Demographics of Nicaragua explained

Demographics of Nicaragua
Population	(est.)
Male population	2,839,168
Female population	2,836,188
Population growth	1.855%
Birth rate	18.9/1,000 (2020 est.)
Death rate	5.1/1,000 (2020 est.)
Infant mortality rate	11.861/1,000^[1]
Life expectancy	74.8 years
Nationality	Nicaraguan
Demographic bureaus	INEC

According to, Nicaragua has a population of ..According to a 2014 research published in the journal Genetics and Molecular Biology, European ancestry predominates in 69% of Nicaraguans, followed by African ancestry in 20%, and lastly indigenous ancestry in 11%.^[2] A Japanese research of "Genomic Components in America's demography" demonstrated that, on average, the ancestry of Nicaraguans is 58–62% European, 28% Native American, and 14% African, with a very small Near Eastern contribution.^[3] Non-genetic data from the CIA World Factbook establish that from Nicaragua's 2016 population of 5,966,798, around 69% are mestizo, 17% white, 5% Native American, and 9% black and other races. This fluctuates with changes in migration patterns. The population is 58% urban .^[4]

Prior to the Sandinista revolution of 1979 since most of the migration during the years that followed were primarily of upper or middle-class Nicaraguans, a group primarily made up of whites. A growing number of these expats have returned, while many continue to live abroad.^[5]

42.5% of the population lives below the poverty line.^[6] The general poverty rate is estimated at 47.3%, although much of the population falls in the lower middle class due to low salaries and a low GDP (US$1000–3000).^[7]

The most populous city in the country is the capital city, Managua, with a population of 1.2 million (2005). As of 2005, over 4.4 million inhabitants live in the Pacific, Central and North regions. 2.7 million inhabitants reside in the Pacific region alone, while inhabitants in the Caribbean region only reach an estimated 700,000.^[8]

The Census Bureau in Nicaragua is the National Institute of Statistics and Census (INEC). The institution is in charge of completing censuses and surveys. INEC ran its first census in 1906, the last census was taken in 2005, it was the eighth to date.

Population

According to the total population was in, compared to only 1,295,000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2010 was 34.5%, 60.9% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 4.6% was 65 years or older.^[9]

Year	Total population (million)	Proportion percentage
	aged 0–14	aged 15–64	aged 65+
1950	1 295
1955	1 508
1960	1 775
1965	2 063
1970	2 400
1975	2 798
1980	3 250
1985	3 710
1990	4 138
1995	4 659
2000	5 069
2005	5 439
2010	5 824
2015	6 223
2020	6 625

Structure of the population

Age group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	2 844 244	2 898 072	5 742 316	100
0-4	347 205	332 920	680 125	11.84
5-9	336 817	323 279	660 096	11.50
10-14	344 831	332 925	677 756	11.80
15-19	331 536	329 072	660 608	11.50
20-24	286 484	290 439	576 923	10.05
25-29	250 672	260 730	511 402	8.91
30-34	197 120	214 967	412 087	7.18
35-39	162 472	174 845	337 317	5.87
40-44	136 223	143 572	279 795	4.87
45-49	115 914	124 028	239 942	4.18
50-54	98 355	107 733	206 088	3.59
55-59	74 173	80 156	154 329	2.69
60-64	45 221	48 460	93 681	1.63
65-69	43 121	46 230	89 351	1.56
70-74	32 418	35 443	67 861	1.18
75-79	22 249	25 956	48 205	0.84
80+	19 433	27 317	46 750	0.81
Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0-14	1 028 853	989 124	2 017 977	35.14
15-64	1 698 170	1 774 002	3 472 172	60.47
65+	117 221	134 946	252 167	4.39

Age Group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	3 288 408	3 375 956	6 664 364	100
0–4	335 249	320 686	655 935	9.84
5–9	343 583	328 904	672 487	10.09
10–14	337 314	323 968	661 282	9.92
15–19	313 019	301 775	614 794	9.23
20–24	304 662	297 089	601 751	9.03
25–29	296 857	299 885	596 742	8.95
30–34	259 590	270 778	530 368	7.96
35–39	235 250	251 343	486 593	7.30
40–44	193 337	216 923	410 260	6.16
45–49	156 792	176 961	333 753	5.01
50–54	129 366	143 115	272 481	4.09
55–59	110 143	122 372	232 515	3.49
60–64	94 032	107 538	201 570	3.02
65-69	72 950	83 721	156 671	2.35
70-74	40 996	47 564	88 560	1.33
75-79	31 679	37 603	69 282	1.04
80+	33 589	45 731	79 320	1.19
Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0–14	1 016 146	973 558	1 989 704	29.86
15–64	2 093 048	2 187 779	4 280 827	64.23
65+	179 214	214 619	393 833	5.91

Population distribution

Ninety percent of Nicaraguans live in the Pacific lowlands and the adjacent interior highlands. The population is 54% urban. The most populous city in Nicaragua is the capital city, Managua, with a population of 1.2 million (2005). As of 2005, over 4.4 million inhabitants live in the Pacific, Central and North regions of the country. There are 2.7 million residents in the Pacific region. The Caribbean region has an estimated 700,000 residents.^[8] In addition, many Nicaraguans live abroad.

Departments by population

align=center style="background:#f5f5f5;"	Rank	align=center style="background:#f5f5f5;"	City	align=center style="background:#f5f5f5;"	Department	align=center style="background:#f5f5f5;"	Pop.	align=center style="background:#f5f5f5;"	Rank	align=center style="background:#f5f5f5;"	City	align=center style="background:#f5f5f5;"	Department	align=center style="background:#f5f5f5;"	Pop.
align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;"	1	align=left	Managua		1,262,978	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;"	10	align=left	Estelí		201,548
align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;"	2	align=left	Matagalpa		469,172	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;"	11	align=left	Granada		168,186
align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;"	3	align=left	Chinandega		378,970	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;"	12	align=left	Jinotepe		166,073
align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;"	4	align=left	León		355,779	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;"	13	align=left	Rivas	Rivas	156,283	align=center	Managua
align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;"	5	align=left	Jinotega		331,335	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;"	14	align=left	Juigalpa		153,932	Granada
align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;"	6	align=left	Bilwi		314,130	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;"	15	align=left	Boaco		150,636
align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;"	7	align=left	Bluefields		306,510	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;"	16	align=left	Somoto		132,459
align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;"	8	align=left	Masaya		289,988	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;"	17	align=left	San Carlos		95,596
align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;"	9	align=left	Ocotal		208,523	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;"	18	align=left	Total	--	5,142,098 (2005)

^[10]

Vital statistics

Registration of vital events is in Nicaragua not complete. The Population Department of the United Nations prepared the following estimates.^[9]

Period	Live births per year	Deaths per year	Natural change per year	CBR*	CDR*	NC*	TFR*	IMR*	Life expectancy
total	for males	for females
1950–1955	77 000	32 000	45 000	54.9	23.0	31.9	7.20	172	42.3	40.9	43.7
1955–1960	89 000	33 000	56 000	54.2	20.4	33.8	7.50	151	45.4	44.1	46.8
1960–1965	93 000	33 000	60 000	48.5	17.0	31.5	7.10	131	48.7	47.3	50.0
1965–1970	103 000	32 000	71 000	46.3	14.4	31.9	6.95	114	52.0	50.5	53.4
1970–1975	120 000	33 000	88 000	46.3	12.6	33.7	6.79	98	55.3	53.7	56.8
1975–1980	137 000	34 000	102 000	45.2	11.3	33.9	6.35	90	57.6	55.3	60.0
1980–1985	149 000	35 000	114 000	42.9	10.1	32.7	5.85	80	59.5	56.5	62.6
1985–1990	150 000	33 000	117 000	38.2	8.4	29.8	5.00	65	62.2	59.0	65.5
1990–1995	156 000	29 000	127 000	35.4	6.5	28.9	4.50	48	66.1	63.5	68.7
1995–2000	147 000	27 000	120 000	30.1	5.6	24.6	3.60	34	68.4	65.9	71.1
2000–2005	139 000	26 000	112 000	25.8	5.2	20.6	2.91	26	70.9	68.0	73.8
2005–2010	140 000	27 000	113 000	24.3	5.1	19.2	2.68	22	72.9	69.9	76.0
2010–2015				22.8	5.0	17.8	2.54
2015–2020				20.9	5.1	15.8	2.42
2020–2025				18.7	5.1	13.6	2.28
2025–2030				17.1	5.3	11.8	2.16
CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman)

Fertility and births

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR):^[11]

Year	Total		Urban		Rural
	CBR	TFR	CBR	TFR	CBR	TFR
1998	29	3,6 (2,5)	2,9 (2,0)		5,0 (3,3)
2001	27	3,2 (2,3)	24	2,6 (1,8)	31	4,4 (3,0)
2006–2007		2,7		2,2		3,5
2011/2012		2,4		2,1		2,9

Births and deaths^{[12] [13]}

Year	Population	Live births	Deaths	Natural increase	Crude birth rate	Crude death rate	Rate of natural increase	Crude migration (per thousands)	TFR
1990	3,959,785
1991	4,058,434
1992	4,162,367
1993	4,268,685
1994	4,374,490
1995	4,476,881
1996	4,574,524
1997	4,669,352
1998	4,763,366
1999	4,858,570
2000	4,956,964
2001	5,058,643
2002	5,162,275
2003	5,267,714
2004	5,374,820
2005	5,483,447	121,380	16,770	104,610	22.1	3.1	19.0		2.94
2006	5,522,606	123,886	16,595	107,291	22.4	3.0	19.4	-12.3
2007	5,595,541	128,171	17,288	110,883	22.9	3.1	19.8	-6.6	2.509
2008	5,668,876	129,506	18,262	111,244	22.8	3.2	19.6	-6.5	2.487
2009	5,742,310	132,222	18,179	114,043	23.0	3.2	19.8	-6.8	2.492
2010	5,815,524	132,165	19,944	112,221	22.7	3.4	19.3	-6.6	2.458
2011	5,996,619	140,958	19,523	121,435	23.5	3.3	20.2	10.9	2.541
2012	6,071,045	142,874	20,300	122,574	23.5	3.3	20.2	-7.8	2.544
2013	6,134,270	142,756	21,381	121,375	23.3	3.5	19.8	-9.4	2.526
2014	6,198,154	143,421	22,469	120,952	23.1	3.6	19.5	-9.1	2.521
2015	6,262,703	144,597	23,540	121,057	23.1	3.8	19.3	-8.9	2.524
2016	6,327,927	139,595	23,738	115,857	22.1	3.8	18.3	-7.9	2.430
2017	6,393,824	139,487	24,300	115,187	21.8	3.8	18.0	-7.6	2.421
2018	6,460,411	139,126	24,296	114,830	21.5	3.8	17.7	-7.3	2.416
2019	6,527,691	131,673	25,340	106,333	20.1	3.9	16.2	- 5.8	2.284
2020	6,595,674	124,365	33,681	90,684	18.9	5.1	13.8	-3.4	2.158
2021	6,664,000	120,473	34,999	85,474	17.5	5.0	12.5	-2.1
2022	6,734,000	118,118
2023		106,439	26,160	80,279	15.6

Ethnic groups

See also: Nicaraguans.

According to the 2005 census 443,847 (8.6%) residents consider themselves to belong to an indigenous people or to an ethnic community.^[14] The remaining majority of the Nicaraguan population (91.6%) are deemed mestizo and white, with the majority of these being of Spanish, with some German, Italian, Portuguese and French ancestry. Mestizos and whites mainly reside in the western region of the country.

Possibly also a part of the black or Afro-Nicaraguan population, which mainly resides on the country's sparsely populated Caribbean (or Atlantic) coast, is included in the majority population which does not consider itself to belong to an ethnic community. In the 2005 census, there were only 19,890 Creoles (0.4% of the total population). The Creole population is mostly of West Indian (Antillean) origin, the descendants of indentured laborers brought mostly from Jamaica when the region was a British protectorate.

Primarily in the 19th century, Nicaragua saw several waves of immigration from European nations. In particular the northern cities of Estelí, Jinotega and Matagalpa have significant populations of fourth generation Germans.

The Garifuna, a people of mixed Carib, Angolan, Congolese and Arawak descent, numbered 3,271 in 2005 (0.1%). 112,253 people considered themselves "Mestizo de la Costa Caribe" (mestizo of the Caribbean coast). In addition to the inhabitants who declared themselves Indigenous or Ethnic community, 13,740 answered "Other". Another 47,473 responded "Not Sure" and an additional 19,460 responded "Ignore".

Indigenous population

The Native American population, the unmixed descendants of the country's indigenous inhabitants, numbered 227,760 (4.4% of the total population) in 2005.^[14] Nicaragua's pre-Columbian consisted of many indigenous groups. In the western region, the Nicarao people were present along with other groups such as the Mangue and Subtiaba, all three being considered Mesoamerican peoples.

The central region and the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua were mainly inhabited by speakers of Misumalpan languages and some speakers of Chibchan languages. These groups include the Miskitos (120,817 people), Matagalpa (15,240 people), Ramas (4,185 people), Sumos (9,756 people) and Ulwa (698 people).

In the 19th century, the indigenous population was more demographically significant, but they have since largely been culturally assimilated into the mestizo majority. In the mid-1980s, the government divided the department of Zelaya – consisting of the eastern half of the country — into two autonomous regions and granted the black and indigenous people of this region limited self-rule within the Republic.

Those belonging to recognized indigenous communities (2005)
Rama	4,185	0.9%	Chorotega	46,002	10.4
Sumo	9,756	2.2%	Miskito	120.817	27.2%
Ulwa	698	0.2%	Matagalpa	15,240	3.4%
Subtiaba	19,949	4.5%	Nahua	11,113	2.5

Immigration

Relative to its overall population, Nicaragua has never experienced any large scale wave of immigrants. The total number of immigrants to Nicaragua, both originating from other Latin American countries and all other countries, never surpassed 1% of its total population prior to 1995. The 2005 census showed the foreign-born population at 1.2%, having risen 0.06% in 10 years.^[8] However, in the 19th century, Nicaragua received immigrants from Europe, who established many agricultural businesses such as coffee and sugar cane plantations, and also newspapers, hotels and banks.

Emigration

During the Nicaraguan Revolution and the Civil War, thousands of Nicaraguans left the country. After the 1990 Nicaraguan Elections some people returned, but many more emigrated during the rest of the decade. In 1998, the Hurricane Mitch killed almost 4,000 people in the country and destroyed much of the Nicaraguan economy, as a result thousands of Nicaraguans received the TPS enabling them to emigrate to the United States as "refugees".^[15] In recent years, many Nicaraguans had left the country to escape poverty and unemployment.

Nicaraguan emigration is a recent process. During the 1990–2004 period, more than 800,000 Nicaraguans left the country, compared to 100,000 during the 1970–1989 period.^[16] According to the World Bank, in 2005 there were 683,520 Nicaraguans living outside Nicaragua legally. If those who are undocumented are counted, some sources estimate as many as 1,500,000 Nicaraguans living abroad by the end of 2005.^[17] Nicaraguans are the third largest community of Central Americans living abroad, after Guatemalans and Salvadorans. Nicaragua is also the second country in Central America by percentage of population living abroad.

Following the return of Daniel Ortega to power in the 2006 Nicaraguan general election and subsequent democratic backsliding, especially during and after the violently suppressed 2018 Nicaraguan protests, a new wave of political emigration occurred.^[18] Most political emigrants live in Costa Rica^[19] which has been a stable representative democracy since the end of the Costa Rican Civil War in 1948. Other target countries of political emigration include the United States and European countries, particularly Spain.

Remittances to Nicaragua represent about 15% of the country's GDP.^[20] In 2008 Nicaragua received close to one billion dollars in remittances; an increase from the $750,000,000 received in 2007, according to the World Bank^[21]

Language

See main article: Languages of Nicaragua. The official language of Nicaragua is Spanish, or Nicañol as Nicaraguan Spanish is sometimes referred to, and is spoken by the country's population. In Nicaragua the Voseo form is common, just as in other countries in Central and South America like Honduras, Argentina, and Uruguay. Spanish has many different dialects spoken throughout Latin America, Central American Spanish is the dialect spoken in Nicaragua.

Phonology

Some other characteristics of Nicaraguan phonology include:

• /s/ at the end of a syllable or before a consonant is pronounced like [h].
• j (/x/), is aspirated; it is soft as the /h/ in English (e.g.: Yahoo).
• Intervocalic /b/, /d/, and /g/ show no sign of reduction, and are much more pronounced than in most dialects.
• In some regions the double /l/ is pronounced with a ("Shhh") sound, Argentina has a similar accent.
• There is no confusion between /l/ and /r/, as in the Caribbean.
• /s/, /z/ and in some cases /c/ (as in cerrar) are pronounced as [s]
• /m/ at the end of a word tends to be pronounced as [n]

Nicaraguans on the Caribbean coast speak their indigenous languages and also English. The indigenous peoples of the east who use their original language tend to also speak Spanish and/or English, the main languages being Miskito language, Sumo language, and Rama language. Creole languages are also present in the Caribbean coast, Nicaragua Creole English has 30,000 speakers.

Nicaragua has many minority groups. Many ethnic groups in Nicaragua, such as the Chinese Nicaraguans and Palestinian Nicaraguans, have maintained their ancestral languages while also speaking Spanish and/or English. Minority languages include Chinese, Arabic, German, Italian among others. Nicaragua also has a total of 3 extinct languages.^[22]

Nicaraguan Sign Language is also of particular interest to linguists.

Religion

See main article: Religion in Nicaragua.

Religious Affiliation in Nicaragua (census 2005)
Religion	Percentage
Roman Catholic	58.5%
Evangelical	21.6%
Moravian	1.6%
Jehovah's Witnesses	0.9%
None	15.7%
Other^1	1.6%
^1 Includes Buddhism, Islam, and Judaism among other religions.
Source: 2005 Nicaraguan Census

Religion is a significant part of the culture of Nicaragua and forms part of the constitution. Religious freedom, which has been guaranteed since 1939, and religious tolerance is promoted by both the Nicaraguan government and the constitution. Bishops are expected to lend their authority to important state occasions, and their pronouncements on national issues are closely followed. They can also be called upon to mediate between contending parties at moments of political crisis.^[23]

Although Nicaragua has no official religion it is nominally Roman Catholic. Practicing Roman Catholics are no longer the majority and are declining while evangelical Protestant groups and Mormons are growing rapidly have been growing since the 1990s. There are also strong Anglican and Moravian communities on the Caribbean coast.

Roman Catholicism came to Nicaragua in the 16th century with the Spanish conquest and remained, until 1939, the established faith. Protestantism and various Christian sects came to Nicaragua during the 19th century, but only during the 20th century have Protestant denominations gained large followings in the Caribbean Coast of the country. Popular religion revolves around the saints, who are perceived as intermediaries between human beings and God.^[23]

Most localities, from the capital of Managua to small rural communities, honor patron saints selected from the Roman Catholic calendar with annual fiestas. In many communities, a rich lore has grown up around the celebrations of patron saints, such as Managua's Saint Dominic (Santo Domingo), honored in August with two colorful, often riotous, day-long processions through the city. The high point of Nicaragua's religious calendar for the masses is neither Christmas nor Easter, but La Purísima, a week of festivities in early December dedicated to the Immaculate Conception, during which elaborate altars to the Virgin Mary are constructed in homes and workplaces.^[23]

Other demographic statistics

Demographic statistics according to the 2022 World Population Review.

• One birth every 4 minutes
• One death every 15 minutes
• One net migrant every 31 minutes
• Net gain of one person every 7 minutes

Demographic statistics according to the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.

Population

6,301,880 (2022 est.)

Ethnic groups

Mestizo (mixed Amerindian and White) 69%, White 17%, Black 9%, Amerindian 5%

Age structure

0-14 years: 25.63% (male 811,731/female 777,984)

15-24 years: 19.51% (male 609,962/female 600,567)

25-54 years: 42.41% (male 1,254,683/female 1,376,052)

55-64 years: 6.63% (male 188,591/female 222,766)

65 years and over: 5.82% (2020 est.) (male 159,140/female 201,965)

Birth rate

16.52 births/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 97th

Death rate

5.17 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 191st

Median age

total: 27.3 years. Country comparison to the world: 148th

male: 26.4 years

female: 28.2 years (2020 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.8 children born/woman (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 145th

Population growth rate

0.92% (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 104th

Net migration rate

-2.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 170th

Mother's mean age at first birth

19.2 years (2011/12 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

Contraceptive prevalence rate

80.4% (2011/12)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 74.78 years. Country comparison to the world: 132nd

male: 72.56 years

female: 77.11 years (2022 est.)

Urbanization

urban population: 59.6% of total population (2022)

rate of urbanization: 1.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk: high (2020)

food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria

Education expenditures

3.4% of GDP (2019) Country comparison to the world: 132nd

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 82.6%

male: 82.4%

female: 82.8% (2015)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

total: 8.5%

male: 6.4%

female: 12.9% (2014 est.)

Languages

Spanish (official) 95.3%, Miskito 2.2%, Mestizo of the Caribbean coast 2%, other 0.5%; note - English and indigenous languages found on the Caribbean coast (2005 est.)

Religions

Roman Catholic 50%, Evangelical 33.2%, other 2.9%, none 0.7%, unspecified 13.2% (2017 est.)

See also

• Culture of Nicaragua
• National Institute of Statistics and Census of Nicaragua

General:

• Ethnic groups in Central America

External links

• CIA World Factbook
• Web site: Población Total, estimada al 30 de Junio del año 2012. Inide.gob.ni. 3 October 2017.

Notes and References

1. Web site: Nicaragua Demographics. Worldometer. 2023.
2. Mauro Salzano, Francisco . Sans, Mónica . Interethnic admixture and the evolution of Latin American populations. Genetics and Molecular Biology. 2014. 37. 1 (suppl). 151–170. 10.1590/s1415-47572014000200003. 24764751 . 3983580.
3. Web site: Genomic Components in America's demography. January 8, 2018. 7 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210307232735/https://c1.staticflickr.com/5/4307/35125440893_3566ed7714_o.jpg. live.
4. Web site: Urban population (% of total). World Bank. 2015-06-26. 2 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170302054104/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS. live.
5. Web site: Sandinista political and military organization, Nicaragua Britannica . www.britannica.com . en.
6. Web site: The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency. https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003340/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2046.html#nu. dead. June 13, 2007. Cia.gov. 3 October 2017.
7. Web site: Instituto Nacional de Información de Desarrollo- INIDE de Nicaragua. Inide.gob.ni. 3 October 2017.
8. News: VIII Censo de Poblacion y IV de Vivienda. October 2005. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. 2007-07-07. es. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20070824192548/http://www.inec.gob.ni/censos2005/ResumenCensal/RESUMENCENSAL.pdf. 2007-08-24.
9. Web site: World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations. https://web.archive.org/web/20110506065230/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm. dead. May 6, 2011. population.un.org.
10. Web site: Worldbank, country Nicaragua, visited October 9, 2021.
11. Web site: MEASURE DHS: Demographic and Health Surveys. Microdata.worldbank.org. 3 October 2017.
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