December 1923 Explained
The following events occurred in December 1923:
December 1, 1923 (Saturday)
December 2, 1923 (Sunday)
- Elections for president and the legislative assembly and were held in Costa Rica. Former president Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno (who had served from 1910 to 1914) won a plurality (46%) of the vote, not enough for an outright victory, but in voting for the 43 seats of the Asamblea Legislativa, Jiménez's Partido Republicano Nacional finished second (with 18 seats) to the Partido Agrícola of Alberto Echandi Montero (with 20). Ultimately, Jiménez would be selected president by the Asamblea, and third-place candidate Jorge Volio would become vice president.
- In Montevideo, Uruguay defeated Argentina, 2 to 0 to win the South American Championship of football. The format was tournament with the teams of Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil playing one game apiece against each other. After they both defeated Paraguay and Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina had records of 2 wins and no losses going into the final scheduled game.
- Born:
- Maria Callas (stage name for Sophie Kalos), American-born Greek soprano singer; in Manhattan, New York City (died of a heart attack, 1977)
- Hassia Levy-Agron, Israeli choreographer; in Jerusalem (d. 2001)
- Died:
December 3, 1923 (Monday)
December 4, 1923 (Tuesday)
- The Cecil B. DeMille-directed epic film The Ten Commandments, the most popular movie of 1924, premiered at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood. One critic closed his review by saying, "'The Ten Commandments' is a picture that you cannot, by any stretch of the imagination, afford to miss. It offers splendors of photography and theatrical wonders hitherto unrevealed. It is, in fact, the greatest masterpiece, thus far, of pictoral artistry— and it has a lot to offer besides."[7] Unlike DeMille's 1956 remake, the 1923 version had two parts, with a 50-minute prologue that recounted the events of the Book of Exodus before moving forward in time to the present (in the year 1923) for the remaining 85 minutes to show the different approaches to the ten commandments by members of the McTavish family.[8]
- The Eveready Hour, the first commercially sponsored variety program in the history of broadcasting, premiered on the radio station WEAF in New York City.[9] Within a year, the program would be transmitted by WEAF to additional stations, creating the "WEAF chain" radio network.[10]
- Born:
- Henry Rowan, American engineer and philanthropist for whom Rowan University (formerly Glassboro State College) is named; in Raphine, Virginia (d. 2015)
- Charles Keating, American financier convicted of fraud and whose activities led to the 1989 U.S. savings and loan crisis; in Cincinnati (d. 2014)
- Philip Slier, Dutch Jewish typesetter whose letters detailing life at a Nazi labor camp, Camp Molengoot, would be published 65 years after his death; in Amsterdam (killed at Sobibor extermination camp, 1943)
- Died:
December 5, 1923 (Wednesday)
- An insurrection began in Mexico as officers in five states — Veracruz, San Luis Potosí, Chihuahua, Michoacán and Tamaulipas — ousted the federal officials and installed their own replacements. General Guadalupe Sanchez and several other officers sent a message to President Álvaro Obregón declaring that "to contribute with our military honor to the conservation of peace and respect for the free will of the people, and to prevent the odious impositions which aim at destroying in its cradle our democratic form of government, we have resolved to assume the defense of the institutions offended so seriously by the government you represent."[11] [12] The rebellion was nominally led by Adolfo de la Huerta, but the rebels had little in common with each other besides opposition to Obregón.[13]
- Six days before the conclusion of his term, Governor Edwin P. Morrow of the U.S. state of Kentucky commuted the death sentence of convicted murderer Steve McQueen, who had been a juvenile at the time of the crime. Pleas had been made to the governor's office from around the U.S. and Morrow said that he "heard the voice of God" in the requests.[14]
- All 18 crew on the cargo steamboat T.W. Lake died when the ship sank off Lopez Island in northern Washington state.[15] [16]
- Born:
- Died: William Mackenzie, 74, Canadian railway entrepreneur
December 6, 1923 (Thursday)
- Voting was held for the 615-seat British House of Commons after Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin had sought to increase the 344 to 142 majority held by his Conservative Party and for his protectionist tariff policy. Instead, the Tories lost 86 seats while the Labour Party of Ramsay MacDonald and the Liberal Party of H. H. Asquith gained 49 seats and 43 seats, respectively. With at least 308 seats needed for a majority, the Tory share fell to 258 seats, 50 short of control, while Labour (with 191) and Liberal (with 158) had a combined opposition force of 349.[17] [18] [19]
- Winston Churchill was defeated by Labour candidate Frederick Pethick-Lawrence in the constituency of Leicester West[20] [21]
- Liberal incumbent Francis Dyke Acland retained his seat for the Tiverton constituency by only three votes, 12,303 to 12,300 over his second cousin, Conservative Gilbert Acland-Troyte.[22]
- Gregory Zervoudakis, the Eastern Orthodox Metropolitan of Chalcedon, was elected as the Church leader as Patriarch of Constantinople. He took the ecclesiastical name Gregory VII, and served less than a year before his sudden death from a heart attack.
- U.S. President Calvin Coolidge made his first State of the Union address. The speech was broadcast on nationwide radio.[23] [24]
- The Chamber of Deputies of France voted, 408 to 127, to adopt the electoral reform bill proposed by the government of Prime Minister Raymond Poincare. After a previous measure had been failed to win support, 270 to 295, Poincare presented the question again as a vote of confidence in his government.[25]
- Born:
- Died: Friedrich Rosenbach, 80, German microbiologist known for his studies of staphylococcus variations; Rosenbach's disease was named for him after he discovered its etiology from contaminated seafood.
December 7, 1923 (Friday)
December 8, 1923 (Saturday)
- The Reichstag voted, 313 to 18, to pass an enabling act, giving Chancellor Wilhelm Marx the power to implement emergency economic and welfare measures.[26] [27]
- Rebels in Mexico captured Xalapa, the capital of the state of Veracruz, and took 200 prisoners, including Governor Angel Casarin.[28] With the fall of Veracruz state, the insurgents began their advance toward Mexico City.[29]
- After the U.S. Senate had declined to ratify the Treaty of Versailles, U.S. Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes and Germany's Ambassador Otto Wiedfeldt signed the Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Consular Relations between Germany and the United States of America. The two nations would both ratify the treaty in 1925.[30]
- The Bertolt Brecht play Baal premiered in Leipzig at the Altes Theater. The play caused such a scandal that the Mayor of Leipzig canceled any further performances.[31]
- Born:
- Died: John William Brodie-Innes, 75, Scottish occult novelist known for his 1915 work The Devil's Mistress. He was a leading member of the Amen-Ra Temple of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn
December 9, 1923 (Sunday)
December 10, 1923 (Monday)
December 11, 1923 (Tuesday)
- Stanley Baldwin decided to remain as Prime Minister until the return of parliament in January when he would face a confidence vote.[37]
- Puebla, Mexico's fourth largest city, was taken by rebels led by former President Adolfo de la Huerta.
- The Board of Regents of the University of California system voted to turn its Southern Branch, located in Los Angeles, from a three-year junior college into a four-year program authorized to award a bachelor's degree to students, beginning with the 1924–1925 academic year. The first Southern Branch bachelor's degree would be awarded on June 12, 1925, and on February 1, 1927, the institution would be renamed the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA).[38]
- Born: Luis Berenguer, Spanish novelist; in Ferrol (d. 1979)
- Died: John R. Rathom, 55, Australian-born American reporter and editor of The Providence Journal, known for his dubious and sometimes fraudulent stories
December 12, 1923 (Wednesday)
- Italy's first airline, Aero Espresso Italiana, was founded. It would begin offering passenger service in 1926.
- German Finance Minister Hans Luther announced that the country had exhausted its gold reserves and domestic credit, and would need a foreign loan to continue functioning.[39]
- Born:
- Died:
December 13, 1923 (Thursday)
- Lord Alfred Douglas was sentenced to six months in prison for libelling Winston Churchill. Douglas had printed a story in his newspaper claiming that Churchill was paid off by Ernest Cassel to release a false report about the Battle of Jutland so stocks would go down and a group of Jews could turn a profit when they went up again.[40] [41]
- Born:
- Died:
December 14, 1923 (Friday)
December 15, 1923 (Saturday)
- Captain Cesare Maria De Vecchi, the Commandant-General of the Blackshirts, the Italian Fascist Party's paramilitary wing, arrived in Mogadiscio (now Mogadishu) to take office as the Fascist colonial governor of Italian Somaliland and began a program of conquering the existing sultanates in the more remote parts of the northeast African land.
- The wreck of the Norwegian steamer Runa killed 18 of its 23 crew after the vessel was wrecked on the coast of the U.S. state of North Carolina and sank in a few minutes. While two lifeboats were launched, the six occupants of one of the boats froze to death before they could be rescued.[44]
- Turkey and Hungary signed a treaty of friendship.
- Inventor Eric Mackintosh applied for the patent for the Celestion electric loudspeaker system for radio.
- Six days after ending the 1923 NFL season in first place with an 11-0-1 record, the NFL champion Canton Bulldogs defeated the non-NFL Frankford Yellow Jackets in a challenge game against in Philadelphia. Frankford, not an NFL team, billed themselves as "champions of the East" with a 9-1-2 record against teams in the "Anthracite League" and against four other NFL teams. Described in the U.S. as the pro football championship, the game was won by Canton, 3 to 0, in the final two minutes of play on a field goal from future Pro Football Hall of Famer Pete Henry.[45]
- The Jules Romains play Knock ou le Triomphe de la médecine ("Knock, or the Triumph of Medicine") was first performed in Paris at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées. The title was derived from the name of the main character, Dr. Knock.
- Born:
- Died: Joe Pullen, 40, African-American tenant farmer, was lynched by white citizens of Drew, Mississippi, but not before he killed at least three members of the lynch mob and wounded several others.[46]
December 16, 1923 (Sunday)
- Voting was held in Greece for the 395 seats of the Ethnikís Synélefsis.[47] The Liberal Party of Prime Minister Stylianos Gonatas, running on a platform of abolishing the monarchy, more than doubled its share of seats, from 118 to 250, and won control of the parliament. The new Democratic Union and Democratic Liberals won 120 seats.
- Mexican rebels captured Cuautla, Morelos.[48]
- The wreck of the American lumber freighter C. A. Smith killed 11 of its crew after their lifeboat capsized while it was being lowered into the water after the ship struck rocks at the entrance to Coos Bay in the U.S. state of Oregon.[49]
- Born:
- Died: Rabbi Albert Katz, 65, Polish-born German Jewish author and journalist who wrote multiple tracts under the pen name Ish ha-Ruah. He also served as the chief editor of the magazine Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums
December 17, 1923 (Monday)
- The kingdom of Thailand officially adopted the metric system, although not wholly abandoning the traditional Thai units of measure. Among the units lost were the khuep [{{convert|25|cm}}] and the chang [{{convert|1.2|kg}}]. The thanan was equivalent to one liter.[50]
- The Gregorian Calendar comes into effect in the Armenian Apostolic Church all over the world, with the notable exception of the Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem, by a decree of Catholicos Gevorg V Soureniants dated November 6 (O.S.).[51]
- Agreement was reached in Britain on the formation of the Imperial Air Transport Company, soon to be known as Imperial Airways.
- Subhi Bey Barakat was elected as the first, and only President of the Syrian Federation.[52]
- American boxer Johnny Dundee regained the world junior lightweight championship, defeating Jack Bernstein (who had defeated him on May 30) in a split decision after a bout at Madison Square Garden in New York.
- The Tod Browning-directed crime film White Tiger was released.
- Born: Jaroslav Pelikan, U.S. historian of Christianity; in Akron, Ohio (d. 2006)
- Died: Joseph Orpen, 95, British colonial administrator and anthropologist
December 18, 1923 (Tuesday)
- Farmer James D. Cummings and draftsman J. Earl McLeod, both of Washington, Kansas, filed the patent application for their invention, the bulldozer. U.S. Patent No. 1,522,378 would be granted on January 6, 1925.[53] In the patent application, they wrote "Our invention is an attachment for tractors by the use of which the surface of the ground may be easily brought into a level condition. The device is intended more particularly for filling ditches in which pipe lines have been laid but is capable of use as a grader and for other purposes."
- The Tangier Protocol was signed in Paris by representatives of France, Spain and the United Kingdom, creating the Tangier International Zone in Morocco.[54] The Zone would be abolished in 1956 upon the independence of Morocco.
- Andrew Volstead told a law enforcement conference in Minnesota that the American people were giving up their opposition to Prohibition and that the act bearing his name would never be amended or repealed.[55]
- Born: British Army Field Marshal Edwin Bramall, Chief of the Defence Staff 1982–1985; in Tonbridge, Kent (d. 2019)
December 19, 1923 (Wednesday)
December 20, 1923 (Thursday)
December 21, 1923 (Friday)
- The French airship Dixmude exploded and crashed into the Mediterranean during a thunderstorm. All 50 on board were killed in the worst air disaster in history to that point.[61] The dirigible's fate was not immediately known at the time.[62] One body, identified as lieutenant commander Du Plessis de Grenandan on the Dixmude, was found on December 26.[63]
- The Nepal–Britain Treaty was signed at the Singha Durbar, Nepal's royal palace in Kathmandu, by British envoy W. F. T. O'Connor on behalf of King George V of the United Kingdom, and Nepal's Prime Minister, Field Marshal Chandra Shumsher, on behalf of King Tribhuvan. The British Empire acknowledged Nepal's right to conduct its own foreign and domestic affairs.[64]
- Mexico's federal army, commanded by General Eugenio Martinez, recaptured the city of Puebla from the De la Huerta rebels.[65] The government estimated that it lost 150 federales, while more than 2,000 rebels had been killed in battle and another 2,000 taken prisoner.[66]
- Charles G. Dawes was named head of the commission to investigate Germany's capacity to pay war reparations.[67]
- Born:
- Died: Frank I. Cobb, 54, American editor of the New York World since 1904, died of cancer.
December 22, 1923 (Saturday)
December 23, 1923 (Sunday)
December 24, 1923 (Monday)
- The economic feasibility of rural electrification in the United States was demonstrated in a joint project of the University of Minnesota and the Northern States Power Company as nine farms in Goodhue County, Minnesota, received electricity for the first time.[71] [72]
- At Washington, D.C., the tradition of the National Christmas Tree was inaugurated in the U.S. at the conclusion of a 100-member choir from the city's First Congregational Church at the South Portico of the White House. At 5:00 in the evening, U.S. President Calvin Coolidge pressed a button and turned on 2,500 electric bulbs.[73]
- In a Christmas message, German Chancellor Wilhelm Marx stated that the government was willing to "fulfill reparations to the limit of our capacity", but made an international appeal to "give us peace, take away the unfair sanctions and oppositions, and give us a chance to work and live and then Germany will save her finances and pay reparations accordingly."[74]
- Born:
- Died: Alexander Neverov (pen name for Alexander Skobelev), 37, Soviet Russian novelist known for his recently published Tashkent— The City of Bread (Tashkent— Gorod Chlebniy), died of heart failure
December 25, 1923 (Tuesday)
- The brand-new Imperial Theatre opened on Broadway with the debut of the musical comedy Mary Jane McKane, with music by Oscar Hammerstein II and lyrics by Vincent Youmans.[75]
- U.S. Patent No. 1,478,704 was granted to the estate of the late German optician Heinrich Erfle his invention, the first wide-angle eyepiece for telescopes and binoculars. Erfle had died from blood poisoning more than eight months earlier, on April 8, at the age of 39.[76] The application had been filed on August 13, 1921.[77]
- Born:
- Sonya Olschanezky, German World War II resistance fighter; in Chemnitz (executed July 6, 1944)
- Maurice Fingercwajg, Polish-born French World War II resistance fighter; in Warsaw (executed February 21, 1944)
- Satyananda Saraswati, Indian founder of the Bihar School of Yoga, in Almora, British India (d. 2009)
- Wendell Chino, American Indian leader and President of the Mescalero Apache Nation from 1964 until his death; in Mescalero, New Mexico (d. 1998) [78]
- Muzharul Islam, Bangladeshi architect; in Murshidabad, Bengal province, British India (now in West Bengal state of India) (d. 2012)
- René Girard, French philosopher and anthropologist; in Avignon, Vaucluse département (d. 2015)
December 26, 1923 (Wednesday)
- France's budget for 1924 showed a surplus of 568 million francs.[79]
- Ships, planes and camel riders searched the Mediterranean and North African coastline looking for any trace of the Dixmude, though expectations of finding survivors were low.[80] On December 29, the search for more survivors halted and the French government began sending condolences to the families of the victims.[81]
- A fire at one of the buildings of the Illinois State Hospital for the Insane in Chicago killed 14 patients and a nurse.[82]
- Born: Victor Owusu, Ghanaian lawyer and politician, Attorney General of Ghana 1966-1969 and 1971–1972, Foreign Minister 1969–1971; in Agona, Gold Coast crown colony (d. 2000)
- Died: Dietrich Eckart, 55, German journalist and early member of the Nazi Party, died of a heart attack
December 27, 1923 (Thursday)
- An assassination attempt was made against Japan's Prince Regent Hirohito when a 24-year-old communist student, Daisuke Namba, fired a pistol and shattered the window of Hirohito's automobile as it was passing through the Toranomon district of Tokyo.[83] The Prince Regent, who had been on his way to the opening of the Imperial Parliament, was unhurt. Prime Minister Yamamoto Gonnohyōe and his cabinet resigned after taking responsibility for the lack of security for the Emperor.
- Mexican government forces routed rebels in northern Jalisco.[84]
- The American freight steamship Conejos sank in the Black Sea with the loss of all 37 sailors.[85]
December 28, 1923 (Friday)
December 29, 1923 (Saturday)
- Russian-born American engineer Vladimir K. Zworykin and Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company filed the first application for Zworykin's invention, "Television System". U.S. Patent No. 2,141,059 would be granted on December 20, 1938. His application stated "One of the objects of my invention is to provide a system for enabling a person to see distant moving objects or views by radio. Another object of my invention is to eliminate synchronizing devices heretofore employed in television systems. Still another object of my invention is to provide a system for broadcasting, from a central point, moving pictures, scenes from plays, or similar entertainments."[89]
- The government of Germany agreed to pay the expenses incurred by France and Belgium for occupation of Germany's Ruhr area.[90]
- The Italian steamship SS Mutlah and its crew of 40 disappeared after sending a distress call while sailing in the Mediterranean Sea.[91]
- Britain and France clashed over the French collection of taxes on a mine in the Ruhr owned by British subjects.[92]
- The Frank Lloyd-directed fantasy drama film Black Oxen, starring Corinne Griffith, Conway Tearle and Clara Bow, was released.
- Born:
- Died: Johann Mayer, 37, German serial killer, was executed by guillotine at the Köln Prison
December 30, 1923 (Sunday)
December 31, 1923 (Monday)
Notes and References
- "300 Drown as Dike Bursts and Italian Towns Are Swept— Artificial Lake at Dezzo Pours Millions of Cubic Yards of Water Into Valleys", Philadelphia Inquirer, December 2, 1923, p.1
- "Six Hundred Perish as Floods Inundate Fifty Square Miles— Three Italian Villages Washed Away When Dam Bursts", Philadelphia Inquirer, December 3, 1923, p.1
- Web site: The Curious Traveler . June 16, 2002 . Biblioteca Italia Grassi . January 28, 2015 .
- News: December 31, 1923 . Liberty Given 3,500 Rebels By Free State . Chicago Daily Tribune. 2 .
- Book: Ray, Martin . 2007 . Joseph Conrad: Memories and Impressions : an Annotated Bibliography . limited . Rodopi Bv Editions . 154 . 978-90-420-2298-0 .
- "Dr. Elmer Gates, Scientist, Dies", The Courier-Journal (Louisville, KY), December 4, 1923, p. 3
- "De Mille's Film Thrills— 'Ten Commandments,' Given Premiere at Hollywood, Declared Producer's Masterpiece", by Edwin Schallert, Los Angeles Times, December 5, 1923, p. II-1
- Book: Birchard, Robert S. . 2004 . Cecil B. DeMille's Hollywood . University Press of Kentucky . 978-0-8131-3829-9 .
- Book: Dunning, John . On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio . John Dunning (detective fiction author) . 1998 . Oxford University Press . New York, NY . 978-0-19-507678-3 . 235–236 . Revised . 2019-11-12.
- Eric Barnouw, A Tower in Babel: A History of Broadcasting in the United States to 1933, Volume 1 (Oxford University Press, 1966) p.159
- "Five Mexican States United in Open Revolt— Leading Generals, Meeting at Vera Cruz, Repudiate Obregon, Oust Federal Employees", Philadelphia Inquirer, December 7, 1923, p.1
- Book: Sánchez, Mario Raúl Mijares . 2013 . Mexico: The Genesis of its Political Decomposition . Palibrio . 107 . 978-1-4633-2894-8 .
- Book: Buchenau, Jürgen . 2007 . Plutarco Elías Calles and the Mexican Revolution . Plymouth . Rowman & Littlefield . 106 . 978-1-4616-4095-0 .
- "'Voice of God' Leads to Pardoning of Slayer", Philadelphia Inquirer, December 6, 1923, p.1
- "Sixteen Believed Dead in Pacific Coast Gale; Fifteen Thought Drowned When Steamer Sinks During Storm", Philadelphia Inquirer, December 8, 1923, p.2
- Newell, Gordon R., ed., H.W. McCurdy Marine History of the Pacific Northwest, Superior Publishing Co., Seattle, WA (1966) p. 343.
- Book: Seaman, L.C.B. . 2005 . Post Victorian Britain 1902–1951 . Methuen & Co. . 129 . 978-1-134-95491-9 .
- "Free Trade Wins by Early Count of British Vote— Liberals and Laborites Gain Over Conservatives; Lady Astor Is Elected Again at Plymouth", Philadelphia Inquirer, December 7, 1923, p.1
- "Conservatives Elect 259, Other Parties Total 343", Philadelphia Inquirer, December 8, 1923, p.3
- Book: Mercer, Derrik . 1989 . Chronicle of the 20th Century . London . Chronicle Communications Ltd. . 312 . 978-0-582-03919-3 .
- Web site: Frederick Pethick-Lawrence . Dictionary of Unitarian & Universalist Biography . January 28, 2015 .
- "Tiverton. Close Finish. Will There Be A Scrutiny?"", Devon and Exeter Daily Gazette, December 8, 1923, p.3
- "Broadcast of Coolidge Message to Be Heard in All Parts of U.S.", Philadelphia Inquirer, December 6, 1923, p.1
- Web site: First Annual Message – December 6, 1923 . Peters . Gerbhard . Woolley . John T. . The American Presidency Project . January 28, 2015 .
- "Poincare Forces Electoral Reform— Chamber Passes Bill, 408 to 127, When Vote Is Made One of Confidence", Philadelphia Inquirer, December 7, 1923, p.1
- "Full Control Given to Marx Cabinet; Rule Minus Sanction of Reichstag Is Passed by Vote of 313 to 18", Philadelphia Inquirer, December 9, 1923, p.4
- Web site: Germany – The Republic in Crisis 1920–1923 . The World War . January 28, 2015 .
- "Rebels Capture State Capital of Vera Cruz— Jalapa Falls After Siege, 200 Prisoners, Including the Governor, Taken", Philadelphia Inquirer, December 10, 1923, p. 1
- "10,000 Insurgents Converging Upon Mexican Capital", Philadelphia Inquirer, December 11, 1923, p. 1
- https://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/friendtreaty0139.htm "Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Consular Rights"
- Book: Fuegi, John . 1987 . Bertolt Brecht: Chaos, According to Plan . registration . Cambridge . Cambridge University Press . 191 . 978-0-521-28245-1 .
- News: December 10, 1923 . 9 Die, 39 Injured in Wreck . Chicago Daily Tribune. 1 .
- https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/de/recherche/kataloge-datenbanken/biographische-datenbanken/wolfgang-harich?ID=1247 "Harich, Wolfgang, 9.12.1923 — 15.3.1995"
- "9 Die, 7 Hurt in Crash of N.Y. Central Flyer; 'Bill' Donovan Killed", Philadelphia Inquirer, December 10, 1923, p. 1
- News: Fendrick . Raymond . December 11, 1923 . Mussolini to End Dictator Rule in Italy . Chicago Daily Tribune. 6 .
- Web site: 1923 . Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism . January 28, 2015 .
- News: Steele . John . December 12, 1923 . Baldwin Stays in Power; Balk Labor Cabinet . Chicago Daily Tribune. 14 .
- Marina Dundjerski, UCLA: The First Century (Third Millennium Publishing, 2011)
- News: Clayton . John . December 13, 1923 . Germany at End of Rope; Appeals for League Loan . Chicago Daily Tribune. 3 .
- News: July 19, 1923 . One Farthing in Damages Given to British Lord . Chicago Daily Tribune. 3 .
- Steele . John . December 14, 1923 . British Noble is Guilty of Libel; 6 Months in Jail . Chicago Daily Tribune. 26 .
- "U. S. Flier Drowned When Plane Falls— Lawrence Sperry, Aerial Pioneer, Meets Death in English Channel", Philadelphia Inquirer, December 14, 1923, p. 3
- "Quakes Wreck Towns, Kill Many in Colombia; Eighty-Five Dead Already Found in Ruins of Cumbal, Near the Ecuador Border", The New York Times, December 16, 1923, p. 2
- "29 Men Perish in Atlantic and Pacific Wrecks— Seamen Frozen to Death in Open Boat Before Arrival of Rescue Vessels Off Carolina", Philadelphia Inquirer, December 17, 1923, p. 1
- https://www.newspapers.com/clip/117002904/pro-football-23-championship/ "Canton Bulldogs Take Professional Grid Title"
- "Terrible results of battle with lone negro farmer", Easton (PA) Daily Free Press, December 15, 1923, p. 3
- "Greece Facing Dynastic Crisis; Radicals Gain— Republicans Claim Victory in Elections and Clamor for Deposition of King George", Philadelphia Inquirer, December 18, 1923, p.1
- News: December 17, 1923 . Obregon's Air Forces Bomb Rebel Troops . Chicago Daily Tribune. 1 .
- "Pacific Wreck Costs Eleven Lives", Philadelphia Inquirer, December 17, 1923, p.8
- https://www.bipm.org/en/search?p_p_id=search_portlet&p_p_lifecycle=2&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_resource_id=%2Fdownload%2Fpublication&p_p_cacheability=cacheLevelPage&_search_portlet_dlFileId=33145657&p_p_lifecycle=1&_search_portlet_selectedFacetType=bipm-file-year_sortable&_search_portlet_javax.portlet.action=search&_search_portlet_selectedFacetValue=1927&_search_portlet_displayRawValue=true&_search_portlet_operation=selectFacet Comptes Rendus des Seances de la Septieme Conference Generale des Poids et Measures
- Վարժապետեան, Յակոբ. Նոր կամ Գրիգորեան Տոմարը եւ Հայոց Ս․ Եկեղեցին. Կ․Պոլիս (Constantinople): Յ․Մ․ Սէթեան, 1926. (p. 6)
- https://books.google.com/books?id=oPtZAAAAYAAJ&q=Barakat "La proclamation de l'unite syrienne"
- https://patents.google.com/patent/US1522378?oq=1522378 U.S. Patent No. 1,522,378, "Attachment for tractors"
- News: Ryan . Thomas . December 19, 1923 . Tangier Treaty Signed; Door to Port Kept Open . Chicago Daily Tribune. 19 .
- News: December 19, 1923 . Volstead Law to Remain, Its Author Says . Chicago Daily Tribune. 19 .
- News: December 20, 1923 . U.S. Refuses to Stop "Vacation" for Greek King . Chicago Daily Tribune. 3 .
- https://www.sakharov-center.ru/asfcd/pam/?t=pam&id=1529 "Memorial Sign to Political Prisoners Executed in the Savvatievsky Skete"
- "Bandit Chief Shot", The Chinese Students Monthly (March, 1924) p. 68
- Richard Traubner, Operetta: A Theatrical History (Routledge, 2003) pp. 269–280
- Web site: Chronology 1923 . 2002 . indiana.edu . January 28, 2015 . April 2, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200402162920/http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1923.htm . dead .
- Book: Keirns, Aaron J. . 2010 . America's Forgotten Airship Disaster: The Crash of the USS Shenandoah . Little River Publishing . 26 . 978-0-9647800-5-7 .
- News: December 24, 1923 . French Vessel with 50 Aboard Hit by Storm . Chicago Daily Tribune. 1 .
- News: Wales . Henry . December 29, 1923 . Body in Sea Only Clew to Lost Airship . Chicago Daily Tribune. 1 .
- Percival Landon, Nepal (Constable and Company, Ltd., 1928) p. 151.
- "Rebels Driven Out of Puebla; Aim at Capital", Philadelphia Inquirer, December 23, 1923, p.1
- "Only 500 Escape When Puebla Falls", Philadelphia Inquirer, December 25, 1923, p.2
- News: Wales . Henry . December 22, 1923 . Dawes Named as Head of German Financial Quiz . Chicago Daily Tribune. 3 .
- News: December 23, 1923 . Mother-in-Law of Balkans Hits Bad Boy Greece . Chicago Daily Tribune. 3 .
- Book: Evans, Richard J. . 2003 . The Coming of the Third Reich . London . . 108–109 . 978-0-14-303469-8 .
- News: December 24, 1923 . Move Big Gold Rood of Gold Canopy over Tut's Tomb . Chicago Daily Tribune. 2 .
- Richard F. Hirsh, Powering American Farms: The Overlooked Origins of Rural Electrification (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2022)
- "Water Power and The Farm", inWater Resources magazine (December, 1924) p. 11
- "White House Carols and Brilliant Tree Usher Christmas", The Washington Post, December 25, 1923, p. 1
- News: Schultz . Sigrid . Sigrid Schultz . December 25, 1923 . Chicago Daily Tribune. 4 .
- The Best Plays of 1923–1924 (Dodd, Mead & Company, 1925) p. 374
- https://www.mikeeckman.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/ZeissSpring2000.pdf "Heinrich Valentin Erfle (1884-1923)"
- https://patents.google.com/patent/US1478704A/en?oq=US+1478704 U.S. Patent No. 1,478,704
- https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/09/us/wendell-chino-74-president-of-new-mexico-tribe-is-dead.html "Wendell Chino, 74, President of New Mexico tribe, is dead"
- News: Wales . Henry . December 27, 1923 . Dawes' Expert Board to Meet in Paris Jan. 14 . Chicago Daily Tribune. 11 .
- News: December 27, 1923 . Three Nations Hunt 50 Men from Airship . Chicago Daily Tribune. 3 .
- "France Ends Hope for Dixmude Crew— Government Sends Official Condolence to Dirigible's Victims", Philadelphia Inquirer, December 30, 1923, p.2
- "14 Maniacs Die with Nurse in Hospital Fire— Three Other Patients Missing in Illinois Pavilion Blaze; 500 Insane Saved", Philadelphia Inquirer, December 27, 1923, p.1
- "Assassin's Bullet Misses Prince on Way to Japan Diet— Regent Hirohito in Auto Is Fired on From the Street", Philadelphia Inquirer, December 29, 1923, p. 1
- News: Cornyn . John . December 28, 1923 . Obregon Pours Men into Drive on Guadalajara . Chicago Daily Tribune. 4 .
- News: December 31, 1923 . 37 American Sailors Lost in Black Sea . Chicago Daily Tribune. 1 .
- "Eiffel Builder Dies in 92d Year— Noted Engineer Had Apartment Near Top of Lofty Building", Philadelphia Inquirer, December 29, 1923, p.3
- "Michael J. Owens Dead; His Inventions Revolutionized Methods of Bottle Making", The New York Times, December 28, 1923
- Book: Harben, Niloufer. Twentieth-century English history plays: from Shaw to Bond. 1988. 31. 0-389-20734-9. registration.
- https://patents.google.com/patent/US2141059A/en?oq=2141059 "U.S. Patent No. 2,141,059"
- "Germany Accepts Humiliating Terms— Nationalists Rave as Reich Agrees to Apologize and Pay Ruhr Bill", Philadelphia Inquirer, December 31, 1923, p.3
- "Italian Ship With Crew of Forty is Lost", Vancouver Daily World, January 3, 1924, p. 1
- News: Steele . John . December 31, 1923 . British Clash with French on Taxes in Ruhr . Chicago Daily Tribune. 8 .
- "4 Convicts Flee Atlanta Prison Through Tunnel", Philadelphia Inquirer, December 31, 1923, p.1
- News: December 31, 1923 . Paris Looks for Freeze to Save City from Flood . Chicago Daily Tribune. 3 .
- News: January 1, 1924 . Floods Menace Paris, Petrograd and Honolulu . Chicago Daily Tribune. 2 .
- News: January 1, 1924 . Charred Bits of Wrecked Airship Given Up by Sea . Chicago Daily Tribune. 6 .
- News: January 1, 1924 . Divorces Arbuckle . Chicago Daily Tribune. 3 .
- Web site: Kid Boots . . January 28, 2015 .
