"Deck the Halls” is a traditional Christmas carol. The melody is Welsh, dating back to the sixteenth century,[1] and belongs to a winter carol, "Nos Galan", while the English lyrics, written by the Scottish musician Thomas Oliphant, date to 1862.
The English-language lyrics were written by the Scottish musician Thomas Oliphant. They first appeared in 1862, in volume 2 of Welsh Melodies, a set of four volumes authored by John Thomas, including Welsh words by John Jones (Talhaiarn) and English words by Oliphant.[2] The original English lyrics, as published in 1862, run as follows (later variants are discussed below):
The phrase "'Tis the season", from the lyrics, has become synonymous with the Christmas and holiday season,[3] [4] 'tis being an archaic contraction of "it is".
A variation of the lyrics appears in the December 1877 issue of the Pennsylvania School Journal.[5] This version, in which there is no longer any reference to drinking, runs as follows:[6]
An identical printing appeared four years later in The Franklin Square Song Collection.[7]
The pluralizing of the title of the carol to "Deck the Halls" is found as early as 1892.[8]
Other common alterations replace the word "Christmas" with "Yule" or "Yuletide". For example, "Christmas carol" may be changed to "Yuletide carol" and "Christmas treasure" to "Yuletide treasure". Yule is used in modern times as another word for Christmas and the Christmas season, though the word has origins in an ancient Germanic midwinter festival.
In the original 1862 publication, Oliphant's English lyrics were published alongside Talhaiarn's Welsh lyrics. Although some early sources state that Oliphant's words were a translation of Talhaiarn's Welsh original,[9] this is not the case in any strict or literal sense. The first verse in Welsh, together with a literal English translation taken from Campbell's Treatise on the language, poetry, and music of the Highland Clans (1862), is given for comparison:[10]
The melody of "Deck the Hall" is taken from "Nos Galan" ("New Year's Eve"), a traditional Welsh New Year's Eve carol published in 1794, although it is much older. In 1912, Ruth Herbert Lewis made a wax cylinder recording of a Welshman named Benjamin Davies singing a song, "Can y Coach faier", which uses the old melody now associated with "Deck the Halls". The recording can be heard on the British Library Sound Archive website.[11]
The music is in AABA form.[12]
The Pennsylvania version from 1877 omits the third "Fa la la" line (which corresponds to the instrumental flourish in the Welsh original).
The third and fourth "Fa la la" lines sung to the words "Deck the Hall" differ from those sung or played in Wales, the fourth having a more arpeggiated melody in the Welsh version and the third differing in both melody and rhythm.
The tune is that of an old Welsh air, first found in a musical manuscript by Welsh harpist John Parry dating back to the 1700s. He published it in British Harmony Being a Collection of Antient Welsh Airs The traditional Remains of those Originally Sung By the Bards of Wales.[13] Poet John Ceiriog Hughes later wrote his own lyrics. A middle verse was later added by folk singers. In the eighteenth century the tune spread widely, with Mozart allegedly using it in his 18th violin sonata (1778)[14] and later Haydn arranged it in under the Welsh title, "Nos galan" (Hob. XXXIb: 29, 1803).
The Welsh and English lyrics found in the earliest publication of the "Nos Galan" melody are as follows:[15]
| Peak position | ||
| Lithuania (AGATA)[16] | 71 | |
|---|---|---|
| Poland (Polish Streaming Top 100)[17] | 68 | |
| US Holiday 100 (Billboard)[18] | 13 |
| Position | ||
| US Holiday 100 (Billboard)[19] | 63 |
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