| Dart | |
| Paradigm: | Multi-paradigm |
| Released: | [2] |
| Designer: | Lars Bak, Kasper Lund |
| Developer: | |
| Latest Preview Date: | [3] |
| Typing: | 1.x: Optional 2.x: Inferred[4] (static, strong) |
| Implementations: | Dart VM, dart2native, dart2js, DDC, Flutter |
| Influenced By: | C, C++, C#, Erlang, Java, JavaScript, Ruby, Smalltalk, Strongtalk,[5] TypeScript[6] |
| Platform: | Cross-platform |
| Operating System: | Cross-platform |
| License: | BSD |
| File Ext: | .dart |
Dart is a programming language designed by Lars Bak and Kasper Lund and developed by Google.[7] It can be used to develop web and mobile apps as well as server and desktop applications.
Dart is an object-oriented, class-based, garbage-collected language with C-style syntax.[8] It can compile to machine code, JavaScript, or WebAssembly. It supports interfaces, mixins, abstract classes, reified generics and type inference.[9]
Dart was unveiled at the GOTO conference in Aarhus, Denmark, October 10–12, 2011. Lars Bak and Kasper Lund founded the project.[10] Dart 1.0 was released on November 14, 2013.[11]
Dart had a mixed reception at first. Some criticized the Dart initiative for fragmenting the web because of plans to include a Dart VM in Chrome. Those plans were dropped in 2015 with the Dart 1.9 release. Focus changed to compiling Dart code to JavaScript.[12]
Dart 2.0 was released in August 2018 with language changes including a type system.[13]
Dart 2.6 introduced a new extension, dart2native. This extended native compilation to the Linux, macOS, and Windows desktop platforms.[14] Earlier developers could create new tools using only Android or iOS devices. With this extension, developers could deploy a program into self-contained executables. The Dart SDK doesn't need to be installed to run these self-contained executables.[15] The Flutter toolkit integrates Dart, so it can compile on small services like backend support.[16] [17]
Dart 3.0 was released in May 2023[18] with changes to the type system to require sound null safety. This release included new features like records, patterns,[19] and class modifiers.[20]
Dart can compile to WebAssembly since version 3.4.[21]
Dart released the 5th edition of its language specification on April 9, 2021.[22] This covers all syntax through Dart 2.10. A draft of the 6th edition includes all syntax through 2.13.[23] Accepted proposals for the specification and drafts of potential features can be found in the Dart language repository on GitHub.[24]
ECMA International formed technical committee, TC52,[25] to standardize Dart. ECMA approved the first edition of the Dart language specification as ECMA-408[26] in July 2014 at its 107th General Assembly.[27] Subsequent editions were approved in December 2014,[28] June 2015, and December 2015.
The Dart software development kit (SDK) ships with a standalone Dart runtime. This allows Dart code to run in a command-line interface environment. The SDK includes tools to compile and package Dart apps.[29] Dart ships with a complete standard library allowing users to write fully working system apps like custom web servers.[30]
Developers can deploy Dart apps in six ways:
| JavaScript | Browser | No | No | Slow | Fast | |
| WebAssembly[31] | Browser | No | No | Slow | Fast | |
| Self-contained executable | macOS, Windows, Linux | Yes | No | Slow | Fast | |
| Ahead-of-time module | macOS, Windows, Linux | Yes | No | Slow | Fast | |
| Just-in-time module | macOS, Windows, Linux | Yes | Yes | Fast | Slow | |
| Portable module | macOS, Windows, Linux | No | Yes | Fast | Slow |
Dart 3 can deploy apps to the web as either JavaScript or WebAssembly apps. Dart supports compiling to WebAssembly .
To run in mainstream web browsers, Dart relies on a source-to-source compiler to JavaScript. This makes Dart apps compatible with all major browsers. Dart optimizes the compiled JavaScript output to avoid expensive checks and operations. This results in JavaScript code that can run faster than equivalent code handwritten in pure JavaScript.[32]
The first Dart-to-JavaScript compiler was dartc. It was deprecated in Dart 2.0.
The second Dart-to-JavaScript compiler was frog.[33] Written in Dart, it was introduced in 2013 and deprecated in 2020. This should not be confused with Dart Frog,[34] an open-source Dart framework for building backend systems from Very Good Ventures.
The third Dart-to-JavaScript compiler is dart2js. Introduced in Dart 2.0,[35] the Dart-based dart2js evolved from earlier compilers. It intended to implement the full Dart language specification and semantics. Developers use this compiler for production builds. It compiles to minified JavaScript.
The fourth Dart-to-JavaScript compiler is dartdevc.[36] Developers could use this compiler for development builds. It compiles to human-readable JavaScript. On March 28, 2013, the Dart team posted an update on their blog addressing Dart code compiled to JavaScript with the dart2js compiler,[37] stating that it now runs faster than handwritten JavaScript on Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine for the DeltaBlue benchmark.[38]
Prior to Dart 2.18, both dart2js and dartdevc could be called from the command line. Dart 2.18 folded these functions into the Dart SDK. This removed the direct command line wrappers but kept the two compilers. The webdev serve command calls the dartdevc compiler. The webdev build command calls the dart2js compiler.
The Dart SDK compiles to JavaScript in two ways.
To debug code, run webdev serve to compile a larger JavaScript file with human-readable code. Dart-generated JavaScript can be debugged using Chrome only.
To create production apps, run webdev build to compile a minified JavaScript file.
With the Dart 3.22 release, Google announced support for compiling Dart code to WebAssembly. Full support for Wasm requires adoption of the WasmGC feature into the Wasm standard. Chrome 119[39] supports WasmGC. Firefox[40] 120 and later could support WasmGC, but a current bug is blocking compatibility.[41] Safari[42] and Microsoft Edge are integrating WasmGC support.
Dart can compile to native machine code for macOS, Windows, and Linux as command line tools. Dart can compile apps with user interfaces to the web, iOS, Android, macOS, Windows, and Linux using the Flutter framework.
Self-contained executables include native machine code compiled from the specified Dart code file, its dependencies, and a small Dart runtime. The runtime handles type checking and garbage collection. The compiler produces output specific to the architecture on which the developer compiled it. This file can be distributed as any other native executable.
-o <target_app>
Generated: <target_app>
$ ./<target_app>
</syntaxhighlight>
==== Ahead-of-time module ====
:When [[AOT compilation|compiled ahead of time]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obinna |first=Onuoha |date=2020-04-07 |title=How does JIT and AOT work in Dart? |url=https://onuoha.medium.com/how-does-jit-and-aot-work-in-dart-cab2f31d9cb5 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref> Dart code produces portable, performant, and platform-specific modules. It includes all dependent libraries and packages the app needs plus a small Dart runtime. This increases its compilation time. The compiler outputs an app specific to the architecture on which it was compiled.<syntaxhighlight lang="shell">
$ dart compile aot-snapshot <source.dart>
Generated <target_app.aot>
$ dartaotruntime <target_app.aot>
</syntaxhighlight>
==== Just-in-time module ====
:When [[Just-in-time compilation|compiled just in time]], Dart code produces performant modules that compile fast. This module needs the Dart VM included with the SDK to run. The compiler loads all parsed classes and compiled code into memory the first time the app runs. This speeds up any subsequent run of the app. The compiler outputs an app specific to the architecture on which it was compiled.<syntaxhighlight lang="shell">
$ dart compile jit-snapshot <source.dart>
Compiling <source.dart> to jit-snapshot file <target_app.jit>
Hello world!
$ dart run <target_app.jit>
Hello world!
</syntaxhighlight>
==== Dart kernel module ====
:When compiled as a kernel module, Dart code produces a machine-independent format called the Dart Intermediate Representation (Dart IR). The Dart IR bytecode format can work on any architecture that has a Dart VM. This makes this format very portable and quick to compile, but less performant than other compilation outputs.<syntaxhighlight lang="shell">
$ dart compile kernel <source.dart>
Compiling <source.dart> to kernel file <target_app>.dill.
$ dart run <target_app>.dill
</syntaxhighlight>
== Concurrency ==
To achieve [[Concurrency (computer science)|concurrency]], Dart uses isolated, independent workers that do not share memory, but use [[message passing]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The Essence of Google Dart: Building Applications, Snapshots, Isolates|url=https://www.infoq.com/articles/google-dart/|access-date=2021-08-29|website=InfoQ|language=en}}</ref> similarly to [[Erlang (programming language)|Erlang]] processes (also see [[actor model]]). Every Dart program uses at least one isolate, which is the main isolate. Since Dart 2, the Dart web platform no longer supports isolates, and suggests developers use [[Web worker|Web Workers]] instead.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://groups.google.com/a/dartlang.org/d/msg/misc/djfFMNCWmkE/F7WE8a0JAwAJ|title=Dart2 Breaking Change: Removing web support for dart:mirrors and dart:isolate|last=Moore|first=Kevin|date=February 23, 2018|website=Google Groups}}</ref>
== Null safety ==
Starting with Dart 2.12, Dart introduced sound [[Void safety|null safety]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hracek |first=Filip |date=2020-06-10 |title=Announcing sound null safety |url=https://medium.com/dartlang/announcing-sound-null-safety-defd2216a6f3 |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=Dart |language=en}}</ref> This serves as a guarantee that variables cannot return a null value unless it has explicit permission. Null safety prevents the developer from introducing null-pointer exceptions, a common, but difficult to debug, error. With Dart 3.0, all code must follow sound null safety.
==Data storage==
Snapshot files, a core part of the Dart VM, store objects and other runtime data.<ref name=":0" />
;Script snapshots
:Dart programs can be compiled into snapshot files containing all of the program code and dependencies preparsed and ready to execute, allowing fast startups.
;Full snapshots
:The Dart core libraries can be compiled into a snapshot file that allows fast loading of the libraries. Most standard distributions of the main Dart VM have a prebuilt snapshot for the core libraries that is loaded at runtime.
;Object snapshots
:Dart uses [[Snapshot (computer storage)|snapshots]] to ''[[Serial communication|serialize]]'' messages that it passes between isolates. As a very [[Asynchronous I/O|asynchronous]] language, Dart uses isolates for [[Concurrency (computer science)|concurrency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Concurrency in Dart |url=https://dart.dev/language/concurrency/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=dart.dev |language=en}}</ref> An object generates a [[Snapshot (computer storage)|snapshot]], transfers it to another isolate, then the isolate deserializes it.
==Editors==
On November 18, 2011, Google released ''Dart Editor'', an open-source program based on [[Eclipse (software)|Eclipse]] components, for [[macOS]], [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], and [[Linux]]-based [[operating system]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dartr.com/google-releases-dart-editor/ |title=Google Releases Dart Editor for Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux |access-date=2011-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203024218/http://dartr.com/google-releases-dart-editor/ |archive-date=2013-12-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The editor supports [[syntax highlighting]], [[autocomplete|code completion]], JavaScript compiling, running web and server Dart applications, and [[debugging]].
On August 13, 2012, Google announced the release of an Eclipse plugin for Dart development.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.dartlang.org/2012/08/dart-plugin-for-eclipse-is-ready-for.html|title=Dart plugin for Eclipse is Ready for Preview|date=10 September 2019 }}</ref>
On April 18, 2015, Google retired the Dart Editor in favor of the [[JetBrains]] [[integrated development environment]] (IDE).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.dartlang.org/2015/04/the-present-and-future-of-editors-and.html|title=The present and future of editors and IDEs for Dart|date=2015-04-30|access-date=2015-05-18|website=Dart News & Updates|last=Ladd|first=Seth}}</ref> [[Android Studio]], [[IntelliJ IDEA]], [[PyCharm]], [[PhpStorm]] and [[WebStorm]] support a Dart plugin.<ref>{{cite web |title=JetBrains Plugin Repository : Dart |url=http://plugins.intellij.net/plugin/?idea&id=6351 |access-date=2013-07-21 |website=Plugins.intellij.net}}</ref> This plugin supports many features such as syntax highlighting, code completion, analysis, refactoring, debugging, and more. Other editors include plugins for Dart<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dart Tools |url=https://dart.dev/tools |access-date=2016-11-15 |website=dart.dev}}</ref> including [[Sublime Text]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dart - Packages - Package Control |url=https://packagecontrol.io/packages/Dart |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=packagecontrol.io}}</ref> [[Atom (text editor)|Atom]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=dart - Dart plugin for Atom |url=https://dart-atom.github.io/dart/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=dart-atom.github.io}}</ref> [[Emacs]],<ref>{{Citation |last=Trainor |first=Brady |title=bradyt/dart-mode |date=2023-04-15 |url=https://github.com/bradyt/dart-mode |access-date=2023-05-13}}</ref> [[Vim (text editor)|Vim]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Dart Support for Vim |date=2023-05-09 |url=https://github.com/dart-lang/dart-vim-plugin |access-date=2023-05-13 |publisher=Dart}}</ref> and [[Visual Studio Code]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dart - Visual Studio Marketplace |url=https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=Dart-Code.dart-code |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=marketplace.visualstudio.com |language=en-us}}</ref>
===Chrome Dev Editor===
In 2013, the Chromium team began work on an open source, [[Chrome App]]-based development environment with a reusable library of [[GUI widget]]s, codenamed Spark.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://plus.google.com/+FrancoisBeaufort/posts/giSLiGvA4ye |first=François |last=Beaufort |title=The chromium team is currently actively working}}</ref> The project was later renamed as Chrome Dev Editor.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://github.com/dart-lang/spark |title =A Chrome app based development environment|website =[[GitHub]]|date =26 October 2021}}</ref> Built in Dart, it contained Spark which is powered by Polymer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 22, 2013 |title=Spark, A Chrome App from Google is an IDE for Your Chromebook |url=https://news.dartlang.org/2013/11/dart-used-to-build-new-development.html}}</ref>
In June 2015, Google transferred the CDE project to GitHub as a free software project and ceased active investment in CDE.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://plus.google.com/+SriSaroop/posts/6EwgknKpesS |first=Sri |last=Saroop |title=Chrome Dev Editor: Announcements}}</ref> The Chrome Dev Editor project was archived on April 24, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/googlearchive/chromedeveditor|title=Chrome Dev Editor is a developer tool for building apps on the Chrome platform: Chrome Apps and Web Apps, in JavaScript or Dart. (NO LONGER IN ACTIVE DEVELOPMENT) - googlearchive/chromedeveditor|date=July 29, 2019|via=GitHub}}</ref>
===DartPad===
To provide an easier way to start using Dart, the Dart team created [https://dartpad.dev DartPad] at the start of 2015. This online editor allows developers to experiment with Dart [[application programming interface]]s (APIs) and run Dart code. It provides syntax highlighting, code analysis, code completion, documentation, and HTML and CSS editing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.dartlang.org/2015/05/announcing-dartpad-friction-free-way-to.html|title=Announcing DartPad: A friction-free way to explore Dart code|last=Ladd|first=Seth|date=2015-05-06|website=Dart News & Updates|access-date=2015-05-18}}</ref>
== Development tools ==
The Dart DevTools, written in Dart,<ref>{{Citation |title=Dart & Flutter DevTools |date=2023-05-12 |url=https://github.com/flutter/devtools |access-date=2023-05-12 |publisher=Flutter}}</ref> include debugging and performance tools.
== Flutter ==
Google introduced [[Flutter (software)|Flutter]] for native app development. Built using Dart, C, C++ and Skia, Flutter is an open-source, multi-platform app UI framework. Prior to Flutter 2.0, developers could only target [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[iOS]] and the web. Flutter 2.0 released support for macOS, Linux, and Windows as a beta feature.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sells |first=Chris |date=2021-03-03 |title=What's New in Flutter 2.0 |url=https://medium.com/flutter/whats-new-in-flutter-2-0-fe8e95ecc65 |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=Flutter |language=en}}</ref> Flutter 2.10 released with production support for [[Windows]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sneath |first=Tim |date=February 3, 2022 |title=Announcing Flutter for Windows |url=https://medium.com/flutter/announcing-flutter-for-windows-6979d0d01fed |website=}}</ref> and Flutter 3 released production support for all desktop platforms.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chisholm |first=Kevin |date=2022-05-12 |title=What's new in Flutter 3 |url=https://medium.com/flutter/whats-new-in-flutter-3-8c74a5bc32d0 |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=Flutter |language=en}}</ref> It provides a framework, widgets, and tools. This framework gives developers a way to build and deploy mobile, desktop, and web apps.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FAQ |url=https://flutter.dev/docs/resources/faq |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=flutter.dev |language=en}}</ref> Flutter works with [[Firebase]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Firebase |url=https://flutter.dev/docs/development/data-and-backend/firebase |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=flutter.dev |language=en}}</ref> and supports extending the framework through add-ons called packages. These can be found on their package repository, pub.dev.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dart packages |url=https://pub.dev/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=Dart packages |language=en-us}}</ref> JetBrains also supports a Flutter plugin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flutter - IntelliJ IDEs Plugin {{!}} Marketplace |url=https://plugins.jetbrains.com/plugin/9212-flutter |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=JetBrains Marketplace}}</ref>
==Example==
A [["Hello, World!" program|Hello, World!]] example:
<syntaxhighlight lang="dart">
void main {
print('Hello, World!');
}
</syntaxhighlight>
A simple [[for-loop]]:<ref>{{Cite web | title=Loops in Dart {{!}} Fluter World {{!}} Dart and Flutter Tutorials | url=https://www.flutterworld.tech/tutorials/dart-tutorials/dart-basics/loops-in-dart/#for-loop}}</ref>
<syntaxhighlight lang="dart">
void main {
for (var i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
print(i);
}
}
</syntaxhighlight>
A function to calculate the nth [[Fibonacci number]]:
<syntaxhighlight lang="dart">
void main {
var i = 20;
print('fibonacci($i) = ${fibonacci(i)}');
}
/// Computes the nth Fibonacci number.
int fibonacci(int n) {
return n < 2 ? n : (fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2));
}
</syntaxhighlight>
A simple class:
<syntaxhighlight lang="dart">
// Import the math library to get access to the sqrt function.
// Imported with `math` as name, so accesses need to use `math.` as prefix.
import 'dart:math' as math;
// Create a class for Point.
class Point {
// Final variables cannot be changed once they are assigned.
// Declare two instance variables.
final num x, y;
// A constructor, with syntactic sugar for setting instance variables.
// The constructor has two mandatory parameters.
Point(this.x, this.y);
// A named constructor with an initializer list.
Point.origin
: x = 0,
y = 0;
// A method.
num distanceTo(Point other) {
var dx = x - other.x;
var dy = y - other.y;
return math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy);
}
// Example of a "getter".
// Acts the same as a final variable, but is computed on each access.
num get magnitude => math.sqrt(x * x + y * y);
// Example of operator overloading
Point operator +(Point other) => Point(x + other.x, y + other.y);
// When you instantiate a class such as Point in Dart 2+, new is
// an optional word
}
// All Dart programs start with main.
void main {
// Instantiate point objects.
var p1 = Point(10, 10);
print(p1.magnitude);
var p2 = Point.origin;
var distance = p1.distanceTo(p2);
print(distance);
}
</syntaxhighlight>
==Influences from other languages==
Dart belongs to the [[ALGOL]] language family.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?AlgolFamily|title=Algol Family|work=c2.com}}</ref>{{Not in ref|date=September 2023}} Its members include C, Java, C#, JavaScript, and others.
The [[Method cascading|method cascade]] syntax was adopted from Smalltalk.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Method Cascades in Dart |date=10 September 2019 |url=https://news.dartlang.org/2012/02/method-cascades-in-dart-posted-by-gilad.html |access-date=2023-05-13 |language=en}}</ref> This syntax provides a shortcut for invoking several methods one after another on the same object.
Dart's [[mixin]]s were influenced by [[Strongtalk]]{{Citation needed|reason=Just seeing a citation implies it is true, the paper on Smalltalk/Strongtalk predates Dart so does not say for sure. Maybe someone know it is based on Strongtalk mixins. Strongtalk wasn't first to introduce mixins. No expert on mixins – are there different variants and for sure Strongtalk the first to use this variant? Even then would someone have to say that it is based on that language?|date=March 2014}}<ref>{{cite journal
| last1=Bracha
| first1=Gilad
| last2=Griswold
| first2=David
| date=September 1996
| title=Extending the Smalltalk Language with Mixins
| url=http://ftp.linux62.org/~glibersat/publis/p331-bracha.pdf
| journal=OOPSLA Workshop
| publisher=OOPSLA
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ladd |first=Seth |date=November 13, 2011 |title=Transcription of A Quick Tour of Dart by Gilad Bracha |url=http://blog.sethladd.com/2011/11/transcription-of-quick-tour-of-dart-by.html |access-date=2023-05-13 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]].
Dart makes use of isolates as a concurrency and security unit when structuring applications.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infoq.com/articles/google-dart/|title=The Essence of Google Dart: Building Applications, Snapshots, Isolates|work=InfoQ}}</ref> The Isolate concept builds upon the [[Actor model]] implemented in Erlang.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fearless concurrency: how Clojure, Rust, Pony, Erlang and Dart let you achieve that. - Renato Athaydes |url=https://sites.google.com/a/athaydes.com/renato-athaydes/posts/fearlessconcurrencyhowclojurerustponyerlanganddartletyouachievethat#TOC-The-Actor-Model-Erlang-Dart- |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=sites.google.com |archive-date=2023-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513052456/https://sites.google.com/a/athaydes.com/renato-athaydes/posts/fearlessconcurrencyhowclojurerustponyerlanganddartletyouachievethat#TOC-The-Actor-Model-Erlang-Dart- |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In 2004, [[Gilad Bracha]] (who was a member of the Dart team) and [[David Ungar]] first proposed Mirror API for performing controlled and secure [[Reflective programming|reflection]] in a paper.<ref>{{cite journal
| last1=Bracha
| first1=Gilad
| last2=Ungar
| first2=David
| year=2004
| title=Mirrors: design principles for meta-level facilities of object-oriented programming languages
| url=http://ftp.linux62.org/~glibersat/publis/p331-bracha.pdf
| journal=ACM SIGPLAN Notices
| publisher=ACM
| volume=39
| issue=10
| pages=331–344
| doi=10.1145/1035292.1029004
| access-date=15 February 2014
}}</ref> The concept was first implemented in [[Self (programming language)|Self]].
==See also==
{{Portal|Computer programming|Free and open-source software}}
* [[Google Web Toolkit]]
* [[TypeScript]], a strongly-typed programming language that [[transpile]]s to JavaScript
* [[Flutter (software)|Flutter]], an open-source UI software development kit for cross-platform applications
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book
| last1=Walrath
| first1=Kathy
| last2=Ladd
| first2=Seth
| date=March 7, 2012
| title=What is Dart?
| publisher=[[O'Reilly Media]]
| edition=1st
| page=20
| isbn=978-14493-32327
| url=http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920025887.do
}}
* {{cite book
| last1=Walrath
| first1=Kathy
| last2=Ladd
| first2=Seth
| date=November 7, 2012
| title=Dart: Up and Running
| publisher=[[O'Reilly Media]]
| edition=1st
| page=144
| isbn=978-1449330897
| url=http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920025719.do
}}
* {{cite book
| last=Buckett
| first=Chris
| date=December 28, 2012
| title=Dart in Action
| publisher=[[Manning Publications]]
| edition=1st
| page=475
| isbn=978-1617290862
| url=<!-- https://www.manning.com/books/dart-in-action BLACKLISTED DOMAIN -->
}}
{{Refend}}
==External links==
* {{Official website|dart.dev}}
* [https://dartpad.dev DartPad]
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{{Google FOSS}}
{{Google LLC}}
{{JavaScript}}
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