Demographics of Filipino Americans explained

The demographics of Filipino Americans describe a heterogeneous group of people in the United States who trace their ancestry to the Philippines. As of the 2020 Census, there were 4.4 million Filipino Americans, including Multiracial Americans who were part Filipino living in the US. Filipino Americans constitute the third-largest population of Asian Americans, and the largest population of Overseas Filipinos.

The first recorded presence of Filipinos in what is now the United States dates to October 1587, with the first permanent settlement of Filipinos in present-day Louisiana in 1763. Migration of significant numbers of Filipinos to the United States did not occur until the early 20th century, when the Philippines was an overseas territory of the United States. After World War II, and until 1965, migration of Filipinos to the United States was reduced limited to primarily military and medically connected immigration. Since 1965, due to changes in immigration policy, the population of Filipino Americans has expanded significantly.

Filipino Americans can be found throughout the United States, especially in the Western United States and metropolitan areas. In California, Filipinos were initially concentrated in its Central Valley, especially in Stockton, but later shifted to Southern California and the San Francisco Bay Area. Other states with significant populations of Filipinos include: Hawaii, Texas, Washington, Nevada, Florida, and Illinois. New Jersey and the New York Metropolitan area also has a significant population of Filipinos. There are smaller populations of Filipino Americans elsewhere.

As a population, Filipino Americans are multilingual, with Tagalog being the largest non-English language being spoken. A majority of Filipino Americans are Christian, with smaller populations having other religious views. On average, Filipino Americans earn a higher average household income and achieve a higher level of education than the national average.

National population demographics

Due to the significant increase of Indian Americans, Filipino Americans became the third-largest Asian American ethnicity in the United States.[1] Filipino Americans who only listed Filipino alone, increased their population by 20.4% to 3,076,108, being the third largest Asian alone ethnicities behind Indian Americans, and Chinese Americans. When including multiracial Asian Americans, the total population of Filipino Americans increased by 29.9% to 4,436,992 persons, behind Chinese Americans, and Indian Americans.

The Filipino American community was the second-largest Asian American group in the United States with a population of over 3.4 million as of the 2010 US Census,[2] making up 19.7% of Asian Americans.[3] Only Chinese Americans have a larger population among Asian Americans.[4] Not including multiracial Filipino Americans, the population of those responding as Filipino alone in the 2010 Census was 2,555,923, an increase of 38% in population from the 2000 Census.[5] 69% of Filipino Americans were born outside of the United States. 77% of all Filipino Americans are United States citizens.[6] Filipino Americans are the largest subgroup of Overseas Filipinos;[7] as of 2011, there are 1,813,597 Philippines-born immigrants living in the United States (4.5% of all immigrants in the United States), of which 65% have become naturalized U.S. citizens.[8] In 2014, there was an estimated 1.23 million second generation Filipino Americans, who had a median age of 20, yet three percent were over the age of 64. Life expectancy for Filipino Americans is higher than the general population of the United States; however, survival rates of Filipino Americans diagnosed with cancer are lower than European Americans and African Americans.[9] In 2015, the United States Census Bureau American Community Survey estimated that there were over 3.8 million Filipinos in the United States.[10] In 2018, the American Community Survey estimated the population of Filipinos in the United States to be over 4 million.[11] [12] In 2019, the American Community Survey estimated the population of Filipinos in the United States to be about 4.2 Million.[13]

The U.S. Census Bureau reported that the 2007 American Community Survey, identified approximately 3.1 million persons as "Filipino alone or in any combination". The census also found that about 80% of the Filipino American community are United States citizens.[14] According to a study published in 2007, 11% of single-heritage Filipinos did not mark "Asian" as their race; this number was greater among multiracial Filipinos.[15] Also in 2011, the U.S. State Department estimated the size of the Filipino American community at four million,[16] or 1.5% of the United States population. There are no official records of Filipinos who hold dual citizenship; however, during the 2000 Census data indicated that Filipino Americans had the lowest percentage of non-citizens amongst Asian Americans, at 26%.[17] Additionally, although historically there had been a larger number of Filipino American men than women, women represented 54% of the Filipino American adult population in the 2000 Census.

Filipino Americans are the largest group of Overseas Filipinos, and the majority were born outside of the United States; at the same time, more than 73% are United States citizens. Among Asian Americans, Filipino Americans are the most integrated in American society, and are described by University of California, Santa Barbara Professor Pei-te Lien as being "acculturated and economically incorporated". One in five is a multiracial American. Multiple languages are spoken by Filipino Americans, and the majority are Roman Catholic. Filipino Americans had the second highest median family income amongst Asian Americans, and had a high level of educational achievement.

Interracial marriage among Filipinos is common.[18] They have the largest number of interracial marriages among Asian immigrant groups in California—[19] only Japanese Americans have a higher rate nationally.[20] Compared to other Asian Americans, Filipino Americans are more likely to have a Hispanic spouse.[21] Statistically, Filipino American women are more likely to marry outside of their ethnicity (38.9%) than Filipino American men (17.6%); other Asian American populations have lower rates of marrying outside of their race than both Filipino American men and women. Between 2008 and 2010, 48% of Filipino American marriages were with non-Asians.[22] It is also noted that 21.8% of Filipino Americans are multiracial, second among Asian Americans.[23] [24] Depending on their parentage, multiracial Filipino Americans may refer to themselves as Mestizo, Tsinoy, Blackapino, and Mexipino.[25]

Historical settlement

Early immigration

The earliest recorded presence of Filipinos in what is now the United States is October 1587 when mariners under Spanish command landed in Morro Bay, California.[26] [27] The earliest permanent Filipino American residents arrived in the Americans in 1763, settling in Louisiana's bayou country.[28] They later created settlements in the Mississippi River Delta such as Saint Malo, Manila Village in Barataria Bay, Louisiana, and four others in present-day Plaquemines and Jefferson Parishes.[29] These early settlements were composed of sailors compelled to serve in press gangs who had escaped from duty aboard Spanish galleons. They were documented by Harper's Weekly journalist Lafcadio Hearn in 1883. These settlements were the first longstanding Asian American settlements in the United States.[30] The last of these, Manila Village, survived until 1965 when it was destroyed by Hurricane Betsy.[31] An additional 2,000 were documented in New Orleans with their roots dating back to about 1806— the first being Augustin Feliciano from the Philippines's Bicol Region.[32] Others came later from: Manila, Cavite, Ilocos, Camarines, Zamboanga, Zambales, Leyte, Samar, Antique, Bulacan, Bohol, Cagayan, and Surigao.[33]

American period

Significant immigration to the United States began in the 1900s[34] after the Spanish–American War when the Philippines became an overseas territory of the United States, and the population became United States nationals.[35] Unlike other Asians who were unable to immigrate to the United States because of the immigration laws of the time, Filipinos, as U.S. nationals, were exempt.[36] In December 1915, it was ruled that Filipinos were eligible for naturalization and could become citizens.[37] Naturalization remained difficult, however, with documented cases of denied naturalization and de-naturalization occurring in the early 20th century.[38] Filipinos, many agricultural laborers, settled primarily in the then Territory of Hawaii and California.[39] Of the one hundred thirteen thousand Filipinos who immigrated during the early American period, about a third returned to the Philippines.[40]

A smaller group of immigrants were sent on a scholarship program established by the Philippine Commission,[41] and were collectively known as "pensionados";[42] the first batch of pensionados was sent in 1903 and the scholarship program continued until World War II.[43] The students were chosen initially from wealthy and elite Filipino families, but were later from a more diverse background. Other Filipino students, outside the program, came to the United States for education; many did not return to the Philippines.[44]

During this wave of migration to the United States from the Philippines, men outnumbered women by a ratio of about 15:1.[45] Nuclear families were rare, therefore, and an indication of privilege.[46] This migration, known as the "manong generation",[47] was reduced to 50 persons a year after passage of the Tydings–McDuffie Act (officially the Philippine Independence Act) which classified Filipinos as aliens.[48] This was offset by the United States Navy's recruitment of Filipinos, that began in 1898 and authorized by President William McKinley in 1901.[49] They were exempt from this quota.[50] Additionally, those Filipino sailors were eligible for naturalization after three years of service.[51] By 1922, Filipinos made up 5.7% of the United States Navy's enlisted personnel.[48] In 1930, there were twenty-five thousand Filipino Americans in the United States Navy, primarily rated as stewards,[52] having largely displaced African-Americans in that rating.[53]

Post independence

The War Brides Act of 1945, and subsequent Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act of 1946,[54] [55] allowed veterans to return to the Philippines to bring back fiancées, wives, and children.[56] [57] In the years following the war, some sixteen thousand Filipinas entered the United States as war brides.[58] That is not to say only women and children were beneficiaries of the acts, for it was recorded that a lone Filipino groom immigrated during this period.[59] These new immigrants formed a second generation of Filipino Americans that grew Filipino American communities, providing nuclear families. Immigration levels were impacted by the independence of the Philippines from the United States, that occurred on 4 July 1946. The quota of non-naval immigration increased slightly to 100 because of the passage of the Luce–Celler Act of 1946.[60] Thus, Filipino American communities developed around United States Navy bases, whose impact can still be seen today.[61] Filipino American communities were also settled near Army and Air Force bases.[62] After World War II, until 1965, half of all Filipino immigrants to the United States were wives of U.S. servicemembers. In 1946, the Filipino Naturalization Act allowed for naturalization,[63] and citizenship for Filipinos who had arrived before March 1943.[64] Beginning in 1948, due to the U.S. Education Exchange Act, Filipino nurses began to immigrate to the United States; 7,000 arrived that year.[65]

Post 1965

Following the enactment of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, until at least the 1990s, the Philippines became the largest source of Asian immigration, providing one-fourth of Asian immigrants to the United States.[66] Filipinos were the largest number of Asians immigrants to the U.S. and the second-largest immigrant population after Mexicans.[67] Into the 1990s, Filipino immigrants included many highly educated and higher skilled immigrants.[68] A significant portion of them worked in the medical field filling medical personnel shortages in the U.S. in areas like nursing. As a result of the shortage of nurses, the Philippines become the largest source of healthcare professionals who immigrated to the U.S.[69] In the 1960s, nurses from the Philippines became the largest group of nurses immigrating to the U.S. surpassing those immigrating from Canada.[70] By the 1970s, 9,158 Filipino nurses had immigrated to the U.S., making up 60% of its immigrant nurses.[71] By 2000, one in ten Filipino Americans, or an estimated 100,000 immigrants, were employed as nurses.[65] in 2020, the estimate of Filipino American nurses increased to over 150,000, or 4% of the all nurses in the United States.[72] In 2020, 7% of those employed in the medical field were Filipino American. Another result of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 was that family reunification based immigration added to the total number of Filipino immigrants resulting in two distinct economic groups within the Filipino American community.[73]

Like other immigrant groups, Filipino immigrants clustered together both out of a sense of community and in response to prejudice against them. This created the first Little Manilas in urban areas.[74] As time passed, immigration policies changed, and prejudice diminished, leading to a decline in the presence of Little Manilas.[75] Between 1965 and 1985, more than 400,000 Filipinos immigrated to the United States.[76] In 1970, immigrants made up more than half (53%) of all Filipino Americans. In 1980, Filipino Americans were the largest group of Asian Americans in the entire US.[77] Half a million of the Filipino American population were immigrants, making up 3.6% of all immigrants in the U.S. outnumbering United States-born Filipino Americans two to one. In the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s more than half a million Filipinos obtained legal permanent resident status in the U.S. during each decade.[78] In 1992, the U.S. Navy ended the Philippines Enlistment Program because of the end of the 1947 Military Bases Agreement. It had allowed about thirty-five thousand Filipinos to join the U.S. Navy, many of whom immigrated to the U.S.[79] Filipino Americans tended to settle in major metropolitan areas,[80] and in the West[81] in a more dispersed fashion. They also intermarried more than other Asian Americans.[82]

Population concentrations

As of the 2020 Census, Filipino Americans were the largest population of Asian Americans in 11 states: Alaska, Arizona, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, South Dakota, West Virginia, and Wyoming.[83] As of the 2020 Census, Filipino Americans were the second largest population of Asian Americans in 15 states: Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Carolina, Utah, Virginia, and Washington.[84] As of the 2020 Census, the ten states with the largest populations of Filipino Americans, including multiracial Filipino Americans, were California (1,741,613), Hawaii (383,200), Texas (234,091), Washington (194,682), Nevada (181,595), Florida (178,026), Illinois (167,748), New York (164,383), New Jersey (151,167), and Virginia (122,185).[85]

The following is a list of states with significant Filipino American populations of over 70,000 in 2017.

StatesFilipino alone or in any combination
1,651,933
367,364
194,427
178,300
169,462
159,385
144,436
143,481
129,514
108,128
71,858
70,333
United States4,037,564

In 2010, Filipino Americans were the largest group of Asian Americans in 10 of the 13 western states: Alaska, Arizona, California, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Washington, Wyoming; Filipino Americans are also the largest group of Asian Americans in South Dakota.[86] Filipino immigrants have dispersed across the United States, gravitating toward economic and professional opportunities, independent of geographic location.[8] [87] Among the 1,814,000 Philippines-born Filipino Americans, the states with the largest concentrations are California (44.8%), Hawaii (6.2%), New Jersey (4.8%), Texas (4.8%), and Illinois (4.7%).[88] In 2008, 35% of Filipino immigrants in the United States lived in the Los Angeles, San Francisco, and New York City metropolitan areas;[89] by 2011, the percentage of the total Filipino immigrant population in the U.S. in those metropolitan areas was 33%.[8] In 2010, Filipino Americans constituted the largest Asian American group within five of the nation's twenty largest metropolitan areas: San Diego, Riverside, Las Vegas, Sacramento, and Houston.[90]

California

Although Filipinos first arrived in California in the 16th century,[91] the first documentation of a Filipino residing in California did not occur until 1781, when Antonio Miranda Rodriguez was counted in the census as a "chino".[92] [93] Initially part of the expedition that would establish Pueblo de Los Ángeles, Rodriguez was not present when Pueblo de Los Ángeles was founded.[92] Delayed in Baja California due to illness in his family, he arrived in Alta California later.[92] [94] In 1910, there were only five Filipinos in California; ten years later, in 1920, 2,674 Filipinos lived there.[95] In 1930, there were about 35,000 Filipino agricultural laborers in California's Central Valley[96] where the majority of Filipinos in the United States resided.[97] Filipino laborers tended to have better working conditions and earn more than their Mexican or Japanese counterparts;[98] in addition, they were described as "dandies and sharp dressers".[99]

Before World War II, Stockton had the largest population of Filipinos outside of the Philippine Islands, and during the harvest season, its Filipino population would swell to over 10,000.[100] During the Great Depression Filipinos in California were the target of race riots, including the Watsonville riots.[101] By the end of World War II, the Filipino population in Stockton increased to over 15,000.[102] In the late 1950s, Filipino Americans in California were concentrated around Stockton, the Bay Area, and Los Angeles with migrant laborers being a significant part of the population.[103] By 1970, the Filipino population in Stockton was less than 5,000,[104] and the once vibrant Filipino community of "Little Manila" had been largely demolished except for a few blocks by 1999, mostly due to construction of the "Crosstown Freeway".[105] A population of Filipinos remains in the Central Valley region in the 21st century, however it is no longer a significant concentration.[106] In 2019, it was estimated that Filipino Americans are the largest populations of Asian Americans in Stockton, and are about 28,000 people.[107]

In 1940, the Filipino population grew to 31,408 and continued to grow to 67,134 by 1960. It had nearly doubled to 135,248 by 1970, and by 1990 had grown to almost three quarters of a million people (733,941). Since at least 1990, Filipino Americans have been the largest group of Asian Pacific Americans in the state.[108] In 1990, more than half (52%) of all Filipino Americans lived in California.[82] In 2000, almost half of all Filipino Americans in the United States lived in California (49.4%), with Los Angeles County and San Diego County having the highest concentrations;[109] additionally in 2000, California was home to nearly half (49%) of Filipino immigrants.[110] In 2008, one out of every four Filipino Americans lived in Southern California, numbering over one million.[111]

The 2010 Census, confirmed that Filipino Americans had grown to become the largest Asian American population in the state[112] [113] totaling 1,474,707 persons;[114] 43% of all Filipino Americans live in California. Of these persons, 1,195,580 were not multiracial Filipino Americans.[115] [116] As of 2011, California is home to 45% of all Filipino immigrants to the United States.[8] In 2013, 22,797 Filipino immigrants seeking lawful permanent residence within the United States sought residence in the state of California,[117] a change from 22,484 in 2012,[118] 20,261 in 2011,[119] and 24,082 in 2010.[120] 20% of California's registered nurses were Filipino in 2013;[121] according to the California Healthcare Foundation, Los Angeles County has the largest concentration of Filipino American nurses, who are 27% of nurses in the county.[122] By 2021, the percentage of nurses in California who are Filipino American dropped down to 18%.[123]

By the 2020 Census, the share of Filipino Americans who lived in California decreased to 39.3% of all Filipino Americans living in the United States. Filipino Americans, including multiracial Filipino Americans, were the second largest population of Asian Americans in California, with 1,741,613 Filipino Americans living in the state.[124]

Greater Los Angeles

Filipino pensionados began arriving to the region in 1903, including Ventura County;[125] others attended schools in Los Angeles County, including the University of Southern California, and University of California - Los Angeles.[126] In the 1920s, the area now known as Little Tokyo was known as Little Manila, where the first concentration of Filipino immigrants in Los Angeles lived.[127] In 1930, one in five Filipinos in the United States called Los Angeles County home. The number of Filipinos in the area expanded in the winter season to work temporary jobs.[128] In 1937, the first Filipina American graduated from UCLA.[129] In 1940, there were 4,503 Filipinos living in the City of Los Angeles.[130] Little Manila extended to the Bunker Hill and Civic Center areas of Los Angeles, but was forced to relocate to the Temple-Beverly Corridor in the 1950s and 1960s;[131] it has since been largely forgotten. In the 20th century, Filipino sailors with the United States Navy began to be stationed in Oxnard and Long Beach, developing military related Filipino enclaves;[109] [132] Long Beach community began in the 1940s,[133] the Oxnard community saw significant growth after the 1960s.[134] According to the 1970 United States Census, the Los Angeles-Long Beach metropolitan area had the third largest Filipino American population in the United States at that time (32,018).[135] In the 1980s, there were 219,653 Filipinos in Los Angeles County.[136] In 1985, Helen Agcaoili Summers Brown opened the Filipino American Reading Room and Library.[137] [129] [138] In 1990, there were more Filipinos living in suburban Los Angeles (160,778), than in urban Los Angeles (135,336).[139] In 1996 one in four of Asian Americans in Los Angeles was Filipino.[140] In the last two decades of the 20th century Filipinos were the second-largest population of Asian Americans in the region, however one writer described the population as having a "residential invisibility", with other Asian American populations being more visible.[141]

Greater Los Angeles is the metropolitan area home to the most Filipino Americans, with the population numbered around 606,657 in 2010;[142] Los Angeles County alone accounted for over 374,285 Filipinos,[143] the most of any single county in the U.S.[144] The Los Angeles region has the second-largest concentrated population of Filipinos in the world, surpassed only by Manila.[145] Greater Los Angeles is also home to the largest number of Filipino immigrants (16% of the total Filipino immigrant population of the United States), as of 2011.[8] Filipinos are the second-largest group of Asian Americans in the region;[146] however, in 2010, Filipinos were the largest population of Asian Americans within the city of Los Angeles.[147] In 2016, among those surveyed for a report entitled The Color of Wealth in Los Angeles, Filipino Americans had the second-largest proportion of college graduates, with 76.2% having at least a bachelor's degree.[148]

The city of Los Angeles designated a section of Westlake as Historic Filipinotown in 2002. It is now largely populated by Hispanic and Latino Americans. Most Filipinos who resided in the area and the city in general have moved to the suburbs,[149] [150] [151] particularly cities in the San Gabriel Valley, including West Covina and Rowland Heights.[152] [153] [154] Due to West Covina's significant concentration of Filipino Americans, it was proposed a business district be designated a "Little Manila".[155] In 2014, about a quarter of Historic Filipinotown's population was Filipino, however the population did not have a significant "visible cultural impact";[156] in 2007, Filipinos were 15% of the area's population.[157] Within the city of Los Angeles, Eagle Rock has over 6,000 Filipinos calling the neighborhood home;[158] additionally, as of 2000 the largest source of foreign-born individuals was the Philippines.[159] Panorama City is another Los Angeles neighborhood with a noticeable Filipino population.[160] In 2010, 32.4% of Asians in La Puente were foreign-born Filipino.[161] Other significant concentrations of Filipino Americans in Los Angeles County are in Carson,[162] where "Larry Itliong Day" was dedicated,[163] Cerritos,[153] [154] [164] and Glendale.[165] Orange County also has a sizable and growing Filipino population,[166] whose population grew by 178% in the 1980s;[167] by 2018 the population was estimated to be 89,000.[168] The Inland Empire also has a population of Filipinos, with an estimated 59,000 living in the region in 2003, a hundred years after the first Filipinos arrived in the area to attend Riverside High School;[169] of those about 2,400 lived in Coachella Valley.[170] By the early 2010s estimates were there were around 90,000 Filipinos living in the region—the largest group with Asian ancestry in the area.[171]

As of the 2020 Census, Filipino Americans were the second largest population of Asian Americans, after Chinese Americans, whose 419,187 persons made up 24.7% of all Asian Americans in Los Angeles County.[172]

San Francisco Bay Area

One of the earliest records of a Filipino settling in the San Francisco Bay Area occurred in the mid-19th century, when a Filipino immigrant and his Miwok wife settled in Lairds Landing on the Marin County coast;[173] [174] many Coast Miwok trace their lineage to this couple.[173] [175] Significant migration began in the early 20th century, including upper-class mestizo businessmen, mariners, and students (known as pensionados).[176] Another group of Filipinos who immigrated to the Bay Area was war brides, many of whom married African-American "buffalo soldiers".[177] Additionally, other immigrants came through the U.S. Military, some through the Presidio of San Francisco, and others as migrant workers on their way to points inland; many of these Filipinos would settle down permanently in the Bay Area, establishing "Manilatown" on Kearny Street (next to Chinatown).[176] At its largest size, "Manilatown" was home to at least 10,000,[178] the last of whom were evicted in August 1977 from the International Hotel.[179] [180] After 1965, Filipinos from the Philippines began immigrating to San Francisco, concentrating in the South of Market neighbourhood. In 1970, the San Francisco-Oakland metropolitan area had the largest population of Filipinos of any metropolitan area in the continental United States—44,326.[135] Two other nearby metropolitan areas also had a population of Filipinos greater than 5,000 in 1970, San Jose (6,768), and Salinas-Monterey (6,147).[135] Due to a change in the ethnic make up of the Yerba Buena neighborhood, and with the construction of the Dimasalang House in 1979, four street names were changed to honor notable Filipinos.[181] By 1990, 30% of the population in South of Market was Filipino American.[182]

The 2000 Census showed that the greater San Francisco Bay Area was home to approximately 320,000 residents of Filipino descent,[183] with the largest concentration living in Santa Clara County.[184] In the mid-2000s Filipino Americans were between one fifth and one fourth of the total population of Vallejo, having been drawn there by agriculture and Mare Island Naval Shipyard.[185] In 2007, there were about a hundred thousand Filipino Americans living in the East Bay alone.[177] By the time of the 2010 Census the greater San Francisco Bay Area was home to 463,458 Filipino Americans and multiracial Filipino Americans;[186] Santa Clara county continued to have the largest concentration in the area.[187] In 2011, 9% of all Filipino immigrants to the United States reside in the San Francisco metropolitan area, and an additional 3% resided in the San Jose metropolitan area.[8] Daly City, in the San Francisco Bay Area, has the highest concentration of Filipino Americans of any municipality in the U.S.; Filipino Americans comprise 35% of the city's population.[188] In 2016, although the number of Filipinos living within the City of San Francisco has been reduced, a heritage district was designated "SoMa Pilipinas".[189]

San Diego County

San Diego has historically been a destination for Filipino immigrants and has contributed to the growth of its population.[69] [190] [191] One of the earliest instances of a Filipino being in San Diego, occurred during the Portolá expedition in 1769, while California was still part of New Spain.[192] The first documentation of Filipinos arriving in San Diego, as part of the United States, occurred in 1903 when Filipino students arrived at State Normal School;[193] [194] they were followed as early as 1908 by Filipino sailors serving in the United States Navy.[195] Due to discriminatory housing policies of the time, the majority of Filipinos in San Diego lived downtown around Market Street,[193] then known as "Skid Row".[196] Prior to World War II, due to anti-miscegenation laws, multi-racial marriages with Hispanic and Latino women were common, particularly with Mexicans.[197] In the 1940s and 1950s, Filipino Americans were the largest population of Asians within the City of San Diego, with a population around 500.[198] After World War II, the majority of Filipino Americans in San Diego were associated with the U.S. Navy in one form or another. Even in the late 1970s and early 1980s more than half of Filipino babies born in the greater San Diego area were born at Balboa Naval Hospital.[193] In the 1970s, the typical Filipino family consisted of a husband whose employment was connected to the military, and a wife who was a nurse.[199] Many Filipino American veterans, after completing active duty, would move out of San Diego, to the suburbs of Chula Vista and National City.[154] In 1995, it was estimated that Filipinos made up between 35% and 45% of the population of National City.[200]

From a population of 799 in 1940,[193] to 15,069 in 1970,[193] [135] by 1990 the Filipino American population in San Diego County increased to 95,945.[193] In 2000, San Diego County had the second-largest Filipino American population of any county in the nation, with over 145,000 Filipinos, alone or in combination;[201] by the 2010 Census the population had grown to 182,248.[202] In 1990 and 2000, San Diego was the only metropolitan area in the U.S. where, at more than fifty percent, Filipinos constituted the largest Asian American nationality.[201] [203] As of 2011, 5% of all Filipino immigrants in the United States call San Diego County home;[8] by 2012, there was an estimated 94,000 Filipino immigrants living in San Diego.[204] Filipinos concentrated in the South Bay,[205] where they had been historically concentrated.[193] In 2015, there were over 31,000 Filipino Americans in Chula Vista alone.[206] Also, in 2015, it was documented that the county had the third largest concentration of Filipino Americans in the entire United States.[207] By late 2016, the population in the county increased to almost 200 thousand.[208] More affluent Filipino Americans moved into the suburbs of North County,[205] particularly Mira Mesa (sometimes referred to as "Manila Mesa").[209] A portion of California State Route 54 in San Diego is officially named the "Filipino-American Highway", in recognition of the Filipino American community.[210]

As of the 2020 Census, Filipino Americans were the plurality of all Asian Americans living in San Diego County, with their 215,168 people making up 41.6% of all Asian Americans within the county.[211]

Hawaii

See main article: Filipinos in Hawaii. From 1909 to 1934, Hawaiian sugar plantations recruited Filipinos, later known as sakadas; by 1932 Filipinos made up the majority of laborers on Hawaiian sugar plantations.[48] In 1920, Filipinos were the fifth largest population by race in Hawaii, with 21,031 people.[212] By 1930, the population of Filipinos in Hawaii had nearly tripled to 63,052.[213] As late as 1940, the population of Filipinos in the Territory of Hawaii outnumbered Filipinos in the continental United States.[48] In 1970, the Honolulu metropolitan area alone had a population of 66,653 Filipinos, the largest Filipino population in any metropolitan area in the United States.[135]

According to the 2000 Census, the state of Hawaii had a Filipino population of over 275,000,[214] [215] with over 191,000 living on the island of Oahu;[215] of those, 102,000 were immigrants.[110] Furthermore, Filipinos made up the third largest ethnicity among Asian Pacific Americans,[216] while making up the majority of the populations of Kauai and Maui counties.[217] In June 2002, representatives from the Arroyo Administration and local leaders presided over the grand opening and dedication of the Filipino Community Center in Waipahu.[218] In the 2010 census, Filipino Americans became the largest Asian ethnicity in Hawaii, partially due to the declining population of the state's Japanese Americans.[219] In 2011, four percent of all Filipino immigrants in the U.S. resided in the Honolulu metro area, and were 43% of all immigrants in the Honolulu metro area as well. Filipino immigrants in Hawaii made up six per cent of all Filipino immigrants in the United States.[8]

In 2020, there were 383,200 Filipino Americans in Hawaii.[220] A quarter of the population of Hawaii are Filipino Americans.[221] [222] Filipino Americans are the second largest ethnicity in Hawaii, after European Americans. Filipino Americans in Hawaii have the second highest median family income of any ethnic group, after Japanese Americans in Hawaii, yet they are not one of the dominate ethnicities within the socioeconomic hierarchy in Hawaii. The majority of Filipino Americans in Hawaii live in multigenerational households; and nearly a third work in the service industry.[223] During the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, Filipino Americans were about a fifth of all COVID-19 cases in Hawaii.[224] 2023 Hawaii wildfires on Maui significantly impacted the Filipino American community in Lahaina, where 40% of the community's population before the wildfires were Filipino Americans.[225]

Texas

The first Filipino known by name in Texas was Francisco Flores, who came to Texas by way of Cuba in the nineteenth century.[226] Flores lived initially in Port Isabel later moving to Rockport.[227] Following the annexation of the Philippines by the United States, Filipinos began migrating to Texas. Filipino employees of American officers who served in the Philippines, would move with those officers when they returned to the Continental United States, with many settling around San Antonio. Other Filipinos resettled in Texas after initially residing elsewhere in the United States. In 1910, there were six Filipinos living in Texas, by 1920 this number had increased to 30, and by 1930, the population had grown to 288. With the disbandment of the Philippine Scouts, many who remained in the military came to call Fort Sam Houston home, along with Filipina war brides.[228] After World War II, many Filipino professionals began immigrating to Texas; 2,000 Filipino nurses called Houston home. In 1950, about 4,000 Filipino Americans were in Texas;[229] their number had increased to 75,226 by 2000.

As more Filipino Americans came to Texas, the center of their population shifted to Houston, which today has one of the largest Filipino populations in the South. Fort Bend County near Houston has the highest percentage of Filipinos in Texas.[230] With Texas being part of the Bible Belt, it is often a popular destination for emigrating Filipino Protestants. In 2000, Texas was home to the seventh-largest population of Filipino immigrants.[110] According to the 2010 Census, there were 137,713 Filipino Americans and multiracial Filipino Americans in Texas.[231] In 2011, five percent (86,400) of all Filipino immigrants in the United States lived in Texas.[8]

Washington

The first documented Filipino in Washington state was a lumber mill employee at Port Blakely in 1888, but there were some earlier instances of Filipino seamen settling in the Puget Sound region.[232] In 1910, the population of Filipinos in Washington was twelve times greater than in California.[233] In 1920, there were almost a thousand (958) Filipinos in Washington. Pre-World War II, Washington had the second-largest population of Filipino Americans in the mainland United States—3,480 in 1930;[234] this population had declined to 2,200 by 1940.[235] A significant population of these early Filipinos were migratory workers, working in the canneries in Puget Sound, and harvesting crops in Yakima Valley.[236]

In 1970, Filipino Americans were the fifth-largest minority population, with 11,462 persons, after African-Americans, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Native Americans, and Japanese Americans; they were 0.3% of the total population of Washington at the time; 87.2% lived in urban areas,[237] and 7,668 Filipinos lived in the Seattle–Tacoma–Everett metropolitan area.[135] In 1990, Filipinos were the largest population of Asian Pacific Americans in Washington.[144] As of the 2010 Census, the state was home to the fifth largest Filipino American population in the nation.[238] 60% of Filipino Americans living in Washington have arrived since 1965.[239]

Nevada

Five Filipinos were documented in Nevada in 1920; the population increased to 47 in 1930. According to the Center of Immigration Studies, the Filipino population in Nevada grew 77.8% from 7,339 in 1990, to 33,046 in 2000.[240] In 2000, Nevada was home to two percent (31,000) of all Filipino immigrants in the United States.[110] Nevada's Filipino American population grew substantially from 2000 to 2010, with a 142% increase for a 3.6% share of the state's total population by 2010.[241] More than half of Asian Americans in Nevada in 2010 were Filipino,[242] and are Nevada's largest group of Asian Americans.[243] In 2005, outside of Las Vegas Valley, the only other area in Nevada with a significant population of Filipinos was Washoe County. In 2012, about 124,000 Filipinos lived in Nevada, mostly in Las Vegas Valley;[244] by 2015, it had risen to more than 138,000.[245] In 2021, there were more than 200,000 Filipinos in Las Vegas.[246]

The first known Filipinos to arrive in Clark County arrived from California during the Great Depression.[247] Filipinos arriving in the mid-20th century settled primarily around Fifth and Sixth Streets, and an enclave remains in this area.[248] Beginning in 1995, five to six thousand Filipinos from Hawaii began to migrate to Las Vegas.[248] In 2005, Filipinos were the largest ethnic group of Asian Americans in Las Vegas.[249] In 2013, according to the American Community Survey, 2011–2013, there were an estimated 114,989 Filipinos (+/-5,293), including multiracial Filipinos, in Clark County;[250] according to other sources, there were about 140,000 Filipinos living in Las Vegas.[251] According to The Star-Ledger in 2014, more than 90,000 Filipino nationals resided in the Las Vegas area.[252] By 2015, Filipino Americans are more than half of the population of Asian Americans in Las Vegas.[253]

Florida

In 1910, there was a single Filipino living in Florida, this population increased to 11 in 1920, and 46 in 1930. 1990 United States Census, the 31,945 Filipinos were the state's largest population of Asian Pacific Americans.[144] [254] Florida is home to 122,691 Filipino Americans, according to the 2010 Census.[255] As of 2013, Filipinos are the largest group of Asian Americans in Duval County.[256] The 2000 Census reported there were around 15,000 Filipino Americans living in the Jacksonville metropolitan area, though community leaders estimated the true number was closer to 25,000.[257] Indeed, the 2010 Census found the community numbered at 25,033, about 20% of the state's Filipino Americans.[258] Many of Jacksonville's Filipinos served in or otherwise had ties to, the United States Navy, which has two bases in Jacksonville. Two of Florida's other metropolitan areas also have substantial Filipino American communities: the Miami metropolitan area has 21,535,[259] and the Tampa Bay Area has 18,724.[260]

Illinois

Filipino migration to the Chicago area began in 1906 with the immigration of pensionados,[261] consisting predominantly of men. A significant number of them married non-Filipinos, mainly Eastern or Southern European women.[262] At one point, 300 of these early Chicago Filipinos worked for the Pullman Company, and overall tended to be more educated than most men of their age.[262] During the 1930s, they were predominantly in the Near South Side until the 1965 immigration reforms.[263] In 1930, there were 1,796 Filipinos living in Chicago. The population decreased to 1,740 in 1940 with men outnumbering women 25:1.[262] In the 1960s, there were 3,587 Filipinos in Illinois, the population increased to 12,654 in 1970 and 43,889 in 1980, growing at a pace greater than the national average, and made up largely of professionals and their families.[264] By the 1970s, Filipinas outnumbered Filipinos, with a total of 9,497 Filipinos in the Chicago Area; the total population of Filipinos in Illinois was 12,654, of which 57% were college graduates.[237] In 1990, Filipinos were the largest population of Asian Americans in Illinois, with a population of 64,224.[144] [265] Outside the Chicago metropolitan area, there were fewer Filipinos. For instance in the state capital of Springfield, Illinois, there were only 171 in 2000.[266]

In 2000, 100,338 Filipino Americans lived in Illinois—[267] 95,928 in the Chicago metropolitan area.[268] In that same year, among ethnic groups in the Chicago metropolitan area, Filipinos had the highest proportion of foreign- born.[268] By the 2010 Census, 139,090 Filipino Americans and multiracial Filipino Americans lived in Illinois,[269] 131,388 lived within the Chicago metropolitan area.[270] As of 2010, Filipinos were the second-largest population of Asian Americans in Illinois after Indian Americans.[271] In 2011, five percent (84,800) of all Filipino immigrants in the United States lived in Illinois, the majority of whom (78,400) lived in the Chicago metropolitan area.[8] Although not as concentrated as other Asian American groups, they are the fourth-largest ethnicity currently immigrating to the Chicago metro area.[263] In 2011, the Chicago metropolitan area was home to four percent of all Filipino immigrants in the United States.[8] A large concentration of Filipino Americans resides in the North and Northwest sides,[272] often near hospitals.[263]

New York

In 1970, there were 14,279 Filipinos in New York State.[237] In 2004, 84% of Filipinos in New York had obtained a college education, compared to 43% of all Filipino Americans in the United States. In 2010, there were 104,287 single-race Filipino Americans living in New York State.[273] In 2011, five percent (84,400) of all Filipino immigrants in the United States lived in New York.[8] By 2013, an estimated over 120,000+ single- and multi-racial Filipino Americans lived in New York State.[274]

New York City metropolitan area

See main article: Filipinos in the New York metropolitan area. In the 1970s and 1980s, Filipinos in New York and New Jersey had a higher socioeconomic status than Filipinos elsewhere; more than half of Filipino immigrants to the metropolitan area were healthcare or other highly trained professionals, in contrast to established working-class Filipino American populations elsewhere.[275] The high percentage of healthcare professionals continues; in 2013, 30% of Filipinos were nurses or other professionals in the healthcare industry. In 1970, the New York metropolitan area had the largest concentration of Filipinos (12,455) east of the Rocky Mountains, and the fifth largest population of Filipinos of all metropolitan areas in the United States.[135] In 1990, more Filipinos lived in urban New York (60,376), than in suburban New York (44,203).[139] In 2008, the New York tri-state metropolitan area was home to 215,000 Filipinos.[276] In 2010, according to the 2010 United States Census, there were 217,349 Filipino Americans, including multiracial Filipino Americans, living in the New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, (NY-NJ-PA) metropolitan area.[277] In 2011, eight percent of all Filipino immigrants in the United States lived in the New York City metropolitan region,[8] and it had become a new destination for Filipino immigrants.[191] In 2012, a Census-estimated 235,222 single-race and multiracial Filipino Americans lived in the broader New York-Newark-Bridgeport, New York-New Jersey-Connecticut-Pennsylvania Combined Statistical Area.[278] By 2013 Census estimates, the New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, New York-New Jersey-Pennsylvania MSA was estimated to be home to 224,266 Filipino Americans, 88.5% (about 200,000) of them single-race Filipinos.[279] In 2013, 4,098 Filipinos legally immigrated to the New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA core based statistical area;[280] in 2012, this number was 4,879;[281] 4,177 in 2011;[282] 4,047 in 2010,[283] 4,400 in 2009,[284] and 5,985 in 2005.[285] Little Manilas have emerged in the New York City metropolitan area, in Woodside, Queens;[286] Jersey City, New Jersey;[287] and Bergenfield, New Jersey. In 2017, one quarter of Filipino American adults in the metropolitan area work in the medical field.[288]

New York City

Filipinos have resided in New York City since the 1920s. In 1960, there were only 2,744 Filipinos in New York City.[289] In 1990, there were 43,229 Filipinos increasing to around 54,993 in 2000.[290] A profile of New York City's Filipino American population, based on an analysis of 1990 and 2000 U.S. census data, showed that Filipino New Yorkers surpassed non-Filipino New Yorkers as a whole in terms of income.[291] New York City was home to an estimated 82,313 Filipinos in 2011, representing a 7.7% increase from the estimated 77,191 in 2008. Median household income of Filipinos in New York City was $81,929 in 2013; 68% held a bachelor's degree or higher. The 2010 census reported the borough of Queens was home to the largest concentration of Filipinos within New York City—[290] about 38,000 individuals.[292] In 2011, an estimated 56% of New York City's Filipino population, or about 46,000, lived in Queens.[293] In 2014, Filipinos remained the fourth-largest population of Asian Americans in New York City, behind Chinese, Indians, and Koreans.[294] The annual Philippine Independence Day Parade is traditionally held on the first Sunday of June on Madison Avenue in Manhattan.[290]

In the 1920s, Filipinos settled near Brooklyn Navy Yard.[295] Woodside, Queens, is known for its concentration of Filipinos.[296] Of Woodside's 85,000 residents, about 13,000 (or 15%) are of Filipino background.[296] Due to a significant concentration of Filipino businesses, the area has become known as Little Manila.[296] [297] Along the IRT Flushing Line, known colloquially as the Orient Express,[298] the 69th Street station serves as the gateway to Queens' largest Little Manila, whose core spans Roosevelt Avenue between 63rd and 71st Streets.[296] Filipinos are also concentrated in Jackson Heights and Elmhurst in Queens.[290] There are also smaller Filipino communities in Jamaica, Queens, and parts of Brooklyn.[299] The Benigno Aquino Triangle is located on Hillside Avenue in Hollis, Queens, to commemorate the slain Filipino political leader and to recognize the large Filipino American population in the area;[300] it was dedicated in 1987.[301] In 2022, a street sign was placed on Roosevelt Avenue to co-name the street at its intersection with 70th Street as "Little Manila Avenue".[302]

New Jersey

Filipinos are the third largest group of Asian Americans in New Jersey after Indian and Chinese Americans. In 2010, there were 110,650 single-race Filipino Americans living in New Jersey.[303] In 2011, New Jersey was home to five percent (86,600) of the United States' Filipino immigrants.[8] By 2013, an estimated 134,647 single- and multi-racial Filipino Americans lived in New Jersey.[304] Bergen County, Hudson County, Middlesex County,[305] and Passaic County (all in Northern and Central New Jersey) have the state's largest Filipino populations, and are home to over half the Filipinos residing in New Jersey.[306] In Bergen County in particular, Bergenfield, along with Paramus, Hackensack,[307] New Milford, Dumont,[308] Fair Lawn, and Teaneck[309] have become growing hubs for Filipino Americans. Taken as a whole, these municipalities are home to a significant proportion of Bergen County's Philippine population.[310] A census-estimated 20,859 single-race Filipino Americans resided in Bergen County as of 2013,[311] an increase from the 19,155 counted in 2010.[312] Bergenfield has become known as Bergen County's Little Manila and hosts its annual Filipino American Festival.[313] [314] Within Bergen County, there are Filipino American organizations based in Paramus,[315] Fair Lawn,[308] [316] and Bergenfield.[317] In Hudson County, Jersey City is home to the largest Filipino population in New Jersey, with over 16,000 Filipinos in 2010,[287] [318] accounting for seven percent the city's population.[319] This is an increase from 11,677 in 1990.[320] In the 1970s, to acknowledge the Filipinos immigrating to Jersey City, the city named a street Manila Avenue.[319] [321]

Virginia

The first year that Filipinos were documented in Virginia by the United States Census Bureau was in 1920, when 97 Filipinos were counted; by 1930, that population increased to 126.[322] In 1970, there were 7,128 Filipinos living in Virginia, 5,449 of whom lived in the Norfolk-Portsmouth metropolitan area.[323] By 1980, there were 18,901 Filipinos in Virginia, with significant concentrations in Norfolk, and Virginia Beach.[324] In the following decade, by 1990, the Filipino population in the Hampton Roads area increased by 116.8%, increasing to 19,977 in the area alone.[325] In 1990, Filipinos were the largest population of Asian Pacific Americans in Virginia, followed by Korean Americans.[144]

In 2000, Virginia's Filipino population was 59,318. There were 90,493 Filipino Americans in Virginia as of 2010,[326] 39,720 of whom lived in the Virginia part of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area.[327] Many Filipinos settled around the Hampton Roads region near the Oceana Naval Air Station because the U.S. Navy had recruited them in the Philippines.[328] In 2007, Filipino Americans made up one-quarter of all foreign-born residents of the area.[329] In 2011, there were between 17,000 and 22,000 Filipino Americans living in Virginia Beach.[330] [331] Filipino immigrants in that population represent one-fifth of all immigrants living in Virginia Beach.[8] A larger population of Filipino Americans, 40,292, reside in the Virginia part of the Washington metropolitan area.[332] In the Greater Richmond Region, they are the largest population of Asian Americans in Prince George County.[333]

Elsewhere

The first Filipino immigrated to Annapolis after the Spanish–American War when Filipinos served at the United States Naval Academy.[334] They dealt with institutional racism[335] and later established organizations to support their community, including the Filipino-American Friendly Association.[336] According to the 2010 Census, there were 56,909 Filipino Americans living in Maryland;[337] Filipino Americans were the largest population of Asian Americans in Charles County.[333] In 2020, there were 75,056 Filipino Americans in Maryland.[338] In the neighboring District of Columbia, there were 3,670 Filipino Americans in 2010,[339] 12.78% of the District's Asian American population.[340] In 2020, the population of Filipino Americans in the District of Columbia increased to 5,325.[341]

Guam

Filipinos on Guam pre-date Guam becoming a territory of the United States, going back to the late 17th Century.[342] In 1830, there were 2,596 Filipinos on Guam, who were 40% of the islands population. Following reduction of the Chamorro population by the late 18th century, many of the descendent Chamorro would later on have a mixed heritage to include most of whom have partial Filipino heritage.[343] [344] In 1920, there were 396 Filipinos on Guam;[212] the Filipinos were 3% of the islands total population. In 1930, there were 364 Filipinos on Guam; this increased to 569 in 1940. From 1941 until 1962, civilian travel to Guam was restricted by presidential order, however Filipinos were allowed to travel to Guam as contractors for the United States Department of the Navy following an agreement with the government of the Philippines. By 1950 Filipinos became 12.2% of the islands population, totaling 7,258 individuals. In 1990, nearly two third of foreign born individuals on Guam were born in the Philippines (65.5%), of whom more than half were naturalized citizens (56.8%).[345] In 2010, of the 159,358 people on Guam, slightly more than one in four (26.3%) were Filipino;[346] at the time, Filipinos were the second largest population by ethnicity on Guam.[347] In 2020, there were 54,242 Filipinos on Guam.[348]

Alaska

See also: Alaskeros and Filipinos in Alaska. Filipinos have been in Alaska since the 1700s and were the largest Asian American ethnicity in the state in 2000.[349] In 2014, Filipinos made up 52% of Alaska's Asian American population. During the early 20th century, Alaska was the third-leading population center of Filipinos in the United States, after Hawaii and California; many worked seasonally in salmon canneries.[350] The first efforts to recruit Filipinos to work in the canneries began in the 1910s.[351] By 1920, there were 82 Filipinos in Alaska, only one of whom was a Filipina.[212] In 1930, Filipinos, who were called "Alaskeros", made up 15% of the workers in the Alaskan fisheries.[352] Filipinos were two-thirds of all Asians in Alaska in the 1930s.[48] In many of the canneries, Filipinos were treated as "second class workers".[353] According to the 2000 U.S. Census, there were 12,712 Filipino Americans in Alaska;[354] By the 2010 U.S. Census that number had increased to 25,424 (alone or in combination), constituting 49% of Asian Americans in Alaska.[355] In 2011, more than one in four (26%) immigrants in Alaska was Filipino.[8] As of 2014, Filipino Americans are Anchorage's largest minority group.[356] In 2020, there was 32,401 Filipino Americans in Alaska.[357]

Utah

The first census that counted Filipinos in Utah was the 1930 decennial census, with a reduction of the Filipino population in Utah by 1940, by 1950 there were no longer any Filipinos documented in the state, with the population re-establishing itself by 1960.[358] The population of Filipino Americans doubled between 2000 and 2010, to 6,467, having the third-highest rate of growth by state of Filipinos in the nation behind Texas and Florida.[359] Filipinos primary concentrated within the Salt Lake City metropolitan area.[360] In 2020, Filipino Americans were the second largest population of Asian Americans in Utah, with 20,132 individuals identifying themselves as Filipinos.[361]

Other Insular areas and unincorporated territories

See also: Census in the Philippines. In the United States' insular areas in 1920 other than Guam, the Philippine Islands had the largest Filipino population of 10,207,696; the Panama Canal Zone 10, the Virgin Islands seven; there was a single Filipino in Puerto Rico.[212] In 1930, the Filipino population of Puerto Rico increased to six, in the Virgin Islands it decreased to four. The population in the Panama Canal Zone increased to 37.[362] In 1939, the Commonwealth of the Philippines conducted a census, which found there to be 16,000,303 people in the islands;[363] not all counted were Filipinos, as there were tens of thousands of individuals with other nationalities, including people from Japan, China, the United States, Spain, and elsewhere.[364] In 2000, there were 394 Filipinos in Puerto Rico.[365] Filipinos are the largest demographic in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, making up 35% of its 53,833 people in 2010 and 2015.[366] In 2020, Filipinos were the plurality of the population in the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands, with 17,719 of the commonwealths 47,329 people being Filipino.[367] In American Samoa, there were 50 Filipinos in 1980, 415 in 1990, and 792 resident in 2000.[368] In 2010 the population increased to 1,217, or 2.2% of the total population.[369] In 2020, there were 1,699 Filipinos in American Samoa, and were the largest Asian population.[370] In 2013, there remains a Filipino American population in the Virgin Islands;[371] these Filipinos make up a few of the 6,648 persons counted as "Other races" in the 2010 Census.[372] In 2023, there were around 500 Filipinos in the United States Virgin Islands;[373] many of these Filipinos were employed as educators.[374]

U.S. metropolitan areas with large Filipino American populations (2010)

RankCityFilipino American Population Size
Alone or in Combination (2010 Census)[376] 		Total population[377] Percentage Filipino American
1Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA Metro Area463,626[378] 12,828,8373.61
2San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA Metro Area287,879[379] 4,335,3916.64
3Honolulu, HI Metro Area234,894[380] 953,20724.64
4New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA Metro Area217,349[381] 18,897,1091.15
5San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, California Metro Area182,248[382] 3,095,3135.88
6Chicago-Joliet-Naperville, IL-IN-WI Metro Area130,781[383] 9,461,1051.38
7Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA Metro Area117,928[384] 4,224,8512.79
8Las Vegas-Paradise, Nevada Metro Area108,141[385] 1,951,2695.54
9San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA Metro Area105,403[386] 1,836,9115.73
10Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA Metro Area97,867[387] 3,439,8092.84
11Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metro Area75,4445,582,1701.35
12Sacramento—Arden-Arcade—Roseville, CA Metro Area73,8662,149,1273.43
13Vallejo-Fairfield, CA Metro Area52,641413,34412.73
14Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown, TX Metro Area47,9265,946,8000.80
15Stockton, CA Metro Area46,447685,3066.77
16Kahului-Wailuku, HI Micro Area44,892154,83428.99
17Hilo, HI Micro Area40,878185,07922.08
18Phoenix-Mesa-Glendale, AZ Metro Area39,9134,192,8870.95
19Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Metro Area39,8711,671,6832.38
20Dallas–Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Metro Area33,2066,371,7730.52
21Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD Metro Area31,2005,965,3430.52
22Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA Metro Area25,103823,3183.04
23Jacksonville, FL Metro Area25,0331,345,5961.86
24Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA Metro Area23,8642,226,0091.07
25Baltimore-Towson, MD Metro Area22,4182,710,4890.82
26Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach, FL Metro Area21,5355,564,6350.38
27Kapaa, HI Micro Area21,42367,09131.93
28Detroit-Warren-Livonia, MI Metro Area20,8254,296,2500.48
29Bakersfield-Delano, CA Metro Area20,296839,6312.41
30Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL Metro Area18,7242,783,2430.67

Little Manilas

In areas with sparse Filipino populations, they often form loose-knit social organizations aimed at maintaining a "sense of family", which is a key feature of Filipino culture. These organizations generally arrange social events, especially of a charitable nature, and keep members up-to-date with local events.[388] They are often organized into regional associations,[389] which are a small part of Filipino American life. Filipino Americans formed close-knit neighborhoods, notably in California and Hawaii.[390] A few communities have "Little Manilas", civic and business districts tailored to the Filipino American community.[391]

Language

Filipino Americans form a multilingual community but the two most spoken languages are English and Tagalog.[392] In 2009, Tagalog was the fourth largest language spoken in the United States with around 1.5 million speakers.[393]

Religion

According to a Pew Research Center survey published in July 2012, the majority of Filipino American respondents are Roman Catholic (65%), followed by Protestant (21%), unaffiliated (8%), and Buddhist (1%).[394] There are also smaller populations of Filipino American Muslims—particularly those who originate from the Southern Philippines.[395]

Socioeconomic status

Economics

The Filipino-American community is largely middle and upper middle class;[396] [397] in 2014, 18% of Filipino American households were in the top tenth of U.S. households in terms of income.[204] The representation of Filipino Americans employed in health care is high.[65] [398] Other sectors of the economy where Filipino Americans have significant representation are in the public sector,[399] and in the service sector.[400] [401] Compared to Asian American women of other ethnicities, and women in the United States in general, Filipina Americans are more likely to be part of the work force;[402] a large population, nearly one fifth (18%), of Filipina Americans worked as registered nurses.[204]

Median Household Income
EthnicityHousehold Income
[403]
Indian$68,771$86,660
Filipino$65,700$76,455
Chinese$57,433$68,613
Japanese$53,763$65,767
Vietnamese$45,980$54,799
Korean$43,195$53,934
Total US Population$44,684$51,369

Among Overseas Filipinos, Filipino Americans are the largest remitters of U.S. dollars to the Philippines. In 2005, their combined dollar remittances reached a record-high of almost $6.5 billion. In 2006, Filipino Americans sent more than $8 billion, which represents 57% of the total foreign remittances received by the Philippines.[404] By 2012, this amount had reached $10.6 billion, but made up only 43% of total remittances.[6] In 2021, the United States was the largest source of remittances to the Philippines, making up 40.5% of the $31.4 billion remittances received by the Philippines.[405]

Filipino Americans own a variety of businesses, making up 10.5% of all Asian owned businesses in the United States in 2007.[406] In 2002, according to the Survey of Business Owners, there were over 125,000 Filipino-owned businesses; this increased by 30.4% to over 163,000 in 2007.[407] By then, 25.4% of these businesses were in the retail industry, 23% were in the health care and social assistance industries,[408] and they employed more than 142,000 people and generated almost $15.8 billion in revenue.[406] Of those, just under three thousand (1.8% of all Filipino-owned businesses) were million dollar or more businesses.[406] [408] California had the largest number of Filipino-owned businesses, with the Los Angeles metropolitan area having the largest number of any metropolitan area in the United States.[406]

In 2010, Filipino Americans' employment rate was 61.5%; the unemployment rate was 8.5%.[409] In 1990 and 2000, the decennial censuses found that, while lower than the national average, foreign-born Filipinos had a lower poverty rate than those born in the United States;[410] by 2007, the situation had reversed.[411] In 2012, a smaller percentage of Filipino American adults lived in poverty than the national average (6.2% verse 12.8%).[6] At the point of retirement, a notable percentage of Filipino Americans return to the Philippines.[412] In 1990, the elderly Filipino American poverty rate was eight percent.[413] In 1999 among elderly Filipino Americans, the poverty rate had dropped to 6.3%—lower than that of the total geriatric population (9.9%), and lowest among Asian Americans.[414]

Education

The 1990 Census reports that Filipino Americans had the highest percentage of college educated individuals of any Asian American population.[415] Filipino Americans have some of the highest educational attainment rates in the United States with 47.9% of all Filipino Americans over the age of 25 having a bachelor's degree in 2004, which correlates with rates observed in other Asian American subgroups. In 2011, 61% of United States-born Filipino Americans had achieved an education level greater than a high school diploma.[8] The post-1965 wave of Filipino professionals immigrating to the U.S. to make up the education, healthcare, and information technology employee shortages also accounts for the high educational attainment rates.[115] [68] [89] Second generation Filipino Americans have trended to have a lower educational achievement than their first generation parents.[416]

Educational Attainment: 2004 (Percent of Population 25 and Older)
EthnicityHigh School Graduation RateBachelor's Degree or More
Asian Indians90.2%67.9%
Filipino90.8%47.9%
Chinese80.8%50.2%
Japanese93.4%43.7%
Korean90.2%50.8%
Total US Population83.9%27.0%

Due to the strong American influence in the Philippine education system, first generation Filipino immigrants are also at advantage in gaining professional licensure in the United States. According to a study conducted by the American Medical Association, Philippine-trained physicians comprise the second-largest group of foreign-trained physicians in the United States (20,861 or 8.7% of all practicing international medical graduates in the U.S.).[417] Other physicians, in order to immigrate from the Philippines, re-licensed as nurses.[70] In addition, Filipino American dentists trained in the Philippines comprise the second-largest group of foreign-trained dentists in the United States. An article from the Journal of the American Dental Association asserts that 11% of all foreign-trained dentists licensed in the U.S. are from the Philippines; India is ranked first with 25.8% of all foreign dentists.[418]

The significant drop in the percentage of Filipino nurses from the 1980s to 2000 is because of the increase in the number of countries recruiting Filipino nurses (European Union, the Middle East, Japan), as well as the increase in the number of other countries sending nurses to the United States.[419] Even with the significant drop, in 2005 Filipino American nurses made up 3.7% of the total United States nursing population, and were 40% of all foreign-trained nurses in the United States.[70]

American schools have also hired and sponsored the immigration of Filipino teachers and instructors.[420] Some of these teachers were forced into labor outside the field of education, and mistreated by their recruiters.[421]

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Census Bureau Releases 2020 Census Population for More Than 200 New Detailed Race and Ethnicity Groups . Alli Coritz . Jessica E. Peña . Paul Jacobs . Brittany Rico . Joyce Key Hahn . Ricardo Henrique Lowe, Jr. . 21 September 2023 . United States Census Bureau . 6 October 2023.
  2. Web site: UAA psychology professor E.J. David explores Filipino-American 'colonial mentality' in his new book . 2 March 2011 . Green & Gold News . . 22 December 2014 . Filipinos in America also number over 3 million, making them the second largest Asian American Pacific Islander (AAPI) ethnic group in the country, and they are projected to be the largest AAPI groups when the results of the 2010 census come out. . 21 March 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120321141709/http://greenandgold.uaa.alaska.edu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6883:uaa-psychology-professor-ej-david-explores-filipino-american-colonial-mentality-in-his-new-book&Itemid=125 . dead.
    Web site: Curriculum Guide . December 2006 . Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Program . . 22 December 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140501071608/http://www.filam.si.edu/curriculum/FilAm_Project_Guide.pdf . 1 May 2014.
    Book: Tiongson, Antonio T. . Positively no Filipinos allowed: building communities and discourse . Edgardo Valencia Gutierrez . Ricardo Valencia Gutierrez . 2006 . . Philadelphia, Pennsylvania . 978-1-59213-122-8 . 173 .
    Nadal . Kevin L. . Pituc . Stephanie T. . Marc P. Johnston . Theresa Esparrago . 2010 . Overcoming the Model Minority Myth: Experiences of Filipino American Graduate Students . . 51 . 6 . 694–7006 . . 10.1353/csd.2010.0023 . 144640507 . Filipino Americans are the second largest Asian American/Pacific Islander population in the United States. .
    Javier . Joyce R. . Chamberlain . Lisa J. . Kahealani K. Rivera . Sarah E. Gonzalez . Fernando S. Mendoza . Lynne C. Huffman . 2010 . Lessons Learned From a Community-Academic Partnership Addressing Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention in Filipino American Families . Progress in Community Health Partnerships: Research, Education, and Action . 4 . 4 . 305–313 . . 10.1353/cpr.2010.a406086 . Filipinos are the second largest API subpopulation in the United States but are underrepresented in medical research. . 21169708 . 4189834.
    Book: Nadal, Kevin . Filipino American Psychology: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice . 2011 . . Hoboken, New Jersey . 978-0-470-95136-1 . x . Filipino Americans are now the second largest Asian American group in the United States and may become the majority in 2010..
  3. News: Fil-Ams are 2nd largest Asian group in US . . 21 June 2012 . 22 December 2014.
  4. Web site: Facts for Features: Asian/Pacific American Heritage Month: May 2014 . . 23 April 2014 . United States Census Bureau . . 22 December 2014.
  5. News: PNoy to pitch for 'Save Act', but are Fil-Ams on board? . Rodney Jaleco . . 20 September 2011 . 22 December 2014.
    News: . Growth of Pinoy headcount in Nevada highest among US states . GMA News . 8 July 2011 . 22 December 2014.
  6. Web site: More than 3.4M Americans trace their ancestry to the Philippines . . 13 November 2013 . Fact Tank . . 19 December 2014.
  7. Book: Jonathan Y. Okamura. Imagining the Filipino American Diaspora: Transnational Relations, Identities, and Communities. 11 January 2013. Routledge. 978-1-136-53071-5. 101.
    Book: Franklin Ng. The Asian American encyclopedia. 1995. Marshall Cavendish. 978-1-85435-679-6. 435.
  8. Filipino Immigrants in the United States . Sierra . Stoney . Jeanne . Batalova . 5 June 2013 . Migration Information Source . . 1946-4037 . 20 December 2014.
  9. Book: Food and Culture . Goyan Kittler . Pamela . Sucher . Kathryn . 2007 . . 9780495115410 . 384 . 18 July 2012 .
  10. Web site: Filipinos in the U.S. Fact Sheet . Gustavo . López . Anthony . Cilluffo . Eileen . Patten . 8 September 2017 . Social & Demographic Trends . Pew Research Center . 20 April 2018.
  11. News: . New Census data: More than 4 million Filipinos in the US . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Philippines . 17 September 2018 . 8 August 2019.
  12. News: . New Census data shows more than four million Filipinos in the US . Asian Journal Press . 15 September 2018 . 8 August 2019.
    News: Melegrito . Jon . Manila Mail . 21 September 2018 . More than 4 million Pinoys staying in US: Census Bureau . ABS-CBN News . Philippines . 8 August 2019.
  13. Web site: Filipinos in the U.S. Fact Sheet . Budiman . Abby . 29 April 2021 . Pew Research Center . 26 November 2021.
    News: Mendiola . Ritchel . 5 May 2021 . Pew Research: Over 4.2M Filipino Americans in the US . Asian Journal . 26 November 2021.
  14. Web site: Selected Population Profile in the United States . . 2007 . 2007 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates . United States Census Bureau . 21 December 2014 . The U.S. Census Bureau 2007 American Community Survey counted 3,053,179 Filipinos; 2,445,126 native and naturalized citizens, 608,053 of whom were not U.S. citizens . https://archive.today/20141221110935/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/07_1YR/S0201//popgroup~038 . 21 December 2014 . dead.
  15. Holup . Joan L. . Press . Nancy . Vollmer . William M. . Harris . Emily L. . Vogt . Thomas M. . Chen . Chuhe . September 2007 . Performance of the U.S. Office of Management and Budget's Revised Race and Ethnicity Categories in Asian Populations . . . 13 . 5 . 561–573 . 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2007.02.001 . 18037976 . 2084211.
  16. Web site: Background Note: Philippines . 31 January 2011 . Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs . . 22 December 2014 . There are an estimated four million Americans of Philippine ancestry in the United States, and more than 300,000 American citizens in the Philippines..
  17. Web site: We the People: Asians in the United States . December 2004 . U.S. Census Bureau . United States Department of Commerce . 22 December 2014.
  18. Book: Root, Maria P. P. . Filipino Americans: transformation and identity . 1997 . . . 978-0-7619-0579-0 . 80–94 . Contemporary Mixed-Heritage Filipino Americans: Fighting Colonized Identities . https://books.google.com/books?id=7jK0RrwCHqQC&pg=PA80.
  19. Web site: Interracial Dating & Marriage . asian-nation.org . C.N. Le . 22 December 2014.
  20. Book: Reimers, David M. . Other Immigrants: The Global Origins of the American People . 2005 . . 9780814775356 . 173 .
    Book: Larry Hajime Shinagawa. Michael Jang. Atlas of American Diversity. 1998. Rowman Altamira. 978-0-7619-9128-1. 53. Japanese American wives and Filipino American wives had the highest proportions of intermarriages (51.9% and 40.2%, respectively)..
  21. Book: Xiaojian Zhao. Edward J.W. Park PhD. Asian Americans: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History [3 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History. 26 November 2013. ABC-CLIO. 978-1-59884-240-1. 848.
  22. Web site: Filipino Americans . . 2014 . Pewsocialtrends.org . Pew Research Center . 8 November 2014.
  23. Book: Kevin Nadal. Filipino American Psychology: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice. 23 March 2011. John Wiley & Sons. 978-1-118-01977-1. 144–145.
  24. Web site: Multiracial / Hapa Asian Americans . C.N. Le . asian-nation.org . 22 December 2014.
  25. Book: Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife, Volume 1 . Lee . Jonathan H. X. . Nadeau . Kathleen M. . 2011 . ABC-CLIO . 9780313350665 . 390 . 24 July 2012 .
    Book: Rudy P. Guevarra, Jr.. Becoming Mexipino: Multiethnic Identities and Communities in San Diego. 9 May 2012. Rutgers University Press. 978-0-8135-5326-9.
    Book: Kevin Nadal. Filipino American Psychology: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice. 23 March 2011. John Wiley & Sons. 978-1-118-01977-1. 76–77.
    Book: Frederick Luis Aldama. Multicultural Comics: From Zap to Blue Beetle. 15 September 2010. University of Texas Press. 978-0-292-73953-6. 77–80.
    Book: Maria P. P. Root. Maria P. P. Root. Filipino Americans: Transformation and Identity. https://books.google.com/books?id=7jK0RrwCHqQC&pg=PA80. 20 May 1997. SAGE Publishing. 978-0-7619-0579-0. 80–94. Contemporary Mixed-Heritage Filipino Americans: Fighting Colonized Identities.
  26. Book: Mercene, Floro L. . Manila Men in the New World: Filipino Migration to Mexico and the Americas from the Sixteenth Century . 2007 . . 978-971-542-529-2 . 161 .
  27. News: A century of Filipinos in America . Rodel Rodis . Inquirer . 25 October 2006 . 22 December 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110522213813/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/mindfeeds/mindfeeds/view/20061025-28651/A_century_of_Filipinos_in_America . 22 May 2011.
  28. Web site: Filipinos in Louisiana . . 2001 . Ancestors in the Americas . . 24 November 2014. There are the "Louisiana Manila men" with a presence recorded as early as 1763..
    Book: Valerie Ooka Pang. Li-Rong Lilly Cheng. Struggling To Be Heard: The Unmet Needs of Asian Pacific American Children. 1998. SUNY Press. 978-0-7914-3839-8. 287.
    Book: Mary Yu Danico. Asian American Society: An Encyclopedia. 3 September 2014. SAGE Publishing. 978-1-4833-6560-2. 48.
    Book: Xiaojian Zhao. Asian American Chronology: Chronologies of the American Mosaic. 2009. ABC-CLIO. 978-0-313-34875-4. 3.
  29. Book: Robin Cohen. The Cambridge Survey of World Migration. 2 November 1995. Cambridge University Press. 978-0-521-44405-7. 253.
    Book: Dirk Hoerder. Cultures in Contact: World Migrations in the Second Millennium. 31 October 2002. Duke University Press. 0-8223-8407-8. 200.
    Book: Thomas Bender. Rethinking American History in a Global Age. 14 April 2002. University of California Press. 978-0-520-93603-4. 202.
    Web site: History and Culture of the Lower Mississippi Delta . . 10 March 2014 . Draft Heritage Study and Environmental Assessment . . 7 January 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150109221933/http://www.cr.nps.gov/delta/volume2/history.htm . 9 January 2015.
  30. Book: Linda C. Tillman. James Joseph Scheurich. The Handbook of Research on Educational Leadership for Equity and Diversity. 21 August 2013. Routledge. 978-1-135-12843-2. 202.
  31. Web site: Mabuhay Pilipino! (Long Life!): Filipino Culture in Southeast Louisiana . Laura Westbrook . Louisiana Division of the Arts . Department of Culture, Recreation & Tourism . 22 December 2014 . The children who lived on the mainland would be released from school during harvest times to help the family during their busiest season, and those who recall Manila Village and other such communities recall it as an intensely exciting time. On 9 September 1965, Hurricane Betsy's 18-foot swells brought an end to the last of the Filipino stilt villages. The men who lived in the stilt villages during the fishing season joined their families on the mainland and assimilated into other professions..
    Book: Montero de Pedro, Jose . The Spanish in New Orleans and Louisiana . Marques de Casa Mena . 2000 . . Gretna, Louisiana . 978-1-56554-685-1 . 177 . The most important of these villages, Manila Village, which came to have a population of more than three hundred Filipinos, together with some Mexicans, Chinese and Spaniards, finally disappeared in 1965, destroyed by the dashing waves of Hurricane Betsy..
  32. Book: Filipinos of Greater Philadelphia . Silva . Eliseo Art Arambulo . Peralt . Victorina Alvarez . 2012 . . 9780738592695 . 9 . The March 1906 article "The Largest Colony of Filipinos in American" describes receiving a subscription from a Filipino living in New Orleans:"The Filipino who we addressed was Mr. Eulogio Yatar, and he sent us some astonishing news; in fact, we feel almost as the ethnologist does who discovers a new race of people, for we find that there is a colony of 2,000 Filipinos in that Queen City in the South. This community has been established for about a hundred years, the first who landed there being a native of Bicol by the name of Augustin Feliciano, who later served in the American navy in the war of 1812.".
  33. Book: The Filipino . 1906 . Filipino Company . Washington, D.C. . 19 .
  34. Web site: Labor Migration in Hawaii . UH Office of Multicultural Student Services . . 22 December 2014 . 3 June 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090603010113/http://opmanong.ssc.hawaii.edu/filipino/labor.html . dead.
  35. Web site: Interpretation 308.1 United states non citizen nationality . Service Law books . . 25 March 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110321200733/http://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/SLB/HTML/SLB/0-0-0-1/0-0-0-45104/0-0-0-45717.html . 21 March 2011.
    M. Licudine v. D. Winter . JR . 1086 . p. 5 . U.S. District Court for D.C. . 2008 . https://ecf.dcd.uscourts.gov/cgi-bin/show_public_doc?2008cv1086-17 . [f]rom the time the United States obtained dominion over the Philippines in 1899 until it granted independence to the islands in 1946, [the United States] Congress classified natives of the Philippines as Philippine citizens, as non-citizen United States nationals, and as aliens, but never as United States citizens..
    Keely . Charles . 1973 . Philippine Migration: Internal Movements and Emigration to the United States . International Migration Review . 7 . 2 . . 3002427 . 177–187 . 10.2307/3002427.
    McGovney . Dudley O. . September 1934 . Our Non-Citizen Nationals, Who Are They . California Law Review . . 22 . 6 . 593–635 . 10.2307/3476939 . 3476939 . 22 December 2014.
    Web site: 7 FAM 1120 . . 3 January 2013 . Consular Affairs . . 22 December 2014.
  36. Book: Holmquist, June D. . They Chose Minnesota: A Survey of the States Ethnic Groups . 2003 . . Saint Paul, Minnesota . 978-0-87351-231-2 . 546 .
    Book: Angelo N. Ancheta. Race, Rights, and the Asian American Experience. 1998. Rutgers University Press. 978-0-8135-2464-1. 26–27.
  37. Book: Judge Advocate General (Navy).. Naval digest, containing digests of selected decisions of the Secretary of the Navy and opinions of the Judge Advocate General of the Navy. 1916. 237–38.
    Book: The Federal Reporter: Cases Argued and Determined in the Circuit and District Courts of the United States. 1918. West Publishing Company. 769–773.
    April 1929 . Status of Filipinos for Purposes of Immigration and Naturalization . . Harvard Law Review Association . 42 . 6 . 809–812 . 10.2307/1330851. 1330851.
  38. Book: E. Nathaniel Gates. Stanford M. Lyman. Racial Classification and History. https://books.google.com/books?id=SKFfmCFM02MC&pg=PA318. 1997. Taylor & Francis. 978-0-8153-2602-1. 318–321. The Race Question and Liberalism.
  39. Web site: Filipino Migrant Works in California . The Office of Multicultural Student Services . University of Hawaiʻi . 22 December 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141204034225/http://opmanong.ssc.hawaii.edu/Filipino/cali.html . 4 December 2014.
    Book: Jan Harold Brunvand. Jan Harold Brunvand. American Folklore: An Encyclopedia. 24 May 2006. Routledge. 978-1-135-57878-7. 545.
  40. Book: Robert M. Jiobu. Ethnicity and Assimilation: Blacks, Chinese, Filipinos, Koreans, Japanese, Mexicans, Vietnamese, and Whites. 8 July 1988. SUNY Press. 978-0-88706-648-1. 49. Of the 113,000 Filipinos who immigrated between 1909 and 1913, and estimated 55,000 settled in Hawaii, 39,000 returned home, and 18,600 reimmigrated to the mainland, primarily California..
  41. Book: Morris, Greta N. . The American contribution to Philippine education: 1898–1998 . 1998 . . 39.
  42. Web site: Filipinos in the Americas . Ancestors in the Americas . . 22 December 2014.
  43. Book: McFerson, Hazel M. . Mixed Blessing: The Impact of the American Colonial Experience on Politics and Society in the Philippines . 2002 . . 9780313307911 . 92–93 . The pensionado program continued until the outbreak of World War II..
  44. Web site: Filipino Migration to the United States . Grace Mateo . 2001 . Office of Multicultural Student Services . University of Hawaiʻi . 22 December 2014 . 19 July 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110719205552/http://opmanong.ssc.hawaii.edu/filipino/filmig.html . dead.
  45. Book: Laguerre, Michel S. . The global ethnopolis: Chinatown, Japantown, and Manilatown in American society . 2000 . . New York . 978-0-312-22612-1 . 79 .
  46. Book: Dorothy B., Fujita-Rony . American Workers, Colonial Power: Philippine Seattle and the Transpacific West, 1919–1941 . University of California Press . 2003 . 9780520230958 . 135 .
  47. Book: Lott, Juanita Tamayo . Common Destiny: Filipino American Generations . Juanita Tamayo Lott. 2006 . . Oxford . 9780742546516 . 14 .
  48. Book: Elliott Robert Barkan. Roland L. Guyotte. Barbara M. Posadas. Immigrants in American History: Arrival, Adaptation, and Integration. https://books.google.com/books?id=AP7QCteb0o0C&pg=PA347. November 2012. ABC-CLIO. 978-1-59884-219-7. 347–356. Filipinos and Filipino Americans, 1870-1940.
  49. Web site: Asians and Pacific Islanders in the United States Navy . . 12 April 2011 . Naval History & Heritage Command . . 4 January 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110505005500/http://www.history.navy.mil/special%20Highlights/asian/API-12Apr11.pdf . 5 May 2011.
    Book: Rudy P. Guevarra, Jr.. Becoming Mexipino: Multiethnic Identities and Communities in San Diego. 9 May 2012. Rutgers University Press. 978-0-8135-5326-9. 25.
    Web site: Filipinos in the United States Navy . Bureau of Naval Personnel . October 1976 . Navy Department Library . United States Navy . 6 January 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060820202543/http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/filipinos.htm . 20 August 2006.
    News: Teri Weaver . Filipino tapped as Navy's top enlisted member in 7th Fleet . Stars and Stripes . 2 August 2007 . 6 January 2015 . The Navy first recruited Filipinos in 1898, according to Yen Le Espiritu, a professor of ethnic studies at the University of California, San Diego, who specializes in Philippine history.
    Book: Rick Baldoz. The Third Asiatic Invasion: Migration and Empire in Filipino America, 1898–1946. 28 February 2011. NYU Press. 978-0-8147-0921-4. 46.
  50. Web site: Introduction, Filipino Settlements in the United States . Filipino American Lives . Temple University Press . March 1995 . 22 December 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141128183433/http://www.temple.edu/tempress/chapters_1100/1157_ch1.pdf . 28 November 2014 . dead.
  51. Book: Robert M. Jiobu. Ethnicity and Assimilation: Blacks, Chinese, Filipinos, Koreans, Japanese, Mexicans, Vietnamese, and Whites. 8 July 1988. SUNY Press. 978-0-88706-648-1. 51. A year later, Congress also stipulated that Filipinos (as well as Puerto Ricans) who served three years in the Navy or Marines could petition for citizenship..
  52. Book: James A. Tyner. The Philippines: Mobilities, Identities, Globalization. https://books.google.com/books?id=kEyTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1985. 3 November 2008. Routledge. 978-1-135-90547-7. 26–27. Local Contexts, Distant Horizons.
    Book: Terrence G. Wiley . Joy Kreeft Peyton . Donna Christian . Sarah Catherine K. Moore . Na Liu. Handbook of Heritage and Community Languages in the United States: Research, Policy, and Educational Practice. 3 January 2014. Taylor & Francis. 978-1-136-33248-7. 542–543.
    Book: Ines M. Miyares. Christopher A. Airriess. James A. Tyner. Contemporary Ethnic Geographies in America. https://books.google.com/books?id=1irfg6nYlXUC&pg=PA254. 19 October 2006. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 978-0-7425-6850-1. 254. Filipinos: The Invisible Ethnic Community.
    Book: Valerie Ooka Pang. Li-Rong Lilly Cheng. Struggling To Be Heard: The Unmet Needs of Asian Pacific American Children. 3 September 1998. SUNY Press. 978-0-7914-3840-4. 172.
  53. The Filipino American Community . Solliday . Scott . Vince Murray . 2007 . . 10 March 2011.
    The Crisis Publishing Company, Inc.. The Crisis. The New Crisis. July 1940. The Crisis Publishing Company, Inc.. 200–. 0011-1422.
    Segal . David R. . Segal . Mandy Wechsler . December 2004 . America's Military Population . Population Bulletin . . 59 . 4 . 0032-468X . 18 December 2014 . 9 October 2022 . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.prb.org/Source/ACF1396.pdf . dead.
  54. Book: Student Almanac of Asian American History: From the exclusion era to today, 1925–present . Media Projects Incorporated . 2004 . Carter . Smith . Greenwood Publishing Group . Westport Connecticut . 978-0-313-32604-2 . 18 . 11 June 2011.
  55. Book: Andrew R. L. Cayton. Richard Sisson. Chris Zacher. Catherine Ceniza Choy. The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia. https://books.google.com/books?id=n3Xn7jMx1RYC&pg=PA256. 8 November 2006. Filipinos. Indiana University Press. 0-253-00349-0. 256–257.
  56. Book: Chen, Edith Wen-Chu . Teaching about Asian Pacific Americans: effective activities, strategies, and assignments for classrooms and communities . Glenn Omatsu . Emily Porcincula Lawsin . Joseph A. Galura . 2006 . Rowman & Littlefield . Lanham, Maryland . 978-0-7425-5338-5 . 29–30.
  57. Web site: California's Filipino Infantry . Alex S. Fabros . . California State Military Department . 10 May 2011.
  58. Book: Baldoz, Rick . The Third Asiatic Invasion: Migration and Empire in Filipino America, 1898–1946 . 2011 . NYU Press . New York . 978-0-8147-9109-7 . 227–228 .
  59. Book: Daniels, Roger . Immigration and the legacy of Harry S. Truman . 2010 . Truman State University Press . Kirksville, Missouri . 978-1-931112-99-4 . 103 .
  60. Book: Reimers, David . Other Immigrants: The Global Origins of the American People . NYU Press . 2005 . 9780814775356 . 168 .
  61. Book: Tamayo Lott, Juanita . Common Destiny: Filipino American Generations . Rowman & Littlefield . 2006 . 9780742546509 . 24 .
    Book: Elliott Robert Barkan. A Nation of Peoples: A Sourcebook on America's Multicultural Heritage. 1 January 1999. Greenwood Publishing Group. 978-0-313-29961-2. 211. Since the mid-1970s, as a result of navy enlistment, Filipino-American communities have taken hold in cities with naval stations, including San Diego California; Bremerton, Washington; Jacksonville, Florida; and Charleston, South Carolina.
  62. Book: Habal, Estella . San Francisco's International Hotel: mobilizing the Filipino American . 2007 . Temple University Press . Philadelphia . 978-1-59213-445-8 . 25–26 . 10 March 2011.
    Book: Wenying Xu. Historical Dictionary of Asian American Literature and Theater. 2012. Scarecrow Press. 978-0-8108-5577-9. 11.
  63. Book: Bonus, Rick . Locating Filipino Americans: ethnicity and the cultural politics of space . 2000 . Temple University Press . Philadelphia . 978-1-56639-779-7 . 42 .
  64. Web site: 20th Century – Post WWII . Asian American Studies . Dartmouth College . 22 December 2014. Filipino Naturalization Act grants US citizenship to Filipinos who had arrived before 24 March 1943..
  65. Book: Eric Arnesen. Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-class History: G-N; Index. 2007. Taylor & Francis. 978-0-415-96826-3. 1300.
  66. Web site: Filipino Migrants as a Result of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 . The Office of Multicultural Student Services . University of Hawaiʻi . 22 December 2014 . 4 December 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141204034221/http://opmanong.ssc.hawaii.edu/Filipino/1965.html . dead.
  67. Book: Rick Bonus. Locating Filipino Americans: Ethnicity and the Cultural Politics of Space. 2000. Temple University Press. 978-1-56639-779-7. 45.
  68. Web site: Brain Drain . 2006 . Filipino American Heritage website . Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Program . 22 December 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141120181724/http://www.filam.si.edu/curriculum/u3-part-08.html . 20 November 2014.
  69. Web site: The Paradox of Assimilation: Children of Filipino Immigrants in San Diego . Yen Le Espiritu . Diane L. Wolf . 1999 . Migration Dialogue . University of California, Davis . 22 December 2014.
  70. Book: Mary Yu Danico. Catherine Ceniza Choy. Asian American Society: An Encyclopedia. https://books.google.com/books?id=gZleBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA368. 3 September 2014. SAGE Publications. 978-1-4522-8189-6. 368–370. Filipino Nurse Migration.
  71. Book: Catherine Ceniza Choy. Empire of Care: Nursing and Migration in Filipino American History. 31 January 2003. Duke University Press. 0-8223-3089-X. 168.
  72. News: McFarling . Usha Lee . 28 April 2020 . Nursing ranks are filled with Filipino Americans. The pandemic is taking an outsized toll on them . Stat . Boston . 13 June 2020.
    News: . How COVID-19 has taken a toll on Filipino-American healthcare workers . WNYW . New York City . 21 May 2020 . 13 June 2020.
  73. Book: Healey, Joseph F. . Diversity and Society: Race, Ethnicity, and Gender, 2011/2012 Update . 2011 . Pine Forge Press . 9781412994330 . 354 . Thus, the Filipino American community includes some members in the high-wage primary labor market and others who are competing for work in the low-wage secondary sector..
  74. Book: Sterngass, Jon . Filipino Americans . 2006 . . New York . 978-0-7910-8791-6 . 69 .
    Book: Perry, Elisabeth Israels . The Gilded Age and Progressive Era: a student companion . Karen Manners Smith . 2006 . Oxford University Press US . New York . 978-0-19-515670-6 . 151 . They established Filipino-American communities called Little Manilas-after their country's capital-in a number of American cities..
  75. Book: Laguerre, Michel S. . The global ethnopolis: Chinatown, Japantown, and Manilatown in American society . 2000 . Palgrave Macmillan . New York . 978-0-312-22612-1 . 84 .
  76. Book: Jon Sterngass. Filipino Americans. 1 January 2009. Infobase Publishing. 978-1-4381-0711-0. 128.
  77. Book: Yen Espiritu. Asian American Panethnicity: Bridging Institutions and Identities. 19 January 2011. Temple University Press. 978-1-4399-0556-2. 104.
  78. Web site: 2010 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics . . August 2011 . Yearbook of Immigration Statistics . . 8 December 2014 . 8–11.
  79. Maligat . Luisto G. . Study of the U.S. Navy's Philippines Enlistment Program, 1981–1991 . June 2000 . Naval Postgraduate School . 24 December 2014. >
    News: H.G. Reza . Navy to Stop Recruiting Filipino Nationals : Defense: The end of the military base agreement with the Philippines will terminate the nearly century-old program . . 27 February 1993 . 24 December 2014.
  80. Book: Min, Pyong Gap . Asian Americans: contemporary trends and issues . 2006 . . 978-1-4129-0556-5 . 39 .
  81. Book: Pyong Gap Min. Asian Americans: Contemporary Trends and Issues. 2006. SAGE Publications. 978-1-4129-0556-5. 32–33. Although less than half of Asian Americans as a whole were concentrated in the West in 2000, some Asian groups had much higher levels of concentration there. For example, 73% of Japanese Americans and 68% of Filipino Americans lived in the West..
  82. Book: Gaw, Albert . Culture, ethnicity, and mental illness . 1993 . American Psychiatric Press . Washington, D.C. . 978-0-88048-359-9 . 381 .
  83. Web site: Largest Detailed Asian Alone or in Any Combination Group by State . . 21 September 2023 . Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census . United States Census Bureau . 6 October 2023.
  84. Web site: Second Largest Detailed Asian Alone or in Any Combination Group by State . . 21 September 2023 . Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census . United States Census Bureau . 6 October 2023.
  85. Web site: State Rankings: Filipino Alone or in Any Combination . . 21 September 2023 . Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census . United States Census Bureau . 6 October 2023.
  86. Web site: The Asian Population: 2010 . Elizabeth M. Hoeffel . Sonya Rastogi . Myoung Ouk Kim . Hasan Shahid . March 2012 . 2010 Census Briefs . United States Census Bureau . 22 December 2014.
  87. Web site: Fil-Am editor traces 250-year old history of Pinoy migration to the US. Xianne Arcangel. GMA Network Inc.. 1 August 2013. 3 January 2015.
  88. Web site: The Foreign Born From Asia: 2011 . Thomas Gryn . Christine Cambino . October 2012 . American Community Survey Briefs . United States Census Bureau . 9 December 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150306020054/http://www.census.gov/prod/2012pubs/acsbr11-06.pdf . 6 March 2015 . dead.
  89. Filipino Immigrants in the United States . Aaron Terrazes . Jeanne Batalova . 7 April 2010 . Migration Policy Source . Migration Policy Institute . 22 December 2014.
  90. Web site: 2010 Census Shows Asians are Fastest-Growing Race Group . 21 March 2012 . United States Census Bureau . . 1 November 2014 . Filipinos were the largest in five of the 20 metro areas (San Diego, Riverside, Las Vegas, Sacramento and Phoenix), followed by Japanese, Hmong and Vietnamese in one metro area each (Honolulu, Minneapolis-St. Paul and Houston, respectively)..
  91. Book: Rick Bonus. Locating Filipino Americans: Ethnicity and the Cultural Politics of Space. 2000. Temple University Press. 978-1-56639-779-7. 191. However, the first recorded Filipino arrival on the continent is dated in 1587, in Morro Bay, California, by San Louis Obispo..
    Book: E. San Juan Jr.. Toward Filipino Self-Determination: Beyond Transnational Globalization. 2 July 2010. SUNY Press. 978-1-4384-2737-9. 101.
  92. Book: William David Estrada. The Los Angeles Plaza: Sacred and Contested Space. 17 February 2009. University of Texas Press. 978-0-292-78209-9. 281.
  93. Book: Jon Sterngass. Filipino Americans. 1 January 2009. Infobase Publishing. 978-1-4381-0711-0. 40.
    Book: Larry L. Naylor. Cultural Diversity in the United States. 1 January 1997. Greenwood Publishing Group. 978-0-89789-479-1. 181.
    Book: Jonathan Y. Okamura. Imagining the Filipino American Diaspora: Transnational Relations, Identities, and Communities. 11 January 2013. Routledge. 978-1-136-53071-5. 36.
    Book: David J. Weber. Foreigners in Their Native Land: Historical Roots of the Mexican Americans. 2003. UNM Press. 978-0-8263-3510-4. 35.
    Eloisa Borah . 1 October 2018 . Antonio Miranda Rodriguez: Filipino Pioneer in Los Angeles . Kababayan Weekly . YouTube video . 22 April 2018 . Los Angeles . KSCI.
  94. Book: William Deverell. Greg Hise. A Companion to Los Angeles. 23 November 2010. John Wiley & Sons. 978-1-4443-9095-7. 36.
    News: . Art exhibit on arrival of first Filipino in Los Angeles opens . Inquirer . 10 May 2014 . 24 November 2014-->.
  95. Book: Thomas J. Osborne. Pacific Eldorado: A History of Greater California. 22 January 2013. John Wiley & Sons. 978-1-118-29216-7. 315.
  96. Book: James David Hart. A Companion to California. January 1987. University of California Press. 978-0-520-05544-5. 430.
  97. Book: Rose Cuison Villazor. Kevin Noble Maillard. Leti Volpp. Loving V. Virginia in a Post-Racial World: Rethinking Race, Sex, and Marriage. https://books.google.com/books?id=DluOsvcPAcoC&pg=PA62. 25 June 2012. Cambridge University Press. 978-0-521-19858-5. 59–72. American Mestizo: Filipinos and Antimiscegenation Laws in California.
  98. Web site: A Historical Context and Archaeological Research Design for Work Camp Properties in California . Anmarie Medin . 2013 . California Department of Transportation . State of California . 7 April 2015.
  99. "Marlowe Would Be Proud": On "The Annotated Big Sleep" . Nicholson . Geoff . 11 October 2018 . . 23 March 2019.
  100. News: Rachael Myrow . Stockton's Little Manila: the Heart of Filipino California . . San Francisco . 2 September 2013 . 1 January 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141223100750/http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/29/little-manila-the-heart-of-filipino-california/ . 23 December 2014 . dead.
    Web site: Little Manila: Filipinos in California's Heartland . . . 1 January 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150101144730/http://www.kvie.org/programs/kvie/viewfinder/little_manila/ . 1 January 2015.
    Web site: New on SF State bookshelf . . 11 April 2008 . SF State News . . 1 January 2015.
    News: Deborah Kong . Associated Press . Filipino Americans work to preserve heritage . . Honolulu . 26 December 2002 . 1 January 2015.
    News: Steven Winn . 'Romance of Magno Rubio': Filipino homecoming . . 8 October 2008 . 1 January 2014.
    Book: The Secrets of Giron Arnis Escrima. 15 March 1998. Tuttle Publishing. 978-0-8048-3139-0. 11.
    Book: Angeles Monrayo Raymundo. Tomorrow's Memories: A Diary, 1924-1928. 2003. University of Hawaiʻi Press. 978-0-8248-2688-8. 263.
    Book: Austin, Leonard . 1959 . Around the World in San Francisco . San Francisco . . 26–28 . 59065441 . 1 January 2015 . https://archive.org/stream/2aroundworldinsan00aust#page/26/mode/2up/search/Filipino . 11 February 2009.
    Book: Jon Sterngass. Filipino Americans. 1 January 2009. Infobase Publishing. 978-1-4381-0711-0. 71.
  101. Volpp . Leti . 1 January 1999 . American Mestizo: Filipinos and Antimiscegenation Laws in California . . 33 . 795–835 . 3 January 2018.
    Showalter . Michael P. . Winter 1989 . The Watsonville Anti-Filipino Riot of 1930: A Reconsideration of Fermin Tobera's Murder . 41171455. Southern California Quarterly . 71 . 4 . 341–348 . 10.2307/41171455.
    News: Jones . Donna . 4 September 2011 . Riots in 1930 revealed Watsonville racism: California apologizes to Filipino Americans . . 3 January 2018.
  102. Book: Dawn Bohulano Mabalon. Little Manila Is in the Heart: The Making of the Filipina/o American Community in Stockton, California. 29 May 2013. Duke University Press. 978-0-8223-9574-4. 210.
  103. Book: Kevin Starr. Golden Dreams: California in an Age of Abundance, 1950–1963. 9 June 2009. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-992430-1. 510.
  104. Book: Franklin Ng. Asian American Family Life and Community. 23 June 2014. Routledge. 978-1-136-80123-5. 116.
  105. Book: Antonio T. Tiongson. Edgardo V. Gutierrez. Ricardo Valencia Gutierrez. Dawn Bohulano Mabalon. Positively No Filipinos Allowed: Building Communities and Discourse. https://books.google.com/books?id=y1YN11so7k4C&pg=PA73. 2006. Temple University Press. 978-1-59213-123-5. 73–89. Losing Little Manila: Race and Redevelopment in Filipina/o Stockton, California.
    Book: Ned Kaufman. Place, Race, and Story: Essays on the Past and Future of Historic Preservation. 11 September 2009. Routledge. 978-1-135-88972-2. 104.
    Book: Dawn Bohulano Mabalon. Little Manila Is in the Heart: The Making of the Filipina/o American Community in Stockton, California. 29 May 2013. Duke University Press. 978-0-8223-9574-4. 19. "The Crosstown Freeway cut through the heart of Little Manila, and by 1972, only two struggling blocks remained..
    Reyes . Javier Padilla . 17 August 2017 . What has Changed? From Segregation to Discrimination . Placeholder Magazine . Stockton, California . Fractured Atlas . 22 April 2018.
  106. Web site: Morehouse . Lisa . 19 September 2015 . Grapes of Wrath: The Forgotten Filipinos Who Led A Farmworker Revolution . . . 3 January 2018.
    News: Marcum . Diana . 14 November 2013 . Facing crisis in homeland, Filipinos in Central Valley take action . Los Angeles Times . 14 November 2021.
    News: Jardine . Jeff . 30 January 2016 . Jardine: A trunk-aided version of Filipino history in California's Central Valley . . 3 January 2018.
    News: Magagnini . Stephen . 20 October 2013 . Q&A: California history shaped by Stockton's Little Manila . . 3 January 2018.
  107. News: Rochita . Ananda . 3 June 2021 . A look into the rich history of Filipino Americans in Stockton and Little Manila . KXTV . Sacramento . 9 November 2021.
  108. Book: Huping Ling. Emerging Voices: Experiences of Underrepresented Asian Americans. 2008. Rutgers University Press. 978-0-8135-4342-0. 93.
    Web site: California: Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians & Pacific Islanders . . August 2004 . Association of Asian Pacific Community Health Organizations . 1 January 2015.
  109. Book: Ines M. Miyares. Christopher A. Airriess. James A. Taylor. Contemporary Ethnic Geographies in America. https://books.google.com/books?id=1irfg6nYlXUC&pg=PA258. 19 October 2006. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 978-0-7425-6850-1. 258–259. Filipinos: The Invisible Ethnic Community.
  110. Book: Jon Sterngass. Filipino Americans. 1 January 2009. Infobase Publishing. 978-1-4381-0711-0. 65.
  111. LA Consul General Throws Ceremonial First Pitch at Dodgers-Padres Pre-Game Event . Rene Villaroman . Asian Journal Online . 10 July 2007 . 13 July 2009.
    Book: Pyong Gap Min. Asian Americans: Contemporary Trends and Issues. 2006. SAGE Publications. 978-1-4129-0556-5. 186. The largest of these is in Southern California, in the Los Angeles-San Diego region, where nearly 480,000 Filipinos (more than one out of every four Filipino Americans) made their homes in 2000..
  112. News: Rachael Myrow . Stockton's Little Manila: the Heart of Filipino California . KQED . 2 September 2013 . 23 December 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141223100750/http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/29/little-manila-the-heart-of-filipino-california/ . 23 December 2014 . dead.
  113. News: Jun Nucum . SF consulate toasts Fil-Am winners in the last elections . Philippine Daily Inquirer . 23 December 2014 . 23 December 2014.
    News: . Filipinos are biggest Asian group in California-new study . Philippine Daily Inquirer . 7 February 2013 . 23 December 2014.
    News: Steve Angeles . Pinoys now largest Asian population in California . ABS CBN News . 11 February 2013 . 23 December 2014.
  114. Web site: California . https://archive.today/20200212200408/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF2/SF2DP1/0400000US06/popgroup~038 . dead . 2020-02-12 . . 2010 . Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 . United States Census Bureau . 7 December 2014.
  115. Book: Mary Yu Danico. Asian American Society: An Encyclopedia. 3 September 2014. SAGE Publications. 978-1-4833-6560-2. 661.
  116. News: . California's 800 new laws: From hands-free texting to drivers' licenses for undocumented immigrants . GMA News . 17 January 2013 . 23 December 2014.
    Web site: Table DP-1. Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2010 . . 2010 . California Department of Finance . State of California . 23 December 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140630145743/http://www.dof.ca.gov/research/demographic/state_census_data_center/census_2010/documents/DP2010-California.pdf . 30 June 2014.
  117. Web site: Supplemental Table 1 – Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2013 Lawful Permanent Residents. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. 8 December 2014.
  118. Web site: Supplemental Table 1 – Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2012 Legal Permanent Residents. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. 8 December 2014.
  119. Web site: Supplemental Table 1 – Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2011 Legal Permanent Residents. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. 8 December 2014.
  120. Web site: Supplemental Table 1 – Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2010. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. 8 December 2014.
  121. News: Telltale Signs: "Why are there so many Filipino nurses in the US?" . Rodel Rodis . . 14 May 2013 . 19 May 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130608033815/http://www.asianweek.com/2013/05/14/telltale-signs-why-are-there-so-many-filipino-nurses-in-the-us/ . 8 June 2013.
    News: . Why are there so many Filipino nurses in the United States . Inquirer . 12 May 2013 . 24 November 2014.
  122. Web site: California Health Care Almanac . . November 2010 . chcf.org . . 24 November 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150308115422/http://www.chcf.org/~/media/MEDIA%20LIBRARY%20Files/PDF/C/PDF%20CaliforniaNursesFactsFigures2010.pdf . 8 March 2015.
  123. News: Alvarado . Kitty . Lizarondo . Roland . 21 October 2021 . Local ICU nurse hopes report on Filipino-Americans and pandemic-related mental health issues brings change . KPBS . San Diego . 9 November 2021 . That’s because 18 percent of nurses in California are Filipino, and one in three are front line workers..
  124. Web site: Detailed Asian Alone or in Any Combination Groups in California . . 21 September 2023 . Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census . United States Census Bureau . 6 October 2023.
  125. Book: Elnora Kelly Tayag. Filipinos in Ventura County. 2011. Arcadia Publishing. 978-0-7385-7473-8. 8.
    To Educate Filipinos . . XXXI . 26 . 2 . 27 October 1903 . 24 December 2014.
    Filipino Youths Who Are to Study America Arrive in Los Angeles . Los Angeles Herald . XXXI . 43 . 3 . 13 November 1903 . 24 December 2014.
  126. M. Rosalind Sagara . Joseph Bernardo, Ph.D . Jean-Paul R. deGuzman, Ph.D . Lorna Ignacio Dumapias . Gerald Gubatan . Carlene Sobrino Bonnivier . Florante Ibanez . Dulce Capadocia . April 2018 . Los Angeles Citywide Historic Context Statement: Context: Filipino Americans in Los Angeles, 1903–1980 . City of Los Angeles . 15 July 2018.
  127. Book: Mae Respicio Koerner. Filipinos in Los Angeles. 2007. Arcadia Publishing. 978-0-7385-4729-9. 9.
  128. Book: Linda España-Maram. Creating Masculinity in Los Angeles's Little Manila: Working-Class Filipinos and Popular Culture in the United States. 13 August 2013. Columbia University Press. 978-0-231-51080-6. 20.
  129. Book: Florante Peter Ibanez. Roselyn Estepa Ibanez. Filipinos in Carson and the South Bay. 2009. Arcadia Publishing. 978-0-7385-7036-5. 76.
  130. Book: Franklin Ng. Elena S. H. Yu. Asian American Family Life and Community. https://books.google.com/books?id=-t7gAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA110. 23 June 2014. Routledge. 978-1-136-80123-5. 110–112. Filipino Migration and Community Organizations in the United States.
  131. Web site: History of the Filipino American Community of Los Angeles (FACLA) . . 2013 . FACLA . Filipino American Community of Los Angeles . 3 December 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141211094114/http://newfacla.org/?page_id=32 . 11 December 2014.
    News: Kang . K. Connie . 18 May 1996 . Celebrating the Life of Legacy of UCLA's 'Uncle Roy' . Los Angeles Times . 3 December 2014.
    News: Bos . Sascha . 3 October 2014 . 4 Free Things to Do in L.A. This Week (Plus a Great One for $13) . . 3 December 2014 . 23 December 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141223100601/http://www.laweekly.com/publicspectacle/2014/10/03/4-free-things-to-do-in-la-this-week-plus-a-great-one-for-13 . dead.
  132. Web site: The Filipino Community . Dia . Paul . 15 May 2003 . Filipino American Library . 3 December 2014.
  133. News: Richardson . Darcy Leigh . 1 March 2012 . October Named Filipino-American History Month . The Grunion Gazette Online . . 3 December 2014 . According to U.S. Census Bureau data, concentrations of Filipinos developed in west Long Beach in the 1940s because of the United States Naval Shipyard..
    Book: Florante Peter Ibanez. Roselyn Estepa Ibanez. Filipinos in Carson and the South Bay. 2009. Arcadia Publishing. 978-0-7385-7036-5. 31.
    Book: Florante Peter Ibanez. Roselyn Estepa Ibanez. Filipinos in Carson and the South Bay. 2009. Arcadia Publishing. 978-0-7385-7036-5. 25.
  134. News: Daryl Kelley . Psyche Pascual . 10 March 1991 . Filipinos Put Down Deep Roots in Oxnard : Demographics: The county's Asian population has grown dramatically, but only those immigrants from the Philippines have established a community. . Los Angeles Times . 3 December 2014.
    News: Shulman . Robin . 6 August 2001 . Many Filipino Immigrants Are Dropping Anchor in Oxnard . Los Angeles Times . 3 December 2014.
  135. Book: 1970 Census of Population: Subject reports. Japanese, Chinese, and Filipinos in the United States. https://books.google.com/books?id=FHg2tZFdP1kC&pg=PA168. 1973. U.S. Department of Commerce, Social and Economic Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census. 168–169. Table 41. Social Characteristics of the Filipino Population for Selected Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas and Cities: 1970.
  136. News: Archibold . Randal C. . 20 August 1993 . Political Awakening : Filipino-Americans Start to Reach for Reins of Power . Los Angeles Times . 24 November 2014.
  137. News: Doherty . Jake . 27 June 1993 . Temple-Beaudry: A Treasure-Trove of Philippine History . Los Angeles Times . 3 December 2014.
  138. Web site: In Memoriam: Helen Brown, 95 . Posas . Liza . 28 January 2011 . LA as Subject . University of Southern California . 3 December 2014 . 17 December 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141217093921/http://www.laassubject.org/index.php/articles/detail/article_in_memoriam_helen_brown_951 . dead.
    Book: Xiaojian Zhao. Edward J.W. Park Ph.D.. Asian Americans: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History [3 volumes. 26 November 2013. ABC-CLIO. 978-1-59884-240-1. 382.
  139. Logan . John R. . Zhang . Wenquan . Alba . Richard D. . April 2002 . Immigrant Enclaves and Ethnic Communities in New York and Los Angeles . 3088897 . . American Sociological Association . 67 . 2 . 299–322 . 10.2307/3088897 . dead . https://archive.today/20161118010555/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic868440.files/Logan%2520Immigrant%2520enclavbes%2520and%2520thnic%2520communities.pdf . 18 November 2016 . 17 November 2016.
  140. News: Kang . K. Connie . 10 January 1996 . 'Auntie's' Pride and Joy : 'Loving librarian' Helen Brown, 80, shares her passion for her Filipino heritage with the public through her library. : HEARTS of the CITY / Exploring attitudes and issues behind the news . Los Angeles Times . 3 December 2014.
  141. Book: Roger Waldinger. Mehdi Bozorgmehr. Ethnic Los Angeles. 5 December 1996. Russell Sage Foundation. 978-1-61044-547-4. 89.
  142. Web site: Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside, CA CSA; California . 2010 Census Summary File 2 . U.S. Census Bureau . 9 December 2014 . https://archive.today/20141210064841/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF2/SF2DP1/340M100US06348/popgroup~038 . 10 December 2014 . dead.
  143. Web site: Filipino alone or in any combination . 2010 Census Summary File 2 . United States Census Bureau . 9 December 2014 . https://archive.today/20141210064937/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF2/SF2DP1/0500000US06037/popgroup~038?slice=GEO~0500000US06037 . 10 December 2014 . dead.
  144. Book: Larry Hajime Shinagawa. Michael Jang. Atlas of American Diversity. 1998. Rowman Altamira. 978-0-7619-9128-1. 46.
  145. Book: Diana Ting Liu Wu. Asian Pacific Americans in the Workplace. 1997. Rowman Altamira. 978-0-7619-9122-9. 51. There are more ethnic Filipinos in Los Angeles than in any other city except Manila..
    Book: Dalton Higgins. Hip Hop World. 2009. Groundwood Books. 978-0-88899-910-8. 40.
    Book: David James. The Most Typical Avant-Garde: History and Geography of Minor Cinemas in Los Angeles. 30 May 2005. University of California Press. 978-0-520-93819-9. 6.
  146. News: Joseph Pimentel . Family says your thoughts of Filipino food are wrong . . 28 June 2014 . 7 October 2018 . Filipinos are the second-largest Asian American population in the Los Angeles/Long Beach/Santa Ana region, and the largest in the state of California. They are the second-largest Asian American group in the U.S..
    Web site: Kitazawa . Yosuke . 15 May 2012 . Filipinos are the Minority in Historic Filipinotown and L.A.'s Japanese Population in Steady Decline . History & Society . . Hollywood, California . 16 March 2017.
  147. Web site: Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders: A Diverse and Growing Force in Los Angeles . Asian Americans Advancing Justice-Los Angeles . May 2016 . 2016 LA Asian Pacific American Heritage Month . . 17 February 2017 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170219010318/http://apahm.lacity.org/assets/doc/Demographic_Data_APAHM_website.compressed.pdf . 19 February 2017.
  148. Web site: Color of Wealth . Melany De La Cruz-Viesca . Zhenxiang Chen . Paul M. Ong . Darrick Hamilton . William A. Darity Jr. . 2016 . The Color of Wealth in Los Angeles . 20 March 2017.
  149. Book: Carina Monica Montoya. Los Angeles's Historic Filipinotown. 2009. Arcadia Publishing. 978-0-7385-6954-3. 7.
  150. Book: Laura Pulido. Laura R. Barraclough. Wendy Cheng. A People's Guide to Los Angeles. 2012. University of California Press. 978-0-520-27081-7. 27.
  151. Book: Pyong Gap Min. Asian Americans: Contemporary Trends and Issues. 2006. SAGE Publications. 978-1-4129-0556-5. 188.
  152. News: Arax . Mark . 5 April 1987 . San Gabriel Valley : Asian Influx Alters Life in Suburbia . Los Angeles Times . 1 December 2014 . Farther east—in Hacienda Heights, Rowland Heights, Walnut and West Covina—full-fledged Korean and Filipino communities that are among the largest in the state have taken root..
  153. Book: Paul M. Ong. Edna Bonacich. Lucie Cheng. Lucie Cheng. The New Asian Immigration in Los Angeles and Global Restructuring. Temple University Press. 978-1-4399-0158-8. 121.
  154. Book: Xiaojian Zhao. Edward J.W. Park PhD. Asian Americans: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History [3 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History. 26 November 2013. ABC-CLIO. 978-1-59884-240-1. 1039–1042.
  155. News: Baer . Stephanie K. . 30 August 2017 . In nod to thriving population, West Covina looks to designate Filipino business area as 'Little Manila' . . 3 January 2018.
    News: Shyong . Frank . 8 January 2018 . A diverse L.A. suburb finds love and songs of celebration in 'Crazy Ex-Girlfriend' . Los Angeles Times . 27 February 2018.
  156. News: Trinidad . Elson . 2 August 2012 . L.A.'s Historic Filipinotown Turns Ten: What's Changed? . KCET . 2 December 2014.
  157. News: Wedner . Diane . 18 March 2007 . A shared identity . Los Angeles Times . 3 December 2014.
  158. News: Gorman . Anna . 22 August 2007 . Mall anchors thriving Filipino community . Los Angeles Times . 15 July 2018.
    News: Barragan . Blanca . 11 March 2016 . Eagle Rock's Philippine Village to Make Way for Little Houses . . 15 July 2018.
  159. News: . Eagle Rock . Los Angeles Times . 2018 . 15 July 2018.
  160. News: Ramirez . Flory . 11 September 2017 . Panorama City: Latinos and Filipinos . Medium . 15 July 2018.
    News: Azores-Gunter . Tania . 7 December 1992 . In The Neighborhood : FILIPINO-AMERICANS: Getting It Together, Raising Their Profile . Los Angeles Times . 15 July 2018.
    News: . Panorama City . Los Angeles Times . 2018 . 15 July 2018.
    Leong . Anthony . Harrington . Sherry . Kwok . Jae . 12 November 2004 . The Filipino Culture in the San Fernando Valley . . 15 July 2018.
  161. News: Merlin Chowkwanyun . Merlin Chowkwanyun . Jordan Segall . 24 August 2012 . The Rise of the Majority-Asian Suburb . . Atlantic Cities . 1 December 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141210075837/http://www.nationaljournal.com/thenextamerica/demographics/the-rise-of-the-majority-asian-suburb-20120824 . 10 December 2014.
  162. Book: Darryl V. Caterine. Conservative Catholicism and the Carmelites: Identity, Ethnicity, and Tradition in the Modern Church. 1 January 2001. Indiana University Press. 0-253-34011-X. 43.
    Book: Florante Peter Ibanez. Roselyn Estepa Ibanez. Filipinos in Carson and the South Bay. 2009. Arcadia Publishing. 978-0-7385-7036-5. 8.
    News: Ochoa . Cecile Caguingin . 3 November 2013 . Carson, California commemoration caps Fil-Am history month . Inquirer . 1 December 2014 . After all, it is reputed to be the fourth city in the US with the highest percentage of Filipinos–approximately 20,000 out of its total 92,000 residents..
    News: Texeira . Erin . 27 November 2000 . Carson, a Model of Multiracial Politics, Hit by Discord . Los Angeles Times . 1 December 2014 . In recent decades, Filipino newcomers have arrived at a rapid rate, now making up about 20% of Carson's population and 24% of the teens at the high school, according to city estimates..
  163. Book: Xiaojian Zhao. Edward J.W. Park PhD. Asian Americans: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History [3 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History. 26 November 2013. ABC-CLIO. 978-1-59884-240-1. 578.
  164. Book: Robert Marich. Marketing to Moviegoers: A Handbook of Strategies Used by Major Studios and Independents. 18 April 2005. CRC Press. 978-1-136-06862-1. 267.
    Book: Rhonda Phillips. Robert H. Pittman. An Introduction to Community Development. 2 December 2008. Routledge. 978-1-135-97722-1. 337.
    Book: Rhacel Salazar Parrenas. The Force of Domesticity: Filipina Migrants and Globalization. 10 August 2008. NYU Press. 978-0-8147-6789-4. 96.
  165. News: Levine . Brittany . 26 April 2012 . Filipinos on the rise in Glendale, Census shows . . 20 March 2017 . 21 March 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170321083004/http://articles.glendalenewspress.com/2012-04-26/news/tn-818-0426-filipinos-on-the-rise-in-glendale-census-shows_1_local-filipino-community-glendale-memorial-hospital-census-data . dead.
    News: Levine . Brittany . 26 April 2012 . Glendale sees rise in Filipino population . Los Angeles Times . 20 March 2017.
    News: Levine . Brittany . 14 October 2013 . Glendale acknowledges its Filipino population . Los Angeles Times . 20 March 2017.
  166. News: Asian Population in Orange County . Kathie Bozanich . Los Angeles Times. 16 June 1991 . 15 October 2012.
    Web site: Census 2000 Demographic Profile II . August 2012 . Center for Demographic Research . City of Anaheim . 15 October 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20121207231755/http://www.anaheim.net/docs_agend/AnaheimProfileII.pdf . 7 December 2012.
    News: O.C.'s top 10 immigrant populations . Orange County Register . 18 January 2012 . 15 October 2012.
  167. News: . Asian Population in Orange County . Los Angeles Times . 16 June 1991 . 9 December 2014.
  168. News: Vo . Thy . 29 January 2018 . Report: Asian Americans, Now One Fifth of OC's Population, Are More Complex Than You Think . . Santa Ana, California . 1 February 2018.
  169. Web site: Filipina/os in Riverside . Trajano . Christian Arquillo . Asian American Riverside . . 3 January 2018 . 18 May 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180518140604/http://www.asianamericanriverside.ucr.edu/NotableAsianAmericans/Filipinos/index.html . dead.
  170. News: Brambila . Nicole C. . 30 November 2009 . A 'hidden minority' . . Palm Springs, California . 10 April 2019.
  171. News: Olson . David . 7 October 2014 . Asian-American community fastest growing group in Inland Empire, nation . . Riverside County . 3 January 2018.
  172. Web site: Detailed Asian Alone or in Any Combination Groups in Los Angeles County, CA . . 2020 . United States Census Bureau . United States Department of Commerce . 5 March 2024 .
  173. Web site: Filipino Americans in the San Francisco Bay Area, Stockton, and Seattle . Sobredo . James . July 1999 . Asian American Studies . . 28 December 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141229002106/http://www.csus.edu/aas/sobredo/Filipinos_in_SF_Bay.html . 29 December 2014.
  174. Web site: Tomales Bay Environmental History and Historic Resource Study . Christy Avery . 2009 . Point Reyes National Seashore . . 28 December 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140915210847/http://www.sfnps.org/download_product/2833/0 . 15 September 2014 . Harlan's great-grandparents, Filipino immigrant Domingo Felix and his Coast Miwok wife Euphrasia, probably moved to Laird's Landing around 1861.465. Alt URL
  175. News: Alfred A. Yuson . Fil-Am memoirs: A multicolored fabric . . 6 May 2002 . 28 December 2014 . The Filipino experience in California is a multiracial one, which has its roots in the 1830 marriage of a Filipino named Domingo Felix and his wife Euphrasia, a Coast Miwok. They were married in Point Reyes and settled at Laird's Landing. Today nearly all the Coast Miwoks are part Filipino....
  176. Book: Filipino American National Historical Society. Filipinos in San Francisco. 14 February 2011. Arcadia Publishing. 978-1-4396-2524-8. 7–10.
  177. Book: Evelyn Luluguisen. Lillian Galedo. Filipinos in the East Bay. 2008. Arcadia Publishing. 978-0-7385-5832-5. 7–10.
  178. Book: Benito Vergara. Pinoy Capital: The Filipino Nation in Daly City. https://books.google.com/books?id=wtM9UK0_DAkC&pg=PA23. 2009. Temple University Press. 978-1-59213-664-3. 23. Little Manila. A "real" Manilatown on Kearny Street in San Francisco, with barbershops, hotels, restaurants and clubs-and, at its height, 10,000 Filipinos-did exist just south of Chinatown until 10 blocks' worth was swallowed up by the Financial District in the late '60s..
    News: Patricia Yollin . Bill Sorro has passed on, but his monument is the International Hotel . . 25 September 2007 . 31 December 2014 . It was a haven for between 10,000 and 30,000 immigrants from the Philippines, mostly laborers, migrant farm workers, domestic servants and merchant marines..
    Book: Marjorie Ford. Elizabeth Schave Sills. Community Matters: A Reader for Writers. July 2004. Pearson/Longman. 978-0-321-20783-8. 409.
  179. News: Rhys Alvarado . Manilatown: An SF neighborhood that disappeared . . 24 November 2013 . 26 December 2014 . 27 December 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141227092324/http://www.sfexaminer.com/sanfrancisco/manilatown-an-sf-neighborhood-that-disappeared/Content?oid=2632728 . dead.
  180. Book: Estella Habal. San Francisco's International Hotel: Mobilizing the Filipino American Community in the Anti-Eviction Movement. 28 June 2007. Temple University Press. 978-1-59213-447-2.
  181. Web site: The Philippines in San Francisco . . 9 July 2012 . Philippine Consulate General in San Francisco . Philippines . 26 December 2014 . 26 December 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141226214629/http://www.philippinessanfrancisco.org/news/2770/301/THE-PHILIPPINES-IN-SAN-FRANCISCO/d,phildet/ . dead.
  182. Book: James Brook. Chris Carlsson. Nancy J. Peters. James Sobredo. Reclaiming San Francisco: History, Politics, Culture. https://archive.org/details/reclaimingsanfra00/page/273. 1 January 1998. City Lights Books. 978-0-87286-335-4. 273–286. From Manila Bay to Daly City: Filipinos in San Francisco.
  183. Rosario . Claudine del . Gonzalez III . Joaquin L. . 2006 . Apathy to Activism through Filipino American Churches . Asia Pacific: Perspectives . VI . 1 . 21–37 . University of San Francisco . 23 December 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110807084038/http://usf.usfca.edu/pac_rim/new/research/perspectives/app_v6n1_delrosario_gonzalez.pdf . 7 August 2011.
  184. Book: Gonzalez, Joaquin Lucero . Filipino American faith in action: immigration, religion, and civic engagement . 2009 . NYU Press . 978-0-8147-3197-0 . 26 .
  185. News: Steven A. Holmes . A Diverse City Exists Equal but Separate . . 11 May 2001 . 20 December 2014.
    News: Sarah Rohrs . Decades-long Filipino struggles resulted in strong roots in Vallejo . . Vallejo, California . 12 May 2013 . 20 December 2014.
    Book: Joaquin Jay Gonzalez. Filipino American Faith in Action: Immigration, Religion, and Civic Engagement. 1 February 2009. NYU Press. 978-0-8147-3297-7. 26.
    Web site: Vallejo Demographics . . 2014 . Vallejo Chamber of Commerce . 20 December 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141221004208/http://www.vallejochamber.com/vallejo_chamber_of_commerce_demographics.php . 21 December 2014.
    Book: Benito Vergara. Pinoy Capital: The Filipino Nation in Daly City. 2009. Temple University Press. 978-1-59213-664-3. 26.
    Book: Mel Orpilla. Filipinos in Vallejo. 2005. Arcadia Publishing. 978-0-7385-2969-1. 8.
    Book: James E. Kern. Vallejo. 2004. Arcadia Publishing. 978-0-7385-2909-7. 72.
    Book: Sam Roberts. Who We Are Now: The Changing Face of America in the 21st Century. 22 October 2013. Henry Holt and Company. 978-1-4668-5522-9. 156–157.
  186. Web site: Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 . 2010 Census Summary File 2 . U.S. Census Bureau . 9 December 2014 . https://archive.today/20141210064848/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF2/SF2DP1/340M100US06488/popgroup~038 . 10 December 2014 . dead.
  187. Web site: Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 . 2010 Census Summary File 2 . U.S. Census Bureau . 9 December 2014 . https://archive.today/20141210064905/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF2/SF2DP1/330M100US488.05000/popgroup~038?slice=GEO~0500000US06085 . 10 December 2014 . dead.
  188. Web site: After 100 years, Daly City reflects on history of diversity. https://archive.today/20141126064206/http://www.sfexaminer.com/sanfrancisco/after-100-years-daly-city-reflects-on-history-of-diversity/Content?oid=2171599. dead. 26 November 2014 . San Francisco Examiner. Terrezas, Alexis. 19 March 2011. 25 November 2014.
    News: Fagan . Kevin . 22 March 2012 . Asian population swells in Bay Area, state, nation . San Francisco Chronicle . 25 November 2014.
    Book: Benito Vergara. Pinoy Capital: The Filipino Nation in Daly City. 2009. Temple University Press. 978-1-59213-664-3. 24.
  189. News: Yu . Brandon . 16 August 2018 . Undiscovered SF aims to shed light on the area's thriving Filipino American community . . 29 August 2018.
  190. Book: Baker, Lee D. . Life in America: identity and everyday experience . 2004 . . Malden, Massachusetts . 978-1-4051-0564-4 . 198 . 27 April 2011.
    Book: Rudy P. Guevarra, Jr.. Becoming Mexipino: Multiethnic Identities and Communities in San Diego. 9 May 2012. Rutgers University Press. 978-0-8135-5326-9. 4 . San Diego is home to the nation's second largest Filipino community and continues to be a favorable destination for new Filipino immigrants..
    Book: Rubén G. Rumbaut. Alejandro Portes. Yen Le Espiritu. Diane L. Wolf. Ethnicities: Children of Immigrants in America. 2001. University of California Press. 978-0-520-23012-5. 161. The Paradox of Assimilation: Children of Filipino Immigrants in San Diego. https://books.google.com/books?id=-nGwUCDe_TkC&pg=PA157.
  191. Book: Alejandro Portes. Rubén G. Rumbaut. Alejandro Portes. Rubén G. Rumbaut. Immigrant America: A Portrait. https://books.google.com/books?id=BgcWBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA97. 5 September 2014. University of California Press. 978-0-520-95915-6. 97. Moving: Patterns of Immigrant Settlement and Spatial Mobility. A tradition of service as subordinate personnel in the U.S. Navy accounts for sizable Filipino concentrations in Pacific fleet ports, in particular San Diego. By 2011, Filipinos who obtained legal permanent residency were settling primary in Los Angeles, followed by New York – a new but growing destination – and then by San Francisco and San Diego..
  192. Book: Kittle, Robert A.. Franciscan Frontiersmen: How Three Adventurers Charted the West. 18 May 2017. University of Oklahoma Press. 978-0-8061-5839-6. 31 . On 10 May, the cabin boy died, along with a Philippine sailor named Matheo Francisco..
    Book: Campbell. R. J.. Beals. Herbert K.. Savours. Ann. Anita. McConnell. Roy. Bridges. Four Travel Journals / The Americas, Antarctica and Africa / 1775–1874. 15 May 2017. Taylor & Francis. 978-1-317-13365-0. 103 . Once the San Carlos reached San Diego, Vila recorded by names and dates the deaths of three additional crewmen: Fernandez de Medina, Philpppine seaman (died 5 May); Manuel Sanchez, cabin Boy (died 10 May); and Matheo Francisco, Philippine seaman (died 10 May). These three presumably were buried ashore at San Diego..
    Book: Pourade, Richard F. . 1960 . The History of San Diego: v.1 The Explorers, 1492–1774 . San Diego . Copley Newspapers . Expeditions by Sea . https://sandiegohistory.org/archives/books/explorers/ch8/.
  193. Book: Yen Espiritu. Filipino American Lives. 17 June 2010. Temple University Press. 978-1-4399-0557-9. 23–26.
  194. . 13 November 1903 . Filipinos for San Diego . Los Angeles Herald . XXXI . 43 . 4 November 2014.
    Book: Judy Patacsil. Rudy Guevarra, Jr.. Felix Tuyay. Filipinos in San Diego. 2010. Arcadia Publishing. 978-0-7385-8001-2. 11.
  195. Castillo . Adelaida . Summer 1976 . Filipino Migrants in San Diego 1900-1946 . The Journal of San Diego History . . 22 . 3 . 2 November 2014.
    News: Rowe . Peter . 27 July 2015 . Deep ties connect Filipinos, Navy and San Diego . San Diego Union-Tribune . 11 October 2016.
  196. Guevarra, Jr. . Rudy P. . 2008 . "Skid Row": Filipinos, Race and Social Construction of Space in San Diego . . San Diego Historical Society . 54 . 1 . 26–28 . 29 December 2014.
  197. Book: Judy Patacsil. Rudy Guevarra, Jr.. Felix Tuyay. Filipinos in San Diego. 2010. Arcadia Publishing. 978-0-7385-8001-2. 10.
    Book: Rudy P. Guevarra, Jr.. Becoming Mexipino: Multiethnic Identities and Communities in San Diego. 9 May 2012. Rutgers University Press. 978-0-8135-5326-9. 215.
    Book: Kevin R. Johnson. Mixed Race America and the Law: A Reader. 2003. NYU Press. 978-0-8147-4257-0. 90.
    Book: Vicki L. Ruiz. Virginia Sánchez Korrol. Latinas in the United States, set: A Historical Encyclopedia. 3 May 2006. Indiana University Press. 0-253-11169-2. 342.
    Book: Maria P. P. Root. Filipino Americans: Transformation and Identity. 20 May 1997. SAGE Publications. 978-0-7619-0579-0. 84.
  198. Book: Yen Espiritu. Ruth Abad. Filipino American Lives. https://books.google.com/books?id=4I79yByO1skC&pg=PA57. 17 June 2010. Temple University Press. 978-1-4399-0557-9. 57–58. I Was Used to the American Way of Life.
  199. Book: William B. Sanders. Gangbangs and Drive-Bys: Grounded Culture and Juvenile Gang Violence. Transaction Publishers. 978-0-202-36621-0. 153. 1994.
    Book: Juanita Tamayo Lott. Common Destiny: Filipino American Generations. 1 January 2006. Rowman & Littlefield. 978-0-7425-4651-6. 70.
  200. Book: Yen Espiritu. Leo Sicat. Filipino American Lives. https://books.google.com/books?id=4I79yByO1skC&pg=PA114. 17 June 2010. Temple University Press. 978-1-4399-0557-9. 114. I Sacrificed My Five-Year College Education to Become a Steward.
  201. Web site: Filipino alone or in any combination . Census 2000 Summary File 2 (SF 2) 100-Percent Data . United States Census Bureau . 9 December 2014 . https://archive.today/20141210062759/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/00_SF2/DP1/0500000US06073/popgroup~038 . 10 December 2014 . dead.
  202. Web site: Filipino alone or in any combination . 2010 Census Summary File 2 . United States Census Bureau . 9 December 2014 . https://archive.today/20141210063302/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF2/SF2DP1/0500000US06073/popgroup~038 . 10 December 2014 . dead.
  203. Book: Setsu Shigematsu. Keith L. Camacho. Theresa Cenidoza Suarez. Militarized Currents: Toward a Decolonized Future in Asia and the Pacific. 2010. University of Minnesota Press. 978-1-4529-1518-0. 183.
  204. Web site: The Filipino Diaspora in the United States . . February 2014 . Rockefeller-Aspen Diaspora Program . Migration Policy Institute . 25 December 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141226014849/http://www.aspeninstitute.org/sites/default/files/content/docs/RAD/Filipino_Profile.pdf . 26 December 2014.
    Web site: The Filipino Diaspora in the United States . https://web.archive.org/web/20141226020058/http://www.cfo.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2523:-the-filipino-diaspora-in-the-united-states&catid=163:migrants-news&Itemid=859 . 2014-12-26 . 21 October 2014. Alt URL
  205. Book: Linda Trinh Võ. Mobilizing an Asian American Community. 2004. Temple University Press. 978-1-59213-262-1. 32.
  206. News: Cana . Eliza . 3 December 2015 . Chula Vista Scholar to the Philippines . The Sun . . 15 March 2017 . Chula Vista has quietly become the Philippines 2.0. With nearly 31,344 Pinoy living in the city, according to the American Community Survey in the Census..
  207. Web site: A Community of Contrasts . . 2015 . Union of Pan Asian Communities . Asian Americans Advancing Justice, Los Angeles . 4 October 2017.
  208. News: Kragen . Pam . 21 December 2016 . San Diego chefs pushing Filipino cuisine to new heights . San Diego Union-Tribune . 11 June 2016 . San Diego County is home to nearly 200,000 Filipinos, one of the largest concentrations in America..
  209. Book: William B. Sanders. Gangbangs and Drive-Bys: Grounded Culture and Juvenile Gang Violence. Transaction Publishers. 978-0-202-36621-0. 154. 1994.
    Book: Pam Stevens. Mira Mesa. 11 April 2011. Arcadia Publishing. 978-1-4396-4066-1. 7.
    Book: Mark Gottdiener. Ray Hutchison. The New Urban Sociology. 2006. Westview Press. 978-0-8133-4318-1. 118.
    Book: Kevin L. Nadal PhD. Filipino American Psychology: A Collection of Personal Narratives. 2010. AuthorHouse. 978-1-4520-0189-0. 8.
    News: Golden . Caron . Winter–Fall 2011 . Local Bounty: Best Picks at the Mira Mesa Farmers Market . . 2 December 2014.
  210. Web site: Assembly Concurrent Resolution No.157 . . 23 December 2014.
    Web site: The First Filipino-American Highway in the U.S. . Malou Amparo . 5 June 2012 . Bakitwhy . 23 December 2014.
    Book: Judy Patacsil. Rudy Guevarra, Jr.. Felix Tuyay. Filipinos in San Diego. 2010. Arcadia Publishing. 978-0-7385-8001-2. 126.
  211. Web site: Detailed Asian Alone or in Any Combination Groups in San Diego County, CA . . 2020 . United STates Census Bureau . United States Department of Commerce . 5 March 2024 .
  212. Book: United States. Bureau of the Census. Fourteenth Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1920 .... 1923. U.S. Government Printing Office. 11.
  213. Book: United States. Bureau of the Census. Fifteenth Census of the United States: 1930: Abstract of the Fifteenth Census of the United States. 1933. U.S. Government Printing Office. 961.
  214. Web site: Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 200 . . 2000 . Census 2000 Summary File 2 (SF 2) 100-Percent Data . United States Census Bureau . 23 December 2014 . https://archive.today/20141223204416/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/00_SF2/DP1/0400000US15/popgroup~038 . 23 December 2014 . dead.
  215. Web site: A Brief History of Filipinos in Hawaii . Belinda A. Aquino . Federico V. Magdalena . 2010 . Center for Philippine Studies . . 23 December 2014.
  216. News: Filipino Americans have rich isle history: The state will mark their centennial with a celebration in 2006 . Rosemarie Bernardo . . 7 June 2002 . 23 December 2014 . In Hawaii, Filipinos are the third-largest population among Asians and Pacific Islanders to Japanese Americans and Hawaiians, respectively..
  217. Web site: Ancestry:2000 . https://web.archive.org/web/20040920132346/http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf . dead . 20 September 2004 . Angela Brittingham . G. Patricia de La Cruz . June 2004 . U.S. Census Bureau . . 23 December 2014.
  218. News: RP officials celebrate opening of community center in Hawaii . Associated Press . . 2 December 2012 . 23 December 2014.
    News: A center of their own . Rosemarie Bernardo . Honolulu Star-Bulletin . 6 June 2002 . 23 December 2014.
  219. News: Census shows Hispanics grow presence in Hawaii . Jennifer Sinco Kelleher . . Associated Press . 21 May 2011 . 23 December 2014.
    Web site: Hawaii 2010 Census . Richard Lim . 5 August 2011 . State Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism . State of Hawaii . 18 December 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131125101607/http://files.hawaii.gov/dbedt/speeches/2011-08-05-kupuna-caucus-meeting.pdf . 25 November 2013.
  220. Web site: Detailed Asian Alone or in Any Combination Groups in Hawaii . . 21 September 2023 . Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census . United States Department of Commerce . 25 October 2023.
  221. News: Natividad . Ivan . 9 October 2023 . Why are there so many people from the Philippines in Hawaii? Colonialism. . Berkeley News . Berkeley, CA . 25 October 2023.
  222. News: Yam . Kimmy . Venkatraman . Sakshi . 7 September 2023 . Filipinos in Lahaina say they've been overlooked in wildfire response . NBC News . New York City . 25 October 2023.
  223. Fujii-Oride . Noelle . 11 May 2022 . Here's Which Ethnic Groups Make the Most Money in Hawai'i . Hawaii Business Magazine . Honolulu, Hawaii . PacificBasin Communications . 25 October 2023.
  224. Joshua J. Quint . Miriam E. Van Dyke . Hailey Maeda . J. Keʻalohilani Worthington . May Rose Dela Cruz . Joseph Keaweʻaimoku Kaholokula . Chantelle Eseta Matagi . Catherine M. Pirkle . Emily K. Roberson . Tetine Sentell . Lisa Watkins-Victorino . Courtni A. Andrews . Katherine E. Center . Renee M. Calanan . Kristie E.N. Clarke . Delight E. Satter . Ana Penman-Aguilar . Erin M. Parker . Sarah Kemble . 17 September 2021 . Disaggregating Data to Measure Racial Disparities in COVID-19 Outcomes and Guide Community Response – Hawaii, March 1, 2020 – February 28, 2021 . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report . 70 . 37 . 1267–1273 . 10.15585/mmwr.mm7037a1 . 34529634 . 8445382.
  225. News: Sinco Kelleher . Jennifer . Caina Calvan . Bobby . 10 September 2023 . Lahaina's fire-stricken Filipino residents are key to tourism and local culture. Will they stay? . Associated Press News . 25 October 2023.
    News: List . Medeleine . 28 September 2023 . Lahaina's Filipino Community Mourns The Loss of 9 Family Members . Civil Beat . Honolulu, Hawaii . 25 October 2023.
    News: Lee-Brago . Pia . 16 August 2023 . Filipinos affected by Hawaii wildfires unlikely to request repatriation . The Philippine Star . Metro Manila, Philippines . 25 October 2023.
    News: Cruz Churma . Rose . Quinabo . Edwin . 8 October 2023 . New Assistance Available for Maui Fire Victims, Hawaii's Filipino Community Rally to Offer Support . Hawaii Filipino Chronicle . 25 October 2023.
  226. Web site: North Texas' Asian population keeps growing . Rajwani-Dharsi . Naheed . 18 May 2023 . Axios Dallas . Axios . 9 October 2023.
    Chen . Edward C. M. . Harwell . Debbie Z. . March 2016 . Asian Americans: Expanding Our Horizens . Houston History . Wilson Houston History Collaborative . 9 October 2023.
  227. Web site: Filipino Texans . Gallery of Texas Cultures . . 21 August 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190303090219/http://texascultures.housing.utexas.edu/assets/pdfs/GTC_filipinotexans.pdf . 3 March 2019. Alt URL
  228. Book: Brady, Marilyn Dell . The Asian Texans . 2004 . . 9781585443123 . 72 .
  229. Book: Brady, Marilyn Dell . The Asian Texans . 2004 . Texas A&M University Press . 9781585443123 . 73 .
  230. 04.05 Percent Filipino, 2010 . United States Map Gallery . January 2014 . Kilpinen . Jon.
    V. Nepal . C. Beiyi . M. Chindlers . B.J. Gor . W. Bryant . D. Banerjee . Dr. Umair A. Shah . 2015 . State of Asian American & Pacific Islander Health in Houston/Harris County & Surrounding Areas . Houston Health Department . 12 . 9 October 2023.
  231. Web site: Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 . https://archive.today/20200212195736/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF2/SF2DP1/0400000US48/popgroup~038 . dead . 12 February 2020 . 2010 Census Summary File 2 . United States Census Bureau . 16 December 2014 . Total population 137,713.
  232. Book: Dorothy Laigo Cordova. Filipinos in Puget Sound. 2009. Arcadia Publishing. 978-0-7385-7134-8. 8.
  233. Book: Jon Sterngass. Filipino Americans. 1 January 2009. Infobase Publishing. 978-1-4381-0711-0. 43.
  234. Book: Rick Baldoz. The Third Asiatic Invasion: Migration and Empire in Filipino America, 1898–1946. 28 February 2011. NYU Press. 978-0-8147-0921-4. 67.
  235. Book: Jon Sterngass. Filipino Americans. 1 January 2009. Infobase Publishing. 978-1-4381-0711-0. 55.
  236. Book: Larry L. Naylor. Cultural Diversity in the United States. 1 January 1997. Greenwood Publishing Group. 978-0-89789-479-1. 183.
  237. Web site: Population Profiles, Vol. 5: Demographic and Socioeconomic Profiles of the American Indian, Black, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Spanish Heritage, and White Populations of Washington State in 1970 . Shepard . George . July 1974 . Education Resources Information Center . Washington Office of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Olympia . 31 October 2014.
  238. Web site: The Asian Population in the United States: Results from the 2010 Census . Jones . Nicholas A. . 2 May 2012 . Asian Americans And Pacific Islanders . . 13 November 2014 . 22 December 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141222095003/http://www.ssa.gov/people/aapi/materials/pdfs/2010census-data.pdf . dead.
  239. Book: Dorothy Laigo Cordova. Filipinos in Puget Sound. 2009. Arcadia Publishing. 978-0-7385-7134-8. 99.
  240. Book: Kim Potowski. Language Diversity in the USA. 5 August 2010. Cambridge University Press. 978-1-139-49126-6. 99.
  241. News: Tagalog ballots to make voting more convenient for Las Vegas Fil-Ams . Dymphna Calica-La Putt . Asian Journal . 8 December 2011 . 8 January 2012 . dead . https://archive.today/20120707131758/http://asianjournal.com/fil-am-news/3-filamnews/14064-tagalog-ballots-to-make-voting-more-convenient-for-las-vegas-fil-ams-.html . 7 July 2012.
    News: U.S. 2010 Census: Filipinos in the U.S. Increased by 38%; Nevada has fastest growing population . Jon Mele . Filipino Press . 8 January 2012.
    News: Tovin Lapan . As population surges, first Filipino-American organization launched in Nevada . . 12 May 2012 . 5 December 2014.
  242. News: Steve Timko . Changing Face of America: Filipinos on the rise in Nevada . . Gannett . 24 October 2014 . 5 December 2014.
  243. Book: Michael Wayne Bowers. The Sagebrush State: Nevada's History, Government, and Politics. 2006. University of Nevada Press. 978-0-87417-682-7. 32.
  244. News: Jason Margolis . Could Filipinos in Las Vegas Wield Political Power? . Public Radio International . 2 April 2012 . 6 December 2014 . Much of that growth was fueled by Filipino immigrants – some 124,000 Filipinos now call Nevada home, mostly in the Las Vegas area..
  245. News: Hoa . Sally . Associated Press News . 1 May 2015 . Pacquiao a hero in Filipino communities ready to celebrate . 9 February 2024 . Nearly 5 percent of Nevadans – more than 138,000 people – identify as Filipino, making the sparsely populated state home to the fifth-largest contingent in the country, according to Census data..
  246. News: Pattillo . Alicia . 14 May 2021 . Filipinos are largest AAPI group in Las Vegas . KTNV . Las Vegas . 9 February 2024 . The Las Vegas Asian Chamber of Commerce says more than 200,000 Filipinos make up the AAPI community..
  247. Book: Jerry L. Simich. Thomas C. Wright. The Peoples of Las Vegas: One City, Many Faces. 2005. University of Nevada Press. 978-0-87417-616-2. 226.
  248. Book: Jerry L. Simich. Thomas C. Wright. The Peoples of Las Vegas: One City, Many Faces. 2005. University of Nevada Press. 978-0-87417-616-2. 229.
  249. Book: Art D. Clarito. Heather Lawler. Gary B. Palmer. Jerry L. Simich. Thomas C. Wright. The Peoples of Las Vegas: One City, Many Faces. https://books.google.com/books?id=Af4hkJsnaKwC&pg=PA220. 2005. University of Nevada Press. 978-0-87417-616-2. 220. The Filipinos.
  250. Web site: 2011–2013 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates . https://archive.today/20200212085235/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/13_3YR/S0201/0500000US32003/popgroup~038 . dead . 2020-02-12 . . 2013 . American FactFinder . United States Census Bureau . 6 December 2014.
  251. News: . Las Vegas Filipino-Americans on Typhoon Recovery . . 12 November 2013 . 5 December 2014 . Approximately 140,000 Filipinos live in Las Vegas, many of whom have friends and family affected by the storm. . 11 December 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141211133831/http://www.knpr.org/son/archive/detail2.cfm?SegmentID=10672 . dead.
    News: Tom Ragan . Filipino-Americans in Las Vegas hear from loved ones back home . . 9 November 2013 . 6 December 2014 . About 140,000 Filipino-Americans live in Las Vegas, and many of them have family and friends in the western-Pacific archipelago..
    News: Bev Llorente . FilAms in Nevada Worry About Kin in Visayas . ABS-CBN North American News Bureau . 14 November 2013 . 6 December 2013 . More than 140,000 Filipino-Americans live in southern Nevada..
  252. News: Jerry Izenberg . Manny Pacquiao's trainer: Chris Algieri doesn't hit hard enough to 'break an egg' . . 14 November 2014 . 6 December 2014 . There are more than 90,000 Filipino nationals living in Greater Las Vegas..
  253. Ghimire . Saruna . Cheong . Prescott . Sagadraca . Lawrence . Chien . Lung-Chang . Sy . Francisco S. . 27 November 2018 . A Health Needs Assessment of the Filipino American Community in the Greater Las Vegas Area . Health Equity . 2 . 1 . 334–438 . 10.1089/heq.2018.0042 . 30506015 . 6263856 . In total, Filipino Americans represent almost 3.5% of the entire population of Las Vegas and over half of the Asian American population..
  254. 1992 . General Population Characteristics: Florida . United States Census Bureau . 22 . 23 April 2018.
  255. Web site: Florida . https://archive.today/20200212202223/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF2/SF2DP1/0100000US.04000.001/popgroup~038?slice=GEO~0400000US12 . dead . 2020-02-12 . . 2010 . Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 . United States Census Bureau . 5 December 2014.
  256. News: Rakow . Erica . 24 December 2013 . Local group holding Fundraiser for Philippines . . 17 December 2014.
    Web site: Asians in Florida . Stefan Rayer . 2013 . Bureau of Economic and Business Research . . 17 December 2014 . 10 January 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150110062031/http://www.bebr.ufl.edu/articles/population-studies/asians-florida . dead.
  257. News: Festival highlights Jacksonville's Filipino culture . Deirdre Conner . . 18 June 2009 . 10 August 2012 . 27 September 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100927161905/http://jacksonville.com/news/metro/2009-06-18/story/festival_highlights_jacksonvilles_filipino_culture . dead.
  258. Web site: Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 . https://archive.today/20200212203726/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF2/SF2DP1/310M100US27260/popgroup~038 . dead . 2020-02-12 . . 2010 . 2010 Census Summary File 2 . United States Census Bureau . 17 December 2014.
  259. Web site: Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 . https://archive.today/20200212203831/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF2/SF2DP1/320M100US1233100/popgroup~038 . dead . 2020-02-12 . . 2010 . 2010 Census Summary File 2 . United States Census Bureau . 17 December 2014.
  260. Web site: Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 . https://archive.today/20200212195841/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF2/SF2DP1/320M100US1245300/popgroup~038 . dead . 2020-02-12 . . 2010 . 2010 Census Summary File 2 . United States Census Bureau . 17 December 2014.
  261. Book: Koval, John Patrick . The new Chicago: a social and cultural analysis . Larry Bennett . Michael I. J. Bennett . Fassil Demissie . Roberta Garner . Kiljoong Kim . 2006 . Temple University Press . Philadelphia. 978-1-59213-088-7 . 152 .
  262. Book: Kent A. Ono. Barbara M. Posadas. A Companion to Asian American Studies. https://books.google.com/books?id=-wAHjXRHN_gC&pg=PA226. 15 April 2008. John Wiley & Sons. 978-1-4051-3709-6. 226–234. Mestiza Girlhood: Interracial Families in Chicago's Filipino American Community since 1925*.
  263. Book: Cutler, Irving . Chicago, metropolis of the mid-continent . 2006 . . 978-0-8093-2702-7 . 191 .
  264. Book: Elliott Robert Barkan. Barbara M. Posados. Roland L. Guyotte. Immigrants in American History: Arrival, Adaptation, and Integration [4 volumes]. https://books.google.com/books?id=SOvskj0HNt8C&pg=PT1410. 17 January 2013. ABC-CLIO. 978-1-59884-220-3. 1410. Filipinos and Filipino Americans, 1940-Present.
  265. Book: Elliott Robert Barkan. Jon Cruz. A Nation of Peoples: A Sourcebook on America's Multicultural Heritage. https://archive.org/details/nationofpeopless00bark/page/213. 1 January 1999. Greenwood Publishing Group. 978-0-313-29961-2. 213. Filipinos.
  266. Book: Elliott Barkan. Hasia R. Diner. Alan Kraut . Barbara M. Posadas . Roland L. Guyotte. From Arrival to Incorporation: Migrants to the U. S. in a Global Era. https://books.google.com/books?id=rodTDgem8oYC&pg=PA143. 1 December 2007. NYU Press. 978-0-8147-9120-2. 143–162. Filipino Families in the Land of Lincoln.
  267. Book: Ronald H. Bayor. Multicultural America: An Encyclopedia of the Newest Americans. 31 July 2011. ABC-CLIO. 978-0-313-35786-2. 717.
  268. Book: Koval, John Patrick . The new Chicago: a social and cultural analysis . Larry Bennett . Michael I. J. Bennett . Fassil Demissie . Roberta Garner . Kiljoong Kim . 2006 . . Philadelphia. 978-1-59213-088-7 . 147 .
  269. Web site: Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 . https://archive.today/20200212203931/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF2/SF2DP1/0400000US17/popgroup~038 . dead . 12 February 2020 . 2010 Census Summary File 2 . United States Census Bureau. 15 December 2014.
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  271. Book: John P. Koval. Yvonne M. Lau. The New Chicago: A Social and Cultural Analysis. https://books.google.com/books?id=NtKHGOCFB10C&pg=PA144. 2006. Temple University Press. 978-1-59213-772-5. 144. Re-Visioning Filipino American Communities: Evoloving Identities, Issues, and Organizations.
  272. Web site: Asian American Community Profiles . Dr. Barbara Posadas . Estrella Alamar . Justo Alamar . Willi Buhay . Romeo Munoz . 2010 . Asian Americans Advancing Justice-Chicago . Asian American Institute . 23 December 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141223225225/http://www.advancingjustice-chicago.org/sites/chicago/files/compass_aacommunityprofiles_1.pdf . 23 December 2014.
  273. Web site: Geography – New York Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010. https://archive.today/20200212092238/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/0400000US36. dead. 12 February 2020. United States Census Bureau. 8 December 2014.
  274. Web site: Selected Population Profile in the United States 2013 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. https://archive.today/20200212082348/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/13_1YR/S0201/0400000US36/popgroup~038. dead. 12 February 2020. United States Census Bureau. 8 December 2014.
  275. Book: Larry L. Naylor. Cultural Diversity in the United States. 1 January 1997. Greenwood Publishing Group. 978-0-89789-479-1. 189. The overall socioeconomic status of Filipino-Americans as indicated by their educational achievement, occupational distribution, and income levels may obscure significant disparities within the population. Filipinos in New York and New Jersey have a much higher socioeconomic status than that of other coutnerparts in Hawaii (Liu et al. 1988:509). More than two-thirds of Filipino immigrants in New York and New Jersey came in 1973 and 1979 and 50% who arrived in 1985 were health and other highly trained professionals, especially medical doctors and nurses, in the Philippines. In contrast, Hawaii Filipinos remain very much a working-class group with only limited upward social mobility, especially into managerial and professional positions since the beginning of the 1970s (Okamura 1990)..
  276. Filipino Nurses, Healers in Trouble . Joseph Berger . The New York Times . 27 January 2008 . 2 June 2008.
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  278. Web site: Selected Population Profile in the United States 2012 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. https://archive.today/20200212083622/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/12_1YR/S0201/330M100US408/popgroup~038. dead. 12 February 2020. United States Census Bureau. 9 December 2014.
  279. Web site: Selected Population Profile in the United States 2013 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. https://archive.today/20200212083159/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/13_1YR/S0201/310M200US35620/popgroup~038. dead. 12 February 2020. United States Census Bureau. 9 December 2014.
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  281. Web site: Persons Obtaining Legal Permanent Resident Status by Leading Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) of Residence and Region and Country of Birth: Fiscal Year 2012 . . 2012 . Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2012 . . 1 December 2014.
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  283. Web site: Persons Obtaining Legal Permanent Resident Status by Leading Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) of Residence and Region and Country of Birth: Fiscal Year 2010 . . 2010 . Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2010 . . 1 December 2014.
  284. Web site: Persons Obtaining Legal Permanent Resident Status by Leading Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) of Residence and Region and Country of Birth: Fiscal Year 2009 . . 2009 . Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2009 . . 1 December 2014.
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  286. News: Jollibee Brings the Buzz to Queens . SANLAHI . June 2009 . 26 December 2014 . Woodside is the heart of Queens' very own Little Manila. It is known for its concentration of Filipinos. Of the 85,000 residents of Woodside, about 13,000 are of Filipino background. . https://web.archive.org/web/20141227071546/http://www.philippineforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Sanlahi_2009_01_June.pdf . 27 December 2014 . dead.
    News: Marquez . Liaa . 19 January 2011 . Little Manila rises in New York City's Queens borough . . 3 December 2014 . Previously an Irish neighborhood, Woodside has grown to be one of the most diverse areas in the city. Amid Mexican-, Indian-, and Korean-owned stores lies a hefty sampling of the Philippines. The area now serves as home to the rising population of Filipinos in the city..
    News: Your nabe: Little Manila in Woodside Queens; Surge of Filipino residents call Roosevelt Ave. home. Nicole Lyn Pesce. New York Daily News. 26 June 2011. 29 October 2014.
  287. Web site: Guide to Little Manila – Destination Jersey City. Jersey City Economic Development Corporation. 29 October 2014.
  288. News: Martin . Nina . Yeung . Chou . Sophie . Bernice . 3 May 2020 . "Similar to Times of War": The Staggering Toll of COVID-19 on Filipino Health Care Workers . ProPublica . New York City . 10 June 2020.
  289. Book: Pyong Gap Min. Asian Americans: Contemporary Trends and Issues. 2006. Sage Publications. 978-1-4129-0556-5. 2.
  290. Book: Kenneth T. Jackson. Lisa Keller. Nancy Flood. The Encyclopedia of New York City: Second Edition. 1 December 2010. Yale University Press. 978-0-300-18257-6. 2105–2106.
    Web site: Demographic Characteristics – New York City . . October 2004 . Population Division – New York City Department of City Planning . . 23 December 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150806191724/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/demonyc.pdf . 6 August 2015.
  291. Web site: Census Profile: New York City's Filipino American Population . https://web.archive.org/web/20110725221521/http://www.aafny.org/cic/briefs/filipino.pdf . 25 July 2011 . . 7 December 2014.
  292. Web site: Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 . . 2010 . 2010 Demographic Profile Data . United States Census Bureau . 24 December 2014 . Filipino – 38,163 – 1.7 . https://archive.today/20141225191036/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/0500000US36081 . 25 December 2014 . dead.
  293. Web site: Profile of New York City's Filipino Americans: 2013 Edition. Asian American Federation of New York. 2013. 8 December 2014. 4 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025507/http://www.aafny.org/cic/briefs/filipino2013.pdf. dead.
  294. Book: Sam Roberts. A History of New York in 101 Objects. 23 September 2014. Simon and Schuster. 978-1-4767-2880-3. 289.
  295. Book: Smith, Andrew F.. Savoring Gotham: A Food Lover's Companion to New York City. 2015. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-939702-0. 207.
    Book: Campanella, Thomas J.. Brooklyn: The Once and Future City. 10 September 2019. Princeton University Press. 978-0-691-19456-1. 364.
    Jamero . Peter . 29 June 2019 . Salvatore Baldomar, Filipino-Italian Seafarer . Positively Filipino . 6 December 2019.
  296. News: Marquez . Liaa . 19 January 2011 . Little Manila rises in New York City's Queens borough . GMA News and Public Affairs. 26 November 2014 . Previously an Irish neighborhood, Woodside has grown to be one of the most diverse areas in the city. Amid Mexican-, Indian-, and Korean-owned stores lies a hefty sampling of the Philippines. The area now serves as home to the rising population of Filipinos in the city..
  297. News: Nicole Lyn Pesce . Your nabe: Little Manila in Woodside Queens; Surge of Filipino residents call Roosevelt Ave. home . New York Daily News . 26 June 2011 . 23 December 2014.
    News: Vera Haller . Woodside, Queens: An Affordable, Convenient Triangle . The New York Times . 28 May 2014 . 23 December 2014.
    News: . LBC's 1st N.Y. branch now open for business . Filipino Reporter . New York City . 6 September 2014 . 23 December 2014 . 23 December 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141223105510/http://www.filipinoreporter.us/business-and-finance/business-a-travel/3168-lbcs-1st-ny-branch-now-open-for-business.html . dead.
    Book: Meg Cotner. Food Lovers' Guide to Queens: The Best Restaurants, Markets & Local Culinary Offerings. 4 December 2012. Globe Pequot Press. 978-0-7627-8118-8. 122.
  298. Web site: History of the #7 Line. Queens West Villager. 23 December 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141223092903/http://queenswestvillager.com/about/detail/history_of_the_7_line. 23 December 2014. dead.
    News: Tamar Lewin . Long Island City, Woodside, Flushing: Stops Along the Way – No. 7 Line – The Orient Express . The New York Times . 20 November 1988 . 23 December 2014.
    News: Greg Donaldson . Gang Busters . . New York City . 16 December 2002 . 23 December 2014.
  299. Book: Ellen Freudenheim. Queens: What to Do, Where to Go (and How Not to Get Lost) in New York's Undiscovered Borough. 10 September 2013. St. Martin's Press. 978-1-4668-5238-9. 189. Jamaica is the epicenter of New Yorks' Filipino community.
    Book: Thomas F. Berner. The Brooklyn Navy Yard. 1 November 1999. Arcadia Publishing. 978-0-7385-5695-6. 49 . By the 1930s, New York City's Filipino community was located near BNY, probably because at this time, most mess hall stewards in the navy were Filipino..
    Web site: Yelling for an Egg: Filipino Food in Brooklyn . Sarah Lohman . 3 September 2013 . tenement.org . . 24 December 2014.
  300. Web site: Greenstreet . . New York City Department of Parks & Recreation . . 23 December 2014.
  301. Web site: Philippine Heritage Sites . https://web.archive.org/web/20101126101941/http://philippinesnewyork.org/uploads/files/heritage_sites.pdf . dead . 26 November 2010 . . January 2010 . Philippine Consulate General New York . 3 January 2018.
    Br/>Web site: The Dedcation of Benigno Aquino Triangle . Ackerman . Gary L. . Gary Ackerman . 11 June 1987 . Government Printing Office . 9 February 2024 . Mr. Speaker, I would like to bring to the attention of my colleagues an important event which will take place this Saturday, June 13th in Hollis, Queens County, NY. On that date, the intersection of Hillside Avenue with 184th Place and 185th Street will be dedicated as "Benigno Aquino Traingle.".
  302. News: . 6 January 2023 . Street corner in Queens, NY to be named 'Little Manila' . Inquirer.net . Burlingame, CA . 12 October 2023.
    News: Andres . Czarinna . 13 June 2022 . Filipinos in Queens Celebrate Unveiling of 'Little Manila Avenue' in Woodside . Sunnyside Post . 12 October 2023.
    News: . 13 June 2022 . Little Manila Avenue in New York City now officially recognized . GMA . Quezon City, Philippines . 12 October 2023.
    Web site: The Restaurant That Paved the Way for Little Manila . Shin . Caroline . 7 April 2023 . Eater NY . Vox Media . 12 October 2023.
  303. Web site: Geography – New Jersey Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010. https://archive.today/20200212102854/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/0400000US34. dead. 12 February 2020. United States Census Bureau. 9 December 2014.
  304. Web site: Selected Population Profile in the United States 2013 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. United States Census Bureau. 23 December 2014. https://archive.today/20200212083341/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/13_1YR/S0201/0400000US34/popgroup~038. 12 February 2020. dead.
  305. Web site: ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates – 2013 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. United States Census Bureau. 23 December 2014. https://archive.today/20141223050225/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/13_1YR/DP05/0500000US34023. 23 December 2014. dead.
  306. Web site: New Jersey's Asian Population by Asian Group: 2010 . Wu . Sen-Yuan . 17 February 2012 . NJ Department of Labor and Workforce Development . . 5 December 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141209165123/https://lwd.state.nj.us/labor/lpa/pub/lmv/lmv_18.pdf . 9 December 2014 . dead.
  307. Web site: Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 . . 2010 . 2010 Demographic Profile Data . United States Census Bureau . 23 December 2014 . Filipino – 1,050 – 2.4 . https://archive.today/20200212101452/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/0600000US3400328680 . 12 February 2020 . dead.
  308. Web site: North Jersey Filipinos marshal aid for typhoon relief. https://archive.today/20131116222507/http://www.northjersey.com/community/North_Jersey_Filipinos_marshal_aid_for_typhoon_relief.html. dead. 16 November 2013. Mary Diduch. Christopher Maag. North Jersey Media Group. 10 November 2013. 29 October 2014.
  309. Web site: Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 . . 2010 . 2010 Demographic Profile Data . United States Census Bureau . 23 December 2014 . Filipino – 1,005 – 2.5 . https://archive.today/20200212100959/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/0600000US3400372360 . 12 February 2020 . dead.
  310. Web site: Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000 . . 2000 . Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data . United States Census Bureau . 23 December 2014 . Filipino – 1,046 – 6.4 . https://archive.today/20200212083904/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/00_SF1/DP1/0600000US3400351660 . 12 February 2020 . dead.
    Web site: Table DP-1. Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000 . . 2010 . Census 2000. . U.S. Census Bureau . 23 December 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141117123831/http://censtats.census.gov/data/NJ/1603418400.pdf . 17 November 2014.
    Web site: Table DP-1. Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000 . . 2010 . Census 2000. . U.S. Census Bureau . 23 December 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140814131152/http://censtats.census.gov/data/NJ/0603400372360.pdf . 14 August 2014.
  311. Web site: ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates . . 2013 . 2013 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates . United States Census Bureau . 23 December 2014 . https://archive.today/20141224014711/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/13_1YR/DP05/0500000US34003 . 24 December 2014 . dead.
  312. Web site: Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 . 2010 Demographic Profile Data . United States Census Bureau . 23 December 2014 . https://archive.today/20200212094805/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/0500000US34003 . 12 February 2020 . dead.
  313. Web site: Bergenfield, New Jersey: "Little Manila" of Bergen County. Heather Dumlao. BakitWhy. 9 June 2009. 29 October 2014.
  314. Web site: 2nd Filipino American Festival in Bergenfield ready to go. Asian Journal – The Filipino Community Newspaper since 1991. 26 June 2014. 2 December 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141214020515/http://asianjournal.com/news/2nd-filipino-american-festival-in-bergenfield-ready-to-go/. 14 December 2014. dead.
    News: Joseph Berger . From Philippines, With Scrubs; How One Ethnic Group Came to Dominate the Nursing Field . The New York Times . 24 November 2003 . 23 December 2014.
    News: Chao . Mary . 25 December 2021 . St. John's in Bergenfield celebrates 500 years of Christianity in the Philippines . North Jersey . Woodland Park, New Jersey . 22 January 2022.
  315. Web site: Helping to build our diverse community!. Philippine-American Community of Bergen County (PACBC). 29 October 2014. 7 June 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150607055542/http://pacbc.org/contact. dead.
  316. Web site: Filipino-American Association of Fair Lawn – "Committed to Community". 29 October 2014. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084420/http://faafl.org/. 19 August 2014.
  317. Web site: Filipino American Tennis Association. 29 October 2014.
  318. Web site: Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010. United States Census Bureau. 23 December 2014. Filipino – 16,213 – 6.5. https://archive.today/20200212135813/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/1600000US3436000. 12 February 2020. dead.
    News: Heather Haddon . Sweet Spaghetti, And a Bit of Pride . . 10 June 2012 . 18 December 2014.
    Web site: Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 . . 2010 . 2010 Census Summary File 2 . United States Census Bureau . 23 December 2014 . Total Population 17,268 . https://archive.today/20141223220504/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF2/SF2DP1/1600000US3436000/popgroup~038 . 23 December 2014 . dead.
  319. News: . Jersey City's Filipino community makes Census push . . Jersey City . 11 April 2010 . 28 December 2014.
  320. Web site: Jersey City, N.J. Supplemental Table For Census Profile: New York City's Filipino American Population . . July 2004 . Census Information Center . . 23 December 2014 . 23 December 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141223235507/http://www.aafny.org/cic/briefs/filipino_jerseycity.pdf . dead.
  321. Book: Sam Roberts. Who We Are Now: The Changing Face of America in the 21st Century. https://books.google.com/books?id=NZXWAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA136. 22 October 2013. Henry Holt and Company. 978-1-4668-5522-9. 136–137. Our Changing Complexion.
  322. Book: United States. Bureau of the Census. Leon Edgar Truesdell. Leon Truesdell. Fifteenth census of the United States: 1930. Population. https://books.google.com/books?id=L2lQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA59. U.S.Govt.Print.Off.. 59. Table 20. – Population of the Minor Races Other Than Mexican, By Nativity, By States: 1930, 1920, and 1910-Continued. 1931.
  323. Book: 1970 Census of Population: Subject reports. Japanese, Chinese, and Filipinos in the United States. 1973. U.S. Department of Commerce, Social and Economic Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census.
  324. Martin . Julia H. . Spar . Michael A. . June 1982 . Population Change in Virginia, 1970–1980 . The University of Virginia News Letter . University of Virginia . 58 . 10 . 0042-0271 . 18 December 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141219081450/http://www.coopercenter.org/sites/default/files/autoVANLPubs/Virginia%20News%20Letter%201982%20Vol.%2058%20No.%2010.pdf . 19 December 2014.
  325. News: David Nicholson . Life in America Can Be A Dream Come True For Immigrants From Asia . Daily Press . Hampton Roads . 31 January 1993 . 19 December 2014 . 19 December 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141219230137/http://articles.dailypress.com/1993-01-31/features/9301290173_1_asians-and-pacific-islanders-hampton-roads-population-growth . dead.
  326. Web site: Virginia . https://archive.today/20200212203158/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF2/SF2DP1/0100000US.04000.001/popgroup~038?slice=GEO~0400000US51 . dead . 2020-02-12 . . 2010 . Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 . United States Census Bureau . 5 December 2014.
  327. Web site: Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 . https://archive.today/20200212201343/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF2/SF2DP1/310M100US47260/popgroup~038 . dead . 2020-02-12 . . 2010 . 2010 Census Summary File 2 . United States Census Bureau . 17 December 2014.
  328. News: Sonja Barisic . Southeastern Virginia home to large group of Filipinos . . Fredericksburg, Virginia . 29 June 2002 . 17 December 2014.
  329. Web site: The Filipino American Community . 2007 . College of Business and Public Administration Economic Forecasting Project . . 17 December 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160203050942/http://www.odu.edu/content/dam/odu/offices/economic-forecasting-project/docs/2007_ch4.pdf . 3 February 2016. Alt URL
  330. News: Kathy Hieatt . Disaster hits home for region's Filipino community . . 12 November 2013 . 18 December 2014 . More than half – about 17,000 – live in Virginia Beach.
  331. Web site: Line Dancing Showcases Filipino Culture in Hampton Roads . Ashley Sabin . 3 August 2011 . School of Mass Communications . . 18 December 2014 . In Hampton Roads alone there are roughly 32,000 Filipinos and in Virginia Beach between 17,000 and 22,000 Filipinos within the community. . https://web.archive.org/web/20141219055347/https://mmj.vcu.edu/2011/08/03/the-5th-dimension-brings-filipino-culture-to-hampton-roads/ . 19 December 2014 . dead.
  332. Web site: Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 . https://archive.today/20200212203935/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF2/SF2DP1/320M100US5147900/popgroup~038 . dead . 2020-02-12 . . 2010 . 2010 Census Summary File 2 . United States Census Bureau . 17 December 2014.
  333. News: Carol Morello . Dan Keating . D.C. region's Asian population is up 60 percent since 2000, census data show . . 26 May 2011 . 18 December 2014.
  334. News: Untold Filipino History in Annapolis . Mary Tablante . . Philip Merrill College of Journalism, University of Maryland . 19 February 2013 . 19 March 2013.
  335. News: Maryland archaeologists chronicle Fil-Am history in Annapolis . Joseph Pimentel . Asian Journal . 25 January 2013 . A5–A6 . 24 December 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130403005435/http://asianjournal.com/fil-am-news/3-filamnews/19202-maryland-archaeologists-chronicle-fil-am-history-in-annapolis.html . 3 April 2013 . dead.
  336. Web site: "Invisible" Filipino History in Annapolis Documented by UMD Researchers . Kathrina Aben . Dave Ottalini . UMD Right Now . 22 January 2013 . University of Maryland . 7 December 2014 . 10 December 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141210144559/http://www.umdrightnow.umd.edu/news/invisible-filipino-history-annapolis-documented-umd-researchers . dead.
  337. Web site: Total Population: Filipino alone or in any combination . https://archive.today/20200212200818/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF2/PCT1/0100000US.04000.001/popgroup~038 . dead . 12 February 2020 . 2010 Census Summary File 2 . United States Census Bureau . 8 December 2014.
  338. Web site: Detailed Asian Alone or in Any Combination Groups in Maryland . . 21 September 2023 . Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census . United States Department of Commerce . 24 October 2023.
  339. Web site: Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 . https://archive.today/20200212203609/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF2/SF2DP1/0400000US11/popgroup~038 . dead . 2020-02-12 . . 2010 . 2010 Census Summary File 2 . United States Census Bureau . 18 December 2014.
  340. Web site: Asian Americans in Washington, D.C. . . 30 April 2013 . Mayor's Office on Asian and Pacific Islander Affairs . . 18 December 2014.
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    News: Sarmiento . Alice . NextDayBetter . 5 December 2019 . Green cards for Filipino teacher the answer to U.S. shortage? . Philippine Daily Inquirer . 14 November 2021.
    Mabe . Rachel . 25 August 2020 . Trafficking in Teachers . 109/110 . Oxford American . Oxford, Mississippi . The Oxford American Literary Project, Inc. . 14 November 2021.
  421. News: Filipino teachers in Pr. George's caught in middle of labor dispute . Robert Samuels . The Washington Post. 6 May 2011 . 28 December 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130721065628/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2011-05-06/local/35265242_1_foreign-teachers-filipino-teachers-schools-recruiter . 21 July 2013.
    News: 'Dream come true' turns to nightmare for Filipino teachers . Nimfa U. Rueda . Philippine Daily Inquirer . 4 March 2012 . 28 December 2012.
    News: LA jury awards $4.5 million to Filipino teachers . Jablon . Robert . Associated Press . Yahoo! News . 18 December 2012 . 14 November 2021.
    News: Pfeifer . Stuart . 18 December 2012 . Jury awards $4.5 million to teachers recruited from Philippines . Los Angeles Times . 14 November 2021.
    News: . 7 March 2017 . Filipino teachers still awaiting $4.5M from federal lawsuit . KSLA . Shreveport, Louisiana . 14 November 2021.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Demographics of Filipino Americans".

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