Demographics of France explained

Place:France
Size Of Population: 68,373,433 (January 2024)[1]
Birth: 11.0 births/1,000 population (2020)[2]
Death: 10.0 deaths/1,000 population (2020)
Fertility: 1.68 (2023)[3]
Infant Mortality: 3.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2020)[4]
Life: 82.2 (2020)
Life Male: 79.2
Life Female: 85.2
Average Childbearing Age: 30.7 (2019)
Age 0–14 Years: 16.96% (2024)
Age 15–64 Years: 60.87% (2024)
Age 65 Years: 22.17% (2024)
Net Migration: 1.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Major Ethnic:French (Native)
Official:French (official)
Spoken:Languages of France

The demography of France is monitored by the Institut national d'études démographiques (INED) and the (INSEE). As of 1 January 2021, 66,142,961 people lived in Metropolitan France, while 2,230,472 lived in overseas France, for a total of 68,373,433 inhabitants in the French Republic.[5]

In March 2017, the population of France officially reached the 67,000,000 mark. It had reached 66,000,000 in early 2014.[6] Between the years 2010–17, the population of France grew from 64,613,000 to 66,991,000 (i.e. about 2.4 million people in a span of 7 years), making France one of the fastest-growing countries in Europe. The population of France is growing by 1,000,000 people every three years- an average annual increase of 340,000 people, or +0.6%.[7]

France was historically Europe's most populous country. During the Middle Ages, more than one-quarter of Europe's total population was French;[8] by the seventeenth century, this had decreased slightly to one-fifth. By the beginning of the nineteenth century, other European countries, such as Germany and Russia, had caught up with France and overtaken it in number of people. However, the country's population sharply increased with the baby boom following World War II. According to INSEE, since 2004, 200,000 immigrants entered the country annually. One out of two was born in Europe and one in three in Africa. Between 2009 and 2012, the number of Europeans entering France increased sharply (plus 12% per year on average), but would steadily decline by 2022, as more Africans began entering France.[9] [10] [11]

The national birth rate, after dropping for a time, began to rebound in the 1990s and currently the country's fertility rate is close to the replacement level. According to a 2006 INSEE study, "the natural increase is close to 300,000 people, a level that has not been reached in more than thirty years."[12] With a total fertility rate of 1.83 in 2020,[13] France however remains the most fertile country in the European Union.[14] [15]

Among the 802,000 babies born in metropolitan France in 2010, 80.1% had two French parents, 13.3% had one French parent, and 6.6% had two non-French parents.[16] [17] [18]

Between 2006 and 2008, about 22% of newborns in France had at least one foreign-born grandparent (9% born in another European country, 8% born in the Maghreb and 2% born in another region of the world).[19] Censuses on race and ethnic origin were banned by the French government in 1978.[20]

In 2021, the Total Fertility Rate of France was 1.82, and 7.7% was the percent of births to women that were their 4th+ child.

Historical overview

1800 to 20th century

France was historically the largest nation in Europe. During the Middle Ages more than one quarter of Europe's population was French; by the 17th century it was still one fifth . Starting around 1800, the historical evolution of the population in France has been atypical in Europe. Unlike the rest of Europe, there was no strong population growth in France in the 19th and first half of the 20th century. The birth rate in France diminished much earlier than in the rest of Europe in part because inheritance laws dictated distribution of estates whereas in the UK wealth could be passed to the eldest son or child. The country's large population gave Napoleon a seemingly limitless supply of men for the Grande Armée, but the birth rate began to fall in the late 18th century; thus population growth was quite slow in the 19th century, and the nadir was reached in the first half of the 20th century when France, surrounded by the rapidly growing populations of Germany and the United Kingdom, had virtually zero growth. The slow growth of France's population in the 19th century was reflected in the country's very low emigration rate.

The French population only grew by 8.6% between 1871 and 1911, while Germany's grew by 60% and Britain's by 54%.[21]

French concerns about the country's slow population growth began after its defeat in the Franco-Prussian War. For four years in the 1890s, the number of deaths exceeded the number of births. The National Alliance for the Growth of the French Population (ANAPF) was formed in 1896, and the Cognacq-Jay and other prizes were created for the parents of large families. Émile Zola's 1899 novel Fécondité is representative of contemporary concerns about the birthrate. France lost 10% of its active male population in World War I; the 1.3 million French deaths, along with even more births forgone by potential fathers being off at war, caused a drop of 3 million in the French population, and helped make Dénatalité a national obsession; by 1920 ANAPF had 40,000 members, and in July that year a new law strictly regulated abortion and contraception.

ANAPF proposed that parents of large families receive extra votes, and the belief that women's suffrage in other countries caused birth rates to decline helped defeat proposals before World War II to permit women to vote. The birth rate declined again after a brief baby boom from 1920 to 1923, and reached an all-time low during peacetime in the late 1930s. During the "hollow years" of the decade, the number of new conscripts declined because of the lack of births during World War I. From 1935 deaths exceeded births; the press widely discussed the country's decreasing population. Both left and right supported pro-natalist policies; even the French Communist Party ended its opposition to anti-birth control and anti-abortion laws in 1936, and its leader, Maurice Thorez, advocated for the "protection of family and childhood".

New laws in November 1938 and July 1939, the French: code de la famille, provided enough financial incentives for large families to double the income of a family with six children. The Vichy government approved of the laws and implemented them as part of its Travail, famille, patrie national motto, as did the postwar Provisional Government of the French Republic.[22] [23] Also, France encouraged immigration, chiefly from other European countries such as Italy, Poland, and Spain. (In fact, with its low birth rate, stagnating or declining native-born population, and role as a destination for migrants from other parts of Europe, France's situation before World War II was not unlike that of Germany today.)

After World War II

France experienced a baby boom after 1945; it reversed a long-term record of low birth rates.[24] The government's pro-natalist policy of the 1930s do not explain this sudden recovery, which was often portrayed inside France as a "miracle". It was also atypical of the Western world: although there was a baby boom in other Western countries after the war, the baby boom in France was much stronger, and lasted longer than in most other Western countries (the United States was one of the few exceptions). In the 1950s and 1960s, France's population grew at 1% per year: the highest growth in the history of France, higher even than the high growth rates of the 18th or 19th century.

Since 1975, France's population growth rate has significantly diminished, but it still remains slightly higher than that of the rest of Europe, and much faster than at the end of the 19th century and during the first half of the 20th century. In the first decade of the third millennium, population growth in France was the highest in Europe, matched only by that of the Republic of Ireland, which has also historically undergone stagnant growth and even decline relative to the rest of Europe until recently. However, it is lower than that of the United States, largely because of the latter's higher net migration rate.

Historical summary

The following compares the past, present, and future size of the French population with other entities in Europe and in the world. All statements refer to France as understood in its modern borders; this pertains also to other countries. Historians suggest that France was the most populous state in Europe from at least the period of Charlemagne and the Frankish Empire, if not earlier, to the 19th century. Population statistics prior to the modern era are historical estimates as official counts were not made.

In the above list, Turkey is not considered a European country. Turkey was less populous than metropolitan France until 1992 but is now more populous.[26]

[27]

Population

Historical population figures

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2020.

Demographic statistics according to the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.

Please note:

Source:[28]

Year Population Year Population Year Population
50 BC 2,500,000 1806 29,648,000 1896 40,158,000
1 5,500,000 1811 30,271,000 1901 40,681,000
120 7,200,000 1816 30,573,000 1906 41,067,000
400 5,500,000 1821 31,578,000 1911 41,415,000
850 7,000,000 1826 32,665,000 1921 39,108,000
1226 16,000,000 1831 33,595,000 1926 40,581,000
1345 20,200,000 1836 34,293,000 1931 41,524,000
1400 16,600,000 1841 34,912,000 1936 41,502,000
1457 19,700,000 1846 36,097,000 1946 40,506,639
1580 20,000,000 1851 36,472,000 1954 42,777,162
1594 18,500,000 1856 36,715,000 1962 46,519,997
1600 20,000,000 1861 37,386,000 1968 49,780,543
1670 18,000,000 1866 38,067,0001975 52,655,864
1700 21,000,000 1872 37,653,000 1982 54,334,871
1715 19,200,000 1876 38,438,000 1990 56,615,155
1740 24,600,000 1881 39,239,000 1999 58,520,688
1792 28,000,000 1886 39,783,0002006 61,399,733
1801 29,361,000 1891 39,946,000 2016 64,513,000

Population growth over time

Source: Louis Henry and Yves Blayo.

Years 174017451750175517601765177017751780178517901795
Total population in France métropolitaine (in millions)24,624,624,525,025,726,126,627,027,5527,6528,128,1
Annual population growth rates (%)13202814191521416036
Years 1800180518101815182018251830183518401845185018551860
Total population in France métropolitaine (in millions)29,129,530,030,331,2532,3533,334,034,935,736,3537,037,3
Annual population growth rates (%)12181031362921252418179

Life expectancy and mortality

See also: List of French departments by life expectancy.

Life expectancy in Metropolitan France from 1818 to 1950. Source: Our World In Data.

Death rate 9.6 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Period[30] Life expectancy in
Years		PeriodLife expectancy in
Years
1950–195567.21985–199076.1
1955–196069.31990–199577.3
1960–196570.71995–200078.4
1965–197071.42000–200579.6
1970–197572.42005–201080.9
1975–198073.62010–201581.9
1980–198574.72015-202082.4

Age structure

Age structures of the France métropolitaine from the year 1740 to 2021. Source: Louis Henry and Yves Blayo.[31]

Median age (2021 INSEE est.[32])
  • total: 41.1 years. Country comparison to the world: 40th
  • male: 39.6 years
  • female: 42.6 years
    Ages174017451750175517601765177017751780178517901795
    0–19 years42.142.241.641.141.241.041.140.740.040.1540.140.3
    20–59 years49.649.750.350.750.350.155050.3551.2551.351.450.95
    60 years and over8.38.18.18.28.58.858.98.958.758.558.58.75
    Total (%)100100100100100100100100100100100100
    Ages1800180518101815182018251830183518401845185018551860
    0–19 years41.041.2541.141.640.740.5540.640.2539.638.9538.437.736.95
    20–59 years50.0549.7549.748.7549.2549.4549.650.2550.951.451.9552.6552.65
    60 years and over8.959.09.29.6510.0510.09.89.59.59.659.659.6510.4
    Total (%)100100100100100100100100100100100100100
    Ages2000 2010 2020 2021
    0–19 years25.824.824.123.9
    20–59 years53.852.649.449.3
    60–64 years4.66.06.16.1
    65 years and over15.816.620.420.7
    Total (%)100100100100
    Sex ratio
  • at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
  • 0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
  • 15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
  • 25-54 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
  • 55-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female
  • 65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
  • total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2020 est.))
    Dependency ratios
  • total dependency ratio: 62.4
  • youth dependency ratio: 28.7
  • elderly dependency ratio: 33.7
  • potential support ratio: 3 (2020 est.)

    Fertility

    France has a high fertility rate compared to other European countries; this rate has increased after reaching a historic low in the early 1990s.

    The table below gives the average number of children according to the place of birth of women. An immigrant woman is a woman who was born outside France and who did not have French citizenship at birth.[36]

    In 2021 there was 11.8 births/1,000 population. Total fertility rate (2020 data by INSEE) 1.83 children born/woman.

    Mother's mean age at first birth[37]
  • 28.5 years (2015)
    Fertlity rate in 2014[38] Average number of children in France
    (1991–1998)    		Average number of children in country of origin
    (1990–1999)
    All women living in metropolitan France1,991.74
    Women born in Metropolitan France1,881.70
    Immigrant women2,752.16
    Women born in overseas France1.86
    Immigrant women (country of birth)
    Spain1,811.521.23
    Italy1,811.601.24
    Portugal2,021.961.49
    Other EU1.661.44
    Turkey3,123.212.16
    Other Europe2,221.681.41
    Algeria3,692.571.78
    Morocco3,472.973.28
    Tunisia3,502.902.73
    Other Africa2,912.865.89
    Asia (mostly China)2,111.772.85
    The Americas and Oceania2,232.002.54

    Total fertility rate in the 19th century

    The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.

    Births by country of birth of the parents

    About 22% of newborns in France between 2006 and 2008 had at least one foreign-born grandparent (9% born in another European country, 8% born in the Maghreb and 2% born in another region of the world).

    As of 2022, 32.4% of newborns in France had at least one foreign-born parent and 28.5% had at least one parent born outside of Europe (EU 28) (parents born in overseas territories are considered as born in France).

    The table below gives the number of children born in metropolitan France according to the place of birth of both parents.

    Birth country of parentsYears
    19981999200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014
    NumberNumberNumberNumberNumberNumberNumberNumberNumberNumberNumberNumberNumber%NumberNumberNumberNumber%
    Both parents born in France566 447 576 537 601 268 595 286 580 999 575 985 574 687 575 659 590 163 579 515 585 427 578 052 583 600 72.7%604 077598 473583 864579 10670.75%
    One parent born in France, other foreign-born 101 511 98 687 101 498 102 013 103 930 106 677 110 258 114 090 119 159 119 587 121 845 125 058 129 025 16.1%119 114119 957119 643123 85515.13%
    Father born in EU28, mother born in France13 194 12 858 13 060 12 447 11 732 11 442 10 811 10 667 10 455 10 188 9 975 9 526 9 549 1.2%9 9619 6379 4149 2351.13%
    Father not born in EU28, mother born in France44 891 43 807 45 612 46 459 47 695 49 790 52 244 54 176 56 886 56 626 57 955 60 362 62 478 7.8%55 20955 48855 39756 3706.89%
    Father born in France, mother born in EU28 13 020 12 647 12 411 11 881 11 439 11 119 10 930 10 827 10 794 10 575 10 562 10 585 10 418 1.3%10 1049 7619 77210 0581.23%
    Father born in France, mother not born in EU2830 406 29 375 30 415 31 226 33 064 34 326 36 273 38 420 41 024 42 198 43 353 44 585 46 580 5.8%43 84045 07145 06048 1925.89%
    Both parents foreign-born 70 122 69 567 72 016 73 646 76 701 78 802 82 871 84 606 87 574 86 883 88 772 90 310 89 599 11.2%100 203102 617108 003115 60414.12%
    Both parents born in EU286 681 6 157 5 780 5 524 5 159 5 369 5 426 5 372 5 778 5 891 6 276 6 442 6 694 0.8%7 7988 4198 8849 7261.19%
    Both parents not born in EU2860 281 60 636 63 299 65 406 68 788 70 552 74 537 76 348 78 700 78 020 79 405 80 641 79 698 9.9%89 16391 04995 721102 31912.50%
    Father born in EU27, mother not born in EU281 188 1 047 1 116 1 035 1 038 1 075 1 150 1 100 1 256 1 190 1 226 1 268 1 258 0.2%1 4691 4361 4941 5540.19%
    Father not born in EU27, Mother born in EU281 972 1 727 1 821 1 681 1 716 1 806 1 758 1 786 1 840 1 782 1 865 1 959 1 949 0.2%1 7731 7131 9042 0050.24%
    Total of newborns738 080 744 791 774 782 770 945 761 630 761 464 767 816 774 355 796 896 785 985 796 044 793 420 802 224 100%823 394821 047811 510818 565100%

    Births by citizenship of the parents

    As of 2022, 74.0% of newborns in France had two parents with French citizenship, 14.4% had one French parent, and 11.5% had two non-French parents.[39]

    The table below gives the number of children born in metropolitan France according to the citizenship of both parents.

    Citizenship of parentsYear
    19981999200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014
    NumberNumberNumber%NumberNumberNumberNumberNumberNumberNumberNumberNumberNumber%NumberNumberNumberNumber
    Both French parents630 995 633 788 657 576 84.9% 648 506 633 294 629 014 628 062 630 481 645 879 635 082 640 596 634 153 642 81680.1%659 834651 577638 576634 027
    One French parent, other non-French57 897 61 577 66 636 8.6% 69 954 74 590 78 318 84 013 88 965 94 888 96 314 100 464 103 704 106 62213.3%105 767108 905109 809115 647
    French mother, father with European citizenship (EU28)9 146 9 175 9 554 1.2% 9 397 8 866 9 019 8 749 8 503 8 571 8 509 8 349 8 197 8 8291.1%8 3008 2708 1208 019
    French mother, father with non-European citizenship (EU28)25 117 26 720 29 592 3.8% 31 46333 820 35 75638 923 41 061 43 698 43 603 45 579 46 75346 4565.8%44 60045 59945 86647 184
    French father, mother with European citizenship (EU28)7 535 7 5517 409 1.0% 7 235 7 359 7 097 7 172 7 324 7 395 7 420 7 642 7 862 7 8741.0%7 8567 7477 9018 162
    French father, mother with non-European citizenship (EU28)16 099 18 131 20 081 2.6% 21 859 24 545 26 446 29 169 32 077 35 224 36 782 38 894 40 892 43 4635.4%45 01147 28947 92252 282
    Both non-French parents49 188 49 426 50 570 6.5% 52 485 53 746 54 132 55 741 54 909 56 129 54 589 54 984 55 563 52 7866.6%57 79360 56563 12568 891
    Both parents with European citizenship (EU28)6 715 6 359 6 166 0.8% 5 808 5 507 5 5895 670 5 667 6 085 6 214 6 623 6 803 6 9580.9%7 8958 5569 17610 217
    Both parents with non-European citizenship (EU28)41 268 41 845 42 985 5.5% 45 265 46 807 46 921 48 364 47 440 48 091 46 301 46 167 46 435 43 4545.4%47 41949 26250 86055 056
    Father with European citizenship (EU28), mother with non-European citizenship (EU28)440 502 565 0.1% 589 571 685 733 797 937 967 1 062 1 141 1 2350.2%1 4001 5551 7002 091
    Father with non-European citizenship (EU28), mother with European citizenship (EU28)765 720 854 0.1% 823 861 937 974 1 005 1 016 1 107 1 132 1 184 1 1390.2%1 0791 1921 3891 527
    Total of newborns738 080 744 791 774 782 100% 770 945 761 630 761 464 767 816 774 355 796 896 785 985 796 044 793 420 802 224 100%823 394821 047811 510818 565

    Population projections

    The population of France is predicted to hit the 70 million mark between the year 2025/2030 and to overtake Germany's between 2050/2060, with 75.6 million French for 71 million Germans in 2060, while the UK is predicted to overtake France by 2030. By 2080, the population of France is estimated to reach 78.8 million (including the overseas departments, but not the overseas territories).Figures from eurostat for metropolitan France and the overseas departments:

    Year Population
    2010 64,677,000
    2020 67,658,000
    2030 70,396,000
    2040 72,767,000
    2050 74,297,000
    2060 75,599,000
    2070 77,109,000
    2080 78,842,000
    Source:

    Vital statistics from 1900

    The vital statistics below refer to France Métropolitaine and do not include the overseas departments, territories and New Caledonia.[40]

    Average population (1 January)Live birthsDeathsNatural changeCrude birth rate (per 1000)Crude death rate (per 1000).Natural change (per 1000)Crude Migration Rate (per 1000)Total fertility rate[41] Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)Life expectancy at birth (males)Life expectancy at birth (females)
    1900885,200818,90066,30022.721.01.72.80
    190140,710,000917,075825,31591,76022.520.32.30.22.903
    190240,810,000904,434801,379103,05522.219.62.502.853
    190340,910,000884,498794,56689,93221.619.42.202.784
    190441,000,000877,091802,53674,55521.419.61.8–0.62.748
    190541,050,000865,604812,33853,26621.119.81.3–0.12.706
    190641,100,000864,745820,05144,69421.020.01.1–1.12.700
    190741,100,000829,632830,871-1,23920.220.2-0.32.52.576
    190841,190,000848,982784,41564,56720.619.01.6–0.42.636
    190941,240,000824,739792,79831,94120.019.20.81.92.557
    191041,350,000828,140737,87790,26320.017.82.2–0.52.571
    191141,420,000793,506813,653-20,14719.219.6-0.53.22.462
    191241,530,000801,642726,84874,79419.317.51.80.42.485
    191341,620,000795,851736,93758,91419.117.71.4–1.22.468
    191441,630,000757,931774,931-17,00018.218.6-0.4–23.92.335
    191540,620,000482,968747,968-265,00011.918.4-6.5–8.31.519
    191640,020,000384,676697,676-313,0009.617.4-7.8–7.21.230
    191739,420,000412,744712,744-300,00010.518.1-15.2–3.81.342
    191838,670,000472,816867,816-395,00012.222.4-10.28.41.559
    191938,600,000506,960739,901-232,94113.119.2-6.013.81.590
    192038,900,000838,137675,676162,46121.517.44.22.02.695
    192139,140,000816,555697,904118,65120.917.83.01.32.601
    192239,310,000764,373692,32272,05119.417.61.89.42.423
    192339,750,000765,888670,32695,56219.316.92.48.22.407
    192440,170,000757,873683,29674,57718.917.01.95.32.356
    192540,460,000774,455712,21162,24419.117.61.54.72.388
    192640,710,000771,690716,96654,72419.017.61.30.22.368
    192740,770,000748,102679,80968,29318.316.81.51.22.290
    192840,880,000753,570678,26975,30118.416.61.81.62.305
    192941,020,000734,140742,732-8,59217.918.1-0.28.02.241
    193041,340,000754,020652,953101,06718.215.82.42.72.295
    193141,550,000737,611682,81654,79517.816.41.3–2.32.247
    193241,510,000726,299663,70562,59417.516.01.5–1.32.226
    193341,520,000682,394664,13318,26116.416.00.40.82.111
    193441,570,000681,518637,71343,80516.415.31.1–1.62.141
    193541,550,000643,870661,722-17,85215.515.9-0.4–0.82.070
    193641,500,000634,344645,844-11,50015.315.6-0.31.02.092
    193741,530,000621,453632,896-11,44315.015.2-0.31.02.099
    193841,560,000615,582650,832-35,25014.815.7-0.8–0.42.128
    193941,510,000615,599645,677-30,07814.815.6-0.7–19.12.166
    194040,690,000561,281740,281-179,00013.818.2-4.4–26.82.003
    194139,420,000522,261675,261-153,00013.217.1-3.9–1.21.854
    194239,220,000575,261656,261-81,00014.716.7-2.1–7.12.043
    194338,860,000615,780626,780-11,00015.816.1-0.32.02.186
    194438,770,000629,878666,878-37,00016.217.2-1.024.02.249
    194539,660,000645,899643,8992,00016.316.20.111.62.310
    194640,125,230 [42] 843,904545,880298,02420.913.57.40.72.99877.859.965.2
    194740,448,254870,472538,157332,31521.413.28.23.23.03771.161.266.7
    194840,910,569870,836513,210357,62621.212.58.71.13.02055.962.768.8
    194941,313,195872,661573,598299,06321.013.87.20.93.00460.362.267.6
    195041,647,258862,310534,480327,83020.612.87.80.92.94752.063.469.2
    195142,010,088826,722565,829260,89319.613.46.20.72.80650.863.168.9
    195242,300,981822,204524,831297,37319.412.47.00.52.77745.264.470.2
    195342,618,354804,696556,983247,71318.813.05.80.52.70441.964.370.3
    195442,885,138810,754518,892291,86218.812.16.81.22.71440.765.071.2
    195543,227,872805,917526,322279,59518.612.16.42.82.68438.665.271.5
    195643,627,467806,916545,700261,21618.412.46.03.92.67436.265.271.7
    195744,058,683816,467532,107284,36018.412.06.45.02.69533.865.572.2
    195844,563,043812,215500,596311,61918.111.27.03.12.68431.466.873.4
    195945,014,662829,249509,114320,13518.311.37.12.92.75229.666.873.2
    196045,464,797819,819520,960298,85917.911.46.53.22.74027.467.073.6
    196145,903,656838,633500,289338,34418.210.87.34.02.82425.767.574.4
    196246,422,000832,353541,147291,20617.711.56.218.62.79625.767.073.9
    196347,573,406868,876557,852311,02418.211.76.53.72.89625.666.873.8
    196448,059,029877,804520,033357,77118.210.87.43.12.91523.467.774.8
    196548,561,800865,688543,696321,99217.811.26.61.52.84921.967.574.7
    196648,953,792863,527528,782334,74517.610.86.81.82.80121.767.875.2
    196749,373,537840,568543,033297,53517.011.06.01.12.67120.767.875.2
    196849,723,072835,796553,441282,35516.711.15.72.02.58820.467.875.2
    196950,107,735842,245573,335268,91016.711.45.33.12.53419.667.475.1
    197050,528,219850,381542,277308,10416.710.76.13.62.48018.268.475.9
    197151,016,234881,284554,151327,13317.210.86.42.82.49717.268.375.9
    197251,485,953877,506549,900327,60617.010.66.32.12.41916.068.576.2
    197351,915,873857,186558,782298,40416.410.75.72.12.30915.468.776.3
    197452,320,725801,218552,551248,66715.310.54.70.62.11214.668.976.7
    197552,600,000745,065560,353184,71214.110.63.50.31.92713.869.076.9
    197652,798,338720,395557,114163,28113.610.53.11.11.82912.569.277.2
    197753,019,005744,744536,221208,52314.010.13.90.91.86211.469.777.8
    197853,271,566737,062546,916190,14613.810.23.60.31.82210.769.877.9
    197953,481,073757,354541,805215,54914.110.14.00.71.85510.070.178.3
    198053,731,387800,376547,107253,26914.910.24.70.81.94510.070.278.4
    198154,028,630805,483554,823250,66014.910.24.61.11.9469.770.478.5
    198254,335,000797,223543,104254,11914.610.04.71.11.9129.570.778.9
    198354,649,984748,525559,655188,87013.710.23.41.11.7849.170.778.8
    198454,894,854759,939542,490217,44913.89.94.00.81.8028.371.279.3
    198555,157,303768,431552,496215,93513.910.03.90.71.8148.371.379.4
    198655,411,238778,468546,926231,54214.09.84.20.71.8318.071.579.7
    198755,681,780767,828527,466240,36213.89.44.30.81.8017.872.080.3
    198855,966,142771,268524,600246,66813.79.34.41.01.8057.872.380.5
    198956,269,810765,473529,283236,19013.69.44.21.31.7887.572.580.6
    199056,577,000762,407526,201236,20613.49.34.20.51.7787.372.781.0
    199156,840,661759,056524,685234,37113.39.24.10.61.7707.372.981.2
    199257,110,533743,658521,530222,12813.09.13.90.61.7336.873.281.5
    199357,369,161711,610532,263179,34712.49.33.10.31.6606.573.381.5
    199457,565,008710,993519,965191,02812.39.03.301.6635.973.681.8
    199557,752,535729,609531,618197,99112.69.23.4-0.21.7134.973.881.9
    199657,935,959734,338535,775198,56312.79.23.4-0.31.7334.874.182.0
    199758,116,018726,768530,319196,44912.59.13.4-0.31.7264.774.582.3
    199858,298,962738,080534,005204,07512.69.13.5-0.11.7644.674.782.4
    199958,496,613744,791537,661207,13012.79.23.52.71.7914.374.982.5
    200058,858,198774,782530,864243,91813.19.04.12.81.8744.475.282.8
    200159,266,572770,945531,073239,87213.08.94.03.11.8774.575.482.9
    200259,685,899761,630535,144226,48612.78.93.83.21.8644.175.783.0
    200360,101,841761,464552,339209,12512.69.23.53.21.8744.075.882.9
    200460,505,421767,816509,429258,38712.68.44.33.31.8983.976.783.8
    200560,963,264774,355527,533246,82212.78.64.03.21.9203.676.783.8
    200661,399,733796,896516,416280,48012.98.44.61.81.9803.677.184.2
    200761,795,238785,985521,016264,96912.78.44.31.21.9593.677.484.4
    200862,134,866796,044532,131263,91312.88.54.21.11.9903.677.684.3
    200962,465,709793,420538,166255,25412.78.64.20.61.9893.777.784.4
    201062,765,235802,224540,469261,75512.88.64.20.72.0163.678.084.6
    201163,070,344792,996534,795258,20112.58.54.10.71.9963.578.485.0
    201263,375,971790,290559,227231,06312.48.83.61.51.9923.578.584.8
    201363,697,865781,621558,408223,21312.38.83.51.71.9733.678.785.0
    201464,027,958781,167 547,003234,16412.28.53.60.71.9743.579.285.4
    201564,300,821760,421 581,770 178,65111.89.02.8-0.21.9253.779.085.1
    2016 64,468,792744,697 581,073 163,62411.59.02.50.11.8913.779.385.3
    201764,639,133730,242 593,606 136,63611.39.22.11.11.8583.979.585.3
    201864,844,037719,737 596,552123,18511.19.21.92.01.8363.879.685.5
    201965,096,768714,029 599,408114,62111.09.21.81.11.8273.879.885.6
    202065,284,389696,664654,59942,06510.710.00.61.91.7863.679.285.2
    202165,447,454701,819644,20157,61810.79.80.91.91.8013.779,485,5
    202265,627,454686,564658,43428,13010.49.90.52.71.7573.979,385,2
    202365,834,837639,700 623,200 16,5009.7 9.5 0.21.639
    For the purpose of compatibility, all data refers to Metropolitan France

    Current vital statistics for Metropolitan France

    [43] [44]

    PeriodLive birthsDeathsNatural increase
    January - June 2023314,700314,500+200
    January - June 2024308,800315,800-7,000
    Difference -5,900 (-1.87%) +1,300 (+0,41%) -7,200

    Structure of the population

    Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
    Total31 138 55033 162 271 64 300 821100
    0–41 932 1401 847 1723 779 3125.88
    5–92 031 848 1 942 2223 974 0706.18
    10–142 024 5181 934 2673 958 7866.16
    15–191 996 7181 892 3573 889 0756.08
    20–241 877 1691 839 4753 716 6445.78
    25–291 882 6181 933 6063 816 2245.93
    30–341 960 6332 030 7843 991 4176.21
    35–391 973 5992 014 4893 988 0886.20
    40–442 155 8832 185 5884 341 4716.75
    45–492 155 308 2 206 4954 361 8036.78
    50–542 111 7832 195 4314 307 2136.70
    55–591 992 5062 120 7444 113 2506.40
    60–641 912 8392 077 5373 990 3766.21
    65-691 713 3891 892 0993 605 489 5.61
    70-741 138 6871 319 7392 458 4263.82
    75-79938 4431 228 941 2 167 3843.37
    80-84731 1051 133 9391 865 0442.90
    85-89420 854829 0231 249 8771.94
    90-94161 109427 905589 0140.92
    95-9923 41291 245114 6570.18
    100+3 98919 21223 2020.04
    Age group MaleFemaleTotalPercent
    0–145 988 5065 723 66111 712 16718.21
    15–6420 019 05620 496 50740 515 56363.01
    65+5 130 9886 942 10312 073 09118.78
    Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
    Total31 679 65233 767 802 65 447 454100
    0–41 760 8931 687 1563 448 0495.27
    5–91 987 773 1 899 7863 887 5595.94
    10–142 094 5461 994 6024 089 1486.25
    15–192 067 6051 953 6634 021 2686.14
    20–241 920 7461 841 8503 762 5965.75
    25–291 790 5161 806 2713 596 7875.50
    30–341 924 3912 013 9463 938 337 6.02
    35–391 993 2742 096 3264 089 6006.25
    40–441 982 7752 048 7584 031 5336.16
    45–492 140 1312 174 5454 314 6766.59
    50–542 117 2922 178 4274 295 7196.56
    55–592 074 8142 187 1454 261 9596.51
    60–641 918 2432 101 1184 019 3616.14
    65-691 772 1952 011 3863 783 5815.78
    70-741 673 6631 941 8693 615 5325.52
    75-79992 8571 236 6662 229 5233.41
    80-84750 1131 068 4601 818 5732.78
    85-89478 291865 7821 344 073 2.05
    90-94193 641481 583675 2241.03
    95-9942 044157 385199 4290.30
    100-1043 37119 25122 622 0.03
    105-1093841 5751 959<0.01
    110+94252346<0.01
    Age group MaleFemaleTotalPercent
    0–145 843 2125 581 54411 424 75617.46
    15–6419 929 78720 402 04940 331 83661.62
    65+5 906 6537 784 20913 690 86220.92

    Births in mainland France by place of birth of parents

    INSEE counts individuals born alive in mainland France according to the detailed place of birth of the parents:[45]

    Country of birth of parent Number of births by country of father (% of total births)(2010) (2011) (2012) (2013) (2014) (2015) (2016) (2017) (2018) (2019) (2020) (2021) (2022) Number of births by country of mother (% of total births) (2010) (2011) (2012) (2013) (2014) (2015) (2016) (2017) (2018) (2019) (2020) (2021) (2022)
    Total802 224 (100)792 996 (100)790 290 (100)781 621 (100)781 167 (100)760 421 (100)744 697 (100)730 242 (100)719 737 (100)714 029 (100)696 664 (100)701 819 (100)686 564 (100)802 224 (100)792 996 (100)790 290 (100)781 621 (100)781 167 (100)760 421 (100)744 697 (100)730 242 (100)719 737 (100)714 029 (100)696 664 (100)701 819 (100) 686 564 (100)
    France640 598 (79.85)632 207 (79.72)627 365 (79.38)613 424 (78.48)608 646 (77.91)588 148 (77.35)571 275 (76.71)555 974 (76.14)544 720 (75.68)536 243 (75.10)524 718 (75.32)534 294 (76.13)514 002 (74.87)655 627 (81.73)644 323 (81.25)638 518 (80.80)624 148 (79.85)617 739 (79.08)596 823 (78.49)579 072 (77.76)563 785 (77.21)552 501 (77.21)543 297 (76.09)532 658 (76.46)542 566 (77.31)523 979 (76.32)
    Foreigners161 626 (20.15)160 789 (20.28)162 925 (20.62)168 197 (21.52)172 521 (22.09)172 273 (22.65)173 422 (23.29)174 268 (23.86)175 017 (24.32)177 786 (24.90)171 946 (24.68)167 525 (23.87)172 562 (25.13)146 597 (18.27)148 673 (18.75)151 772 (19.20)157 473 (20.15)163 428 (20.92)163 598 (21.51)165 625 (22.24)166 457 (22.79)167 236 (23.24)170 732 (23.91)164 006 (23.54)159 253 (22.69)162 585 (23.68)
    Foreigners detail :
    Europe22 010 (2.74)24 795 (3.13)25 489 (3.23)26 516 (3.39)27 545 (3.53)28 264 (3.72)28 673 (3.85)28 794 (3.94)28 699 (3.99)28 680 (4.02)27 904 (4.01)28 101 (4.00)27 425 (3.99)25 331 (3.16)26 803 (3.38)27 630 (3.50)28 951 (3.70)30 612 (3.92)31 073 (4.09)31 908 (4.28)32 092 (4.39)32 001 (4.45)31 792 (4.45)30 938 (4.44)31 193 (4.44)30 388 (4.43)
    Portugal5 954 (0.74)6 299 (0.79)6 358 (0.80)6 465 (0.83)6 615 (0.85)6 514 (0.86)6 408 (0.86)6 100 (0.84)5 820 (0.81)5 679 (0.80)5 303 (0.76)5 090 (0.73)4 800 (0.70)4 349 (0.54)4 430 (0.56)4 405 (0.56)4 593 (0.59)4 903 (0.63)4 964 (0.65)4 967 (0.67)4 657 (0.64)4 545 (0.63)4 499 (0.63)4 099 (0.59)3 957 (0.56)3 869 (0.56)
    Romania1 866 (0.23)2 477 (0.31)2 906 (0.37)3 076 (0.39)3 438 (0.44)3 891 (0.51)4 297 (0.58)4 583 (0.63)4 670 (0.65)4 813 (0.67)4 806 (0.69)4 806 (0.68)4 612 (0.67)2 651 (0.33)2 964 (0.37)3 434 (0.43)3 592 (0.46)4 046 (0.52)4 453 (0.59)4 825 (0.65)5 112 (0.70)5 059 (0.70)5 210 (0.73)5 096 (0.73)5 127 (0.73)4 872 (0.71)
    Italy1 458 (0.18)1 584 (0.20)1 550 (0.20)1 521 (0.19)1 628 (0.21)1 753 (0.23)1 788 (0.24)1 752 (0.24)1 770 (0.25)1 867 (0.26)1 857 (0.27)1 992 (0.28)1 894 (0.28)1 231 (0.15)1 283 (0.16)1 278 (0.16)1 320 (0.17)1 440 (0.18)1 520 (0.20)1 652 (0.22)1 702 (0.23)1 817 (0.25)1 830 (0.26)1 993 (0.29)2 123 (0.30)2 069 (0.30)
    Serbia1 489 (0.19)1 723 (0.22)1 788 (0.23)1 908 (0.24)1 896 (0.24)1 882 (0.25)1 815 (0.24)1 888 (0.26)1 880 (0.26)1 822 (0.26)1 688 (0.24)1 670 (0.24)1 558 (0.23)1 535 (0.19)1 656 (0.21)1 660 (0.21)1 791 (0.23)1 753 (0.22)1 795 (0.24)1 715 (0.23)1 809 (0.25)1 771 (0.25)1 697 (0.24)1 607 (0.23)1 518 (0.22)1 431 (0.21)
    Belgium1 828 (0.23)1 902 (0.24)1 947 (0.25)1 888 (0.24)1 846 (0.24)1 743 (0.23)1 659 (0.22)1 556 (0.21)1 531 (0.21)1 595 (0.22)1 538 (0.22)1 602 (0.23)1 555 (0.23)1 919 (0.24)1 904 (0.24)1 824 (0.23)1 787 (0.23)1 714 (0.22)1 591 (0.21)1 596 (0.21)1 544 (0.21)1 502 (0.21)1 498 (0.21)1 526 (0.22)1 603 (0.23)1 499 (0.22)
    Russia840 (0.10)1 387 (0.17)1 606 (0.20)1 645 (0.21)1 675 (0.21)1 712 (0.23)1 599 (0.21)1 653 (0.23)1 609 (0.22)1 554 (0.22)1 453 (0.21)1 371 (0.20)1 339 (0.20)1 828 (0.23)2 373 (0.30)2 646 (0.33)2 715 (0.35)2 817 (0.36)2 779 (0.37)2 722 (0.37)2 711 (0.37)2 520 (0.35)2 560 (0.36)2 404 (0.35)2 253 (0.32)2 161 (0.31)
    Germany1 548 (0.19)1 690 (0.21)1 562 (0.20)1 529 (0.20)1 564 (0.20)1 470 (0.19)1 427 (0.19)1 384 (0.19)1 332 (0.19)1 282 (0.18)1 259 (0.18)1 260 (0.18)1 206 (0.18)1 963 (0.24)1 928 (0.24)1 870 (0.24)1 820 (0.23)1 881 (0.24)1 730 (0.23)1 805 (0.24)1 666 (0.23)1 700 (0.24)1 640 (0.23)1 535 (0.22)1 566 (0.22)1 365 (0.20)
    Spain912 (0.11)1 046 (0.13)1 059 (0.13)1 070 (0.14)1 181 (0.15)1 312 (0.17)1 344 (0.18)1 197 (0.16)1 233 (0.17)1 193 (0.17)1 276 (0.18)1 162 (0.17)1 142 (0.17)1 129 (0.14)1 191 (0.15)1 177 (0.15)1 366 (0.17)1 471 (0.19)1 598 (0.21)1 639 (0.22)1 527 (0.21)1 630 (0.23)1 548 (0.22)1 575 (0.23)1 681 (0.24)1 542 (0.22)
    United Kingdom1 866 (0.23)1 487 (0.19)1 309 (0.17)1 359 (0.17)1 194 (0.15)1 170 (0.15)1 154 (0.15)1 139 (0.16)1 080 (0.15)1 015 (0.14)977 (0.14)1 094 (0.16)1 017 (0.15)1 407 (0.18)1 401 (0.18)1 290 (0.16)1 230 (0.16)1 220 (0.16)1 139 (0.15)1 131 (0.15)1 152 (0.16)1 132 (0.16)1 085 (0.15)1 005 (0.14)1 100 (0.16)1 029 (0.15)
    Bulgaria283 (0.04)359 (0.05)418 (0.05)449 (0.06)512 (0.07)541 (0.07)625 (0.08)637 (0.09)695 (0.10)714 (0.10)756 (0.11)682 (0.10)677 (0.10)525 (0.07)537 (0.07)634 (0.08)718 (0.09)769 (0.10)797 (0.10)870 (0.12)851 (0.12)911 (0.13)901 (0.13)948 (0.14)877 (0.12)863 (0.13)
    Switzerland662 (0.08)683 (0.09)655 (0.08)663 (0.08)661 (0.08)674 (0.09)721 (0.10)633 (0.09)637 (0.09)630 (0.09)643 (0.09)700 (0.10)621 (0.09)750 (0.09)679 (0.09)747 (0.09)742 (0.09)712 (0.09)732 (0.10)708 (0.10)680 (0.10)734 (0.10)741 (0.10)713 (0.10)718 (0.10)679 (0.10)
    Poland1 026 (0.13)1 026 (0.13)1 070 (0.14)1 088 (0.14)1 115 (0.14)1 135 (0.15)1 072 (0.14)1 054 (0.14)991 (0.14)869 (0.12)759 (0.11)705 (0.10)590 (0.09)1 941 (0.24)1 905 (0.24)1 934 (0.24)1 940 (0.25)2 038 (0.26)1 981 (0.26)1 847 (0.25)1 829 (0.25)1 682 (0.23)1 462 (0.20)1 398 (0.20)1 309 (0.19)1 025 (0.15)
    Netherlands389 (0.05)346 (0.04)320 (0.04)343 (0.04)320 (0.04)314 (0.04)267 (0.04)267 (0.04)261 (0.04)235 (0.03)264 (0.04)280 (0.04)285 (0.04)408 (0.05)425 (0.05)381 (0.05)399 (0.05)353 (0.05)353 (0.05)339 (0.05)381 (0.05)337 (0.05)304 (0.04)330 (0.05)328 (0.05)348 (0.05)
    Greece98 (0.01)70 (0.01)72 (0.01)119 (0.02)121 (0.02)110 (0.01)127 (0.02)100 (0.01)105 (0.01)127 (0.02)115 (0.02)119 (0.02)116 (0.02)102 (0.01)105 (0.01)123 (0.02)138 (0.02)159 (0.02)142 (0.02)179 (0.02)149 (0.02)159 (0.02)160 (0.02)152 (0.02)188 (0.03)163 (0.02)
    Luxembourg75 (0.01)75 (0.01)91 (0.01)74 (0.01)78 (0.01)87 (0.01)85 (0.01)87 (0.01)91 (0.01)96 (0.01)86 (0.01)80 (0.01)87 (0.01)77 (0.01)69 (0.01)67 (0.01)78 (0.01)76 (0.01)73 (0.01)94 (0.01)99 (0.01)82 (0.01)83 (0.01)85 (0.01)62 (0.01)87 (0.01)
    Ireland139 (0.02)131 (0.02)131 (0.02)107 (0.01)105 (0.01)110 (0.01)105 (0.01)94 (0.01)91 (0.01)105 (0.01)100 (0.01)103 (0.01)84 (0.01)159 (0.02)153 (0.02)121 (0.02)143 (0.02)138 (0.02)108 (0.01)96 (0.01)93 (0.01)101 (0.01)88 (0.01)72 (0.01)97 (0.01)90 (0.01)
    Hungary82 (0.01)92 (0.01)104 (0.01)98 (0.01)136 (0.02)115 (0.02)129 (0.02)95 (0.01)115 (0.02)113 (0.02)90 (0.01)87 (0.01)78 (0.01)155 (0.02)176 (0.02)200 (0.03)196 (0.03)228 (0.03)235 (0.03)240 (0.03)220 (0.03)221 (0.03)226 (0.03)196 (0.03)212 (0.03)186 (0.03)
    Sweden90 (0.01)77 (0.01)66 (0.01)65 (0.01)71 (0.01)80 (0.01)66 (0.01)44 (0.01)59 (0.01)44 (0.01)59 (0.01)55 (0.08)59 (0.01)182 (0.02)169 (0.02)136 (0.02)159 (0.02)161 (0.02)125 (0.02)150 (0.02)120 (0.02)118 (0.02)110 (0.02)106 (0.02)108 (0.02)104 (0.02)
    Slovakia46 (0.01)59 (0.01)60 (0.01)59 (0.01)70 (0.01)64 (0.01)82 (0.01)56 (0.01)70 (0.10)77 (0.01)66 (0.01)57 (0.01)58 (0.01)151 (0.02)152 (0.02)165 (0.02)180 (0.02)187 (0.02)172 (0.02)172 (0.02)169 (0.02)154 (0.02)163 (0.02)134 (0.02)145 (0.02)133 (0.02)
    Austria63 (0.01)64 (0.01)58 (0.01)63 (0.01)65 (0.01)58 (0.01)41 (0.01)45 (0.01)58 (0.01)58 (0.01)47 (0.01)47 (0.01)39 (0.01)93 (0.01)83 (0.01)97 (0.01)85 (0.01)106 (0.01)87 (0.01)89 (0.01)91 (0.01)71 (0.01)82 (0.01)69 (0.01)64 (0.01)71 (0.01)
    Denmark54 (0.01)46 (0.01)35 (0.00)42 (0.01)34 (0.00)46 (0.01)47 (0.01)22 (0.00)37 (0.01)34 (0.00)39 (0.01)37 (0.01)36 (0.01)89 (0.01)70 (0.01)67 (0.01)66 (0.01)64 (0.01)52 (0.01)59 (0.01)47 (0.01)45 (0.01)40 (0.01)42 (0.01)47 (0.01)39 (0.01)
    Czech Republic50 (0.01)58 (0.01)68 (0.01)58 (0.01)54 (0.01)72 (0.01)60 (0.01)53 (0.01)46 (0.01)42 (0.01)55 (0.01)44 (0.01)35 (0.01)161 (0.02)155 (0.02)165 (0.02)160 (0.02)185 (0.02)161 (0.02)173 (0.02)150 (0.02)158 (0.02)171 (0.02)156 (0.02)143 (0.02)126 (0.02)
    Latvia12 (0.00)28 (0.00)19 (0.00)20 (0.00)30 (0.00)34 (0.00)39 (0.01)28 (0.00)26 (0.00)21 (0.00)28 (0.00)31 (0.00)31 (0.00)61 (0.01)69 (0.01)63 (0.01)89 (0.01)84 (0.01)78 (0.01)91 (0.01)96 (0.01)85 (0.01)113 (0.02)79 (0.01)92 (0.01)87 (0.01)
    Lithuania25 (0.00)41 (0.01)34 (0.00)38 (0.00)40 (0.01)44 (0.01)45 (0.01)27 (0.00)41 (0.01)38 (0.01)40 (0.01)42 (0.01)25 (0.00)96 (0.01)132 (0.02)109 (0.01)114 (0.01)112 (0.01)112 (0.01)138 (0.02)113 (0.02)128 (0.02)116 (0.02)116 (0.02)118 (0.02)101 (0.01)
    Finland27 (0.00)19 (0.00)19 (0.00)23 (0.00)28 (0.00)19 (0.00)16 (0.00)19 (0.00)15 (0.00)17 (0.00)13 (0.00)23 (0.00)25 (0.00)72 (0.01)65 (0.01)67 (0.01)77 (0.01)70 (0.01)48 (0.01)57 (0.01)68 (0.01)56 (0.01)40 (0.01)46 (0.01)52 (0.01)50 (0.01)
    Norway31 (0.00)37 (0.00)25 (0.00)33 (0.00)33 (0.00)22 (0.00)22 (0.00)28 (0.00)19 (0.00)25 (0.00)24 (0.00)34 (0.00)19 (0.00)48 (0.01)43 (0.01)45 (0.01)40 (0.01)42 (0.01)38 (0.00)36 (0.00)37 (0.01)33 (0.00)39 (0.01)37 (0.01)38 (0.01)34 (0.00)
    Czechoslovakia36 (0.00)37 (0.00)33 (0.00)30 (0.00)43 (0.01)26 (0.00)25 (0.00)34 (0.00)21 (0.00)19 (0.02)18 (0.00)19 (0.00)14 (0.00)83 (0.01)65 (0.01)77 (0.01)88 (0.01)90 (0.01)81 (0.01)80 (0.01)73 (0.01)82 (0.01)56 (0.01)40 (0.01)44 (0.01)27 (0.00)
    Slovenia7 (0.00)7 (0.00)11 (0.00)13 (0.00)13 (0.00) 19 (0.00)19 (0.00)3 (0.00)10 (0.00)12 (0.00)12 (0.00)9 (0.00)11 (0.00)25 (0.00)31 (0.00)16 (0.00)30 (0.00) 20 (0.00)30 (0.00)25 (0.00)18 (0.00)34 (0.00)24 (0.00)25 (0.00)17 (0.00)24 (0.00)
    Cyprus12 (0.00)9 (0.00)6 (0.00)11 (0.00)5 (0.00)11 (0.00)3 (0.00)8 (0.00)3 (0.00)7 (0.00)10 (0.00)13 (0.00)10 (0.00)13 (0.00)10 (0.00)5 (0.00)10 (0.00)10 (0.00)14 (0.00)13 (0.00)12 (0.00)17 (0.00)18 (0.00)15 (0.00)14 (0.00)13 (0.00)
    Malta10 (0.00)7 (0.00)4 (0.00)7 (0.00)6 (0.00)0 (0.00)7 (0.00)3 (0.00)3 (0.00)1 (0.00)1 (0.00)1 (0.00)5 (0.00)6 (0.00)2 (0.00)2 (0.00)3 (0.00)8 (0.00)4 (0.00)2 (0.00)5 (0.00)3 (0.00)4 (0.00)6 (0.00)3 (0.00)4 (0.00)
    Estonia9 (0.00)9 (0.00)3 (0.00)11 (0.00)7 (0.00)7 (0.00)10 (0.00)13 (0.00)11 (0.00)6 (0.00)7 (0.00)12 (0.00)4 (0.00)34 (0.00)34 (0.00)35 (0.00)40 (0.01)52 (0.01)45 (0.01)28 (0.00)56 (0.01)39 (0.01)39 (0.01)29 (0.00)37 (0.01)39 (0.01)
    Iceland6 (0.00)4 (0.00)3 (0.00)6 (0.00)5 (0.00)4 (0.00)4 (0.00)5 (0.00)4 (0.00)4 (0.00)2 (0.00)4 (0.00)1 (0.00)7 (0.00)4 (0.00)8 (0.00)3 (0.00)7 (0.00)3 (0.00)6 (0.00)4 (0.00)5 (0.00)4 (0.00)4 (0.00)3 (0.00)4 (0.00)
    Other European countries1 464 (0.18)1 916 (0.24)2 099 (0.27)2 635 (0.34)2 956 (0.38)3 225 (0.42)3 565 (0.48)4 187 (0.57)4 365 (0.61)4 566 (0.64)4 513 (0.65)4 870 (0.69)5 392 (0.79)2 081 (0.26)2 540 (0.32)2 782 (0.35)3 239 (0.41)3 696 (0.47)4 033 (0.53)4 364 (0.59)4 851 (0.66)5 070 (0.70)5 241 (0.73)5 300 (0.76)5 549 (0.79)6 254 (0.91)
    North Africa67 073 (8.36)70 630 (8.91)71 120 (9.00)73 032 (9.34)74 228 (9.50)73 261 (9.63)72 808 (9.78)71 886 (9.84)70 654 (9.82)69 845 (9.78)66 174 (9.50)62 218 (8.87)62 811 (9.15)58 124 (7.25)58 947 (7.43)59 694 (7.55)62 286 (7.97)64 088 (8.20)64 022 (8.42)64 081 (8.60)63 763 (8.73)62 963 (8.75)62 900 (8.81)58 767 (8.44)54 920 (7.83)54 906 (8.00)
    Algeria27 817 (3.47)28 628 (3.61)29 193 (3.69)30 278 (3.87)30 909 (3.96)30 930 (4.07)31 405 (4.22)30 693 (4.20)30 583 (4.25)30 080 (4.21)28 382 (4.07)26 349 (3.75)26 981 (3.93)25 847 (3.22)25 831 (3.26)26 408 (3.34)27 905 (3.57)28 899 (3.70)29 240 (3.85)29 984 (4.03)29 256 (4.01)29 102 (4.04)28 780 (4.03)26 469 (3.80)24 257 (3.46)24 329 (3.54)
    Morocco27 689 (3.45)29 678 (3.74)29 237 (3.70)29 356 (3.76)29 661 (3.80)28 610 (3.76)27 779 (3.73)27 617 (3.78)26 441 (3.67)25 881 (3.62)24 300 (3.49)22 718 (3.24)22 214 (3.24)25 074 (3.13)25 563 (3.22)25 367 (3.21)25 908 (3.31)26 283 (3.36)25 719 (3.38)24 891 (3.34)25 304 (3.47)24 372 (3.39)24 016 (3.36)22 547 (3.24)20 959 (2.99)20 564 (3.00)
    Tunisia10 607 (1.32)11 466 (1.45)11 812 (1.49)12 404 (1.59)12 640 (1.62) 12 697 (1.67)12 565 (1.69)12 521 (1.71)12 513 (1.74)12 765 (1.79)12 398 (1.78)12 074 (1.72)12 604 (1.84)6 737 (0.84)7 138 (0.90)7 517 (0.95)7 980 (1.02)8 424 (1.08)8 561 (1.13)8 692 (1.17)8 655 (1.19)8 867 (1.23)9 504 (1.33)9 167 (1.32)9 106 (1.30)9 492 (1.38)
    Egypt960 (0.12)858 (0.11)878 (0.11)994 (0.13)1 018 (0.13)1 024 (0.13)1 059 (0.14)1 055 (0.14)1 117 (0.16)1 119 (0.16)1 094 (0.16)1 077 (0.15)1 012 (0.15)466 (0.06)415 (0.05)402 (0.05)493 (0.06)482 (0.06)502 (0.07)514 (0.07)548 (0.08)622 (0.09)600 (0.08)584 (0.08)598 (0.09)521 (0.08)
    Black Africa/Non-French West Indies29 814 (3.72)38 285 (4.83)39 277 (4.97)41 445 (5.30)43 086 (5.52)44 093 (5.80)45 106 (6.06)47 280 (6.47)49 869 (6.93)53 268 (7.46)53 092 (7.62)53 240 (7.59)57 496 (8.37)31 598 (3.94)34 523 (4.35)35 367 (4.48)37 365 (4.78)39 043 (5.00)39 591 (5.21)40 600 (5.45)42 316 (5.79)44 453 (6.18)47 923 (6.71)47 420 (6.81)46 965 (6.69)50 682 (7.38)
    Ivory Coast2 209 (0.28)3 446 (0.43)3 658 (0.46)4 093 (0.52)4 360 (0.56)4 470 (0.59)4 601 (0.62)5 082 (0.70)5 715 (0.79)6 832 (0.96)6 915 (0.99)7 150 (1.02)8 388 (1.22)2 483 (0.31)3 257 (0.41)3 535 (0.45)3 829 (0.49)4 077 (0.52)4 144 (0.54)4 308 (0.58)4 817 (0.66)5 445 (0.76)6 403 (0.90)6 295 (0.90)6 500 (0.93)7 647 (1.11)
    Congo 3 908 (0.49)6 367 (0.80)6 361 (0.80)6 752 (0.86)6 872 (0.88)6 823 (0.90)7 022 (0.94)7 317 (1.00)7 444 (1.03)7 299 (1.02)7 050 (1.01)6 697 (0.95)6 867 (1.00)4 000 (0.50)5 612 (0.71)5 772 (0.73)6 119 (0.78)6 372 (0.82)6 210 (0.82)6 384 (0.86)6 560 (0.90)6 603 (0.92)6 519 (0.91)6 153 (0.88)5 929 (0.84)6 003 (0.87)
    Senegal3 811 (0.48)4 354 (0.55)4 679 (0.59)4 966 (0.64)5 213 (0.67)5 274 (0.69)5 352 (0.72)5 570 (0.76)5 915 (0.82)6 090 (0.85)6 061 (0.87)5 969 (0.85)6 347 (0.92)3 548 (0.44)3 589 (0.45)3 901 (0.49)4 107 (0.53)4 330 (0.55)4 279 (0.56)4 348 (0.58)4 581 (0.63)4 761 (0.66)4 954 (0.69)5 039 (0.72)4 798 (0.68)5 244 (0.76)
    Guinea1 356 (0.17)1 895 (0.24)2 045 (0.26)2 214 (0.28)2 390 (0.31)2 526 (0.33)2 593 (0.35)2 990 (0.41)3 179 (0.44)4 412 (0.62)4 543 (0.65)4 950 (0.71)5 659 (0.82)1 499 (0.19)1 756 (0.22)1 858 (0.24)1 970 (0.25)2 136 (0.27)2 251 (0.30)2 279 (0.31)2 595 (0.36)2 792 (0.39)3 852 (0.54)3 936 (0.56)4 203 (0.60)4 814 (0.70)
    Mali3 875 (0.48)4 407 (0.56)4 337 (0.54)4 504 (0.58)4 476 (0.57)4 492 (0.59)4 429 (0.59)4 732 (0.65)4 799 (0.67)4 755 (0.67)4 786 (0.69)4 847 (0.69)5 073 (0.74)3 129 (0.39)3 061 (0.39)2 959 (0.37)3 143 (0.40)3 079 (0.39)3 074 (0.40)3 263 (0.44)3 272 (0.45)3 412 (0.47)3 413 (0.48)3 391 (0.49)3 379 (0.48)3 541 (0.52)
    Comoros2 033 (0.25)2 535 (0.32)2 840 (0.36)2 803 (0.36)2 902 (0.37)3 097 (0.41)3 156 (0.42)3 494 (0.48)3 564 (0.50)3 751 (0.53)3 705 (0.53)3 796 (0.54)3 948 (0.58)2 090 (0.26)2 208 (0.28)2 298 (0.29)2 386 (0.31)2 513 (0.32)2 679 (0.35)2 689 (0.36)2 952 (0.40)3 077 (0.43)3 237 (0.45)3 191 (0.46)3 229 (0.46)3 408 (0.50)
    Cameroon2 311 (0.29)2 778 (0.35)2 743 (0.35)2 882 (0.37)3 057 (0.39)3 170 (0.42)3 387 (0.45)3 269 (0.45)3 593 (0.50)3 750 (0.53)3 652 (0.52)3 715 (0.53)3 898 (0.57)3 235 (0.40)3 200 (0.40)3 110 (0.39)3 272 (0.42)3 409 (0.44)3 424 (0.45)3 568 (0.48)3 370 (0.46)3 608 (0.50)3 675 (0.51)3 600 (0.52)3 500 (0.50)3 647 (0.53)
    Nigeria343 (0.04)532 (0.07)578 (0.07)683 (0.09)817 (0.10)954 (0.13)1 034 (0.14)1 226 (0.17)1 525 (0.21)1 949 (0.27)1 792 (0.26)1 810 (0.26)1 698 (0.25)585 (0.07)676 (0.09)776 (0.10)948 (0.12)1 014 (0.13)1 082 (0.14)1 139 (0.15)1 317 (0.18)1 686 (0.23)2 078 (0.29)1 911 (0.27)1 871 (0.27)1 758 (0.26)
    Haiti1 408 (0.18)1 795 (0.23)1 747 (0.22)1 695 (0.22)1 770 (0.23)1 714 (0.23)1 780 (0.24)1 809 (0.25)1 716 (0.24)1 679 (0.24)1 655 (0.24)1 639 (0.23)1 611 (0.23)1 706 (0.21)1 718 (0.22)1 650 (0.21)1 636 (0.21)1 641 (0.21)1 632 (0.21)1 663 (0.22)1 666 (0.23)1 617 (0.22)1 605 (0.22)1 522 (0.22)1 522 (0.22)1 504 (0.22)
    Madagascar1 414 (0.18)1 530 (0.19)1 463 (0.19)1 552 (0.20)1 463 (0.19)1 426 (0.19)1 356 (0.18)1 296 (0.18)1 431 (0.20)1 352 (0.19)1 408 (0.20)1 382 (0.20)1 311 (0.19)2 185 (0.27)2 142 (0.27)2 024 (0.26)2 101 (0.27)2 081 (0.27)2 031 (0.27)1 960 (0.26)1 937 (0.27)1 938 (0.27)2 041 (0.29)2 057 (0.30)1 962 (0.28)1 920 (0.28)
    Mauritania793 (0.10)999 (0.13)965 (0.12)1 053 (0.13)1 061 (0.14)1 080 (0.14)1 101 (0.15)1 092 (0.15)1 107 (0.15)1 135 (0.16)1 137 (0.16)1 096 (0.16)1 237 (0.18)524 (0.07)583 (0.07)593 (0.08)622 (0.08)663 (0.08)670 (0.09)644 (0.09)694 (0.10)716 (0.10)723 (0.10)752 (0.11)716 (0.10)806 (0.12)
    Cape Verde616 (0.08)839 (0.11)890 (0.11)956 (0.12)1 064 (0.14)1 179 (0.16)1 202 (0.16)1 191 (0.16)1 167 (0.16)1 222 (0.17)1 131 (0.16)1 096 (0.16)1 229 (0.18)594 (0.07)649 (0.08)701 (0.09)778 (0.10)865 (0.11)980 (0.13)944 (0.13)1 001 (0.14)960 (0.13)993 (0.14)938 (0.13)911 (0.13)1 026 (0.15)
    Benin610 (0.08)781 (0.10)755 (0.10)763 (0.10)806 (0.10)807 (0.11)805 (0.11)827 (0.11)892 (0.12)901 (0.13)928 (0.13)1 002 (0.14)1 002 (0.15)481 (0.06)469 (0.06)506 (0.06)498 (0.06)559 (0.07)526 (0.07)516 (0.07)512 (0.07)566 (0.08)569 (0.08)609 (0.09)635 (0.09)649 (0.09)
    Gabon478 (0.06)620 (0.08)601 (0.08)658 (0.08)684 (0.09)688 (0.09)764 (0.10)733 (0.10)806 (0.11)818 (0.11)853 (0.12)853 (0.12)903 (0.13)713 (0.09)743 (0.09)696 (0.09)721 (0.09)795 (0.10)819 (0.11)921 (0.12)981 (0.13)975 (0.14)1 123 (0.16)1 055 (0.15)1 070 (0.15)1 119 (0.16)
    Angola825 (0.10)1 017 (0.13)1 045 (0.13)1 063 (0.14)1 106 (0.14)1 066 (0.14)1 040 (0.14)1 110 (0.15)1 014 (0.14)1 051 (0.15)979 (0.14)891 (0.13)896 (0.13)758 (0.09)718 (0.09)748 (0.10)747 (0.10)785 (0.10)817 (0.11)764 (0.10)860 (0.12)851 (0.12)902 (0.13)866 (0.12)774 (0.11)774 (0.11)
    Togo708 (0.09)783 (0.10)799 (0.10)761 (0.10)797 (0.10)798 (0.10)745 (0.10)722 (0.10)754 (0.10)751 (0.11)732 (0.11)716 (0.10)790 (0.12)625 (0.08)604 (0.08)597 (0.08)627 (0.08)625 (0.08)560 (0.07)568 (0.08)555 (0.08)504 (0.07)498 (0.07)529 (0.08)521 (0.07)560 (0.08)
    Central African Republic485 (0.06)645 (0.08)621 (0.08)646 (0.08)676 (0.09)724 (0.10)714 (0.10)704 (0.10)671 (0.09)770 (0.11)686 (0.10)676 (0.10)722 (0.11)516 (0.06)517 (0.07)495 (0.06)526 (0.07)524 (0.07)634 (0.08)642 (0.09)638 (0.09)597 (0.08)656 (0.09)642 (0.09)607 (0.09)658 (0.10)
    Chad243 (0.03)264 (0.03)265 (0.03)282 (0.04)328 (0.04)339 (0.04)318 (0.04)396 (0.05)369 (0.05)413 (0.06)335 (0.05)336 (0.05)444 (0.06)209 (0.03)216 (0.03)203 (0.03)233 (0.03)269 (0.03)304 (0.04)296 (0.04)349 (0.05)344 (0.05)368 (0.05)327 (0.05)313 (0.04)422 (0.06)
    Mauritius410 (0.05)463 (0.06)437 (0.06)420 (0.05)434 (0.06)421 (0.06)437 (0.06)411 (0.06)442 (0.06)393 (0.06)403 (0.06)378 (0.05)362 (0.05)493 (0.06)549 (0.07)542 (0.07)489 (0.06)540 (0.07)519 (0.07)524 (0.07)491 (0.07)511 (0.07)505 (0.07)495 (0.07)509 (0.07)431 (0.06)
    Niger148 (0.02)147 (0.02)192 (0.02)205 (0.03)176 (0.02)210 (0.03)197 (0.03)187 (0.03)203 (0.03)202 (0.03)207 (0.03)218 (0.03)282 (0.04)188 (0.02)172 (0.02)215 (0.03)191 (0.02)213 (0.03)205 (0.03)185 (0.02)180 (0.02)199 (0.03)198 (0.03)206 (0.03)214 (0.03)228 (0.03)
    Other African countries1 830 (0.23)2 088 (0.26)2 256 (0.29)2 494 (0.32)2 634 (0.34)2 835 (0.37)3 073 (0.41)3 122 (0.43)3 563 (0.50)3 743 (0.52)4 134 (0.59)4 023 (0.57)4 829 (0.70)2 037 (0.25)2 084 (0.26)2 188 (0.28)2 422 (0.31)2 553 (0.33)2 751 (0.36)2 995 (0.40)2 988 (0.41)3 291 (0.46)3 611 (0.51)3 906 (0.56)3 802 (0.54)4 523 (0.66)
    Asia9 372 (1.17)10 649 (1.34)10 674 (1.37)10 975 (1.39)11 157 (1.43)10 636 (1.40)11 036 (1.48)10 526 (1.44)10 538 (1.46)10 951 (1.53)10 643 (1.53)9 840 (1.40)10 699 (1.56)12 108 (1.51)13 001 (1.64)13 768 (1.74)13 308 (1.70)13 964 (1.79)13 460 (1.77)13 791 (1.85)13 170 (1.80)13 071 (1.82)13 278 (1.86)12 656 (1.82)12 093 (1.72)12 579 (1.83)
    China1 815 (0.23)2 141 (0.27)2 140 (0.27)1 845 (0.24)2 079 (0.27)1 669 (0.22)2 053 (0.28)1 650 (0.23)1 545 (0.21)1 586 (0.22)1 393 (0.20)1 158 (0.16)1 067 (0.16)2 684 (0.33)2 964 (0.37)3 092 (0.39)2 771 (0.35)3 204 (0.41)2 619 (0.34)3 035 (0.41)2 627 (0.36)2 435 (0.34)2 492 (0.35)2 134 (0.31)1 969 (0.28)1 768 (0.26)
    Vietnam627 (0.08)1 086 (0.14)1 145 (0.14)1 014 (0.13)923 (0.12)904 (0.12)869 (0.12)759 (0.10)726 (0.10)713 (0.10)637 (0.09)595 (0.08)549 (0.08)841 (0.10)1 366 (0.17)1 498 (0.19)1 370 (0.18)1 279 (0.16)1 264 (0.17)1 246 (0.17)1 167 (0.16)1 145 (0.16)1 136 (0.16)1 063 (0.15)975 (0.14)945 (0.14)
    Cambodia675 (0.08)696 (0.09)629 (0.08)594 (0.08)632 (0.08)520 (0.07)496 (0.07)409 (0.06)336 (0.05)337 (0.05)338 (0.05)222 (0.03)232 (0.03)818 (0.10)784 (0.10)800 (0.10)706 (0.09)769 (0.10)728 (0.10)658 (0.09)550 (0.08)512 (0.07)509 (0.07)481 (0.07)402 (0.06)358 (0.05)
    Laos560 (0.07)569 (0.07)454 (0.06)418 (0.05)388 (0.05)265 (0.04)288 (0.04)242 (0.03)196 (0.03)184 (0.03)157 (0.02)142 (0.02)111 (0.02)442 (0.06)438 (0.06)395 (0.05)328 (0.04)320 (0.04)249 (0.03)226 (0.03)211 (0.03)192 (0.03)176 (0.02)181 (0.03)162 (0.02)129 (0.02)
    Japan112 (0.01)147 (0.02)148 (0.02)127 (0.02)141 (0.02)120 (0.02)114 (0.02)134 (0.02)120 (0.02)105 (0.01)130 (0.02)111 (0.02)101 (0.01)560 (0.07)645 (0.08)638 (0.08)657 (0.08)632 (0.08)588 (0.08)567 (0.07)575 (0.08)500 (0.07)420 (0.06)406 (0.06)410 (0.06)386 (0.06)
    Sri Lanka1 618 (0.20)1 743 (0.22)1 909 (0.24)1 908 (0.24)2 006 (0.26)2 080 (0.27)1 991 (0.27)1 981 (0.27)2 020 (0.28)1 879 (0.26)1 905 (0.27)1 784 (0.25)1 815 (0.26)1 634 (0.20)1 678 (0.21)1 821 (0.23)1 843 (0.24)1 926 (0.25)2 035 (0.27)1 910 (0.26)1 889 (0.26)1 907 (0.26)1 779 (0.25)1 765 (0.25)1 632 (0.23)1 692 (0.25)
    India1 073 (0.13)1 130 (0.14)1 114 (0.14)1 162 (0.15)1 234 (0.16)1 168 (0.15)1 196 (0.16)1 175 (0.16)1 246 (0.17)1 274 (0.18)1 218 (0.17)1 159 (0.17)1 168 (0.17)1 068 (0.13)1 071 (0.14)1 073 (0.14)1 093 (0.14)1 124 (0.14)1 092 (0.14)1 126 (0.15)1 095 (0.15)1 197 (0.17)1 147 (0.16)1 144 (0.16)1 074 (0.15)1 106 (0.16)
    Bangladesh245 (0.03)308 (0.04)338 (0.04)380 (0.05)376 (0,.05)563 (0.07)622 (0.08)599 (0.08)728 (0.10)775 (0.11)833 (0.12)842 (0.12)1 053 (0.15)253 (0.03)307 (0.04)325 (0.04)368 (0.05)358 (0.05)546 (0.07)602 (0.08)572 (0.08)700 (0.10)756 (0.11)795 (0.11)807 (0.11)1 021 (0.15)
    Pakistan788 (0.10)855 (0.11)916 (0.12)936 (0.12)985 (0.13)944 (0.12)963 (0.13)995 (0.14)977 (0.14)1 060 (0.15)1 082 (0.16)964 (0.14)1 029 (0.15)667 (0.08)677 (0.09)711 (0.09)727 (0.09)755 (0.10)760 (0.10)810 (0.11)789 (0.11)772 (0.11)863 (0.12)882 (0.13)803 (0.11)841 (0.12)
    Other Asia1 859 (0.23)1 974 (0.25)2 182 (0.28)2 290 (0.29)2 393 (0.31)2 403 (0.32)2 444 (0.33)2 582 (0.35)2 644 (0.37)3 038 (0.43)2 950 (0.42)2 863 (0.41)3 574 (0.52)3 141 (0.39)3 071 (0.39)3 415 (0.43)3 445 (0.44)3 597 (0.46)3 579 (0.47)3 611 (0.48)3 695 (0.51)3 711 (0.52)4 000 (0.56)3 805 (0.55)3 859 (0.55)4 333 (0.63)
    Middle East12 657 (1.58)12 955 (1.63)12 620 (1.60)12 775 (1.63)12 566 (1.61)12 043 (1.58)11 805 (1.59)11 584 (1.59)10 949 (1.52)10 512 (1.47)9 728 (1.40)9 374 (1.34)9 346 (1.36)10 713 (1.34)10 387 (1.31)10 294 (1.30)10 226 (1.31)10 257 (1.31)9 809 (1.29)9 564 (1.28)9 437 (1.29)8 806 (1.22)8 542 (1.20)7 947 (1.14)7 483 (1.07)7 593 (1.11)
    Turkey10 001 (1.25)10 112 (1.28)9 835 (1.24)9 768 (1.25)9 587 (1.23)9 017 (1.19)8 524 (1.14)8 141 (1.11)7 347 (1.02)6 966 (0.98)6 342 (0.91)5 918 (0.84)5 881 (0.86)8 427 (1.05)8 034 (1.01)7 994 (1.01)7 756 (0.99)7 724 (0.99)7 200 (0.95)6 691 (0.90)6 322 (0.87)5 618 (0.78)5 301 (0.74)4 774 (0.69)4 375 (0.62)4 398 (0.64)
    Syria462 (0.06)424 (0.05)406 (0.05)499 (0.06)498 (0.06)560 (0.07)733 (0.10)908 (0.12)1 050 (0.15)1 090 (0.15)1 152 (0.17)1 067 (0.15)1 071 (0.16)382 (0.05)340 (0.04)305 (0.04)371 (0.05)388 (0.05)458 (0.06)621 (0.08)820 (0.11)968 (0.13)1 040 (0.15)1 082 (0.16)964 (0.14)996 (0.15)
    Lebanon991 (0.12)1 019 (0.13)938 (0.12)972 (0.12)1 001 (0.13)959 (0.13)861 (0.12)884 (0.12)849 (0.12)819 (0.11)745 (0.11)877 (0.12)869 (0.13)750 (0.09)678 (0.09)627 (0.08)656 (0.08)700 (0.09)639 (0.08)632 (0.08)610 (0.08)546 (0.08)585 (0.08)542 (0.08)637 (0.09)694 (0.1)
    Armenia473 (0.06)710 (0.09)779 (0.10)824 (0.11)780 (0.10)786 (0.10)872 (0.12)850 (0.12)861 (0.12)783 (0.11)737 (0.11)751 (0.11)792 (0.12)566 (0.07)750 (0.09)819 (0.10)878 (0.11)856 (0.11)866 (0.11)915 (0.12)953 (0.13)938 (0.13)857 (0.12)817 (0.12)811 (0.12)835 (0.12)
    Iraq172 (0.02)217 (0.03)209 (0.03)208 (0.03)245 (0.03)267 (0.04)353 (0.05)385 (0.05)434 (0.06)424 (0.06)373 (0.05)382 (0.05)343 (0.05)137 (0.02)196 (0.02)193 (0.02)166 (0.02)202 (0.03)245 (0.03)302 (0.04)328 (0.04)390 (0.05)376 (0.05)343 (0.05)325 (0.05)294 (0.04)
    Iran289 (0.04)246 (0.03)239 (0.03)276 (0.04)240 (0.03)253 (0.03)249 (0.03)237 (0.03)224 (0.03)251 (0.04)229 (0.03)219 (0.03)241 (0.04)231 (0.03)205 (0.03)217 (0.03)215 (0.03)194 (0.02)226 (0.03)246 (0.03)265 (0.04)222 (0.03)241 (0.03)260 (0.04)252 (0.04)253 (0.04)
    Israel269 (0.03)227 (0.03)214 (0.03)228 (0.03)215 (0.03)201 (0.03)213 (0.03)179 (0.02)184 (0.03)179 (0.03)150 (0.02)160 (0.02)149 (0.02)220 (0.03)184 (0.02)139 (0.02)184 (0.02)193 (0.02)175 (0.02)157 (0.02)139 (0.02)124 (0.02)142 (0.02)129 (0.02)119 (0.02)123 (0.02)
    America/Oceania3 164 (0.39)3 475 (0.44)3 444 (0.44)3 755 (0.48)3 939 (0.50)3 976 (0.52)3 994 (0.54)4 198 (0.57)4 308 (0.60)4 530 (0.63)4 405 (0.63)4 752 (0.68)4 785 (0.70)4 969 (0.62)5 012 (0.63)5 019 (0.64)5 337 (0.68)5 476 (0.70)5 643 (0.74)5 681 (0.76)5 679 (0.78)5 942 (0.83)6 297 (0.88)6 277 (0.90)6 597 (0.94)6 436 (0.94)
    Brazil545 (0.07)649 (0.08)692 (0.09)706 (0.09)772 (0.10)788 (0.10)837 (0.11)881 (0.12)940 (0.13)1 019 (0.14)1 061 (0.15)1 099 (0.16)1 165 (0.17)1 124 (0.14)1 172 (0.15)1 145 (0.14)1 267 (0.16)1 252 (0.16)1 264 (0.17)1 359 (0.18)1 437 (0.20)1 461 (0.20)1 601 (0.22)1 567 (0.22)1 685 (0.24)1 636 (0.24)
    Colombia288 (0.04)329 (0.04)334 (0.04)399 (0.05)419 (0.05)478 (0.06)423 (0.06)468 (0.06)496 (0.07)580 (0.08)543 (0.08)631 (0.09)627 (0.09)538 (0.07)521 (0.07)547 (0.07)572 (0.07)603 (0.08)689 (0.09)664 (0.09)680 (0.09)671 (0.09)827 (0.12)781 (0.11)843 (0.12)825 (0.12)
    United States531 (0.07)544 (0.07)523 (0.07)577 (0.07)558 (0.07)470 (0.06)532 (0.07)541 (0.07)559 (0.08)550 (0.08)535 (0.08)572 (0.08)559 (0.08)681 (0.08)666 (0.08)730 (0.09)699 (0.09)749 (0.10)715 (0.09)739 (0.10)698 (0.10)773 (0.11)734 (0.10)778 (0.11)841 (0.12)750 (0.11)
    Mexico164 (0.02)178 (0.02)195 (0.02)193 (0.02)229 (0.03)274 (0.04)214 (0.03)251 (0.03)262 (0.04)231 (0.03)219 (0.03)263 (0.04)263 (0.04)347 (0.04)343 (0.04)393 (0.05)355 (0.05)406 (0.05)441 (0.06)447 (0.06)416 (0.06)435 (0.06)438 (0.06)473 (0.07)476 (0.07)474 (0.07)
    Canada316 (0.04)328 (0.04)277 (0.04)282 (0.04)319 (0.04)288 (0.04)257 (0.03)243 (0.03)236 (0.03)190 (0.03)247 (0.04)246 (0.04)237 (0.03)406 (0.05)359 (0.05)353 (0.04)375 (0.05)338 (0.04)344 (0.05)353 (0.05)298 (0.04)299 (0.04)289 (0.04)304 (0.04)324 (0.05)319 (0.05)
    Venezuela108 (0.01)96 (0.01)131 (0.02)140 (0.02)139 (0.02)181 (0.02)175 (0.02)176 (0.02)186 (0.03)223 (0.03)177 (0.03)178 (0.03)226 (0.03)174 (0.02)176 (0.02)179 (0.02)205 (0.03)192 (0.02)224 (0.03)231 (0.03)235 (0.03)264 (0.04)289 (0.04)271 (0.04)270 (0.04)291 (0.04)
    Argentina176 (0.02)197 (0.02)196 (0.02)237 (0.03)239 (0.03)213 (0.03)215 (0.03)240 (0.03)219 (0.03)235 (0.03)193 (0.03)258 (0.04)217 (0.03)237 (0.03)266 (0.03)243 (0.03)263 (0.03)274 (0.04)259 (0.03)237 (0.03)223 (0.03)225 (0.03)266 (0.04)228 (0.03)305 (0.04)253 (0.04)
    Peru139 (0.02)137 (0.02)146 (0.02)160 (0.02)178 (0.02)191 (0.03)182 (0.02)193 (0.03)181 (0.03)228 (0.03)210 (0.03)227 (0.03)211 (0.03)303 (0.04)297 (0.04)274 (0.03)322 (0.04)319 (0.04)334 (0.04)323 (0.04)354 (0.05)347 (0.05)351 (0.05)350 (0.05)342 (0.05)356 (0.05)
    Chile229 (0.03)249 (0.03)204 (0.03)224 (0.03)197 (0.03)238 (0.03)196 (0.03)220 (0.03)179 (0.02)215 (0.03)190 (0.03)166 (0.02)185 (0.03)263 (0.03)278 (0.04)216 (0.03)246 (0.03)235 (0.03)247 (0.03)217 (0.03)222 (0.03)189 (0.03)200 (0.03)217 (0.03)193 (0.03)211 (0.03)
    Australia139 (0.02)119 (0.02)128 (0.02)139 (0.02)132 (0.02)107 (0.01)145 (0.02)107 (0.01)121 (0.02)125 (0.02)106 (0.02)117 (0.02)104 (0.02)123 (0.02)134 (0.02)112 (0.01)125 (0.02)132 (0.02)106 (0.01)135 (0.02)132 (0.02)119 (0.02)112 (0.02)119 (0.02)131 (0.02)115 (0.02)
    Other countries in America465 (0.06)566 (0.07)539 (0.07)604 (0.08)662 (0.08)649 (0.09)718 (0.10)778 (0.11)832 (0.12)834 (0.12)821 (0.12)898 (0.13)905 (0.13)712 (0.09)751 (0.09)771 (0.10)835 (0.11)904 (0.12)946 (0.12) 908 (0.12)912 (0.12)1 089 (0.15)1 125 (0.16)1 117 (0.16)1 130 (0.16)1 149 (0.17)
    Other countries in Oceania64 (0.01)83 (0.01)79 (0.01)94 (0.01)95 (0.01)99 (0.01)100 (0.01)100 (0.01)97 (0.01)100 (0.01)103 (0.01)97 (0.01)86 (0.01)61 (0.01)49 (0.01)56 (0.01)73 (0.01)60 (0.01)74 (0.01)68 (0.01)72 (0.01)70 (0.01)65 (0.01)72 (0.01)57 (0.01)57 (0.01)
    Note: In 2010 some foreigners not declared country : father - 17,536; mother - 3,754

    Social issues

    Marriage, divorce and family types

    In 2020, there was a total of 154,581 marriages in France.[46]

    Employment and income

    Unemployment, youth ages 15–24:

    Total: 20.8%. Country comparison to the world: 61st.

    Male: 21.4%.

    Female: 20% (2018 est.).[47]

    Ethnic groups

    Note: people born outside of France (including the overseas departments) are referred to as immigrants regardless of their nationality (French or foreign). People without French nationality are referred to as foreigners regardless of their birthplace (France or abroad).

    Data collection

    Due to a law dating from 1872 at the start of the Third Republic, France has prohibited the collection of data on a citizen’s race, ethnicity, or their beliefs, such as religion, through national censuses,[48] [49] however, estimates have been made of the ethnic and racial demography of the country in the present.

    Some organizations, such as the Representative Council of Black Associations of France (French: link=no|Conseil représentatif des associations noires de France, CRAN), have argued in favour of the introduction of data collection on minority groups but this has been resisted by other organizations and ruling politicians,[50] [51] often on the grounds that collecting such statistics goes against France's secular principles and harks back to Vichy-era identity documents.[52] During the 2007 presidential election, however, Nicolas Sarkozy, polled on the issue, stated that he favoured the collection of data on ethnicity.[53] Part of a parliamentary bill that would have permitted the collection of data for the purpose of measuring discrimination was rejected by the Conseil Constitutionnel in November 2007.

    However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as the INED or the INSEE whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the National Commission for Computer-stocked data and Freedom (CNIL) and the National Council of Statistical Information (CNIS).[54]

    Statistics

    The modern ethnic French are the descendants of Celts, Iberians, Ligurians, Italic peoples (including Romans), and Greeks in southern France,[55] [56] later mixed with large groups of Germanic peoples arriving at the end of the Roman Empire such as the Franks, Burgundians, Alamanni, and Goths,[57] Moors and Saracens in the south,[58] [59] [60] [61] [62] [63] [64] and Scandinavians, Vikings, who became, by mixing with the local population, the Normans and settled mostly in Normandy in the 9th century.[65]

    In 1960 there was approximately 500,000 'coloured' people present in France, constituting 1.2% of the population.[66] In 2004, French conservative think-tank Institut Montaigne estimated that there were 51 million (85%) people of European ethnic origin, 6 million (10%) North African people, 2 million (3.5%) black people and 1 million (1.5%) people of Asian origin in Metropolitan France, including all generations of immigrant descendants.[67] TIME magazine in 2009 estimated that there was an estimated range of 4 to 7 million Arabs, 3 to 5 million Blacks, 1.5 million Asians and around 600,000 Jewish people.[68] Solis, a marketing company, estimated the numbers for ethnic minorities (immigrants and 2nd generation) in France in 2009 as 3.26 million Maghrebis (5.23%), 1.83 million black people (2.94%) (1.08 million Sub-Saharan Africans and 757,000 French from French West Indies), and 250,000 Turkish (0.71%).[69] [70]

    In 2015, Michèle Tribalat released a paper estimating population of ethnic minorities in France in 2011 to constitute 30% if ancestry retracted to 3 generations but with age limit of 60.15% were of other European origin and another 15% rest.[71]

    Newly released figures from France’s national statistical agency, which pulled census data from 2019-2020, revealed that nearly one-third of children aged four years and below are of non-European origin, a number which stands in sharp contrast with those recorded in older generations.

    The data, published by the National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE), indicates that among those aged four and below living in ordinary housing (all residences excluding those for students, the elderly, and asylum seekers) in metropolitan France, 41.6% were born outside of France themselves, or are descendants of non-French parents or grandparents, with 29.6% having origins outside of Europe.

    By comparison, a mere 7.6% of 60 to 64-year-olds and 3.1% of those over the age of 80 were of non-European origin over three generations, meaning they themselves, their parents, or grandparents were born outside of Europe.

    Figures also revealed that 16.2% of all children aged four and below living in France are of Maghreb descent—a term used to describe the predominately Arab regions of northwest Africa, including Morocco, Libya, Algeria, Mauritania, and Tunisia. One in ten children in the same age group in France are immigrants or are the children of immigrants from elsewhere in Europe, with 7.3% having originated from sub-Saharan Africa, 4% from Asia, and 1.7% from the rest of the world.

    The Paris region is a magnet for immigrants, hosting one of the largest concentrations of immigrants in Europe. As of 2006, about 45% of people (6 million) living in the region were either immigrant (25%) or born to at least one immigrant parent (20%).[72]

    Of European ethnic groups not indigenous to France, the most numerous are people of Italian family origin and it is estimated that about 5 million citizens (8% of the population) are at least partly of Italian origin if their parentage is retraced over three generations.[73] This is due to waves of Italian immigration, notably during the late 19th century and early 20th century. Other large European groups of non-native origin are Spaniards, Portuguese, Romanians, Poles, and Greeks. Also, due to more recent immigration, between five and six million people of Maghrebi origin[74] and approximately 800,000 Turks inhabit France.[75] [76]

    An influx of Maghrebi Jews immigrated to France in the 1950s and after the Algerian War due to the decline of the French empire. Subsequent waves of immigration followed the Six-Day War, when some Moroccan and Tunisian Jews settled in France. Hence, by 1968, Maghrebi Jews were about 500,000 and the majority in France. As the majority of these new immigrants were already culturally French, because of their cooperation with colonists, they needed little time to adjust to French society. Black people come from both the French overseas territories (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Réunion, and former colony Haiti) and Sub-Saharan Africa (especially Côte d'Ivoire, Mali, and Senegal). France has the largest black population in Europe.

    There is a substantial Romani population in France. There is approximately 400,000 Roma living in France.[77]

    Immigration

    See main article: Immigration to France.

    Since the 19th century, France has continued being a country of immigration. During the Trente Glorieuses (1946–1975), the country's reconstruction and steady economic growth led to the labor-immigration of the 1960s, when many employers found manpower in villages located in Southern Europe and North Africa. In 2008, the French national institute of statistics INSEE estimated that 11.8 million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (second generation) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 5.5 million are of European origin and 4 million of Maghrebi origin.[78] [79] Immigration to France exceeded 200,000 in recent years, as shown in table below.[80]

    Region200420052006200720082009201020112012% 2012
    Europe80 50078 66080 12079 29080 33075 04088 82094 580105 83046 % (including from Eastern Europe)
    Africa70 20066 11062 34062 14063 47066 48065 61066 28068 64030 % (including from Maghreb)
    Asia30 96030 12030 52032 07030 18032 96029 81032 43032 06014 % (including from China)
    America and Oceania19 81019 99020 46018 77021 44020 45026 27023 36023 07010%
    All countries201 470194 880193 440192 270195 420194 930210 510216 650229 600100%

    Before World War II

    In the 20th century, France experienced a high rate of immigration from other countries. The immigration rate was particularly high during the 1920s and 1930s. France was the European country which suffered the most from World War I, with respect to the size of its population, losing 1.3 million young men out of a total population of 40 million. France was also at the time the European country with the lowest fertility rate, which meant that the country had a very hard time recovering from the heavy losses of the war. France had to open its doors to immigration, which was the only way to prevent population decline between the two world wars.[81]

    At the time, France was the only European country to permit mass immigration. The other major European powers, such as the UK or Germany, still had high fertility rates, so immigration was seen as unnecessary, and it was also undesirable to the vast majority of their populations. The majority of immigrants in the 1920s came from Italy and Poland, though from the 1930s, some also came from elsewhere in southern and eastern Europe, and the first wave of colonial French subjects from Africa and Asia. This mass immigration was ended and partially reversed by the economic problems of the 1930s.[82] By the end of the Spanish Civil War, some half-million Spanish Republican refugees had crossedthe border into France.[83]

    Local populations often opposed immigrant manpower, leading to occasional outbursts of violence. The most violent was a pogrom against Italian workers who worked in the salt evaporation ponds of Peccais, erupted in Aigues-Mortes in 1893, killing at least nine and injuring hundreds on the Italian side.[84]

    After World War II

    After World War II, the French fertility rate rebounded considerably, as noted above, but economic growth in France was so high that new immigrants had to be brought into the country. Most immigrants were Portuguese as well as Arabs and Berbers from North Africa. The first wave arrived in the 1950s, but the major arrivals happened in the 1960s and 1970s. One million European pieds-noirs also migrated from Algeria in 1962 and the following years during the chaotic independence of Algeria.[85] France has over three million French of Algerian descent, a small percentage of whom are third-or fourth-generation French.

    French law facilitated the immigration of thousands of French settlers (colons in French language), ethnic or national French from former colonies of North and West Africa, India and Indochina, to mainland France. 1.6 million European pieds noirs settlers migrated from Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco.[86] In the 1970s, over 30,000 French settlers left Cambodia during the Khmer Rouge regime as the Pol Pot government confiscated their farms and land properties. However, after the 1973 energy crisis, laws limiting immigration were passed. In addition, the country's birth rate dropped significantly during this time.

    Between 1956 and 1967, about 235,000 Sephardic North African Jews from Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco also immigrated to France because of the decline of the French colonial empire and following the Six-Day War. Hence, by 1968, Sephardic North African Jews were the majority of the Jews in France. As the new immigrants were already culturally French, they needed little time to adjust to French society.[87]

    In the late 1970s, the end of high economic growth in France caused immigration policies to be considerably tightened, starting with laws by Charles Pasqua passed in 1986 and 1993. New immigrants were allowed only through the family reunion schemes (wives and children moving to France to live with husbands or fathers already living in France), or as asylum seekers. Illegal immigration thus developed as immigration policy became more rigid. In 2006, The French Ministry of the Interior estimated clandestine immigrants in France amounted to anywhere between 200,000 and 400,000 and expected between 80,000 and 100,000 people to enter the country illegally each year.[88]

    The Pasqua laws are a significant landmark in the shift in France's immigration policy through the course of the 20th century.They are a sign of the securitization aspect of immigration, giving more power to the police, allowing them to perform random identity checks and deport immigrants without legal papers. The rise in anti-immigration sentiments was reinforced by a series of terrorist bombs in Paris in 1986, linked to Muslim immigrants in France.[89]

    Tightening immigration laws, as well as notions of "zero immigration", reflected national views that arose within the discussion around immigrant family reunification and national identity. Institut français des relations internationales(IFRI) immigration expert, Christophe Bertossi, states that stigmatized as both a challenge to social cohesion and a "burden" for the French economy, family immigration is increasingly restricted and constructed as a racial issue. The "immigration choisie" policy strives consequently to select migrants according to their profile, skills and, still indirectly, origins.[90] [91]

    Nonetheless, immigration rates in the 1980s and 1990s were much lower than in the 1960s and 1970s, especially compared to other European countries. The regions of emigrations also widened, with new immigrants now coming from sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. In the 1970s, a small but well-publicized wave of Chilean and Argentine political refugees from their countries' dictatorships found asylum in France.

    Ethnic Vietnamese started to become a visible segment of society after the massive influx of refugees after the end of the Vietnam War in 1975. The expulsions of ethnic Chinese from Vietnam in the 1970s led to a wave of immigration and the settlement of the high-rise neighbourhood near the Porte d'Italie, where the Chinatown of Paris is located. Located in the 13th arrondissement, the area contains many ethnic Chinese inhabitants.[92]

    According to the distinguished French historian of immigration Gérard Noiriel, in 1989 one third of the population currently living in France was of "foreign" descent.[93]

    According to Michèle Tribalat, researcher at INED, there were, in 1999, approximately 14 million persons of foreign ancestry (about a quarter of the population), defined as either immigrants or people with at least one immigrant parent or grandparent. Half of them were of European ancestry (including 5.2 million from South Europe (Italy, Spain, Portugal and former Yugoslavia)). The rest were from Maghreb (3 million), Sub-Saharan Africa (680,000), Turkey (320,000) and other parts of the world (2.5 million).[94] Immigrants from the Maghreb are commonly referred to as beur, a verlan slang term derived from the word arabe (French for Arab).[95]

    The large-scale immigration from Islamic countries has sparked controversy in France. Nevertherless, according to Justin Vaïsse, in spite of challenges and setbacks like the riots in November 2005, in Parisian suburbs, where many immigrants live secluded from society with very few capabilities to live in better conditions, the integration of Muslim immigrants is happening as part of a background evolution[96] and recent studies confirmed the results of their assimilation, showing that "North Africans seem to be characterized by a high degree of cultural integration reflected in a relatively high propensity to exogamy" with rates ranging from 20% to 50%.[97] According to Emmanuel Todd, the relatively high exogamy among French Algerians can be explained by the colonial link between France and Algeria.[98] [99] One illustration of this growing resentment and job insecurity can be drawn from related events, such as the 2005 riots, which ensued in former President Chirac declaring a state of emergency.[100] Massive demonstrations to express frustration over unemployment took place in March 2009.[101] The importance of integration was brought to the forefront of the political agenda in Sarkozy's 2007 presidential campaign. Upon being elected, he symbolically created the French Ministry of Immigration, Integration, National Identity and Codevelopment. Integration is one of the pillars of its political aims.[102]

    Today

    In 2014, the National Institute of Statistics (INSEE is its acronym in French) published a study, according to which the numbers of Spanish, Portuguese and Italians in France had doubled between 2009 and 2012.

    According to the French Institute, the increase resulting from the financial crisis that hit several European countries in that period, has pushed up the number of Europeans installed in France.[9] Statistics on Spanish immigrants in France show a growth of 107% between 2009 and 2012, from 5300 to 11,000 people.[9]

    Of 229,000 foreigners in France in 2012, nearly 8% were Portuguese, British 5%, Spanish 5%, Italians 4%, Germans 4%, Romanians 3%, Belgians 3% and Dutch 2%.[9]

    With the increase of Spanish, Portuguese and Italians in France, in 2012 46% of immigrants were European, while the percentage for African immigrants reached 30%, of which Moroccans were 7%, Algerians 7%, and Tunisians 3%. Meanwhile, 14% of all immigrants who settled in France in that year were from Asian countries: 3% from China, 2% from Turkey, 10% from America and Oceania, Americans and Brazilians accounting for 2% each.[9]

    As of 2008, the French national institute of statistics INSEE estimated that 11.8 million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (limited to second-generation born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. More than 5.5 million are of European origin and about 4 million of Maghrebi origin (20% of Algerian origin and 15% of Moroccan or Tunisian origin). Immigrants aged 18 to 50 count for 2.7 million (10% of population age 18–50) and 5 million for all ages (8% of population). The second-generation immigrants aged 18 to 50 make up 3.1 million (12% of 18–50) and 6.5 million for all ages (11% of population).[78] [79] Without considering citizenship at birth, people not born in metropolitan France and their direct descendants made up 30% of the population aged 18–50 in metropolitan France as of 2008.[103]

    The region with the largest proportion of immigrants is the Île-de-France (Greater Paris), where 40% of immigrants live. Other important regions are Rhône-Alpes (Lyon) and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (Marseille). The most important individual countries of origin as of 2007 were Algeria (702,000), Morocco (645,000), Portugal (576,000), Italy (323,000), Spain (262,000) and Turkey (234,000). However, immigration from Asia (especially China), as well as from Sub-Saharan Africa (Senegal, Mali) is gaining in importance.

    42% of the immigrants are from Africa (30% from Maghreb and 12% from Sub-Saharan Africa), 38% from Europe (mainly from Portugal, Italy and Spain), 14% from Asia and 5% from America and Oceania.[79] Outside Europe and North Africa, the highest rate of immigration is from Vietnam, Cambodia and Senegal.

    The following table shows immigrants and second-generation immigrants by origin as of 2008 according to a study published by Insee in 2012. Third-generation immigrants, illegal immigrants, as well as ethnic minorities like black people from the French overseas territories residing in metropolitan France (800,000), Roms (500,000) or people born in Maghreb with French citizenship at birth (1 million Maghrebi Jews, Harkis and pieds-noirs) and their descendants, who are French by birth and not considered as immigrants or immigrant descendants, are not taken into account.[104]

    Net migration rate 1.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 61st

    Net migration of Metropolitan France, 1946-present

    France Population Data ! Year !! Population on January 1st !! Net migration
    1946 40,125,230 +25,000
    1947 40,448,254 +130,000
    1948 40,910,569 +45,000
    1949 41,313,195 +35,000
    1950 41,647,258 +35,000
    1951 42,010,088 +30,000
    1952 42,300,981 +20,000
    1953 42,618,354 +19,071
    1954 42,885,138 +50,872
    1955 43,227,872 +120,000
    1956 43,627,467 +170,000
    1957 44,058,683 +220,000
    1958 44,563,043 +140,000
    1959 45,014,662 +130,000
    1960 45,464,797 +140,000
    1961 45,903,656 +180,000
    1962 46,422,000 +860,200
    1963 47,573,406 +214,599
    1964 48,059,029 +185,000
    1965 48,561,800 +110,000
    1966 48,953,792 +125,000
    1967 49,373,537 +92,000
    1968 49,723,072 +102,308
    1969 50,107,735 +151,574
    1970 50,528,219 +179,911
    1971 51,016,234 +142,586
    1972 51,485,953 +102,314
    1973 51,915,873 +106,448
    1974 52,320,725 +30,608
    1975 52,600,000 +13,626
    1976 52,798,338 +57,386
    1977 53,019,005 +44,038
    1978 53,271,566 +19,361
    1979 53,481,073 +34,765
    1980 53,731,387 +43,974
    1981 54,028,630 +55,710
    1982 54,335,000 +60,865
    1983 54,649,984 +56,000
    1984 54,894,854 +45,000
    1985 55,157,303 +38,000
    1986 55,411,238 +39,000
    1987 55,681,780 +44,000
    1988 55,966,142 +57,000
    1989 56,269,810 +71,000
    1990 56,577,000 +80,000
    1991 56,840,661 +90,000
    1992 57,110,533 +90,000
    1993 57,369,161 +70,000
    1994 57,565,008 +50,000
    1995 57,752,535 +40,000
    1996 57,935,959 +35,000
    1997 58,116,018 +40,000
    1998 58,298,962 +45,000
    1999 58,496,613 +60,000
    2000 58,858,198 +70,000
    2001 59,266,572 +85,000
    2002 59,685,899 +95,000
    2003 60,101,841 +100,000
    2004 60,505,421 +105,000
    2005 60,963,264 +95,000
    2006 61,399,733 +115,025
    2007 61,795,238 +74,659
    2008 62,134,866 +66,930
    2009 62,465,709 +44,222
    2010 62,765,235 +43,354
    2011 63,070,344 +47,426
    2012 63,375,971 +90,831
    2013 63,697,865 +106,880
    2014 64,027,958 +38,699
    2015 64,300,821 +53,025
    2016 64,468,792 +87,964
    2017 64,639,133 +166,654
    2018 64,844,037 +211,349
    2019 65,096,768 +139,849
    2020 65,269,154 +227,847
    2021 (p) 65,505,213 +193,000
    2022 (p) 65,721,831 +193,000
    2023 (p) 65,925,961 +193,000
    2024 (p) 66,142,961 na
    Immigrants by origin (2008) in thousandsImmigrantsSecond generationTotal%
    Spain2576208777.3%
    Italy3179201 23710.4%
    Portugal5816601 24110.4%
    Other countries from EU276539201 57313.2%
    Other European countries2242104343.6%
    Europe Total 2 0323 3305 36244.9%
    Algeria7131 0001 71314.3%
    Morocco6546601 31411.0%
    Tunisia2352905254.4%
    Maghreb Total 1 6021 950 3 55229.7%
    Subsaharan Africa6695701 23910.4%
    Turkey2392204593.8%
    SouthEast Asia1631603232.7%
    Other Asian countries3552105654.7%
    America/Oceania2821704523.8%
    Other Regions Total1 708 1 3303 03825.4%
    Total5 3426 61011 952100.00%
    Place of BirthYear
    2011[105]
    Number%
    Place of Birth in Reporting Country (France)57,611,142
    Place of Birth Not in Reporting Country7,321,237
    Other EU Member State2,119,454
    Outside EU but within Europe313,555
    Outside Europe/ Non-European5,201,782
    Africa3,596,143
    Asia925,183
    North America77,569
    Caribbean, South or Central America279,529
    Oceania9,803
    Total64,933,400100%

    Immigrants by country of birth as of 2022:[106]

    CountryPopulation
    Italy887,800
    Portugal836,400
    Morocco573,000
    Spain328,200
    Algeria279,300
    Tunisia243,100
    Poland233,000
    United Kingdom145,200
    Romania139,100
    134,100
    Germany133,700
    Belgium119,300
    Senegal113,900
    105,400
    Cameroon98,800
    Haiti98,200
    Switzerland96,500
    Congo88,900
    87,700
    Serbia85,100
    Turkey79,900
    78,600
    75,200
    Mali73,100
    Guinea69,600
    Brazil61,400
    China55,000
    Sri Lanka52,700
    Cambodia51,100
    Lebanon49,100
    India48,600
    Afghanistan44,700
    41,700
    United States40,600
    Albania39,500

    In 2004, a total of 140,033 people immigrated to France. Of them, 90,250 were from Africa and 13,710 from Europe.[107] In 2005, immigration levels fell slightly to 135,890.[108] The European Union allows free movement between the member states. While the UK (along with Ireland and Sweden and non-EU members Norway and Switzerland) did not impose restrictions, France put in place controls to curb Eastern European migration.

    As at 1 January 2006, INSEE estimated that there were 3.5 million foreigners living in metropolitan France. Two out of five foreigners are from Portugal, Algeria or Morocco. Thus, EU nationals immigrating to France account for 1.2 million people, and 1.1 million people are from the three Maghreb countries of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. Immigrants are concentrated in Île-de-France, Rhone-Alpes, Provence and Côte d'Azur regions, accounting for 60% of the total immigrant population. Furthermore, there appears to be a lower rate of immigrants arriving from the EU since 1975 as opposed to an increase in African immigrants.[109]

    In the first decade of the 21st century, the net migration rate was estimated to be 0.66 migrants per 1,000 population a year.[110] This is a very low rate of immigration compared to other European countries, the United States or Canada. Since the beginning of the 1990s, France has been attempting to curb immigration, first with the Pasqua laws, followed by both right-wing and socialist-issued laws. This trend is also demonstrated in anti-immigrant sentiments among the public. For example, the Pew Research Center in Washington, D.C. conducted a public opinion poll in February 2004 among French nationals. This poll measured the extent of support for restricting immigration among French nationals, by age cohort. 24% of individuals 18 to 29 were restricting immigration, with 33% of individuals 30 to 49 and 53% for both 50 to 64 and 65 and over.[111] Nearly nine years later, a January 2013 poll conducted in France by Ipsos found that 70% of respondents said that there were "too many immigrants in France".[112]

    The immigration rate is currently lower than in other European countries such as United Kingdom and Spain; however, some say it is unlikely that the policies in themselves account for such a change. Again, as in the 1920s and 1930s, France stands in contrast with the rest of Europe. Back in the 1920s and 1930s, when other European countries had a high fertility rate, France had a low fertility rate and opened its doors to immigration to avoid a population decline. Today, it is the rest of Europe that has very low fertility rates, and countries like Germany or Spain avoid population decline only through immigration. In France, however, the fertility rate is still fairly high for European standards. It is, in fact, the highest in Europe after Ireland (the EU) and Albania (perhaps higher than Ireland's) and so most population growth is due to natural increase, unlike in the other European countries.[113]

    The difference in immigration trends is also because the labour market in France is currently less dynamic than in other countries such as the UK, Ireland or Spain. One reason for this could be France's relatively high unemployment, which the country has struggled to reduce for the past two decades. There is also a parallel dynamic between immigration and unemployment. Immigrants tend to be subjected to higher rates of unemployment. In 2008, the immigrant unemployment rate in France was a startling 13%, twice as high as for the national population (6%).[114] One can further analyse the trend in relation to education. In the ministry's 2010 report on professional inclusion for immigrants, 19.6% of immigrants without any education were unemployed while 16.1% of immigrants who had graduated high school were unemployed. Only 11.4% of immigrants with an undergraduate degree or higher were unemployed.[115]

    For example, according to the UK Office for National Statistics, between July 2001 and July 2004, the population of the UK increased by 721,500 inhabitants, of which 242,800 (34%) was due to natural increase, 478,500 (66%) to immigration.[116] According to the INSEE, between January 2001 and January 2004 the population of Metropolitan France increased by 1,057,000 inhabitants of which 678,000 (64%) was due to natural increase, 379,500 (36%) from immigration.[117]

    The latest 2008 demographic statistics have been released, and France's birth and fertility rates have continued to rise. The fertility rate increased to 2.01 in 2012 and, for the first time, surpasses the fertility rate of the United States.[118]

    North and South Americans in France

    Americans total more than 100,000[119] permanent residents in France, Canadians 11,931,[120] followed by Latin Americans, a growing subgroup, the most numerous of which are Brazilians, at 44,622,[121] followed by Colombians, at 40,000, Venezuelans, at 30,000,[122] Peruvians, at 22,002,[123] Argentineans, at 11,899,[124] and Chileans, 15,782.[125]

    Europeans in France

    In 2014 The National Institute of Statistics (INSEE, for its acronym in French) published a study, according to which has doubled the number of Spanish immigrants, Portuguese and Italians in France between 2009 and 2012.

    According to the French Institute, the increase resulting from the financial crisis that hit several European countries in that period, has pushed up the number of Europeans installed in France.[9] Statistics on Spanish immigrants in France show a growth of 107 percent between 2009 and 2012, i.e. in this period went from 5300 to 11,000 people.[126]

    Of the total of 229,000 foreigners in France in 2012, nearly 8% were Portuguese, British 5%,[9] Spanish 5%, Italians 4%, Germans 4%, Romanians 3%, 3% Belgians.[9]

    With the increase of Spanish, Portuguese and Italian in France, the weight of European immigrants arrived in 2012 to 46 percent, while this percentage for African reached 30%, with a presence in Morocco (7%), Algeria (7%) and Tunisia (3%).

    Meanwhile, 14% of all immigrants who settled in France that year were from Asian countries: 3% of China and 2% in Turkey, while in America and Oceania constitute 10% of Americans and Brazilians accounted for higher percentage, 2% each.[9]

    Maghrebis in France

    People of Maghrebi origin form the largest ethnic group in the country after those of European origin.

    According to Michèle Tribalat, a researcher at INED, there were 3.5 million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7 million in 2005).[127] Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the Paris region. Many famous French people like Edith Piaf,[128] Isabelle Adjani, Arnaud Montebourg, Alain Bashung, Dany Boon and many others have Maghrebi ancestry.

    Below is a table of population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands:

    Country19992005% 1999/2005% French population (60.7 million in 2005)
    Algeria1,5771,865+18.3%3.1%
    Immigrants574679
    Born in France1,0031,186
    Morocco1,0051,201+19.5%2.0%
    Immigrants523625
    Born in France482576
    Tunisia417458+9.8%0.8%
    Immigrants202222
    Born in France215236
    Total Maghreb2,9993,524+17.5%5.8%
    Immigrants1 2991 5262.5%
    Born in France1 7001 9983.3%

    In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% in Metropolitan France, 12% in Greater Paris and above 20% in French département of Seine-Saint-Denis.[129] [130]

    According to other sources, between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.[131]

    Immigration policy

    As mentioned above, the French Ministry of Immigration, Integration, National Identity and Codevelopment was created immediately following the appointment of Nicolas Sarkozy as president of France in 2007. Immigration has been a relevant political dimension in France's agenda in recent years. Sarkozy's agenda has sharpened the focus placed on integration of immigrants living in France as well as their acquisition of national identity. The state of immigration policy in France is fourfold. Its pillars of immigration policy are to regulate migratory flows in and out of France, facilitate immigrants' integration and promote French identity, honor the French tradition's principle of welcoming political asylum and promote solidarity within the immigrant population (principle of co-development).[132] In its 2010 Budget report, the Ministry of Immigration declared it would fund €600 million for its immigration policy objectives, a figure representing 60 million more than in 2009 (otherwise an 11.5% increase from 2009 figures).

    In July 2006, President Sarkozy put into effect a law on immigration based upon the notion of "chosen immigration",[133] which allows immigration into France to a restricted field of employment sectors, notably the hotel and restaurant industries, construction and seasonal employment. The following summer of 2007, Sarkozy amended the law to require the acquisition of the French language as a pre-condition. According to Christophe Bertossi, immigration expert in France's Institut français des relations internationales (IFRI), "there is a dominant trend in the French policy to stem family migration, notably conditioned after the 2007 law by a minimum level of French language tested and by the demonstration that he/she endorses the main French constitutional principles".[134]

    Despite Sarkozy's law, immigration from former colonies in the Maghreb and West Africa would end up steadily increasing under the presidencies of Nicolas Sarkozy, François Hollande and Emmanuel Macron.[135]

    France, along with other EU countries, have still not signed their agreement to the United Nations Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families of 1990.[136] This convention is a treaty to protect migrant workers' rights, in recognition of their human rights.

    Alternative policies have been discussed in formulating immigration policy, such as a quota system. At the beginning of 2008, as the government was rethinking its orientation on immigration policy with the creation of the new ministry, the idea of a quota system was introduced as a possible alternative. In early 2008, a proposal was made to Parliament to decide each year how many immigrants to accept, based on skill and origin. However, this quota policy contradicts the French Constitution. A commission was formed in February 2008 to study how the Constitution could be changed to allow for a quota system. The main difficulty is the origin principle of establishing a quota "constituting a breach in the universalistic ideology of the French Republic".

    On 18 January 2008, the government published a list of 150 job titles that were encountering difficult supply of labour.[137] Most immigrants living in France today are reported to cover the following sectors: agriculture, service to persons in need (childcare, the elderly), construction, education, health and services to businesses.[138] Thus, the government is seeking to match immigrants with the economic makeup of France. The current administration could also seek to integrate migrants and their families through education and training, making them more competitive in the job market. To tackle critical labour shortages, France also decided to participate in the EU Blue Card.

    Therefore, the outlook towards immigrants in France is shifting as unemployment continues to dominate the political agenda, along with political incentives to strengthen French national identity. Recent incidents, such as the 2005 civil unrest and Romani repatriation have shed light on France's immigration policies and how these are viewed globally, especially in congruence or discontinuity with the EU. A longitudinal study has been conducted since March 2010 to provide qualitative research regarding the integration of new immigrants.[139] The report is being finalized at the end of December 2010 and will be most relevant to provide insight into further immigration policy analysis for the French government.

    Languages

    See main article: Languages of France.

    French is the only official language of France, and is constitutionally required to be the language of government and administration. There is a rising cultural awareness of the regional languages of France, which enjoy no official status. These regional languages include the Langues d'oïl, Occitan, Franco-Provençal, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Breton, Germanic languages like Alsatian, and several languages spoken in Overseas France. Immigrant groups from former French colonies and elsewhere have also brought their own languages.

    Religion

    See main article: Religion in France. France has not collected religious or ethnic data in its censuses since the beginning of the Third Republic, but the country's predominant faith has been Roman Catholicism since the early Middle Ages. Church attendance is fairly low, however, and the proportion of the population that is not religious has grown over the past century. A 2004 IFOP survey tallied that 44% of the French people did not believe in God; contrasted to 20% in 1947.[140] A study by the CSA Institute conducted in 2003 with a sample of 18,000 people found that 65.3% considered themselves Roman Catholic, while 27% considered themselves atheists, and 12.7% (8,065,000 people) belonged to a religion other than Catholicism.

    In the early 21st century there were an estimated 5 million Muslims in France,[141] one million Protestants, 600,000 Buddhists, 491,000 Jews,[142] and 150,000 Orthodox Christians. The US State Department's International Religious Freedom Report 2004[143] estimated the French Hindu population at 181,312. These studies did not ask the respondents if they were practicing or how often they did practice if they were active in the laity.

    According to a poll conducted in 2001 for French Catholic magazine La Croix, 69% of respondents were Roman Catholic, 22% agnostic or atheist, 2% Protestant (Calvinist, Lutheran, Anglican and Evangelical), and 7% belonged to other religions.[144]

    According to a 2015 estimate of CIA World Factbook the numbers are: Christian (overwhelmingly Roman Catholic) 63-66%, Muslim 7-9%, Jewish 0.5-0.75%, Buddhist 0.5-0.75%, other 0.5-1.0%, none 23-28%.[145]

    List of France's largest aires urbaines (metropolitan areas)

    The following is a list of the twenty largest aires urbaines (metropolitan areas) in France, based on their population at the 2015 census. Population at the 2006 census is indicated for comparison.

    Between 2006 and 2011, Toulouse, Rennes, Montpellier, Nantes, Bordeaux and Lyon had the fastest-growing metropolitan areas in France.

    Rank
    (2015)    		Rank
    (2006)    		Aire urbaine
    (metropolitan area)[146]     		Population
    (2015)    		Population
    (2006)    		Yearly change
    (2006–2011)    		Land area
    (km2)
    11 Paris[147] 12,532,90111,956,493font style="color:green"+0.56%17,174
    22 Lyon[148] 2,291,7632,085,107font style="color:green"+0.98%6,019
    33 Marseille - Aix-en-Provence[149] 1,752,9381,692,459font style="color:green"+0.33%3,174
    44 Toulouse[150] 1,330,9541,169,865font style="color:green"+1.34%5,381
    55 Lille (French part) [151] 1,215,7691,152,507font style="color:green"+0.12%926
    66 Bordeaux[152] 1,184,7081,086,106font style="color:green"+0.99%5,613
    77 Nice[153] 1,005,891995,968font style="color:green"+0.16%2,585
    88 Nantes[154] 949,316841,404font style="color:green"+1.00%3,302
    99 Strasbourg (French part) [155] 780,515749,766font style="color:green"+0.38%2,198
    1012 Rennes[156] 719,840637,673font style="color:green"+1.29%3,747
    1110 Grenoble[157] 690,050659,459font style="color:green"+0.47%2,621
    1211 Rouen[158] 663,743643,499font style="color:green"+0.36%2,367
    1313 Toulon[159] 622,895598,514font style="color:green"+0.28%1,196
    1415 Montpellier[160] 599,965529,401font style="color:green"+1.18%1,673
    1514 Douai - Lens[161] 539,715545,636font style="color:red"−0.10%679
    1617 Avignon[162] 527,731501,866font style="color:green"+0.52%2,083
    1716 Saint-Étienne[163] 515,585508,284font style="color:green"+0.01%1,689
    1818 Tours[164] 492,722469,244font style="color:green"+0.47%3,184
    1919 Clermont-Ferrand[165] 479,096454,553font style="color:green"+0.55%2,420
    2020 Nancy[166] 435,336432,481font style="color:green"+0.10%2,367
    Urbanization
  • urban population: 81% of total population (2020)
  • rate of urbanization: 0.72% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

    See also

    External links

    Notes and References

    1. Web site: Titre | Insee. www.insee.fr.
    2. Web site: Bilan démographique 2021 . Insee. 19 January 2021.
    3. Web site: Demographic report 2023 - Insee Première - 1978 .
    4. Web site: Espérance de vie à divers âges et taux de mortalité infantile, France. INSEE. 5 May 2020. fr.
    5. Population of Metropolitan France: https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/1893198/estim-pop-nreg-sexe-gca-1975-2021.xls. The population of all five overseas departments totaled 2,172,000 https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/1893198/estim-pop-nreg-sexe-gca-1975-2021.xls in January 2021. The population of the overseas collectivities amounted to 613,000 inhabitants (Saint-Pierre and Miquelon https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3545753?sommaire=3292701, Saint-Barthélemy https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3545753?sommaire=3292701, Saint-Martin https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3545753?sommaire=3292701, French Polynesia https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2122700, Wallis et Futuna https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2121453, New Caledonia http://www.isee.nc/population/demographie). The total population of the overseas departments and territories of France is estimated at 2,785,000.
    6. Web site: Titre - Insee. Bdm.insee.fr. 1 September 2017. 12 June 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170612211735/https://www.bdm.insee.fr/bdm2/affichageSeries?idbank=001641607&page=tableau&request_locale=fr. dead.
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    17. Having two foreign-born parents does not mean that the granting of French citizenship is an automatic birthright.
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    19. http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/docs_ffc/ref/FPORSOC11d_VE22Immig.pdf Les immigrés, les descendants d'immigrés et leurs enfants
    20. Web site: 2009-03-23 . French plan to break taboo on ethnic data causes uproar . 2022-11-21 . the Guardian . en . The 1978 law that bans collecting ethnic data has roots in France's shame over collaboration with the Nazis during the second world war, when Jews were marked with yellow stars and sent to death camps..
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    26. According to the table
    27. Note: Crude migration change (per 1000) is a trend analysis, an extrapolation based average population change (current year minus previous) minus natural change of the current year (see table vital statistics). Average population is an estimate of the population in the middle of the year and not end of the year.
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    49. Web site: Shendruk . Amanda . 2021-07-08 . Are you even trying to stop racism if you don't collect data on race? . 2022-07-04 . Quartz . en.
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    56. Dominique Garcia: Entre Ibères et Ligures. Lodévois et moyenne vallée de l'Hérault protohistoriques. Paris, CNRS éd., 1993; Les Ibères dans le midi de la France. L'Archéologue, n°32, 1997, pp. 38–40
    57. Web site: HISTORY OF FRANCE . 1 September 2017 . Historyworld.net.
    58. "Les Gaulois figurent seulement parmi d'autres dans la multitude de couches de peuplement fort divers (Ligures, Ibères, Latins, Francs et Alamans, Nordiques, Sarrasins...) qui aboutissent à la population du pays à un moment donné ", Jean-Louis Brunaux, Nos ancêtres les Gaulois, éd. Seuil, 2008, p. 261
    59. "Notre Midi a sa pinte de sang sarrasin", Fernand Braudel, L'identité de la France – Les Hommes et les Choses (1986), Flammarion, 1990, p. 215
    60. "Les premiers musulmans arrivèrent en France à la suite de l'occupation de l'Espagne par les Maures, il y a plus d'un millénaire, et s'installèrent dans les environs de Toulouse – et jusqu'en Bourgogne. À Narbonne, les traces d'une mosquée datant du VIIIe siècle sont le témoignage de l'ancienneté de ce passé. Lors de la célèbre, et en partie mythologique, bataille de Poitiers en 732, dont les historiens reconsidèrent aujourd'hui l'importance, Charles Martel aurait stoppé la progression des envahisseurs arabes. Des réfugiés musulmans qui fuyaient la Reconquista espagnole, et plus tard l'Inquisition, firent souche en Languedoc-Roussillon et dans le Pays basque français, ainsi que dans le Béarn", Justin Vaïsse, Intégrer l'Islam, Odile Jacob, 2007, pp. 32–33
    61. " Les Sarrasins gardèrent longtemps sur les côtes de la Provence, à la Garde-Freinet, un solide point d'appui et de là purent faire des incursions dans une partie de la France. Au huitième siècle, lors de l'invasion des Berbères dit Arabes, ceux-ci avaient pénétré jusque dans la vallée de la Loire : on parle même de leur venue dans la région orientale de la France, à Luxeuil, dans les Vosges et devant Metz. [...] les observations des anthropologistes ne permettent pas de douter que nombre de familles françaises dans les bassins de la Garonne et du Rhône ne soient issus des envahisseurs musulmans, Berbères modifiés par leur croisement avec les Espagnols, les Arabes et les noirs d'Afrique.", Élisée Reclus,Nouvelle géographie universelle: la terre et les hommes, Élisée Reclus, éd. Hachette, 1881, t. 2, chap. 1-Vue d'ensemble – Le milieu et la race, Ançêtres de Français, p. 45-46
    62. "L'élément sémitique, juif et arabe, était fort en Languedoc. Narbonne avait été longtemps la capitale des Sarrasins en France. (...) Ces nobles du Midi étaient des gens d'esprit qui savaient bien la plupart que penser de leur noblesse. Il n'y en avait guère qui, en remontant un peu, ne rencontrassent dans leur généalogie quelque grand-mère sarrasine ou juive.", Jules Michelet, Histoire de France, éd. Chamerot, 1861, t. 2, p. 335
    63. "Bien que le séjour des Arabes en France n'ait été constitué que par une série de courtes invasions, ils ont laissé des traces profondes de leur passage dans la langue, et [...] ils en ont laissé également dans le sang. [...] L'ethnologie nous en fournit la preuve, en retrouvant, après tant de siècles, des descendants des Arabes sur plusieurs parties de notre sol. Dans le département de la Creuse, dans les Hautes-Alpes, et notamment dans plusieurs localités situées autour de Montmaure (montagne des Maures), dans le canton de Baignes (Charente), de même que dans certains villages des Landes, du Roussillon, du Languedoc, du Béarn, les descendants des Arabes sont facilement reconnaissables.", Gustave Le Bon, La Civilisation des Arabes (1884), La Fontaine au Roy, 1990, p. 237
    64. "Il est certain que, de nos jours, on peut encore trouver en France des descendants des Sarrasins, notamment dans toute la région du sud de la Loire, dans les monts d'Auvergne, en Guyenne, en Languedoc et en Provence, voire même en Bourgogne.", René Martial, La Race française (1934), Mercure de France, 1934, p. 101-102
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