Daniel Berrigan Explained

Honorific Prefix:The Reverend
Daniel Berrigan
Honorific Suffix:SJ
Birth Name:Daniel Joseph Berrigan
Birth Date:9 May 1921
Birth Place:Virginia, Minnesota, US
Death Place:New York City, New York, US
Relatives:Philip Berrigan (brother)

Daniel Joseph Berrigan (May 9, 1921 – April 30, 2016) was an American Jesuit priest, anti-war activist, Christian pacifist, playwright, poet, and author.

Berrigan's protests against the Vietnam War earned him both scorn and admiration, especially regarding his association with the Catonsville Nine.[1] [2] He was arrested multiple times, sentenced to prison for three years for destruction of government property, and was listed on the Federal Bureau of Investigation's "most wanted list" after flight to avoid imprisonment (the first-ever priest on the list)[3] and was sentenced to prison for destruction of government property.[4]

For the rest of his life, Berrigan remained one of the United States' leading anti-war activists.[5] In 1980, he co-founded the Plowshares movement, an anti-nuclear protest group, that put him back into the national spotlight.[6] Berrigan was an award-winning and prolific author of some 50 books, a teacher, and a university educator.

Early life

Berrigan was born in Virginia, Minnesota, the son of Thomas Berrigan, a second-generation Irish Catholic and active trade union member, and Frieda Berrigan (née Fromhart), who was of German ancestry.[7] He was the fifth of six sons. His youngest brother was fellow peace activist Philip Berrigan.[8]

At age 5, Berrigan's family moved to Syracuse, New York.[9] In 1946, Berrigan earned a bachelor's degree from St. Andrew-on-Hudson, a Jesuit seminary in Hyde Park, New York.[10] In 1952 he received a master's degree from Woodstock College in Baltimore, Maryland.

Berrigan was devoted to the Catholic Church throughout his youth. He joined the Jesuits directly out of high school in 1939 and was ordained to the priesthood on June 19, 1952.[11]

Career

Berrigan taught at St. Peter's Preparatory School in Jersey City from 1946 to 1949.[12]

In 1954, Berrigan was assigned to teach French and theology at the Jesuit Brooklyn Preparatory School.[13] [14] [15] In 1957 he was appointed professor of New Testament studies at Le Moyne College in Syracuse, New York. The same year, he won the Lamont Prize for his book of poems, Time Without Number. He developed a reputation as a religious radical, working actively against poverty and on changing the relationship between priests and lay people. While at Le Moyne, he founded its International House.[16]

While on a sabbatical from Le Moyne in 1963, Berrigan traveled to Paris and met French Jesuits who criticized the social and political conditions in Indochina. Taking inspiration from this, he and his brother Philip founded the Catholic Peace Fellowship, a group that organized protests against the war in Vietnam.[17]

On October 28, 1965, Berrigan, along with the Rev. Richard John Neuhaus and Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel, founded an organization known as Clergy and Laymen Concerned About Vietnam (CALCAV). The organization, founded at the Church Center for the United Nations, was joined by the likes of Dr. Hans Morgenthau, the Rev. Reinhold Niebuhr, the Rev. William Sloane Coffin, and the Rev. Philip Berrigan, among many others. The Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., who delivered his 1967 speech under sponsorship from CALCAV, served as the national co-chairman of the organization.

From 1966 to 1970, Berrigan was the assistant director of the Cornell University United Religious Work (CURW), the umbrella organization for all religious groups on campus, including the Cornell Newman Club (later the Cornell Catholic Community), eventually becoming the group's pastor.[18] Berrigan was the first faculty advisor of Cornell University's first gay rights student group, the Student Homophile League, in 1968.[19]

Berrigan at one time or another held faculty positions or ran programs at Union Theological Seminary, Loyola University New Orleans, Columbia, Cornell, and Yale. His longest tenure was at Fordham (a Jesuit university located in the Bronx), where for a brief time he also served as poet-in-residence.[20] [21]

Berrigan appeared briefly in the 1986 Warner Bros. film The Mission, playing a Jesuit priest. He also served as a consultant on the film.[22] [23]

Activism

Vietnam War era

Berrigan, his brother and Josephite priest Philip Berrigan, and Trappist monk Thomas Merton founded an interfaith coalition against the Vietnam War and wrote letters to major newspapers arguing for an end to the war. In 1967, Berrigan witnessed the public outcry that followed from the arrest of his brother Philip, for pouring blood on draft records as part of the Baltimore Four.[24] Philip was sentenced to six years in prison for defacing government property. The fallout he had to endure from these many interventions, including his support for prisoners of war and, in 1968, seeing firsthand the conditions on the ground in Vietnam,[25] further radicalized Berrigan, or at least strengthened his determination to resist American military imperialism.[26] [27]

Berrigan traveled to Hanoi with Howard Zinn during the Tet Offensive in January 1968 to "receive" three American airmen, the first American prisoners of war released by the North Vietnamese since the US bombing of that nation had begun.[28] [29]

In 1968, he signed the Writers and Editors War Tax Protest pledge, vowing to refuse to make tax payments in protest of the Vietnam War.[30] In the same year, he was interviewed in the anti-Vietnam War documentary film In the Year of the Pig, and later that year became involved in radical non-violent protest.

Catonsville Nine

See main article: Catonsville Nine. Daniel Berrigan and his brother Philip, along with seven other Catholic protesters, used homemade napalm to destroy 378 draft files in the parking lot of the Catonsville, Maryland, draft board on May 17, 1968.[31] [32] [33] This group, which came to be known as the Catonsville Nine, issued a statement after the incident:

Berrigan was arrested and sentenced to three years in prison,[34] but went into hiding with the help of fellow radicals prior to imprisonment. While on the run, Berrigan was interviewed for Lee Lockwood's documentary The Holy Outlaw. The Federal Bureau of Investigation apprehended him on August 11, 1970, at the home of William Stringfellow and Anthony Towne on Block Island. Berrigan was then imprisoned at the Federal Correctional Institution in Danbury, Connecticut, until his release on February 24, 1972.[35]

In retrospect, the trial of the Catonsville Nine was significant, because it "altered resistance to the Vietnam War, moving activists from street protests to repeated acts of civil disobedience, including the burning of draft cards". As The New York Times noted in its obituary, Berrigan's actions helped "shape the tactics of opposition to the Vietnam War."

Plowshares movement

See main article: Plowshares movement. On September 9, 1980, Berrigan, his brother Philip, and six others (the "Plowshares Eight") began the Plowshares movement. They trespassed onto the General Electric nuclear missile facility in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, where they damaged nuclear warhead nose cones and poured blood onto documents and files. They were arrested and charged with over ten different felony and misdemeanor counts.[36] On April 10, 1990, after ten years of appeals, Berrigan's group was re-sentenced and paroled for up to months in consideration of time already served in prison.[37] Their legal battle was re-created in Emile de Antonio's 1982 film In the King of Prussia, which starred Martin Sheen and featured appearances by the Plowshares Eight as themselves.

Consistent life ethic

Berrigan endorsed a consistent life ethic, a morality based on a holistic reverence for life.[38] [39] [40] [41] As a member of the Rochester, New York-area consistent life ethic advocacy group Faith and Resistance Community, he protested via civil disobedience against abortion at a new Planned Parenthood clinic in 1991.

AIDS activism

Berrigan said of pastoral care to AIDS patients:Berrigan published Sorrow Built a Bridge: Friendship and AIDS reflecting on his experiences ministering to AIDS patients through the Supportive Care Program at St. Vincent's Hospital and Medical Center in 1989.[42] The Religious Studies Review wrote, "the strength of this volume lies in its capacity to portray sensitively the impact of AIDS on human lives."[43] Speaking about AIDS patients, many of whom were gay, The Charlotte Observer quoted Berrigan saying in 1991, "Both the church and the state are finding ways to kill people with AIDS, and one of the ways is ostracism that pushes people between the cracks of respectability or acceptability and leaves them there to make of life what they will or what they cannot."[44]

Other activism

Although much of his later work was devoted to assisting AIDS patients in New York City, Berrigan still held to his activist roots throughout his life. He maintained his opposition to American interventions abroad, from Central America in the 1980s, through the Gulf War in 1991, the Kosovo War, the US invasion of Afghanistan, and the 2003 invasion of Iraq. He was also an opponent of capital punishment, a contributing editor of Sojourners, and a supporter of the Occupy movement.[45] [46] [47]

P. G. Coy, P. Berryman, D. L. Anderson, and others consider Berrigan to be a Christian anarchist.[48] [49] [50] [51] [52]

In media

Death

Berrigan died in the Bronx, New York City, on April 30, 2016, at Murray-Weigel Infirmary, the Jesuit infirmary at Fordham University. Since 1975,[59] he had lived on the Upper West Side at the West Side Jesuit Community.[60] [61]

Awards and recognition

See also

Further reading

See also: Daniel Berrigan bibliography.

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Fire and Faith: The Catonsville Nine File . Enoch Pratt Free Library . Digital archive . May 1, 2016 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160817123128/http://c9.digitalmaryland.org/index.cfm . August 17, 2016 . mdy-all.
  2. Daniel Berrigan: Forty Years After Catonsville. Chris Hedges. May 20, 2008. The Nation. May 1, 2016. May 5, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160505182346/http://www.thenation.com/article/daniel-berrigan-forty-years-after-catonsville/. live.
  3. News: Blessed are the peacemakers. The Economist. May 21, 2016. August 26, 2017. May 19, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160519123410/http://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21699058-first-ever-priest-fbis-most-wanted-list-died-april-30th-aged-94-obituary-daniel. live.
  4. Web site: Lewis. Daniel. Daniel J. Berrigan, Defiant Priest Who Preached Pacifism, Dies at 94. April 30, 2016. The New York Times. April 30, 2016. January 21, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200121202024/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/01/nyregion/daniel-j-berrigan-defiant-priest-who-preached-pacifism-dies-at-94.html. live.
  5. News: Goodman. Amy. Holy Outlaw: Lifelong Peace Activist Father Daniel Berrigan Turns 85. May 1, 2016. Democracy Now!. June 8, 2006. Starts at 35:00. December 18, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191218015341/https://www.democracynow.org/2006/6/8/holy_outlaw_lifelong_peace_activist_father. live.
  6. News: US anti-Vietnam war priest Daniel Berrigan dies aged 94. BBC News. May 2016. June 21, 2018. April 21, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190421220313/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-36180902. live.
  7. Web site: Daniel Berrigan – United States Census, 1930. FamilySearch. May 1, 2016. May 12, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160512190819/https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:X4RN-QQL. live.
  8. News: Lewis. Daniel. Philip Berrigan, Former Priest and Peace Advocate in the Vietnam War Era, Dies at 79. May 1, 2016. The New York Times. December 8, 2002. February 14, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190214002658/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/08/us/philip-berrigan-former-priest-peace-advocate-vietnam-war-era-dies-79.html?pagewanted=all. live.
  9. Web site: Faison. Carly. Guide to the Daniel Berrigan Papers. CatholicResearch.net. May 1, 2016. 2014. October 19, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171019195242/http://www.catholicresearch.net/data/ead/html/dep-dpu_ead_mss0098.html. live.
  10. Web site: Danial J Berrigan – United States Census, 1940. FamilySearch. May 1, 2016. May 9, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160509203537/https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:KQL6-679. live.
  11. News: Roberts. Tom. Daniel Berrigan, poet, peacemaker, dies at 94. May 1, 2016. National Catholic Reporter. April 30, 2016. October 20, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191020073225/https://www.ncronline.org/news/people/daniel-berrigan-poet-peacemaker-dies-94. live.
  12. News: Schmidt. Margaret. Peace activist Father Berrigan dies, taught at St. Peter's Prep in '40s. May 1, 2016. The Jersey Journal. April 30, 2016. October 19, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171019194820/http://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf/2016/04/peace_activist_father_berrigan_dies_taught_at_st_p.html. live.
  13. Book: New York Times Encyclopedic Almanac . New York Times, Book & Educational Division. 1970 . April 23, 2018 . 31 . Back in New York, Berrigan taught French and theology for three years at the Jesuits' Brooklyn Preparatory School. . February 5, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200205121747/https://books.google.com/books?id=dVMnAQAAIAAJ . live .
  14. Encyclopedia: Berrigan, Daniel . Siracusa . J.M. . Encyclopedia of the Kennedys: The People and Events That Shaped America: The People and Events That Shaped America . ABC-CLIO . 2012 . 978-1-59884-539-6 . 67 . April 23, 2018 . May 1, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160501133319/https://books.google.com/books?id=PEojQDou7MIC . live .
  15. Book: Curtis, R. . The Berrigan Brothers: The Story of Daniel and Philip Berrigan . Hawthorn Books . 1974 . April 23, 2018 . 33 . May 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220503172949/https://books.google.com/books?id=MCFDAAAAIAAJ . live .
  16. Web site: Alumni & College News. www.dolphinsonline.org. May 3, 2022. March 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210304152824/https://www.dolphinsonline.org/s/445/16/interior.aspx?sid=445&gid=43&pgid=15&cid=292&ecid=292&ciid=0&crid=0&newsid=78. live.
  17. Web site: Daniel Berrigan, priest and anti-Vietnam war peace activist, dies. The Guardian. May 2016. December 14, 2016. September 7, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190907110521/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/may/01/daniel-berrigan-priest-and-peace-activist-dies-aged-94. live.
  18. Web site: Daniel. Aloi. From Vietnam to Redbud Woods: Daniel Berrigan launches events commemorating five decades of activism at Cornell. April 4, 2006. Cornell Chronicle. December 1, 2007. August 16, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070816110212/http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/April06/berrigan.0406.html. live.
  19. Web site: Brenda. Marston. CUGALA Reunion 2020 The First American University. June 6, 2020. Cornell University. June 6, 2020. June 15, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200615021906/https://alumni.cornell.edu/event/cugala-reunion-2020-the-first-american-university/. live.
  20. Web site: Dissenter Poet in Residence: The Rev. Daniel Berrigan, S.J.. Inside Fordham Online. May 1, 2016. March 2003. May 3, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220503172953/https://www.fordham.edu/. live.
  21. Web site: Peace activist Daniel Berrigan to teach poetry course. Guerierro. Katherine. November 6, 1997. October 18, 2016. May 3, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220503173004/https://digital.library.fordham.edu/digital/collection/RAM/id/24809. live.
  22. News: Raftery. Kay. Father Berrigan Talks About His Film Mission The Jesuit And Noted Peace Activist Discussed His Role In The Making Of A Major Motion Picture. May 2, 2016. The Philadelphia Inquirer. March 25, 1993. June 1, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160601160338/http://articles.philly.com/1993-03-25/news/25952314_1_father-berrigan-jesuits-peace-activist. live.
  23. Book: Berrigan. Daniel. The Mission: A Film Journal. 1986. Harper & Row. San Francisco. 978-0-06-250056-4. 1st. 13947262.
  24. Religion and War Resistance in the Plowshares Movement (2008) Sharon Erickson Nepstad, Cambridge University Press, p48
  25. Web site: Finding Aid for Daniel Berrigan Papers . DePaul University Special Collections and Archives Department . May 3, 2022 . March 3, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210303111636/https://libguides.depaul.edu/ld.php?content_id=10135847 . live .
  26. News: Father Daniel Berrigan, Anti-War Activist & Poet, Dies. May 1, 2016. Democracy Now!. April 30, 2016. May 1, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160501004446/http://www.democracynow.org/2016/4/30/father_daniel_berrigan_anti_war_activist. live.
  27. Web site: In 2006 Interview, Fr. Dan Berrigan Recalls Confronting Defense Secretary McNamara over Vietnam War. Democracy Now!. May 4, 2016. May 3, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160503232820/http://www.democracynow.org/2016/5/2/in_2006_interview_fr_dan_berrigan. live.
  28. Book: Who Spoke Up? American Protest Against the War in Vietnam 1963–1975 . Nancy Zaroulis . Gerald Sullivan . Horizon Book Promotions . 1989 . 0-385-17547-7.
  29. Book: You Can't Be Neutral on a Moving Train . Howard Zinn . Howard Zinn . Beacon Press . 1994 . 0-8070-7127-7 . 126–38 .
    new ed. 2002
  30. News: Writers and Editors War Tax Protest. New York Post. January 30, 1968.
  31. Web site: The Catonsville Nine original 5/17/68 footage. Waging Non-Violence. May 1, 2016. May 17, 1968. May 1, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160501072338/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d3NM3xaNuLk. live.
  32. News: Olzen. Jake. How the Catonsville Nine survived on film. May 1, 2016. Waging Non-Violence. May 17, 2013. May 4, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160504171540/http://wagingnonviolence.org/feature/how-the-catonsville-nine-survived-on-film/. live.
  33. United States v. Moylan. 1002. 417 F. 2d. Court of Appeals, 4th Circuit. 1969. https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=8977019992891102745&hl=en&as_sdt=2,5. May 1, 2016.
  34. Berrigan v. Norton. 790. 451 F. 2d. Court of Appeals, 2nd Circuit. 1971. https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=13888286856727862807&hl=en&as_sdt=2,5. May 1, 2016.
  35. News: Grand jury indicts two for hiding Dan Berrigan. Associated Press. Cornell Daily Sun. 87. 63. December 18, 1970. 3. May 8, 2017. September 29, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170929044916/http://cdsun.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cornell?a=d&d=CDS19701218.2.15&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN------. live.
  36. Com. v. Berrigan. 226. 501 A. 2d. Pa: Supreme Court. 1985. https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=6991323227073321014&hl=en&as_sdt=2,5. May 1, 2016.
  37. Web site: A History of Direct Disarmament Actions - The Ploughshares movement originated in the North American faith . coat.ncf.ca . May 1, 2016 . June 16, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160616182821/http://coat.ncf.ca/our_magazine/links/issue42/articles/a_history_of_direct_disarmament.htm . live .
  38. Web site: Gibson . David . Daniel Berrigan, anti-war priest, dies at 94 . Religion News Service . April 1, 2016 . January 17, 2017 . January 18, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170118053913/http://religionnews.com/2016/05/01/daniel-berrigan-anti-war-priest-dies-at-94/ . live .
  39. Web site: Goldman . Ari L. . Religion Notes . The New York Times . February 8, 1992 . January 17, 2017 . January 18, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170118052731/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/08/us/religion-notes.html . live .
  40. Web site: Consistent Life Individual Endorsers As of January 9, 2017. Consistent Life Network. January 17, 2017. March 5, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170305064806/http://www.consistent-life.org/clsigners.pdf. live.
  41. Web site: Associated Press . Fr Daniel Berrigan, anti-war and pro-life campaigner, dies aged 94 – CatholicHerald.co.uk . CatholicHerald.co.uk – Breaking news and opinion from the online edition of Britain's leading Catholic newspaper . May 2, 2016 . January 17, 2017 . January 18, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170118052228/http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2016/05/02/fr-daniel-berrigan-anti-war-and-pro-life-campaigner-dies-aged-94/ . live .
  42. Book: Berrigan, Daniel. Sorrow Built a Bridge: Friendship and AIDS. Fortkamp Publishing Company. 1989. Baltimore.
  43. 1991. Notes on Recent Publications. Religious Studies Review. 17. 2. 150.
  44. News: AIDS Attitudes Appall Activist Daniel Berrigan. McClain. Kathleen. October 11, 1989. The Charlotte Observer (NC). Access World News.
  45. News: Daniel Berrigan, America's Street Priest, Stands With Occupy. Chris Hedges. June 11, 2012. June 12, 2012. June 15, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120615194031/http://truth-out.org/news/item/9712-daniel-berrigan-americas-street-priest-stands-with-occupy. live.
  46. Roberts. Tom. Soon 75, Berrigan's is still an edgy God. National Catholic Reporter. January 26, 1996. 32. 13. 0027-8939.
  47. Book: Schneider, N. . Thank You, Anarchy: Notes from the Occupy Apocalypse . University of California Press . 2013 . 978-0-520-95703-9 . May 7, 2017 . 117.
  48. Book: Coy, P.G. . A Revolution of the Heart: Essays on the Catholic Worker . Temple University Press . 1988 . 978-0-87722-531-7 . May 7, 2017 . 299.
  49. Book: Labrie, R. . Thomas Merton and the Inclusive Imagination . University of Missouri Press . 2001 . 978-0-8262-6279-0 . May 7, 2017 . 207.
  50. Book: Berryman, P. . Our Unfinished Business . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . 2013 . 978-0-307-83164-4 . May 7, 2017 . 221.
  51. Book: Davis, A.Y. . Angela Davis . If They Come in the Morning: Voices of Resistance . Verso Books . Radical Thinkers . 2016 . 978-1-78478-770-7 . May 7, 2017 . 80.
  52. Book: Anderson, D.L. . The Human Tradition in America Since 1945 . Scholarly Resources . 2003 . 978-0-8420-2943-8 . May 7, 2017 . 88.
  53. Rebel Priests: The Curious Case of the Berrigans. January 25, 1971. . Cover . May 1, 2016. July 24, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190724081927/http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19710125,00.html. live.
  54. Web site: Adrienne Rich experiment. www.sccs.swarthmore.edu. May 4, 2016. August 10, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160810142257/https://www.sccs.swarthmore.edu/users/99/jrieffel/poetry/rich/children.html. live.
  55. Web site: Investigation of a Flame (2003). IMDb. July 1, 2018. October 19, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171019194823/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0316035/plotsummary?ref_=tt_ov_pl. live.
  56. News: Anderson. John. May 4, 1998. The IRS Plays Tax and Consequences. Newsday. New York, New York. B7. February 7, 2024. Newspapers.com.
  57. Bush . Vanessa . Kisseloff, Jeff. Generation on Fire: Voices of Protest from the 1960s . . October 1, 2006 . 103 . 3 . . April 12, 2022 . Gale . May 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220503173003/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&id=GALE%7CA152935485&v=2.1&it=r&userGroupName=anon%7E73fb5424 . live .
  58. Web site: The best parts of Starz's Watergate series "Gaslit" are the characters history cast aside. Stine. Alison. April 24, 2022. Salon.com. May 1, 2022. May 1, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220501202101/https://www.salon.com/2022/04/24/gaslit-review-starz-watergate/. live.
  59. Web site: Daniel Berrigan Papers (1961–2009). Special Collections and Archives, DePaul University. May 1, 2016. Finding aid. Chicago, Illinois. October 19, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171019195242/http://www.catholicresearch.net/data/ead/html/dep-dpu_ead_mss0098.html. live.
  60. News: Goldman. Ari L.. A Landlord Tries to Evict Jesuit Group. May 1, 2016. The New York Times. April 17, 1989. June 2, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160602064238/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/04/17/nyregion/a-landlord-tries-to-evict-jesuit-group.html. live.
  61. Wylie-Kellermann. Bill. September 2016. Death Shall Have No Dominion: Daniel Berrigan of the Resurrection. CrossCurrents. 66. 3. 312–320. 10.1111/cros.12199. 171433961 .
  62. Web site: WRL Peace Awards. https://web.archive.org/web/20070610210132/https://secure.serve.com/resist/wrl_peaceawards.htm. June 10, 2007.
  63. Web site: Award Laureates. May 3, 2016. May 4, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160504233153/http://www.gandhipeaceaward.org/award-laureates/. dead.
  64. Web site: OBITUARY: Fr. Daniel Berrigan, S.J., Pax Christi USA Teacher of Peace, passes away at age 94. PAX CHRISTI USA. April 30, 2016. May 4, 2016. June 24, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160624011542/https://paxchristiusa.org/2016/04/30/obituary-fr-daniel-berrigan-s-j-pax-christi-usa-teacher-of-peace-passes-away-at-age-94/. live.
  65. Web site: List of Award Recipients | The Peace Abbey FoundationThe Peace Abbey Foundation. May 3, 2016. May 18, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180518195158/http://www.peaceabbey.org/list-of-award-recipients/. live.
  66. Web site: Honorary Degrees List July 2021 . wooster.edu . May 3, 2022 . May 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220503173047/https://wooster.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Honorary-Degrees-by-Name.pdf . live .

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