Defence Research and Development Organisation explained

Defence Research and Development Organisation
Native Name:रक्षा अनुसंधान एवं विकास संगठन
Raksā Anūsandhān Evam Vikās Sangaṭhan
Headquarters:DRDO Bhavan, New Delhi, India
Motto:"Strength's Origin is in Science"[1]
Sanskrit: बलस्य मूलं विज्ञानम्
Employees:30,000 (5,000 scientists)[2]
Budget: (2022–23)[3]
Minister1 Name:Rajnath Singh
Minister1 Pfo:Minister of Defence
Chief1 Name:Sameer V. Kamat
Chief1 Position:Chairman, DRDO[4]
Parent Agency:Ministry of Defence

The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) (IAST: Raksā Anūsandhān Evam Vikās Sangaṭhan) is an agency under the Department of Defence Research and Development in Ministry of Defence of the Government of India, charged with the military's research and development, headquartered in Delhi, India. It was formed in 1958 by the merger of the Technical Development Establishment and the Directorate of Technical Development and Production of the Indian Ordnance Factories with the Defence Science Organisation under the administration of Jawaharlal Nehru. Subsequently, Defence Research & Development Service (DRDS) was constituted in 1979 as a service of Group 'A' Officers / Scientists directly under the administrative control of the Ministry of Defence.

With a network of 52 laboratories that are engaged in developing defence technologies covering various fields like aeronautics, armaments, electronics, land combat engineering, life sciences, materials, missiles, and naval systems, DRDO is India's largest and most diverse research organisation. The organisation includes around 5,000 scientists belonging to the DRDS and about 25,000 other subordinate scientific, technical, and supporting personnel.[5] [6]

History

The DRDO was established in 1958 by combining the Defence Science Organisation and some of the technical development establishments. A separate Department of Defence Research and Development was formed in 1980, which later administered DRDO and its almost 30 laboratories and establishments (there were almost 52 labs before merging). Most of the time, the Defence Research and Development Organisation was treated as if it were a vendor and the Army Headquarters or the Air Force Headquarters were the customers. Because the Army and the Air Force themselves did not have any design or construction responsibility, they tended to treat the designer or Indian industry at par with their corresponding designer in the world market. If they could get a MiG-21 from the world market, they wanted a MiG-21 from DRDO.

DRDO started its first major project in surface-to-air missiles (SAM) known as Project Indigo in the 1960s. Indigo was discontinued in later years without achieving full success. Project Indigo led Project Devil, along with Project Valiant, to develop short-range SAM and ICBM in the 1970s. Project Devil itself led to the later development of the Prithvi missile under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) in the 1980s. IGMDP was an Indian Ministry of Defence programme between the early 1980s and 2007 for the development of a comprehensive range of missiles, including the Agni missile, Prithvi ballistic missile, Akash missile, Trishul missile and Nag Missile. In 2010, the defence minister A. K. Antony ordered the restructuring of the DRDO to give a major boost to defence research in the country and to ensure effective participation of the private sector in defence technology. The key measures to make DRDO effective in its functioning include the establishment of a Defence Technology Commission with the defence minister as its chairman.[7] [8] The programmes which were largely managed by DRDO have seen considerable success with many of the systems seeing rapid deployment as well as yielding significant technological benefits. Since its establishment, DRDO has created other major systems and critical technologies such as aircraft avionics, UAVs, small arms, artillery systems, EW Systems, tanks and armoured vehicles, sonar systems, command and control systems and missile systems.

Organisation

Cluster Laboratories/Establishments

Source[9] !Laboratory Name!Location!Area of Research
Advanced Numerical Research & Analysis Group (ANuRAG)Hyderabad, TelanganaComputational System
Advanced Systems Laboratory (ASL)Missiles & Strategic Systems
Aerial Delivery Research & Development Establishment (ADRDE)Agra, Uttar PradeshParachutes & Aerial Systems
Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE)Bengaluru, KarnatakaAeronautics
Aeronautical Test Range (ATR)Chitradurga, KarnatakaUnmanned & Manned Aircraft
Armaments Research & Development Establishment (ARDE)Pune, MaharashtraArmaments
Centre for Airborne Systems (CAbS)Bengaluru, KarnatakaAir-Borne Systems
Centre for Artificial Intelligence & Robotics (CAIR)Artificial Intelligence & Robotics
Centre for Fire, Explosives & Environment Safety (CFEES)Delhi, National Capital Territory of DelhiExplosives
Centre for High Energy Systems and Sciences (CHESS)Hyderabad, TelanganaHigh Energy Weapons
Combat Vehicles Research & Development Establishment (CVRDE)Chennai, Tamil NaduCombat Vehicles
Combat Aircraft Systems Development & Integration CentreBengaluru, KarnatakaAvionics
Defence Bio-engineering & Electro-medical Laboratory (DeBEL)Bio-engineering
Defence Electronics Applications Laboratory (DEAL)Dehradun, UttarakhandElectronics & Communication Systems
Defence Food Research Laboratory (DFRL)Mysuru, KarnatakaFood Research
Defence Institute of Bio-Energy Research (DIBER)Haldwani, UttarakhandBio-Energy
Defence Institute of High Altitude Research (DIHAR)Leh, LadakhHigh Altitude Agro-animal Research
Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS)Delhi, National Capital Territory of DelhiPhysiological and Biomedical Research
Defence Institute of Psychological Research (DIPR)Psychological Research
Defence Laboratory (DL)Jodhpur, RajasthanCamouflaging and Isotopes
Defence Electronics Research Laboratory (DLRL)Hyderabad, TelanganaElectronic Warfare
Defence Materials & Stores Research & Development Establishment (DMSRDE)Kanpur, Uttar PradeshTextiles, Polymers & Composites
Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory (DMRL)Hyderabad, TelanganaMetallurgy
Defence Research & Development Establishment (DRDE)Gwalior, Madhya PradeshChemical & Biological Warfare
Defence Research & Development Laboratory (DRDL)Hyderabad, TelanganaMissile & Strategic Systems
Defence Research Laboratory (DRL)Tezpur, AssamHealth & Hygiene
Defence Terrain Research Laboratory (DTRL)Delhi, National Capital Territory of DelhiTerrain Research
Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE)Bengaluru, KarnatakaGas Turbine
High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL)Pune, MaharashtraHigh Energy Materials, Explosive
Institute of Nuclear Medicines & Allied Sciences (INMAS)Delhi, National Capital Territory of DelhiNuclear Medicine
Instruments Research & Development Establishment (IRDE)Dehradun, UttarakhandElectronics & Optical Systems
Integrated Test Range (ITR)Balasore, OdishaMissile & Strategic Systems
Joint Cipher Bureau (JCB)Delhi, National Capital Territory of DelhiSignals Intelligence and Cryptanalysis
Laser Science & Technology Centre (LaSTeC)Laser Technology
Electronics & Radar Development Establishment (ERDE)Bengaluru, KarnatakaRadars
Centre for Military Airworthiness and Certification (CeMilAC)Air-worthiness and Certification
Naval Materials Research Laboratory (NMRL)Ambarnath, MaharashtraNaval Materials
Naval Physical & Oceanographic Laboratory (NPOL)Kochi, KeralaSonar Systems
Naval Science & Technological Laboratory (NSTL)Visakhapatnam, Andhra PradeshUnderwater Weapons
Programme Air Defence (PGAD)Hyderabad, TelanganaMissiles & Strategic Systems
Proof and Experimental Establishment (PXE)Balasore, OdishaArmament Testing
Research Centre Imarat (RCI)Hyderabad, TelanganaMissile & Strategic Systems
Research & Development Establishment (Engineers) (R&DE(E))Pune, MaharashtraEngineering Systems & Weapon Platforms
Scientific Analysis Group (SAG)DelhiCommunications Security
Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment (SASE)Chandigarh, Union Territory of ChandigarhSnow and Avalanche
Solid State Physics Laboratory (SSPL)Delhi, National Capital Territory of DelhiSolid State Materials, Devices and Sub-systems
Society for Integrated Circuit Technology and Applied Research (SITAR)Bengaluru, Karnataka & Hyderabad, TelanganaSemiconductor, Microelectromechanical Systems
Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory (TBRL)Chandigarh, Union Territory of ChandigarhBallistics
Vehicles Research & Development Establishment (VRDE)Ahmednagar, MaharashtraWheeled Vehicles
As part of the rationalization plan, the Defence Terrain Research Laboratory (DTRL) was merged with the Snow and Avalanche Studies Establishment (SASE) which was renamed into the Defence Geological Research Establishment (DGRE). As of 2020, the Advanced Numerical Research and Analysis Group (ANURAG) and Laser Science and Technology Center (LASTEC) are no longer functional as independent entities. The staff are relocated to various DRDO labs in Hyderabad.[10] DRDO is planning to build a new research lab in Lucknow.[11]
Source[12] !Laboratory Name!Location!Area of Research
DRDO Young Scientist LaboratoriesBengaluru, KarnatakaArtificial Intelligence
Kolkata, West BengalAsymmetric Technologies
Chennai, Tamil NaduCognitive Technologies
Mumbai, MaharashtraQuantum Technology
Hyderabad, TelanganaSmart Materials

HR Institutions

Source!Institution Name!Location!Area
Centre for Personnel Talent Management (CEPTAM)Delhi, National Capital Territory of DelhiTalent Management
Institute of Technology Management (ITM)Mussoorie, UttarakhandTechnology Management
Recruitment and Assessment Centre (RAC)Delhi, National Capital Territory of DelhiHuman Resource

Other Institutions

Source!Institution Name!Location!Area of Research
Advanced Centre for Energetic Materials (ACEM)Nashik, MaharashtraHigh Energy Materials
Centre for Advanced Systems (CAS)Hyderabad, TelanganaAdvanced Systems
Defence Scientific Information & Documentation Centre (DeSIDoC)Delhi, National Capital Territory of DelhiInformation System and Documentation
DRDO Integration Centre (DIC)Panagarh, West BengalSystems Integration
Institute for Systems Studies & Analyses (ISSA)Delhi, National Capital Territory of DelhiSystems Analysis
Mobile Systems Complex (MSC)Pune, MaharashtraMissile Systems
SF Complex (SFC)Jagdalpur, ChhattisgarhPropellant

Centres of Excellence

Source!Center Name!Location!Area of Research
DRDO Bharathiar University (DRDO-BU), Centre of ExcellenceCoimbatore, Tamil NaduApplied Psychology, Toxicology, Biological Sensors, Fuel Cell
Advanced Centre for Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM)Hyderabad, TelanganaPhotonics, Material Science, High Energy Materials
Centre of Excellence in CryptologyKolkata, West BengalCryptology
Centre of Millimeter Wave Semiconductor Devices and SystemsKolkata, West BengalMillimeter Wave and Semiconductor
Advanced Centre for Excellence on Composite Materials (ACECM)Bengaluru, KarnatakaComposite Materials
Research and Innovation Centre (RIC)Chennai, Tamil NaduSensors and Microelectromechanical Systems
Centre of Propulsion Technology (CoPT)Mumbai, MaharashtraPropulsion Technology
Jagdish Chandra Bose Centre for Advanced Technology (JCBCAT)Kolkata, West BengalDirected Energy Technologies, Robotics, Cognitive Technologies
Joint Advanced Technology Centre (JATC)Delhi, National Capital Territory of DelhiBallistics, Electromagnetism, Human-Computer Interaction, Electronic Textiles, Photonics, Plasmonics, Quantum Technology
Centre of Excellence in Systems Design and EngineeringMumbai, MaharashtraSystems Design
North East Science and Technology Centre (NESTC)Aizawl, MizoramMicroelectromechanical Systems, Sensors, Degenerative Disease, Toxicology
Kalam Centre for Science and Technology (KCST)Jammu, Jammu and KashmirComputational System Security, Sensors
DRDO-Industry-Academia Center of Excellence (DIA-CoE), IIT JodhpurJodhpur, RajasthanDesert Warfare Technologies, Futuristic Omni Mobile System, Artificial Intelligence in Information and War gaming[13]
DRDO-Industry-Academia Center of Excellence (DIA-CoE), IIT KanpurKanpur, Uttar PradeshAdvanced Nanomaterials, Accelerated Material Design and Development, High Energy Materials, Biological engineering[14]

Projects

See also: Projects of DRDO.

Industry linkages, technology transfer and indigenisation

See also: Defence industry of India, Make in India and Indigenous Defence Equipment Exporters Association.

India domestically produces only 45% to 50% of defence products it uses, and the rest are imported. To become technology research and production leader, reduce reliance on the imports and increase self-reliance, DRDO Chief called for more collaboration with the industry, private sector, research and education institutes including IITs and NITs.[15] India's military–industrial complex has had little success and only recently private sector was allowed to enter the defence production.[16] To expedite the development cycle of new technologies and to better fit the end user requirements, army has asked DRDO to take more army staff on deputation to be part of DRDO technology development project teams.[17]

Indian forces are using numerous indigenous technologies produced by the DRDO, including Varunastra, Maareech, Ushus, and TAL by the navy; Electronic Warfare Technologies, radars, composite materials for LCA, AEW&C, Astra, and LCA Tejas by airforce; and ASAT, BrahMos, ASTRA, Nag missile, SAAW, Arjun MBT Mk 1A, 46-metre Modular Bridge, MPR, LLTR Ashwin by the army.[18] In September 2019, DRDO formulated the "DRDO Policy and Procedures for Transfer of Technology" and released information on "DRDO-Industry Partnership: Synergy and Growth and DRDO Products with Potential for Export".[18]

During the Vibrant Goa Global Expo and Summit 2019 in October, DRDO signed technology transfer contracts with 16 Indian companies, including 3 startups, to produce products for the use by Indian Armed Forces. This included high shelf life, high nutrition, ready-to-eat on-the-go food products to be consumed in the difficult terrain and bad weather.[19] DRDO and ISRO have agreed to collaborate in India's crewed orbital spacecraft project called Gaganyaan during which DRDOs various laboratories will tailor their defence capabilities to suit the needs of ISRO's human space mission with critical human-centric systems and technologies like space grade food, crew healthcare, radiation measurement and protection, parachutes for the safe recovery of the crew module and fire suppression system etc.[20] Kalyani Group is developing the Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System.[20]

DRDO with Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry (FICCI) under Advance Assessment Technology and Commercialisation Programme is helping Lakes and Waterways Development Authority (LAWDA) to keep Dal Lake clean by providing low cost Biodigesters for the treatment of human excreta, animal waste disposal, grey water and kitchen waste release that works fine in ambient as well as sub zero temperature which are also supplied to Indian Railways.[21] [22]

Defence Research and Development Establishment (DRDE) which works in the field of chemical weapon, biological agent detection and research is helping Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) in augmenting diagnostic capability for COVID-19 outbreak. It has created special hand sanitiser formulation and diagnostic kits following WHO standards and guidelines that are supplied in large numbers to civilian and defence officials.[23] [24] Medical staff all over India dealing with Coronavirus contamination are using protective waterproof clothing with special sealant used in submarine applications developed by Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS) for CBRN defence that is made up of high strength polyester coated with breathable polymer.[25] The clothing underwent successful trials at the South India Textile Research Association and exceeds the criteria of currently available suits in the market.[26] The suit is washable, passed all critical CBRN and ASTM standards and is now manufactured by two private players, Venus Industries from Mumbai and IMTEC from Kolkata.[27] Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory (DEBEL) developed causality evacuation bag for COVID-19 infected patients that can withstand Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) environments and is protected against blood and viral penetration. The bag is made up of durable water-repellent nonwoven fabric. It is rigid and cylindrical with air and waterproof zippers and ventilators. Already ordered 500 in numbers, DRDO will now transfer the technology to the private sector for manufacturing.[28]

Under the Society for Biomedical Technology (SBMT) programme, DEBEL has developed five-layer nanomesh based N99 masks and is collaborating with Mysore-based Skanray Technologies for the production of ventilators using currently available technologies with Indian made parts due to unavailability of imports. It is also working on a new multiplexed ventilator technology that will be able to support several infected individuals on a single ventilator. The prototype development stage is complete and the initial model is now undergoing various improvements suggested by a team of medical researchers and doctors.[29] The technology will finally be transferred to Tata Motors, Mahindra and Mahindra, Hyundai Motor India, Honda Cars India and Maruti Suzuki for immediate mass production.[30] [31] DRDO signed agreement with Indian Telephone Industries Limited for tech transfer on low cost multiplexed ventilator technology with 80% to 90% of components are now make in India.[32]

DRDO as of 11 April 2020 transferred technologies to 30 major companies to manufacture various non-medicine products against the COVID-19 pandemic which includes ventilators, sanitiser, personal protective equipment, face shield and isolation shelters. The technology for the newly developed multiplexed ventilator came from the onboard oxygen generation system (OBOGS) developed for HAL Tejas. Private sector players like Raksha Polycoats and Accurate Savan Defence are now producing protective clothing, isolation shelters based on DRDO tech developed for high altitude pulmonary oedema (HAPE) bags, submarine escape the suit and satellite recovery systems. Hyderabad-based 3D printing startup iMake with Modern Manufacturers and Kirat Mechanical Engineering from Chandigarh, Wipro 3D from Bengaluru and Global Healthcare from Delhi are 3D printing visor-based face shields which is an offshoot of the tech developed for high-altitude military parachuting. Setco from Mumbai is producing sealants developed for submarines of Indian Navy at DRDO labs for personal protection equipment.[33]

Research Centre Imarat (RCI) and Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory (TBRL) developed a product called Aerosol Containment Box for enclosure of intubation procedure made with Poly(methyl methacrylate). It is cubical designed for both adults and minors and covers the COVID-19-infected patients during medical examination and treatment from head to chest to stop the transmission of droplets containing the virus to others. Employees' State Insurance Corporation Medical College, Hyderabad helped RCI in prototype development while Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research helped in testing, validation and acceptance of products for medical use. The technology is now transferred to private industries located in Chandigarh and Hyderabad for mass manufacturing.[34] RCI at DRDO Missile Complex, Hyderabad is now supplying technology of brushless DC motors (BLDC) used for missile actuators and high response solenoid valves used in missile control for ventilator pumps that validated the prototype testing stages.[35]

Centre for Fire, Explosive and Environment Safety (CFEES) developed two sanitising equipment of 50 litres tank capacity consisting of a portable backpack type that covers an area of 300 metres while another trolley mounted for large area sanitisation of up to 3000 metres by spraying 1% hypochlorite solution.[36]

Vehicle Research and Development Establishment (VRDE) developed a portable disinfection chamber and special face protection mask for health professional combating the COVID-19 outbreak in India. The personnel decontamination system is equipped with sanitiser and soap dispenser. The full-body decontamination starts using for pedal with an electrically operated pump creating a disinfectant mist of 700-litre of hypo sodium chloride. The system takes 25 seconds for full decontamination with an automatic shut-off procedure and can decontaminate 650 personnel until the next refill. The face mask developed for COVID-19 patients uses the A4 size Over-Head Projection (OHP) film for protection and lightweight materials for long duration comfortable use.[37] VRDE developed full-body decontamination chamber was designed and validated within 4 days with All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi became the first premier institution to use it. The mass manufacturing of the portable decontamination chamber is now done by Dass Hitachi Limited.[38]

Development cum Production Partner programme

As part of Make In India and Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative, DRDO under the Development cum Production Partner programme (DcPP) allowed handholding of domestic private sector industries to improve their development and production cycle of complex defence systems.

VL-SRSAM (Vertical Launch - Short Range Surface to Air Missile) and Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System (ATAGS) became some of the successful projects of this programme.[39]

Hindustan Aeronautics Limited on 17 December 2021, secured an order for manufacturing, assembly, integration, testing and supply of DRDO Abhyas from Aeronautical Development Establishment. The order will be completed under Development-cum-Production Partner (DcPP) with a private sector industry.[40]

On 16 December 2021, Ashok Leyland signed partnership agreement with Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment (CVRDE) to develop 600  hp engine for Future Combat Vehicle Programme.[41] Instruments Research and Development Establishment (IRDE) on 27 December 2021 transferred technologies for developing border surveillance system to Indian private sector company Paras Defence and Space. The system consists of radar, and electro-optical sensors mounted on a pan tilt platform.[42] On 28 December 2021, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS) transferred technology to manufacture extreme cold weather clothing system to RHD Business Services, SBNX Innovation, Shiva Texyarn Limited, Kusumgar Corporates and Ginni Filaments Limited.[43]

DRDO on 8 January 2024 launched Ugram, an assault rifle chambered in 7.62x51mm NATO, which has been designed, developed and manufactured in collaboration with Dvipa Armour India Private Limited under DcPP.[44] It's scheduled to be tested by the Indian Army.[45]

Heads of DRDO

List of Director Generals (1948–2015) and Chairpersons (since 2015) of DRDO.[46]

  1. Daulat Singh Kothari (1948–1961)
  2. Suri Bhagavantam (1961–1969)
  3. B. D. Nag Chaudhuri (1970–1974)
  4. M. G. K. Menon (1974–1978)
  5. Raja Ramanna (1978–1982)
  6. V. S. R. Arunachalam (1982–1992)
  7. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (1992–1999)
  8. V. K. Aatre (1999–2004)
  9. M. Natarajan (2004–2009)
  10. V. K. Saraswat (2009–2013)
  11. Avinash Chander (2013–2015)
  12. S. Christopher (2015–2018)
  13. G.Satheesh Reddy (2018-2022)
  14. Sameer V. Kamat (2022–present)[47]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: About DRDO . gistconvention.org . 2 July 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031928/http://www.gistconvention.org/pdf/drdo.doc . 4 March 2016 .
  2. Web site: DRDO . 2017-05-15 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170806181721/https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=genesis.jsp . 6 August 2017.
  3. Web site: Defence gets Rs 5.94 lakh crore in Budget 2023-24, a jump of 13% over previous year . 14 February 2023 . 14 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230214001853/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1895472 . live .
  4. Web site: Main focus to work towards fulfilling the mission mandated for DRDO: G. Satheesh Reddy . 25 August 2018 . 8 September 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190529073607/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/g-satheesh-reddy-is-now-secretary-drdo/article24781379.ece . 29 May 2019 . live .
  5. Web site: DRDO. www.drdo.gov.in. en. 2017-05-15. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170806181721/https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=genesis.jsp. 6 August 2017.
  6. Web site: DRDO Scientist Job – DRDO Scientist B recruitment- Scientist recruitment DRDO. 2 July 2015. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150810162300/http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=job_sc.jsp. 10 August 2015.
  7. Web site: MoD Announces Major DRDO Restructuring Plan | Defence & Security News at DefenceTalk . Defencetalk.com . 17 May 2010 . 31 August 2010 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20101129020637/http://www.defencetalk.com/mod-announces-major-drdo-restructuring-plan-26384/ . 29 November 2010.
  8. Web site: defence.professionals . defpro.com . 31 August 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110515212759/http://www.defpro.com/news/details/15208/ . 15 May 2011.
  9. Web site: Press Information Bureau. 2017-03-29. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170329140705/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=%28Release%20ID%20%3A160059%29. 29 March 2017.
  10. Web site: Mohan. Vijay. 30 November 2020. DRDO shuts down 3 labs, sends staff to other centres. 2021-04-03. Tribuneindia News Service. en. 9 November 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221109121110/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/drdo-shuts-down-three-labs-sends-staff-to-other-centres-177986. live.
  11. Web site: Srivastava. Pranchal. 3 April 2021. DRDO research centre to come up in Lucknow, says Rajnath Singh. 2021-04-05. The Times of India. en. 9 November 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221109121108/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/drdo-research-centre-to-come-up-in-lucknow-says-rajnath-singh/articleshow/81880857.cms. live.
  12. News: PM dedicates 5 DRDO Young Scientists Laboratories to the Nation . 18 March 2021 . PTI . Press Trust of India . 2 January 2020 . 9 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221109121108/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=197246 . live .
  13. Web site: Mathew . Joe . 2024-04-11 . IIT Jodhpur-DRDO set up centre for defence tech R&D . 2024-04-22 . Fortune India . en.
  14. News: 30 May 2024 . IIT Kanpur, DRDO join forces to establish DIA Centre of Excellence, to foster research in next-gen defence technology . 2 June 2024 . Hindustan Times.
  15. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/drdo-chief-urges-for-indigenous-defence-production/articleshow/71350864.cms DRDO chief urges for indigenous defence production
  16. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/view-why-unlocking-defence-land-bank-to-meet-militarys-needs-is-a-good-idea/articleshow/71911296.cms Why unlocking defence land bank to meet military's needs isn't a bad idea
  17. https://newsarks.blogspot.com/2023/04/army-wants-drdo-to-take-in-more-of-its.html NEWS Army wants DRDO to take in more of its personnel on deputation, give them more access
  18. https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/union-defence-minister-rajnath-singh-pushes-for-indigenisation-of-defence-equipment-2117431 Rajnath Singh Pushes For Indigenisation Of Defence Equipment
  19. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/drdo-signs-pacts-on-transfer-of-technology-with-16-companies/articleshow/71652198.cms DRDO signs pacts on Transfer of Technology with 16 companies
  20. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isro-drdo-sign-mous-for-gaganyaan-mission/articleshow/71171232.cms ISRO, DRDO sign MoUs for Gaganyaan mission
  21. Web site: Biodigesters to help treat sewage from houseboats. Service. Tribune News. Tribuneindia News Service. en. 2020-03-06.
  22. Web site: Bio-Digester. drdoficciatac.com. 2020-03-06. 19 February 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200219002743/http://drdoficciatac.com/biodigester/aboutus.asp. live.
  23. Web site: Coronavirus: DRDO to help in COVID-19 detection and diagnosis. 2020-03-03. The Financial Express. en-US. 2020-03-06. 4 March 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200304164823/https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/coronavirus-drdo-to-help-in-covid-19-detection-and-diagnosis/1887525/. live.
  24. Web site: DRDO joins fight against Coronavirus: To make hand sanitizer for citizens. 2020-03-23. The Financial Express. en-US. 2020-03-29. 29 March 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200329153417/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/drdo-joins-fight-against-coronavirus-to-make-hand-sanitizer-for-citizens/1906320/. live.
  25. Web site: DRDO develops bio-suits based on sealants used in submarine applications. Sheth. Hemani. @businessline. 3 April 2020. en. 2020-04-12. 12 April 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200412102013/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/drdo-develops-bio-suits-based-on-sealants-used-in-submarine-applications/article31246509.ece. live.
  26. Web site: DRDO to make bio suits for healthcare staff to fight COVID-19. Staff. 2020-04-06. BGR India. en-US. 2020-04-12. 12 April 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200412102014/https://www.bgr.in/news/drdo-to-mass-produce-bio-suits-for-medical-professionals-fighting-coronavirus-884420/. live.
  27. News: DRDO suit ideal for COVID-19 warriors too. 2020-03-28. The Hindu. 2020-03-29. en-IN. 0971-751X. 29 March 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200329153415/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/drdo-suit-ideal-for-covid-19-warriors-too/article31195033.ece. live.
  28. Web site: DRDO develops casualty evacuation bags, orders 500 pieces. Service. Tribune News. Tribuneindia News Service. en. 2020-03-29. 29 March 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200329153418/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/drdo-develops-casualty-evacuation-bags-orders-500-pieces-62789. live.
  29. Web site: DRDO developing ventilator prototype. Pioneer. The. The Pioneer. en. 2020-03-31. 29 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200729070847/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/special/drdo-developing-ventilator-prototype.html. live.
  30. Web site: Coronavirus crisis: DRDO working with Tata, Mahindra on 'multi-patient ventilators'. www.businesstoday.in. 28 March 2020. 2020-03-29. 29 March 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200329153419/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/drdo-innovating-multi-patient-ventilators-to-meet-emergency/story/399488.html. live.
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  40. News: HAL bags ADE-DRDO supply order for 'ABHYAS' target platform . 17 December 2021 . PTI . Deccan Chronicle . 17 December 2021 . 17 December 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211217082720/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/business/companies/171221/hal-bags-ade-drdo-supply-order-for-abhyas-target-platform.html . live .
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  42. Web site: 2021-12-27. Paras Defence bags DRDO contract for border surveillance tech. live. 2021-12-28. Mint. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20211227102622/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/paras-defence-bags-drdo-contract-for-border-surveillance-tech-11640599368047.html . 27 December 2021 .
  43. News: Dutta. Amrita Nayak. 31 December 2021. DRDO Giving Extreme Cold Clothing Technology to 5 Indian Firms Latest in 1,400 Such Tech-transfer Pacts. News18. PTI. 29 December 2021. 31 December 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211231025118/https://www.news18.com/news/india/drdo-giving-extreme-cold-clothing-technology-to-5-indian-firms-latest-in-1400-such-tech-transfer-pacts-4609679.html. live.
  44. Web site: Kulkarni . Sushant . 2024-01-09 . DRDO launches ‘Ugram’, Indigenous assault rifle for armed forces . 2024-01-10 . The Indian Express . en.
  45. Web site: Kajal . Kapil . 10 January 2024 . DRDO develops new assault rifle . 2024-01-11 . Janes.com . en. https://web.archive.org/web/20240111132954/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/drdo-develops-new-assault-rifle. 2024-01-11.
  46. Web site: Our Luminaries. DRDO. 27 August 2023. 26 August 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230826215911/https://www.drdo.gov.in/our-luminaries. live.
  47. Web site: 2022-08-25 . Samir V Kamat Appointed New DRDO Chief; G Satheesh Reddy Named Scientific Adviser To Defence Minister . 2023-10-02 . English Jagran . en . 5 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231005070257/https://english.jagran.com/india/samir-v-kamat-appointed-new-drdo-chief-g-satheesh-reddy-named-scientific-adviser-to-defence-minister-10048081 . live .

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