Degenerative disease explained

Degenerative disease is the result of a continuous process based on degenerative cell changes, affecting tissues or organs, which will increasingly deteriorate over time.^[1]

In neurodegenerative diseases, cells of the central nervous system stop working or die via neurodegeneration. An example of this is Alzheimer's disease.^[2] The other two common groups of degenerative diseases are those that affect circulatory system (e.g. coronary artery disease) and neoplastic diseases (e.g. cancers).

Many degenerative diseases exist and some are related to aging. Normal bodily wear or lifestyle choices (such as exercise or eating habits) may worsen degenerative diseases, but this depends on the disease. Sometimes the main or partial cause behind such diseases is genetic.^[3] Thus some are clearly hereditary like Huntington's disease.^[4] Sometimes the cause is viruses, poisons or other chemicals. The cause may also be unknown.

Some degenerative diseases can be cured. In those that can not, it may be possible to alleviate the symptoms.

Examples

• Alzheimer's disease (AD)^[5]
• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, Lou Gehrig's disease)
• Cancers^[1]
• Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMT)^[6]
• Chronic traumatic encephalopathy^[7]
• Cystic fibrosis^[8]
• Some cytochrome c oxidase deficiencies (often the cause of degenerative Leigh syndrome)^[9]
• Ehlers–Danlos syndrome^[10]
• Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
• Friedreich's ataxia^[11]
• Frontotemporal dementia (FTD)^[12]
• Some cardiovascular diseases (e.g. atherosclerotic ones like coronary artery disease, aortic stenosis, congenital defects etc.)^[13]
• Huntington's disease
• Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy^[14]
• Keratoconus (KC)^[15]
• Keratoglobus^[16]
• Leukodystrophies^[17]
• Macular degeneration (AMD)^[18]
• Marfan's syndrome (MFS)^[19]
• Some mitochondrial myopathies^[20]
• Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome^[21]
• Mueller–Weiss syndrome^[22]
• Multiple sclerosis (MS)^[23]
• Multiple system atrophy^[24]
• Muscular dystrophies (MD)^[25]
• Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis^[26]
• Niemann–Pick diseases^[27]
• Osteoarthritis^[28]
• Osteoporosis
• Parkinson's disease
• Pulmonary arterial hypertension^[29]
• All prion diseases (Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, fatal familial insomnia etc.)
• Progressive supranuclear palsy^[30]
• Retinitis pigmentosa (RP)^[31]
• Rheumatoid arthritis^[32]
• Sandhoff Disease^[33]
• Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA, motor neuron disease)^[34]
• Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis^[35]
• Substance Use Disorder^[36]
• Tay–Sachs disease
• Vascular dementia (might not itself be neurodegenerative, but often appears alongside other forms of degenerative dementia)^[37]

See also

• Life extension
• Senescence
• Progressive disease
• List of genetic disorders

Notes and References

1. Web site: What is Degenerative Disease. docdoc.com.sg. https://web.archive.org/web/20180917213617/https://www.docdoc.com.sg/info/condition/degenerative-disease/. 2018-09-17. live. 2018-09-17.
2. Web site: neurodegenerative disorder. 2011-02-02. National Cancer Institute. https://web.archive.org/web/20180423115832/https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/neurodegenerative-disorder. 2018-04-23. live. 2018-09-17.
3. News: Neurodegenerative Diseases. 2018-09-17. https://web.archive.org/web/20180728020542/https://medlineplus.gov/degenerativenervediseases.html. 2018-07-28. live.
4. Nopoulos. PC. 2016. Huntington disease: a single-gene degenerative disorder of the striatum. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 18. 1. 91–98. 10.31887/DCNS.2016.18.1/pnopoulos. 1294-8322. 4826775. 27069383.
5. Soto. C. Satani. N. 2011. The intricate mechanisms of neurodegeneration in prion diseases. Trends in Molecular Medicine. 17. 1. 14–24. 10.1016/j.molmed.2010.09.001. 1471-4914. 3056171. 20889378.
6. Patzkó. Á. Shy. ME. 2011. Update on Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports. 11. 1. 78–88. 10.1007/s11910-010-0158-7. 1528-4042. 3685483. 21080241.
7. Maroon. JC. Winkelman. R. Bost. J. Amos. A. Mathyssek. C. Miele. V. 2015-02-11. Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Contact Sports: A Systematic Review of All Reported Pathological Cases. PLOS ONE. 10. 2. e0117338. 10.1371/journal.pone.0117338. 1932-6203. 4324991. 25671598. 2015PLoSO..1017338M. free.
8. Fraser-Pitt. D. O’Neil. D. 2015. Cystic fibrosis – a multiorgan protein misfolding disease. Future Science OA. 1. 2. FSO57. 10.4155/fso.15.57. 28031875. 5137970. 2056-5623.
9. Web site: Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency. rarediseases.info.nih.gov. https://web.archive.org/web/20171022084730/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/48/cytochrome-c-oxidase-deficiency. 2017-10-22. live. 2018-09-17.
10. Web site: Ehlers-Danlos syndromes. rarediseases.info.nih.gov. https://web.archive.org/web/20180616001941/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6322/ehlers-danlos-syndromes. 2018-06-16. live. 2018-09-17.
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12. Warren. JD. Rohrer. JD. Martin Rossor. Rossor. MN. 2013-08-06. Frontotemporal dementia. The BMJ. 347. f4827. 10.1136/bmj.f4827. 0959-8138. 3735339. 23920254.
13. Barik. R. 2016. Degenerative aortic valve disease and coronary artery disease are either side of a coin. Indian Heart Journal. 68. 3. 432. 10.1016/j.ihj.2015.09.010. 0019-4832. 4911461. 27316510.
14. Li. H. Zou. Y. Bao. X. Wang. H. Wang. J. Jin. H. Che. Y. Tang. X. 2016. Monozygotic twins with infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy: A case report and literature review. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine. 12. 5. 3387–3389. 10.3892/etm.2016.3761. 1792-0981. 5103811. 27882168.
15. Davidson. AE. Hayes. S. Hardcastle. AJ. Tuft. SJ. 2014. The pathogenesis of keratoconus. Eye. 28. 2. 189–195. 10.1038/eye.2013.278. 0950-222X. 3930280. 24357835.
16. Wallang. BS. Das. S. 2013. Keratoglobus. Eye. 27. 9. 1004–1012. 10.1038/eye.2013.130. 0950-222X. 3772364. 23807384.
17. van der Knaap. MS. Bugiani. M. 2017. Leukodystrophies: a proposed classification system based on pathological changes and pathogenetic mechanisms. Acta Neuropathologica. 134. 3. 351–382. 10.1007/s00401-017-1739-1. 0001-6322. 5563342. 28638987.
18. Anand. A. Sharma. K. Chen. W. Sharma. NK. 2014. Using Current Data to Define New Approach in Age Related Macular Degeneration: Need to Accelerate Translational Research. Current Genomics. 15. 4. 266–277. 10.2174/1389202915666140516204512. 1389-2029. 4133950. 25132797.
19. Gao. L. Luo. F. Hui. R. Zhou. X. 2010. Recent molecular biological progress in Marfan syndrome and Marfan-associated disorders. Ageing Research Reviews. en. 9. 3. 363–368. 10.1016/j.arr.2009.09.001. 19772952. 205666350. 1568-1637.
20. News: MELAS Syndrome. NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). 2018-09-17. https://web.archive.org/web/20170220090745/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/melas-syndrome/. 2017-02-20. live.
21. El-Hattab. AW. Scaglia. F. 2013. Mitochondrial DNA Depletion Syndromes: Review and Updates of Genetic Basis, Manifestations, and Therapeutic Options. Neurotherapeutics. 10. 2. 186–198. 10.1007/s13311-013-0177-6. 1933-7213. 3625391. 23385875.
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26. Book: Mole. SE. Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses. 1993. GeneReviews®. Adam. Margaret P.. University of Washington, Seattle. 20301601. 2018-09-17. Williams. Ruth E.. Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses – RETIRED CHAPTER, FOR HISTORICAL REFERENCE ONLY . Ardinger. Holly H.. Pagon. Roberta A.. Wallace. Stephanie E..
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