610.510.1
19721,539,00029,99417,03212,96219.511.18.4
19731,530,00029,20017,66911,53119.111.57.5
19741,527,00027,16017,3279,83317.811.36.4
19751,524,00026,13016,5119,61917.210.86.4
19761,524,00026,36117,0309,33117.311.26.1
19771,523,00025,43716,9218,51616.711.15.6
19781,523,00026,23916,15310,08617.210.66.6
19791,528,00028,17816,81111,36718.411.07.4
19801,533,00028,58216,83511,74718.611.07.7
19811,543,00027,16616,25610,91017.610.57.12.79
19821,545,00026,87215,91810,95417.410.37.12.59
19831,551,00027,02616,03910,98717.410.37.12.53
19841,557,00027,47715,69211,78517.610.17.52.51
19851,565,00027,42715,95511,47217.510.27.32.50
19861,574,00027,97516,06511,91017.810.27.62.45
19871,582,00027,65315,33412,31917.59.77.82.44
19881,585,00027,51415,81311,70117.410.07.42.39
19891,590,00025,83115,8449,98716.210.06.22.35
19901,596,00026,25115,42610,82516.59.76.82.19
19911,607,00026,02815,09610,93216.29.46.92.21
19921,623,00025,35414,98810,36615.69.26.42.16
19931,636,00024,72215,6339,08915.19.65.52.08
19941,644,00024,09815,1148,98414.79.25.52.01
19951,649,00023,69315,3108,38314.49.35.11.95
19961,662,00024,38215,2189,16414.79.25.51.91
19971,671,00024,08714,9719,11614.49.05.41.95
19981,678,00023,66814,9938,67514.18.95.21.93
19991,679,00022,95715,6637,29413.79.34.31.90
20001,683,00021,51214,9036,60912.88.93.91.86
20011,689,00021,96214,5137,44913.08.64.41.75
20021,697,00021,38514,5866,79912.68.64.01.81
20031,703,00021,64814,4627,18612.78.54.21.76
20041,710,00022,31814,3547,96413.08.44.71.79
20051,724,00022,32814,2248,10412.98.24.71.84
20061,742,00023,27214,5328,74013.48.35.01.84
20071,759,00024,45114,6499,80213.98.35.61.90
20081,775,00025,63114,90710,72414.48.46.01.98
20091,789,00024,91014,41310,49713.98.15.82.05
20101,799,00025,31514,45710,85814.18.06.12.02
20111,809,00025,27314,20411,06914.07.86.22.02
20121,820,00025,26914,75610,51314.08.15.92.03
20131,830,00024,27714,9689,30913.38.25.11.95
20141,840,00024,39414,6789,71613.38.05.31.96
20151,851,00024,21515,5538,66213.18.44.71.94
20161,862,00024,07615,4308,64612.98.34.61.93
20171,871,00023,07516,0367,03912.38.63.71.85
20181,882,00022,82915,9236,90612.18.53.61.83
20191,893,70022,44715,7586,68911.98.33.61.80
20201,896,00020,81517,6143,20111.09.31.71.68
20211,903,17522,07117,5584,51311.69.22.41.79
20221,910,50020,83717,1593,67810.99.01.91.71
20231,920,40019,96217,2542,70810.49.01.41.64

Current vital statistics

[78] [79]

PeriodLive birthsDeathsNatural increase
January–September 202315,20012,843+2,357
January–September 202414,82513,516+1,309
Difference -375 (-2.46%) +673 (+5.24%) -1,048

See also

Further reading

Notes and References

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  2. Anderson. James. Shuttleworth. Ian. Sectarian demography, territoriality and political development in Northern Ireland. Political Geography. 17. 2. 1998. 187–208. 0962-6298. 10.1016/S0962-6298(97)00035-8. 12348611.
  3. News: Catholics Outnumber Protestants in Northern Ireland for the First Time. Megan. Specia. Ed. O'Loughlin. The New York Times . 22 September 2022.
  4. Census politics in Northern Ireland from the Good Friday Agreement to Brexit: Beyond the 'sectarian headcount'?. Laurence. Cooley. 30 August 2021. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations. 23. 3. 451–470. 10.1177/1369148120959045. 228856031 . free.
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  6. Web site: Communal counting: The Northern Ireland census. 6 March 2019.
  7. News: Census 2021: More from Catholic background in NI than Protestant. BBC News . 22 September 2022.
  8. Web site: 'Historic' shift for Northern Ireland but what do the Census findings tell us about its future?. Diarmuid. Pepper. The Journal. 22 September 2022 .
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  12. Part of Belfast metropolitan area
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  26. Web site: Table 1.3: Overseas-born population in the United Kingdom, excluding some residents in communal establishments, by sex, by country of birth, January 2014 to December 2014. Office for National Statistics. 27 August 2015. 17 April 2016. Figures given are the central estimates. See the source for 95 per cent confidence intervals.
  27. Web site: Northern Ireland Birth Tables . 17 November 2024.
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  29. Web site: England Wales Census 2021 . 20 August 2024.
  30. Web site: Scotland's Census . 20 August 2024.
  31. Web site: Census of Population 2022 - Summary Results Table 4.5 . 10 September 2024.
  32. Web site: People in Australia who were born in Northern Ireland. 18 November 2024.
  33. Web site: People in New Zealand who were born in Northern Ireland. 18 November 2024.
  34. Web site: US Census Country of Birth. 23 November 2024.
  35. Web site: Canadian Census Country of Birth. 23 November 2024.
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  41. Web site: Census 2021 Ethnic group - full detail MS-B02 . Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency . 31 May 2023.
  42. Web site: Racial Equality (The Executive Office) . 25 June 2023 . Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency.
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  48. Web site: 2001 Northern Irish Census . 19 October 2022 . Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency.
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  52. Web site: Highest qualification by age 2021 . . 17 August 2024.
  53. Web site: England/Wales regions, highest qualification by age 2021 . . 30 November 2024.
  54. Web site: What is an apprenticeship. . 29 October 2024.
  55. Web site: 1991 Census Report. . 29 October 2024.
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  60. Web site: Northern Ireland Neighbourhood Information Service . 22 July 2014.
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  66. Web site: Passports Held - 18 Categories by Religion or Religion Brought Up In . . 12 August 2024.
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  68. Web site: Northern Ireland Neighbourhood Information Service . 8 September 2024.
  69. News: More Irish than UK passports issued in Northern Ireland for first time. . 8 September 2024.
  70. Web site: Passport Service Press Release 2022 . 8 September 2024.
  71. Web site: Passport Service Interesting Facts 2023. 8 September 2024.
  72. Web site: Tánaiste announces over 775,000 passports issued to date in 2024. 26 August 2024 . 8 September 2024.
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