Debates took place prior to and during the 2008 Democratic primaries. The debates began on April 26, 2007, in Orangeburg, South Carolina.
See main article: United States presidential election debates, 2008 and Republican presidential debates, 2008. The 2008 United States presidential election was November 4, 2008. The debates, campaigns, primaries, and conventions occurred several months before Election Day. The new president and vice president were sworn on January 20, 2009. It was the first presidential election lacking an incumbent president or vice president since 1952, and was projected to be the largest and most expensive election in U.S. history.
See main article: 2008 Democratic presidential candidates. Already, eight Democrats had formally filed papers with the Federal Election Commission, making them formal candidates for the Democratic Nomination and the Presidency. The candidates who attracted the most media attention included Hillary Clinton, Barack Obama, and John Edwards. Other candidates included Dennis Kucinich, who withdrew, and Mike Gravel, before he defected to the Libertarian Party. Tom Vilsack, one of the earliest candidates to announce a campaign for president, withdrew before participating in any debates. Christopher Dodd and Joe Biden dropped out of the race following the Iowa caucuses, and Bill Richardson dropped out after the New Hampshire primary.
Key: denotes candidate participated in debate; denotes candidate was not invited; denotes candidate absent but was invited; denotes candidate was out of the race.
| Details | Invitees | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Date | Place | Compere | Sen. Biden | Sen. Clinton | Sen. Dodd | Sen. Edwards | Sen. Gravel | Rep. Kucinich | Sen. Obama | Gov. Richardson | |
| 1 | April 26, 2007 | Orangeburg, South Carolina | MSNBC | |||||||||
| 2 | June 3, 2007 | Goffstown, New Hampshire | CNN | |||||||||
| 3 | June 28, 2007 | Washington, D.C. | PBS | |||||||||
| 4 | July 12, 2007 | Detroit, Michigan | none | |||||||||
| 5 | July 23, 2007 | Charleston, South Carolina | CNN / YouTube | |||||||||
| 6 | August 4, 2007 | Chicago, Illinois | none | |||||||||
| 7 | August 7, 2007 | Chicago, Illinois | MSNBC | |||||||||
| 8 | August 9, 2007 | Los Angeles, California | Logo | |||||||||
| 9 | August 19, 2007 | Des Moines, Iowa | ABC | |||||||||
| 10 | September 9, 2007 | Coral Gables, Florida | Univision | |||||||||
| 11 | September 12, 2007 | online-only | none | |||||||||
| 12 | September 20, 2007 | Davenport, Iowa | PBS | |||||||||
| 13 | September 26, 2007 | Hanover, New Hampshire | MSNBC | |||||||||
| 14 | October 30, 2007 | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | MSNBC | |||||||||
| 15 | November 15, 2007 | Las Vegas, Nevada | CNN | |||||||||
| 16 | December 4, 2007 | Des Moines, Iowa | none (radio only, NPR) | |||||||||
| 17 | December 13, 2007 | Johnston, Iowa | CNN, Fox News Channel, IPTV, MSNBC | |||||||||
| 18 | January 5, 2008 | Goffstown, New Hampshire | ABC | |||||||||
| 19 | January 15, 2008 | Las Vegas, Nevada | MSNBC | |||||||||
| 20 | January 21, 2008 | Myrtle Beach, South Carolina | CNN | |||||||||
| 21 | January 31, 2008 | Hollywood, California | CNN | |||||||||
| 22 | February 2, 2008 | New York, New York | MTV | |||||||||
| 23 | February 21, 2008 | Austin, Texas | CNN | |||||||||
| 24 | February 26, 2008 | Cleveland, Ohio | MSNBC | |||||||||
| 25 | April 13, 2008 | Grantham, Pennsylvania | CNN | |||||||||
| 26 | April 16, 2008 | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | ABC | |||||||||
| Candidate | Polls[8] | |
|---|---|---|
| 35.2% | ||
| 25.5% |
The first Democratic debate was in the evening of April 26, 2007, in Orangeburg, South Carolina, at South Carolina State University. State party chairman Joe Erwin said that he chose South Carolina State because it is a historically black college, noting that African-Americans have been the "most loyal" Democrats in the state.[9] The debate was 90 minutes, with a 60-second time limit for answers, and no opening or closing statements.[10] It was broadcast via cable television and online video streaming by MSNBC.[11] The debate was moderated by Brian Williams of NBC Nightly News.
The Iraq War was the major topic of the discussion, and all of the candidates strongly criticized President George W. Bush. Although, some public fanfare occurred initially,[12] pundits considered the debate unspectacular, and no single "breakout" candidate was identified.[13]
A poll of 403 South Carolinians who watched the debate indicated a belief that Obama won the debate, with support of 31% compared to Clinton's 24%.[14] However, journalists Tom Baldwin, of The Times, and Ewen MacAskill, of The Guardian, both reported that Clinton appeared to retain her frontrunner status.[15] Political pundits such as Chris Matthews, Howard Fineman, Keith Olbermann and Joe Scarborough declared Clinton the most "presidential", stating that her appearance and answers were: succinct, within the time limit, unambiguous and thorough.[16]
The opinions of pundits varied in regard to the third-polled candidate, Former Senator John Edwards (D-NC), with some asserting that his performance was weak and not akin to the energetic performance that he portrayed during his first election campaign in 2003.
WMUR-TV, CNN and the New Hampshire Union Leader hosted both Democratic and Republican debates in the Manchester, New Hampshire area, at Saint Anselm College in Goffstown. The Democratic debate was Sunday, June 3, started at 7 p.m. EDT, was commercial free and lasted two hours. The moderator was Wolf Blitzer, host of Late Edition with Wolf Blitzer and The Situation Room.[17] Blitzer was joined by Tom Fahey of the New Hampshire Union Leader and Scott Spradling from the local television station WMUR.
The first half of the debate was a directed question-and-answer session, with candidates questioned while standing at the podiums, as in the first debate, responding to questions from Fahey and Spradling. Participating candidates were Obama, Edwards, Clinton, Kucinich, Gravel, Dodd, Richardson and R. Biden, Jr.[18] [19] [20]
For the second half of the debate, the candidates sat in chairs while New Hampshire live audience members—mostly undecided Democratic and independent voters—asked questions that were then deflected by Blitzer to specific candidates.
PBS held and televised a debate at Howard University, a historically black college. The moderator was Tavis Smiley and all eight candidates discussed a range of topics, including education, poverty, unemployment, racial discrimination, and health in the black community.[21] [22]
Attended by all eight candidates, this candidate forum was held during the NAACP convention. An on-stage conversation between Edwards and Clinton was overheard—due to activated microphones—in which they talked about eventually ceasing the participation of non-frontrunner candidates in future debates.[23]
See main article: CNN/YouTube presidential debates.
CNN and YouTube held this debate on the campus of The Citadel. All questions were selected from, and posed as videos submitted via, YouTube by members of the public; the debate was moderated by Anderson Cooper of Anderson Cooper 360. YouTube and Google streamed the event live.[24] It was also simulcast on CNN en Español.
The Yearly Kos Presidential Leadership Forum was an informal discussion attended by seven of the eight presidential candidates, with Biden not attending due to votes in Congress. New York Times Magazine writer Matt Bai, DailyKos Contributing Editor /Fellow Joan McCarter and author and blogger Jeffrey Feldman moderated. The debate was broken down into Domestic Policy, Foreign Policy, and Philosophy and Leadership. Candidates were allotted 90 seconds for each question with 45 second rebuttals, although the time limits were not strictly enforced. After the debate, breakout sessions were held where convention goers could question each candidate individually.
| Candidate | Polls | |
|---|---|---|
| 41.0% | ||
| 22.2% |
The AFL–CIO Working Families Vote Presidential Forum was held at Soldier Field in Chicago, Illinois in front of approximately 15,000 union members and their families. The questions in the debate were to be used to determine if and whom the AFL–CIO would endorse in the Democratic primary. MSNBC host Keith Olbermann hosted the debate, which featured seven of the candidates. Mike Gravel was excluded because he failed to submit a written questionnaire by the August 6 deadline. Gravel claimed that the questionnaire "fell through the cracks" and requested to be invited to the debate anyway, which was rejected by the AFL–CIO. Questionnaires were also sent to Republicans but no candidates responded.[25]
See main article: Visible Vote '08: A Presidential Forum.
LGBT network Logo hosted this debate focusing on LGBT issues, moderated by Human Rights Campaign President Joe Solmonese and singer Melissa Etheridge. Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton, Bill Richardson, John Edwards, Dennis Kucinich, and Mike Gravel participated. Mike Gravel was originally to be excluded from this debate, it being cited that his campaign had not raised enough money to qualify for participation. Rallying from Gravel's supporters reversed this decision. Dodd and Biden both stated scheduling conflicts prevented them from attending. Logo invited the Republicans presidential candidates to a similar debate, but all the candidates declined.[26]
ABC News in conjunction with the Iowa Democratic Party held a debate streamed on This Week moderated by George Stephanopoulos.[27] ABC has been accused of spinning the results of the debate due to extreme differences in the time allotted to candidates.
Univision hosted a forum, Destino 2008, in Spanish at the University of Miami's Bank United Center in Coral Gables, Florida and moderated by Univision's anchors Jorge Ramos and Maria Elena Salinas.[28] [29] Joe Biden did not participate in the debate.
Bill Richardson and Chris Dodd objected to the debate being conducted in English with simultaneous translation in Spanish. Both are fluent in Spanish but it was perceived to cause an unfair advantage for the two. The TV audience of 2.2 million was also the debate season's youngest, at an average of 36 years old.
Yahoo!, in partnership with The Huffington Post, produced a "mashup" debate with Charlie Rose interviewing the candidates. Segments were recorded on September 12, with the "mashups" posted on September 13.[30]
PBS held a forum focused on domestic issues, specifically health care and financial security. It was moderated by Judy Woodruff, and was a joint venture between IPTV and AARP.[31] Obama rejected PBS's invitation, and Gravel and Kucinich were excluded from the debate because they did not have at least one paid staff member or office space in Iowa.
| Candidate | Polls | |
|---|---|---|
| 40.5% | ||
| 23.3% |
MSNBC held a debate at Dartmouth College in conjunction with New England Cable News and New Hampshire Public Radio.[32] The moderator was Tim Russert.
| Candidate | Polls | |
|---|---|---|
| 45.0% | ||
| 22.1% |
Seven Democratic presidential candidates participated in a two-hour debate starting at 9 p.m. EDT Tuesday (0100 GMT Wednesday) and telecast on MSNBC and streamed live on msnbc.com.[34] The moderators of the debate were Tim Russert and Brian Williams. Nielson Ratings estimated the debate attracted 2.5 million viewers.[35]
Democratic rivals focused their attacks on Senator Clinton, and were particularly critical of her response to a proposal from New York Governor Eliot L. Spitzer which would allow illegal immigrants to obtain driver's licenses.[36] After the debate, moderator Tim Russert was criticized for asking a misleading question to Senator Clinton regarding the release of her records as first lady. Tim Russert raised the issue of a letter which Bill Clinton wrote in which the former president ordered "a ban" on the release of his records by the National Archives. Following the exchange, President Clinton's records representative Bruce Lindesey released a statement clarifying the request, saying that "Bill Clinton has not asked that records related to communications with Senator Clinton be withheld," saying the "Archives is in the process of making records available as quickly as they can."[37]
| Candidate | Polls | |
|---|---|---|
| 44.3% | ||
| 22.6% |
The candidates present at the debate were Joe Biden, Bill Richardson, Dennis Kucinich, Hillary Clinton, Barack Obama, Chris Dodd, and John Edwards.
Some commentators have attacked CNN for the debate, calling it biased and poorly handled. Their accusations include claims that the final audience question was planted,[39] that moderator Wolf Blitzer was overly favorable to Hillary Clinton, and that the use of James Carville, a long-time adviser to the Clintons, as a debate commentator was biased.[40] [41]
National Public Radio, in conjunction with Iowa Public Radio, hosted a "radio-only" Democratic Debate. NPR hosts Steve Inskeep, Michele Norris, and Robert Siegel moderated the debate. The debate was broadcast from the State Historical Society of Iowa in Des Moines to NPR stations around the country and was streamed online. All of the major candidates were present other than New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson who was attending the funeral of a Korean war casualty.
Senators Obama and Edwards were given the most speaking time; Senator Gravel, the least.
| Candidate | Polls | |
|---|---|---|
| 43.1% | ||
| 24.6% |
| Candidate | Polls | |
|---|---|---|
| 44.2% | ||
| 24.2% |
At 8:47 p.m. EST, between the two debates, Democrats Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton, John Edwards and Bill Richardson joined the Republican candidates on the stage at St. Anselm College in greater Manchester. This was the first time all of the major candidates from both parties had been together on stage, as defined by ABC News. ABC News eliminated Democrats Dennis Kucinich and Mike Gravel from the debate because they did not place first through fourth in Iowa, poll 5 percent or higher in one of the last four major New Hampshire surveys, or poll 5 percent or higher in one of the last four major national surveys.
Major topics were introduced with a short news-clip-style video produced by ABC and the candidates were encouraged to interact with each other. One question, "...how much you would spend with the programs you've proposed and the promises you've made.", was inexplicably withdrawn by Gibson at the last second after its introductory video had been shown. Aside from that, the debate ran smoothly. There were commercial breaks before and after each debate. The candidates were seated during the debates.
During the debate, Obama, Clinton, and Edwards all battled over who best exemplified the buzzword of the campaign, "change".[45] [46] In one noted exchange, Edwards said that Clinton could not bring change, while he and Obama can. "Any time you speak out powerfully for change, the forces for status quo attack." He made clear that he was referring to Clinton, adding, "I didn't hear these kind of attacks from Senator Clinton while she was ahead. Now that she's not we hear them." Clinton passionately retorted: "Making change is not about what you believe; it's not about a speech you make. It's about working hard. I'm not just running on a promise for change. I'm running on 35 years of change. What we need is somebody who can deliver change. We don't need to be raising false hopes." Obama replied that "The truth is, actually, words do inspire. Words do help people get involved."[47]
At another point in the debate, when one moderator asked Clinton why polls showed she was less "likeable" than other candidates, particularly Obama, she jokingly replied, "Well that hurts my feelings ... but I'll try to go on."
| Candidate | Polls | |
|---|---|---|
| 42.3% | ||
| 33.3% |
Clinton, Edwards and Obama participated in the debate. Kucinich was originally invited to the debate after meeting publicly announced criteria, but the invitation was retracted after NBC changed its criteria shortly before the event. Kucinich sued for the right to participate in the debate, but after lower courts sided with Kucinich, the Nevada Supreme Court ruled in favor of MSNBC.[50] [51]
| Candidate | Polls | |
|---|---|---|
| 41.6% | ||
| 33.6% |
| Candidate | Polls | |
|---|---|---|
| 44.6% | ||
| 36.0% |
This was the final Democratic party-specific debate before Super Tuesday on February 5, 2008. This debate included two candidates, Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton, and started at 5 pm Pacific, ending at 6:30 pm. Topics in this cordial debate included health care, the Iraq War, and immigration.[55]
MTV and Myspace hosted a cross-party candidate dialogue Live on February 2, 2008 at 6PM EST/3PM PST on MTV. Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton, Ron Paul, and Mike Huckabee attended the forum. John McCain and Mitt Romney were invited but did not attend. Mike Gravel was not invited to attend due to little support in the state primaries and caucuses.
| Candidate | Polls | |
|---|---|---|
| 44.6% | ||
| 43.0% |
| Candidate | Polls | |
|---|---|---|
| 48.3% | ||
| 41.7% |
| Candidate | Polls | |
|---|---|---|
| 48.0% | ||
| 41.6% |
| Candidate | Polls | |
|---|---|---|
| 49.0% | ||
| 41.0% |
Moderators Charles Gibson and George Stephanopoulos were criticized by viewers, bloggers and media critics for the poor quality of their questions.[63] [64]
During the debate neither Obama or Clinton would answer whether or not they would name the other as their running mate.[65]
Some of the questions that many viewers said they considered irrelevant when measured against the faltering economy or the Iraq war, like why Senator Barack Obama did not wear an American flag pin on his lapel, the incendiary comments of Obama's former pastor, or Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton's assertion that she had to duck sniper fire in Bosnia more than a decade ago. The questions from the moderators were considered to be focused on campaign gaffes and training most of their ammunition on Obama, to which Stephanopoulos responded by saying that "Senator Obama [was] the front-runner" and the questions were "not inappropriate or irrelevant at all."