1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries explained

Election Name:	1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries
Country:	United States
Type:	primary
Ongoing:	no
Previous Election:	1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries
Previous Year:	1980
Election Date:	February 20 to June 12, 1984
Votes For Election:	3,882 delegates to the 1984 Democratic National Convention
Needed Votes:	1,942 (majority)
Next Election:	1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries
Next Year:	1988
Colour1:	567953
Candidate1:	Walter Mondale
Home State1:	Minnesota
Delegate Count1:	1,929
States Carried1:	22
Popular Vote1:	6,952,912
Percentage1:	38.3%
Candidate2:	Gary Hart
Colour2:	a59400
Home State2:	Colorado
Delegate Count2:	1,164
States Carried2:	26
Popular Vote2:	6,504,842
Percentage2:	35.9%
Candidate3:	Jesse Jackson
Colour3:	73638c
Home State3:	Illinois
Delegate Count3:	358
States Carried3:	4
Popular Vote3:	3,282,431
Percentage3:	18.1%
Map Size:	450px
Democratic nominee
Before Election:	Jimmy Carter
After Election:	Walter Mondale

From February 20 to June 12, 1984, voters of the Democratic Party chose its nominee for president in the 1984 United States presidential election. Former Vice President Walter Mondale was selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 1984 Democratic National Convention held from July 16 to July 19, 1984, in San Francisco, California.

Candidates

Withdrew during primaries or convention

Candidate			Most recent office	Home state	CampaignWithdrawal date	Popular vote	Contests won
Gary Hart	data-sort-value="Hart"			U.S. Senator from Colorado (1975–1987)	Colorado	(Campaign)	6,504,842 (35.9%)	26 ME, NH, VT, MA, CT, RI, FL, OH, IN, WI, OK, NE, SD, ND, NM, CO, WY, MT, AZ, UT, ID, NV, WA, OR, CA, AK
Jesse Jackson	data-sort-value="Jackson"			None	Illinois	(Campaign)	3,282,431 (18.1%)	4 LA, MS, SC, DC

Declined to run

• U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts (Dec. 1, 1982)

Timeline

Background

The Commission on Presidential Nomination was formed in July 1981, under the leadership of Jim Hunt. The commission sought to increase the power of elected officials, who could choose a more moderate and ideologically representative candidate. Alan Cranston, Gillis William Long, and Walter Mondale supported giving elected officials positions as uncommitted delegates while Ted Kennedy opposed it. The report was completed on February 5, 1982. The commission allocated 568 delegates, 14% of the total, to unelected superdelegates, who were party leaders and elected officials. The primary schedule was reduced to occur from March to June, with the exception of Iowa and New Hampshire.

411 of the superdelegates were elected officials and 157 were party officials. Members of the U.S. House and U.S. Senate accounted for 200 delegates. Mondale's campaign capitalized on this and Richard Moe, with 20 lobbyists, gained support for Mondale from members of Congress. Thomas Hale Boggs Jr. lobbied for congressional support for John Glenn.

The majority of delegates were selected through primaries. Twenty-six primaries were held in 1984, less than the thirty-one in 1980. Mondale performed best in states with primaries while California was the only primary that Hart won. Hart won more caucus states than Mondale.

Overview and pre-contests

	Nominee
	Ended campaigns
	Iowa caucuses
	New Hampshire primary
	Super Tuesday
	Convention 1984

Kennedy, one of the leading possible candidates, announced in December 1982, that he would not run for the presidential nomination.

In June 1983, Cranston won a series of straw polls in Alabama, California, and Wisconsin and placed second in Massachusetts.^{[1] [2] [3]} Mondale won a straw poll in Maine in October. Glenn criticized the excessive spending on the straw poll as Cranston and Mondale both spent $100,000 and Hollings spent $25,000 while campaigning for it.^[4]

Jackson ended up winning 21% of the national primary vote but received only 8% of the delegates to the national convention, and he initially charged that his campaign was hurt by the same party rules that allowed Mondale to win. He also poured scorn on Mondale, saying that Hubert Humphrey was the "last significant politician out of the St. Paul-Minneapolis" area.^[5]

Colorado Senator Gary Hart was little-known when he announced his run February 1983, and barely received above 1% in the polls compared to other well-known figures. To counter this, Hart started campaigning early in New Hampshire, making a then-unprecedented canvassing tour in late September, months before the primary. This strategy attracted national media attention to his campaign, and by late 1983, he had risen moderately in the polls to the middle of the field, mostly at the expense of the sinking candidacies of John Glenn and Cranston.^{[6] [7]}

Hart criticized Mondale as an "old-fashioned" Great Society Democrat who symbolized "failed policies" of the past. Hart positioned himself as a younger, fresher, and more moderate Democrat who could appeal to younger voters. He emerged as a formidable candidate, winning the key Ohio and California primaries as well as several others, especially in the West. However, Hart could not overcome Mondale's financial and organizational advantages, especially among labor union leaders in the Midwest and industrial Northeast. Hart was also badly hurt during a televised debate when Mondale used a popular television commercial slogan to ridicule Hart's vague "New Ideas" platform. Turning to Hart on camera, Mondale said that whenever he heard Hart talk about his "New Ideas", he was reminded of the Wendy's fast-food slogan "Where's the beef?". The remark drew loud laughter and applause from the audience and caught Hart off-guard. Hart never fully recovered from Mondale's charge that his "New Ideas" were shallow and lacking in specifics. Earlier in the same Democratic primary debate, Hart committed a serious faux pas that largely went underreported. Asked what he would do if an unidentified airplane flew over the Iron Curtain from a Warsaw Pact nation, Hart replied that he would send up a United States Air Force plane and instruct them to determine whether or not it was an enemy plane by looking in the cockpit window to see if the pilots were wearing uniforms. Fellow candidate John Glenn, a former Marine Corps fighter pilot, replied that this was physically impossible.

At a roundtable debate between the three remaining Democratic candidates moderated by Phil Donahue, Mondale and Hart got in such a heated argument over the issue of U.S. policy in Central America that Jackson had to tap his water glass on the table to get them to simmer down.

Jackson's campaign was bolstered after he led a delegation to Syria that convinced Hafez al-Assad to release Bobby Goodman in January 1984. Jackson received large and overwhelming positive news coverage. However, positive news coverage ended after he called Jews "Hymies" and New York City "Hymietown". Jackson was also criticized for his relation with Louis Farrakhan.^[8]

Early contests

Mondale won the Iowa caucus with a plurality of the vote. Glenn performed poorly and came in sixth. Hart's campaign was bolstered by his second placing show. Hart, despite not winning Iowa, was now viewed as the only viable opponent to Mondale. Hart was polling below 10% nationally in late February, but was polling above 30% by March 2, and near 40% by March 6.

Mondale led Glenn by two-to-one in New Hampshire and Glenn led Hart by two-to-one in New Hampshire in polling from March 1983 to February 1984. However, Hart's polling improved shortly before the primary and won in New Hampshire. Mondale and Hart both won 6 delegates, despite Hart's popular vote victory, due to mathematical distribution.

Reubin Askew, Alan Cranston, and Fritz Hollings ended their campaigns after their poor results in New Hampshire.^{[9] [10]} Hart had incomplete delegate slates, such as him having 45 delegates slated for the 117 delegates up in Pennsylvania's primary. Hart adopted the delegate slates of withdrawn campaigns.^[11]

March contests

Glenn's campaign stated that he needed to win Alabama and perform well in Georgia.^[12] Mondale won the statewide popular vote in Georgia, but Hart won in more congressional districts and won a plurality of the state's delegates.^{[13] [14]}

Hollings was expected to win South Carolina as a favorite son candidate, but withdrew before the state held its caucus.^[15]

On March 31, the Kentucky precinct caucuses elected a plurality uncommitted delegation supported by Martha Layne Collins. Mondale won the Virgin Islands caucus.^[16]

April contests

Hart won the Wisconsin primary, but none of the major candidates campaigned in the state due to the primary having no pledged delegates.^[17] Mondale won the caucus which was responsible for the allocation of 78 of the state's 89 delegates.^[18]

Louisiana cancelled its primary, as it was unable to afford the $1.5 million cost, and caucuses were held for both parties instead.^[19]

Last contests

On May 1, Jackson won Washington D.C. and Mondale won Tennessee. In order to gain the nomination Hart needed to win 91% of the remaining delegates after these contests.^[20]

Mondale gradually pulled away from Hart in the delegate count, but the race was not decided until June, on "Super Tuesday III".^[21] Decided that day were delegates from five states: South Dakota, New Mexico, West Virginia, and the big prizes of California and New Jersey.^[22] The proportional nature of delegate selection meant that Mondale was likely to obtain enough delegates on that day to secure the stated support of an overall majority of delegates, and hence the nomination, no matter who actually "won" the states contested. However, Hart maintained that unpledged superdelegates that had previously claimed support for Mondale would shift to his side if he swept the Super Tuesday III primary.^[23] Once again, Hart committed a faux pas, insulting New Jersey shortly before the primary day. Campaigning in California, he remarked that while the "bad news" was that he and his wife Lee had to campaign separately, "[t]he good news for her is that she campaigns in California while I campaign in New Jersey." Compounding the problem, when his wife interjected that she "got to hold a koala bear," Hart replied that "I won't tell you what I got to hold: samples from a toxic-waste dump." While Hart won California, he decisively lost New Jersey after leading in polls by as much as 15 points.

North Dakota held its first presidential primary, but no delegates were bound by it. Hart won the primary against Lyndon LaRouche, the only other candidate on the ballot.^[24]

McGovern endorsed Mondale on July 11, and instructed his 23 delegates to vote for Mondale. Mondale was already 28 delegates above the minimum required to win.^[25]

Mondale had the support of 81 state chairs and vice-chairs, Hart had 13, Jackson had 1, and 19 were uncommitted one week before the convention. The final CBS poll of delegates before the convention showed that among the superdelegates 384 supported Mondale, 58 supported Hart, 25 supported Jackson, and 101 were uncommitted.

Convention and aftermath

By the time the Democratic Convention started in San Francisco, Mondale had more than enough delegates to win the Democratic nomination. However, after Mondale's landslide loss to Ronald Reagan, Hart would quickly emerge as the frontrunner for the 1988 Democratic Party's presidential nomination. He would maintain that status until a sex scandal derailed his candidacy in 1987.

Mondale's nomination marked only the fifth time that the Democratic Party nominated a private citizen for President (i.e., not serving in an official government role at the time of the nomination and election), following former Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter in 1976, who followed former Illinois Governor Adlai Stevenson II in 1956, who followed former West Virginia Congressman John W. Davis in 1924, who was preceded by former President Grover Cleveland in 1892. The Democratic Party did not nominate another private citizen until former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, in 2016. Four years later, the party nominated former vice president Joe Biden. Of the seven private-citizen Democratic nominees, Jimmy Carter, Grover Cleveland, and Joe Biden won their respective presidential elections.^[26]

One-third of people who supported Hart during the Democratic primary voted for Reagan.

Endorsements

See main article: Endorsements in the 1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries. Mondale had received endorsements from:

United States House of Representatives

• Representative Jim Bates of California^[27]
• Representative Edward Boland of Massachusetts
• Representative Rick Boucher of Virginia^[28]
• Representative Joseph D. Early of Massachusetts
• Representative Barney Frank of Massachusetts
• Representative Robert García of New York^[29]
• Representative Sam Gejdenson of Connecticut^[30]
• Representative Tom Harkin of Iowa^[31]
• Representative Joe Moakley of Massachusetts
• Representative Charles B. Rangel of New York^[32]
• Representative William R. Ratchford of Connecticut
• Representative James Michael Shannon of Massachusetts

Governors and State Constitutional officers

• New York Attorney General Robert Abrams
• Governor Mario Cuomo of New York
• Lieutenant Governor Zell Miller of Georgia^[33]

Former officeholders

• Former President Jimmy Carter of Georgia^[34]

Former diplomats, board members and other officials

• Former Secretary of State Dean Rusk of Georgia

Organizations and unions

• AFL–CIO
• Alabama Democratic Conference^[35]
• National Education Association^[36]
• National Organization for Women

Current and former state and local officials and party officeholders

Alabama

• Mayor Richard Arrington, Jr. of Birmingham^[37]

California

• Mayor and 1982 Democratic Gubernatorial nominee Tom Bradley of Los Angeles^[38]

Georgia

• State Senator Julian Bond

Illinois

• Former Alderman, President of the City Council, 1983 mayoral candidate, and Cook County Democratic Party Chairman Edward Vrdolyak of Chicago^[39]

Michigan

• Mayor Coleman Young of Detroit

Celebrities, political activists, and political commentators

• Actress Ellen Burstyn
• Actor Paul Newman

Hart had received endorsements from:

United States House of Representatives

• Representative Patricia Schroeder of Colorado^[40]
• Representative Chuck Schumer of New York^[41]
• Representative and 1976 Democratic presidential candidate Mo Udall of Arizona^[42]
• Representative Henry A. Waxman of California^[43]

Celebrities, political activists, and political commentators

• Actor and director Warren Beatty^[44]
• Actress Goldie Hawn
• Singer Don Henley
• Singer Carole King
• Actor Hal Linden
• Actress Penny Marshall
• Actor Walter Matthau
• Actor Jack Nicholson
• Actor Robert Redford
• Comedian Robin Williams^[45]
• Actress Debra Winger^[45]

Jackson had received endorsements from:

United States House of Representatives

• Delegate Walter E. Fauntroy of Washington, D.C.^[46]

Former officeholders

• Former Representative and 1972 Democratic presidential candidate Shirley Chisholm of New York^[47]
• Former Governor Orval E. Faubus of Arkansas^[48]

Current and former state and local officials and party officeholders

Alabama

• State Senator Michael Figures^[49]
• Mayor Johnny Ford of Tuskegee
• State Senator Earl Hilliard^[50]
• State Senator Hank Sanders

Georgia

• State Representative Tyrone Brookes^[51]

Illinois

• Mayor Carl Officer of East St. Louis

Indiana

• Mayor Richard G. Hatcher of Gary

Washington, D.C.

• Mayor Marion Barry of Washington, D.C.^[52]

Organizations and unions

• Church of God in Christ
• Nation of Islam^[53]
• National Baptist Convention of America, Inc.
• National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.^[54]
• National Farmers Alliance
• National Hispanic Leadership Conference

Celebrities, political activists, and political commentators

• Muhammad Ali
• Singer Harry Belafonte^[45]
• 1980 presidential nominee of the Citizens Party Barry Commoner^[55]
• Comedian Bill Cosby^[45]

Hollings had received endorsements from:

United States Senate

• Former U.S. Senator Birch Bayh of Indiana^[56]
• Former U.S. Senator William B. Spong, Jr. of Virginia^[57]

State Constitutional officers

• Lieutenant Governor Martha Griffiths of Michigan^[58]
• State Senator Anna Belle Clement O'Brien of Tennessee^[59]
• Lieutenant Governor Nancy Stevenson of South Carolina

Opinion polling

Before 1983

Poll source	Date(s)
Gallup^[60]	Apr. 23–26, 1982	6%	11%	6%		45%	–	12%	9%	11%
Gallup	July 30–Aug. 2, 1982	4%	8%	7%		43%	–	13%	25%
Gallup^[61]	Dec. 10–13, 1982	5%	–	14%	–	6%		32%	17%	26%

1983

Poll source	Publication
Gallup^[62]	Mar. 1983	2%	3%	13%	2%	1%	–	4%		32%
Gallup	Apr. 1983	1%	3%	23%	4%	1%	–	–		29%
Gallup	June 1983	3%	8%	24%	3%	1%	–	–		41%
Gallup	July 1983	2%	7%	25%	4%	2%	–	–		41%
Gallup	Sep. 1983	3%	5%	23%	3%	1%	8%	8%		34%
Gallup	Oct. 1983	1%	6%	21%	3%	1%	10%	8%		40%
Gallup	Oct. 1983	2%	3%	23%	1%	1%	8%	7%		34%
Gallup	Nov. 1983	3%	3%	19%	2%	1%	7%	7%		47%
Gallup	Dec. 1983	1%	3%	24%	3%	1%	10%	8%		40%

1984

Poll source	Publication
Gallup	Jan. 1984	1%	4%	16%	3%	1%	9%	4%		47%
Gallup	Jan. 1984	2%	3%	15%	2%	1%	11%	7%		47%
Gallup	Feb. 1984	2%	3%	13%	3%	1%	13%	5%		49%
USA Today^[63]	Mar. 9, 1984				34%					32%!-->

Results by state

Date	Total pledged delegates	Contest	Delegates won and popular vote						Total	Reference
			Walter Mondale	Gary Hart	Jesse Jackson	John Glenn	Uncommitted	Others
February 20	0	Iowa caucus	48.9%	16.5%	1.5%	3.5%	9.4%	20.2%		^[64]
February 28	12	New Hampshire primary	6 28,173 (27.88%)	6 37,702 (37.31%)	5,311 (5.26%)	12,088 (11.96%)		17,671 (17.49%)	101,045	^[65]
March 4	0	Maine caucus	7,364 (43.73%)	8,540 (50.71%)	105 (0.62%)	52 (0.31%)	602 (3.57%)	178 (1.06%)	16,841	^[66] ^[67]
March 6	0	Vermont primary	14,985 (20.25%)	51,873 (70.08%)	5,761 (7.78%)			1,399 (1.89%)	74,018	^[68]
March 10	12	Wyoming caucus	4 1,266 (35.84%)	8 2,153 (60.96%)	15 (0.42%)	3 (0.08%)	101 (2.86%)	8 (0.23%)	3,532	^[69] ^[70] ^[71]
March 13	52	Alabama primary	23 116,920 (27.30%)	11 88,465 (20.66%)	9 83,787 (19.56%)	9 89,286 (20.85%)	4,464 (1.04%)	45,361 (10.59%)	428,283	^[72] ^[73]
	123	Florida primary	57 394,350 (35.66%)	36 463,799 (41.94%)	0 144,263 (13.05%)	0 128,209 (11.59%)		30 51,669 (4.67%)	1,105,750	^[74] ^[75] ^[76]
	84	Georgia primary	24 208,588 (30.47%)	28 186,903 (27.30%)	17 143,730 (21.00%)	1 122,744 (17.93%)	3,068 (0.45%)	19,508 (2.85%)	684,541	^[77] ^[78]
	0	Hawaii caucus	911 (32.3%)		118 (4.2%)		1,790 (63.5%)			^[79]
	106	Massachusetts primary	41 160,893 (25.14%)	52 245,943 (38.43%)	31,824 (4.97%)	45,456 (7.10%)	5,080 (0.79%)	13 196,305 (30.67%)	640,045	^[80]
	0	Nevada caucus	(37.7%)	(52.3%)	(0.6%)	(2%)	(7.2%)	(0.2%)	5,000	^[81]
	0	Oklahoma caucus	(39.7%)	(41.4%)	(3.8%)	(5.0%)	(10.1%)		42,000	^[82]
	26	Rhode Island primary	12	12				2
	66	Washington caucus	31	34	1
March 14	18	Delaware caucus	13	5				3
	12	North Dakota caucus	8	4
March 15	0	Alaska caucus								^[83] ^[84]
March 17	42	Arkansas caucus	24	9	7			2
	5	Latin American Democrats caucus	1	9	7			4
		Kentucky urban caucus
	155	Michigan caucus	95	49	9			2
	43	Mississippi caucus	23	4	12			4
	3	Panama Canal Zone					3			^[85]
	43	South Carolina caucus	15	7	16			10
March 18	53	Puerto Rico caucus	53
March 20	194	Illinois primary	114	42	6			32
	78	Minnesota caucus	51	3	2			22
March 24	44	Kansas caucus	24	16				4
March 24–26	78	Virginia caucus	31	13	22			12
March 25	20	Montana caucus	3	13				4
March 27	60	Connecticut primary	23	36	1			4
March 31	0	Oklahoma county convention	(41.1%)	(50.8%)	(1.3%)		(6.6%)		945	^[86] ^[87]
April 3	0	Wisconsin primary	261,374 (41.11%)	282,435 (44.42%)	62,524 (9.83%)	6,398 (1.01%)		23,037 (3.62%)	635,768
April 3	285	New York primary	155	77	51			2
April 7	69	Louisiana caucus	16	21	24			8
	0	Wisconsin caucus	1,419	952	86	0	0	0
	0	Iowa county conventions	1,654	949	36	0	314	248		^[88] ^[89]
April 10	117	Pennsylvania primary	81	14	16	1	4	1		^[90] ^[91]
April 14	40	Arizona caucus	19	19	1			1
	29	Oklahoma district conventions	13	16						^[92]
April 15	8	New Hampshire convention	3	3			2			^[93]
April 16	24	Utah caucus	4	14				6
April 17	83	Missouri caucus	53	9	15			6
April 24	0	Vermont caucus	431	691	215		87			^[94]
	7	Guam caucus	6.25	0.75
April ?	0	Nevada county convention								^[95]
May 1	16	Washington D.C. primary	4		12
	76	Tennessee primary	35	21	15			5
May 5	34	Iowa district conventions	20	13	0	0	0	1		^[96]
	186	Texas caucus	100	38	30			18
	53	Wisconsin congressional district caucus	31	17	5	0	0	0
May 6	27	Maine convention	12	13			2			^[97]
	18	Oklahoma state convention	6	12						^[98]
	17	Nevada convention	6	11						^[99]
May 7	48	Colorado caucus		45				3
May 8	80	Indiana primary	31	38	7			4
	70	Maryland primary	47	3	17			3
	80	North Carolina primary	47	18	14			1
	176	Ohio primary	80	80	10			6
May 13	11	Alaska convention	6	4	1					^[100]
May 15	24	Nebraska primary	8	16
	47	Oregon primary	18	29
May 19	6	American Samoa caucus	6
May 22	20	Idaho primary	6	11				3
May 26	19	Hawaii convention	6				13			^[101]
	17	Vermont convention	5	8	3		1			^[102]
	18	Wisconsin at-large delegates	5	2	0	0	11	0
June 2	55	Pennsylvania convention	55	0	0	0	0	0		^[103]
June 5	333	California primary	91	207	30				5
	114	New Jersey primary	104	1	8				1
	27	New Mexico primary	13	14
	17	South Dakota primary	7	9					1
	35	West Virginia primary	22 198,776 (51.91%)	13 137,866 (38.09%)	24,697 (6.82%)			632 (0.17%)	361,971	^[104]
June 9	24	Iowa conventions	15	7	0	0	0	1		^[105] ^[106]
Total

When he made his acceptance speech at the Democratic Convention, Mondale said: "Let's tell the truth. Mr. Reagan will raise taxes, and so will I. He won't tell you. I just did." Although Mondale intended to expose Reagan as hypocritical and position himself as the honest candidate, the choice of taxes as a discussion point likely damaged his electoral chances.

Vice-Presidential nominee

Mondale chose U.S. Rep. Geraldine A. Ferraro of New York as his running mate and she was confirmed by acclamation, making her the first woman nominated for that position by a major party.

Aides later said that Mondale was determined to establish a precedent with his vice presidential candidate, considering San Francisco Mayor (Later U.S. Senator) Dianne Feinstein and Governor of Kentucky Martha Layne Collins, who were also female; Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley, an African American; and San Antonio Mayor Henry Cisneros, a Hispanic, as other finalists for the nomination. Unsuccessful nomination candidate Jackson derided Mondale's vice-presidential screening process as a "P.R. parade of personalities"; however, he praised Mondale for his choice.

Others however preferred Senator Lloyd Bentsen because he would appeal to more conservative Southern voters. Nomination rival Gary Hart had also been lobbying for the vice-presidential spot on the ticket once it became apparent that Mondale had clinched the majority of delegates; Hart's supporters claimed he would do better than Mondale against President Reagan, an argument undercut by a June 1984 Gallup poll that showed both men nine points behind the President.

Politicians considered for vice presidential nomination:^[107]

See also

• Republican Party presidential primaries, 1984

Works cited

• Book: Votes For Presidential Primaries - Democratic Party . . 1984 . .
• Book: Primary and General Elections . . 1984 . .
• Book: The state of Wisconsin Blue Book 1985-1986 . Wisconsin . 1986 . .
• Book: The Iowa Official Register: 1991-1992 . . 1993 . .
• Book: Cleland, Max . Max Cleland . Consolidated Vote State Democratic and Republican Presidential Primary . . 1984 .
• Book: Morgan, Christopher . State of New Hampshire Manual for the General Court . . 1985 .
• Book: Ranney . Austin . J. Austin Ranney . The American Elections of 1984 . . 1985 . 0822302306.
• Rosenstone . Steven . Explaining the 1984 Presidential Election . The Brookings Review . . 1985 . 3 . 2 . 25–32 . 20079866 .
• Book: Willis . Todd . West Virginia Blue Book . . 1984 .
• Book: Wormser . Michael . Elections '84 . . 1984 . 0871873109 .

Notes and References

1. News: June 18, 1983 . Harris . Art . Cranston Is First in Straw Vote Of Alabama Young Democrats . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240215152119/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1983/06/19/cranston-is-first-in-straw-vote-of-alabama-young-democrats/db5c80f1-9681-40b9-b99c-6f6246fb9c6e/ . February 15, 2024.
2. News: June 12, 1983 . Raines . Howell . Cranston Beats Mondale In Wisconsin Democratic Straw Poll . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240215152019/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/06/12/us/cranston-beats-mondale-in-wisconsin-democratic-straw-poll.html . February 15, 2024.
3. News: June 19, 1983 . Around The Nation; Cranston Bests Hollings In Alabama Straw Poll . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240215152117/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/06/19/us/around-the-nation-cranston-bests-hollings-in-alabama-straw-poll.html . February 15, 2024.
4. News: October 1, 1983 . Broder . David . Mondale Captures Maine Straw Poll, AFL-CIO Backing . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170828105415/https://www.washingtonpost.com/web/20170828105415/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1983/10/02/mondale-captures-maine-straw-poll-afl-cio-backing/380be3d6-1d73-4cd9-b473-576450f4e7f6/?utm_term=.4234ed41902f . August 28, 2017.
5. Trying to Win the Peace. https://web.archive.org/web/20070930092516/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,926644,00.html . dead . September 30, 2007 . . 1984-07-02 . Evan Thomas .
6. News: Candidates Facing First Major Test in Iowa Caucuses. The New York Times. 19 February 1984. Raines. Howell.
7. Web site: Caucus history: Past years' results. 2021-07-20. 2016-11-08. https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20161108193008/http://caucuses.desmoinesregister.com/caucus-history-past-years-results/. bot: unknown.
8. News: Jesse Jackson's 'Hymietown' Remark – 1984 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240216203947/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/frenzy/jackson.htm . February 16, 2024.
9. News: March 1, 1984 . Hollings Withdraws From Democratic Race . 16 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240215041101/https://www.newspapers.com/article/concord-monitor/140980580/ . February 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
10. News: March 2, 1984 . New Hampshire Reality Punctures 3 Candidates' White House Dreams . 1 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240215041925/https://www.newspapers.com/article/concord-monitor/140981002/ . February 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
11. News: April 18, 1984 . Playing for delegates . 12 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240215103014/https://www.newspapers.com/article/concord-monitor/140988578/ . February 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
12. News: February 19, 1984 . Raines . Howell . Candidates Facing First Major Test In Iowa Caucuses . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230516001608/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/02/19/us/candidates-facing-first-major-test-in-iowa-caucuses.html . May 16, 2023.
13. News: March 15, 1984 . Mondale's winning margin 3% . 23A . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240324202515/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-atlanta-journal/144044421/ . March 24, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
14. News: March 14, 1984 . Mondale wins Georgia; Hart takes 5 states . 1A . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240324203248/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-atlanta-journal/144045000/ . March 24, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
15. News: March 16, 1984 . Uncommitted delegates are a major factor . 15A . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240324202259/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-atlanta-constitution/144044192/ . March 24, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
16. News: April 1, 1984 . Uncommitted slate leads in Kentucky . 1A . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240212124756/https://www.newspapers.com/article/sioux-city-journal/140785483/ . February 12, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
17. News: April 4, 1984 . Polls show Jewish, union votes carry Mondale to victory . 9A . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240212125838/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-des-moines-register/140785718/ . February 12, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
18. News: April 8, 1984 . Mondale trounces Hart in Wisconsin's caucuses . 9A . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240212130744/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-des-moines-register/140785917/ . February 12, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
19. News: March 15, 1984 . Louisiana calls off primary, citing cost . 1A . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240324204054/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-atlanta-constitution/144045684/ . March 24, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
20. News: May 2, 1984 . Hart shut out in primaries . 1A . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240212133440/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-gazette/140786592/ . February 12, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
21. Over the Top, Barely. https://web.archive.org/web/20071102203118/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,951168,00.html. dead. November 2, 2007. Time. 1984-06-18. Ed Magnuson.
22. A Big Bicoastal Finale. https://web.archive.org/web/20081212010036/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,951132-1,00.html. dead. December 12, 2008. Time. 1984-06-04. George J. Church.
23. Last Call, and Out Reeling. https://web.archive.org/web/20080421091601/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,926535,00.html . dead . April 21, 2008 . . 1984-06-11 . Evan Thomas .
24. News: June 13, 1984 . Thurmond nominated for 6th term in Senate . 3A . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240212141644/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-des-moines-register/140787889/ . February 12, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
25. News: June 13, 1984 . Mondale wins endorsement by McGovern . 1A . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240213055808/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-des-moines-register/140798479/ . February 13, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
26. http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/conventions/chicago/facts/famous.speeches/mondale.84.shtml Mondale's Acceptance Speech, 1984
27. News: March 3, 1984 . Six California House Members Switch: Cranston To Mondale . 13 . The Napa Valley Register . May 13, 2022.
28. News: Crowder . Ken . Gannaway . Glenn . March 27, 1984 . No winner in Lee, WIse caucuses . 15 . Kingsport Times-News . May 13, 2022.
29. Web site: Lynn . Frank . State Drawing Presidential Hopefuls State . The New York Times. January 15, 1984 . August 11, 2014.
30. Web site: Democrats Choose Delegates . . January 24, 1984 . August 11, 2014.
31. News: Hyde . John . January 26, 1984 . Harkin, Bedell, Smith win seats at convention . 4 . . May 13, 2022 . Harkin and Bedell have endorsed the candidacy of former Vice President Walter Mondale..
32. News: Moses . Charles T. . April 1, 1984 . Primary Called Test of Black Voting Power . 15 . Newsday (Suffolk Edition) . May 13, 2022 . Others closely tied to the Democratic Party structure, including Rep. Charles Rangel (D-Manhattan), national vice chairman for Walter Mondale's campaign and a powerful leader in the black community, have described Jackson's candidacy as one blacks cannot afford to endorse..
33. Web site: Raines . Howell . Southern Primaries Could Spell Trouble For Glenn . The New York Times . January 29, 1984 . August 11, 2014.
34. Web site: Raines . Howell . Democrats Pursue Southern Support . The New York Times . October 20, 1983 . August 11, 2014.
35. Web site: Boyd . Gerald M. . Alabama Blacks' Group Decides To Back Mondale-Jackson Ticket . The New York Times . December 11, 1983 . August 11, 2014.
36. Web site: Raines . Howell . MONDALE HAD GOOD '83 – NOW THE REAL TEST BEGINS . The New York Times . December 12, 1983 . August 11, 2014.
37. Web site: Smith . Hedrick . Experts Say The South Looks Blead For Glenn . The New York Times . February 25, 1984 . August 11, 2014.
38. Web site: HOWELL RAINES. A Provocative Candidate . The New York Times . November 4, 1983 . August 11, 2014.
39. Web site: Gailey . Phil . Political Potholes Ahead For Traveling Democrats . Chicago (Ill) . The New York Times . December 5, 1983 . August 11, 2014.
40. Web site: Raines . Howell . Politics – Hart'S Tactics Askew'S Train And Film Anxieties . The New York Times . October 19, 1983 . August 11, 2014.
41. News: Rainie . Harrison . June 7, 1984 . Urge Hart to pack it in for unity . 34 . Daily News . May 13, 2022.
42. Web site: HOWELL RAINES. 8 DEMOCRATS GIRD FOR KEY PRIMARY IN NEW HAMPSHIRE . New Hampshire . The New York Times . February 26, 1984 . August 11, 2014.
43. News: Abramson . Rudy . Oates . May Louise . March 8, 1984 . Senator Accuses Reagan of Using Divisive Issues . 1 . . May 13, 2022.
44. Web site: Plotz. David. 1999-08-20. Warren Beatty. 2022-12-24. Slate Magazine. en.
45. Web site: Campaign '84;NEWLN:Celebrity train runs out of steam before Democratic convention. 1 August 1984.
46. Web site: Smothers . Ronald . Democratic Candidates Welcome Jackson Bid For Nomination . The New York Times . November 1, 1983 . August 11, 2014.
47. Web site: Smothers . Ronald . Jackson Declares Formal Candidacy . The New York Times . November 4, 1983 . August 11, 2014.
48. News: March 10, 1984 . Orval Faubus Supporting Jackson . 6 . The Charlotte Observer . May 13, 2022.
49. Web site: Smothers . Ronald . Jackson Wins Attention But Strength Is Unclear . The New York Times . December 28, 1983 . August 11, 2014.
50. Web site: Ronald Smothers . Alabama Black Leaders Are Urging Pragmatism In Supporting Mondale . The New York Times . March 12, 1984 . August 11, 2014.
51. Web site: Smothers . Ronald . Jackson Attracts Crowds, But Planning Is Erratic . The New York Times . January 15, 1984 . August 11, 2014.
52. News: Canerdy . Beverly . March 12, 1984 . D.C. mayor stumps for Jackson . 12 . Clarion-Ledger . May 13, 2022.
53. Web site: Boyd . Gerald M. . Black Churches A Mainspring Of Jackson'S Efforts . The New York Times . February 14, 1984 . August 11, 2014.
54. Web site: Raines . Howell . Jackson Gets Support, Apparently Without Poll Of The Group . The New York Times . December 2, 1983 . August 11, 2014.
55. Web site: Barry Commoner Vows To Back Jesse Jackson. August 30, 1983. The New York Times. January 18, 2015.
56. Web site: South Carolina Political Collections – University Libraries | University of South Carolina. sc.edu.
57. News: Del. Pickett to Head Mondale's Va. Race . Tom Sherwood . . December 15, 1983.
58. Web site: Winchester Star Newspaper Archives February 10, 1984 Page 18. 10 February 1984.
59. Web site: Anna Belle Clement O'Brien passes away at 86 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090906000558/https://www.nashvillepost.com/news/2009/9/1/annabelle_clement_obrien_passes_away_at_86 . 6 September 2009.
60. News: Gallup Poll Has Kennedy Leading Democrats. 16 May 1982. The New York Times. 23.
61. News: Poll Finds Democrats Favor Mondale for '84. 15 Jan 1983. The New York Times. 11.
62. Web site: US President - D Primaries (Polling) . OurCampaigns . 31 March 2020.
63. News: Hart, Mondale Even in National Poll. 9 Mar 1984. 10. The Pantagraph. 6 Sep 2023. subscription.
64. News: February 12, 1984 . Campaign '84 Calendar . 5A . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240214062642/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-des-moines-register/140874074/ . February 14, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
65. News: March 8, 1984 . Hart, Mondale Get 6 Delegates . 14 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240215043540/https://www.newspapers.com/article/concord-monitor/140981717/ . February 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
66. News: March 5, 1984 . Hart carries momentum in Maine . 1A . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240217054913/https://www.newspapers.com/article/argus-leader/141208187/ . February 17, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
67. News: March 6, 1984 . Quinn . Francis . Maine campaigners react to aftermath from caucuses . 10 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240217054622/https://www.newspapers.com/article/kennebec-journal/141208143/ . February 17, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
68. News: March 7, 1984 . Vermont Lines Up With Hart . 1 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240215043204/https://www.newspapers.com/article/concord-monitor/140981556/ . February 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
69. News: March 11, 1984 . Hart wins solid victory in Wyoming . A1 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240214210330/https://www.newspapers.com/article/casper-star-tribune/140954194/ . February 14, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
70. News: March 11, 1984 . Hart supporters pleased with 'undebatable' win . A3 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240214210639/https://www.newspapers.com/article/casper-star-tribune/140954425/ . February 14, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
71. News: May 6, 1984 . Democrats give Hart 8-4 edge of delegates to national convention . A1 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240214210944/https://www.newspapers.com/article/casper-star-tribune/140954685/ . February 14, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
72. Web site: Election Results Archive - President - Primary Elections . .
73. News: March 20, 1984 . Mondale increases delegate lead . 1A . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240214071212/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-alexander-city-outlook/140921656/ . February 14, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
74. News: March 13, 1984 Presidential Preference Primary Democratic Primary . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240322170537/https://results.elections.myflorida.com/Index.asp?ElectionDate=3/13/1984&DATAMODE= . March 22, 2024.
75. News: March 15, 1984 . Delegate picture a puzzle . 1A . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240322171741/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-herald/143888024/ . March 22, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
76. News: March 15, 1984 . Hart, Mondale fight for Askew delegates . 17A . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240322172009/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-herald/143888010/ . March 22, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
77. News: March 15, 1984 . A Look at the Delegate Count . A6 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240324203600/https://www.newspapers.com/article/ledger-enquirer/144045309/ . March 24, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
78. News: March 14, 1984 . Super . 21A . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240324203725/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-atlanta-journal/144045368/ . March 24, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
79. News: March 14, 1984 . Hawai'i votes 2-1 in favor of uncommitted . 1 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240321063253/https://www.newspapers.com/article/hawaii-tribune-herald/143800934/ . March 21, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
80. News: March 14, 1984 . The McGovern 13 are now up for grabs . 12 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240324211709/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe/144048457/ . March 24, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
81. News: March 14, 1984 . Nevada (caucuses) . 5A . Fort Lauderdale News . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240326033800/https://www.newspapers.com/article/fort-lauderdale-news/144145803/ . March 26, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
82. News: March 20, 1984 . Hart Won Caucuses In Oklahoma . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240327193524/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/03/20/us/campaign-notes-hart-won-caucuses-oklahoma-with-43.3-oklahoma-city-march-19-ap.html . March 27, 2024.
83. News: March 15, 1984 . Alaska Democrats To Caucus Tonight . 3 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240321060923/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-sitka-sentinel/143800630/ . March 21, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
84. News: March 16, 1984 . Hart Wins Alaska Caucus . 1 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240321060724/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-sitka-sentinel/143800595/ . March 21, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
85. News: March 18, 1984 . Results at a glance . 11A . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240324204452/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-atlanta-journal/144044636/ . March 24, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
86. News: April 1, 1984 . Demo convention turnout is heavy . 1 . Okmulgee Daily Times . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240327194628/https://www.newspapers.com/article/okmulgee-daily-times/144247694/ . March 27, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
87. News: April 1, 1984 . County Meetings Increase Hart's Oklahoma Lead . 1A . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240327195030/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-oklahoman/144247978/ . March 27, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
88. News: April 6, 1984 . Democratic caucuses start again Saturday . 3A . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240212132137/https://www.newspapers.com/article/iowa-city-press-citizen/140786266/ . February 12, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
89. News: April 9, 1984 . Iowa's Democratic delegate count . 6A . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240212132005/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-des-moines-register/140786228/ . February 12, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
90. News: April 28, 1984 . 134 for Mondale . 9 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240321132215/https://www.newspapers.com/article/pittsburgh-post-gazette/143807128/ . March 21, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
91. News: May 27, 1984 . Mondale expects state Democrat votes . A16 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240321132457/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-pittsburgh-press/143807416/ . March 21, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
92. News: April 15, 1984 . Hart Captures Lead in State . 1A . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240327195333/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-oklahoman/144248584/ . March 27, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
93. News: April 16, 1984 . Chambers To Head Delegates . 2 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240215094601/https://www.newspapers.com/article/valley-news/140988116/ . February 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
94. News: May 24, 1984 . Hart . 8 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240217204217/https://www.newspapers.com/article/rutland-daily-herald/141279437/ . February 17, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
95. News: April 23, 1984 . Nevada County Conventions . A2 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240326035258/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-examiner/144146919/ . March 26, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
96. News: May 6, 1984 . Iowa's Democratic delegate count . 1B . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240212134432/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-des-moines-register/140786874/ . February 12, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
97. News: May 7, 1984 . Rawson . Davis . Hart emerges from convention with margin of 1 delegate . 1 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240217055324/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-bangor-daily-news/141208743/ . February 17, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
98. News: May 6, 1984 . Hart Increases Delegate Lead in State . 1A . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240327200039/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-oklahoman/144249064/ . March 27, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
99. News: May 7, 1984 . Hart wins in Nevada . 1A . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240326034741/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-press-democrat/144146725/ . March 26, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
100. News: May 14, 1984 . Mondale Gains Most From Alaska Demos . 1 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240321061855/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-sitka-sentinel/143800761/ . March 21, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
101. News: May 27, 1984 . Isle Democrats tilt toward Mondale . A3 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240321064502/https://www.newspapers.com/article/honolulu-star-bulletin/143801151/ . March 21, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
102. News: May 27, 1984 . Hart Splits Delegates With Foes . 1 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240217205400/https://www.newspapers.com/article/rutland-daily-herald/141281356/ . February 17, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
103. News: June 3, 1984 . Mondale camp wins dispute, Pa. delegates . 6C . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240321132935/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-philadelphia-inquirer/143807673/ . March 21, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
104. News: June 7, 1984 . Politics . A20 . . live . February 20, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240220004803/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-cincinnati-enquirer/141631678/ . Newspapers.com.
105. News: June 10, 1984 . Mondale appears winner of more Iowa delegates . A1 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240212234512/https://www.newspapers.com/article/sioux-city-journal/140803590/ . February 12, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
106. News: June 11, 1984 . Deadlock delays vote . 3A . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240212171556/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-gazette/140787680/ . February 12, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
107. Trying to Win the Peace . https://web.archive.org/web/20070930092516/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,926644,00.html . dead . September 30, 2007 . Time . July 2, 1984 . May 1, 2010.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.