| Intha-Danu | |
| Pronunciation: | pronounced as /dənuʔ/ |
| States: | Burma |
| Region: | Inle Lake, Shan State |
| Ethnicity: | Intha, Danu |
| Speakers: | ca. |
| Date: | 2000–2007 |
| Ref: | e21 |
| Familycolor: | Sino-Tibetan |
| Fam2: | (Tibeto-Burman) |
| Fam3: | Lolo–Burmese |
| Fam4: | Burmish |
| Fam5: | Southern (see Burmese dialects) |
| Dia1: | Danu |
| Dia2: | Intha |
| Lc1: | dnv |
| Ld1: | Danu |
| Lc2: | int |
| Ld2: | Intha |
| Glotto: | inth1238 |
| Glottorefname: | Intha-Danu |
Intha and Danu are southern Burmish languages of Shan State, Burma, spoken respectively by the Intha and Danu people, the latter of whom are Bamar descendants who migrated to Inle Lake in Shan State. Considered to be dialects of Burmese by the Government of Myanmar, Danu has 93% lexical similarity with standard Burmese, while Intha has 95% lexical similarity with standard Burmese.[1] Intha and Danu differ from standard Burmese with respect to pronunciation of certain phonemes, and few hundred local vocabulary terms.[2] Language contact has led to increasing convergence with standard Burmese. Both are spoken by about 100,000 people each.
Both Danu and Intha are characterized by retention of the pronounced as //-l-// medial (for the following consonant clusters in Intha: pronounced as //kl- kʰl- pl- pʰl- ml- hml-//). Examples include:*"full": Standard Burmese (pronounced as /[pjḛ]/) → (pronounced as /[plḛ]/), from old Burmese
There is no voicing with the presence of either aspirated or unaspirated consonants. For instance, (Buddha) is pronounced pronounced as /[boʊʔda̰]/ in standard Burmese, but pronounced as /[poʊʔtʰa̰]/ in Intha. This is likely due to the influence of the Shan language.
Furthermore, (pronounced as //θ// in standard Burmese) has merged to pronounced as //sʰ// in Intha.
Rhyme correspondences to standard Burmese follow these patterns:[3]
| Written Burmese | Standard Burmese | Intha | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| pronounced as //-ɪɴ// | pronounced as //-ɛɴ// | ||
| pronounced as //-ɪɴ// | pronounced as //-ɪɴ// | ||
| pronounced as //-eɪɴ -eɪɴ -aɪɴ// | pronounced as //-eɪɴ// | ||
| pronounced as //-jɛʔ -ɛʔ// | pronounced as //-aʔ// | ||
| pronounced as //-aʔ// | pronounced as //-ɛʔ// | ||
| pronounced as //-ɛ, -e, -i// | pronounced as //-e// | pronounced as //-i// if initial is a palatal consonant | |
| pronounced as //-eɪʔ -eɪʔ -aɪʔ// | pronounced as //-aɪʔ// | ||
| Open syllables | weak = ə full = i, e, ɛ, a, ɔ, o, u | |
| Closed | nasal = ɪɴ, eɪɴ, ɛɴ, aɴ, ɔɴ, oʊɴ, ʊɴ stop = ɪʔ, aɪʔ, ɛʔ, aʔ, ɔʔ, oʊʔ, ʊʔ |
Danu has noticeable vocabulary differences from standard Burmese, spanning areas such as kinship terms, food, flora and fauna, and daily objects.[4] For example, the Danu term for 'cat' is mi-nyaw (မိညော်), not kyaung (ကြောင်) as in standard Burmese.
| Term | Standard Burmese | Danu | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Father | |||
| Grandfather | |||
| Grandmother | |||
| Mother | |||
| Stepmother | |||
| Elder brother | |||
| Elder sister | |||
| Brother-in-law[5] | |||
| Uncle |
Danu and Intha are written using the Burmese alphabet.
Between 2013 and 2014, the Taunggyi branch of the Danu Literature and Culture Committee invented a new alphabet to transcribe the Danu language, taking inspiration from both the Pyu and Burmese scripts found on stone inscriptions.[6] Within the Danu Self-Administered Zone (SAZ), adoption of this script remains divisive, with other township branches of the committee and politicians firmly opposed to its usage, arguing that the need for a specific Danu script is unjustified since Danu is a Burmese dialect. The script is currently not accepted by the Danu SAZ's administration. These recent developments have also prompted some actors in the Intha community to invent their own scripts.