| Dciriku | |
| Also Known As: | Gciriku |
| Nativename: | Rumanyo |
| Region: | Kavango East |
| Ethnicity: | Vagciriku, Vamanyo, Vashambyu |
| Date: | 2004–2018 |
| Ref: | e25 |
| Familycolor: | Niger-Congo |
| Fam2: | Atlantic–Congo |
| Fam3: | Benue–Congo |
| Fam4: | Southern Bantoid |
| Fam5: | Bantu |
| Fam6: | Kavango–Southwest |
| Fam7: | Kavango |
| Iso3: | diu |
| Glotto: | diri1252 |
| Glottorefname: | Diriku-Shambyu |
| Dia1: | Gciriku |
| Dia2: | Shambyu |
| Dia3: | Mbogedu (extinct) |
| Map: | Diriku taalkaartje NL.png |
| Notice: | IPA |
| Guthrie: | K.331,334 (K.332) |
Gciriku, or Dciriku (Also Diriku, Dirico, Manyo or Rumanyo), is a Bantu language spoken by 305,000 people along the Kavango River in Namibia, Botswana and Angola. 24,000 people speak Gciriku in Angola, according to Ethnologue.[1] It was first known in the west via the Vagciriku, who had migrated from the main Vamanyo area and spoke Rugciriku, a dialect of Rumanyo. The name Gciriku (Dciriku, Diriku) remains common in the literature, but within Namibia the name Rumanyo has been revived.[2] The Mbogedu dialect is extinct; Maho (2009) lists it as a distinct language, and notes that the names 'Manyo' and 'Rumanyo' are inappropriate for it.
It is one of several Bantu languages of the Okavango which have click consonants, as in pronounced as /ǀɛ́ǀˀà/ ('bed'), pronounced as /mùǀûkò/ ('flower'), and pronounced as /kàǀûrù/ ('tortoise'). These clicks, of which there are half a dozen (c, gc, ch, and prenasalized nc and nch), are generally all pronounced with a dental articulation, but there is broad variation between speakers. They are especially common in place names and in words for features of the landscape, reflecting their sources in Khwe and Ju, two so-called Khoisan languages. Many of the words with clicks in Gciriku, including those in native Bantu vocabulary, are shared with Kwangali, Mbukushu, and Fwe.[3]
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||
| Mid | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||
| Open | pronounced as /ink/ |
| Bilabial | Labio- dental | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar/ Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Click | voiceless | pronounced as /link/ | |||||||
| voiced | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||||
| prenasal vl. | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||||
| prenasal vd. | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||||
| prenasal asp. | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||||
| Nasal | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| Stop/ Affricate | voiceless | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |||
| voiced | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |||||
| prenasal vl. | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||
| prenasal vd. | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||||
| voiced | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| prenasal vl. | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||||
| prenasal vd. | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||||
| Trill | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||||
| Approximant | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||||||