| The Dalles Lock and Dam | |
| Name Official: | The Dalles Lock and Dam |
| Res Name: | Lake Celilo |
| Location: | Klickitat County, Washington / Wasco County, Oregon, U.S. |
| Dam Type: | Concrete gravity, run-of-the-river |
| Dam Width Base: | (Spillway) |
| Construction Began: | 1952 |
| Opening: | 1957 |
| Plant Turbines: | 22 |
| Plant Capacity: | 1,878.3 MW Max.: 2,160 MW |
| Plant Annual Gen: | 6,180 GWh[1] |
| Spillway Type: | Service, gate-controlled |
The Dalles Lock and Dam is a concrete-gravity run-of-the-river dam spanning the Columbia River, 2miles east of the city of The Dalles, Oregon, United States.[2] It joins Wasco County, Oregon, with Klickitat County, Washington, upriver from the mouth of the Columbia near Astoria, Oregon. The closest towns on the Washington side are Dallesport and Wishram.
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) began work on the dam in 1952 and completed it five years later. Slack water created by the dam submerged Celilo Falls, the economic and cultural hub of Native Americans in the region and the oldest continuously inhabited settlement in North America.[3] Inhabitants of the submerged area include the Wasco–Wishram[4] and Skinpah.[5]
On March 10, 1957, hundreds of observers looked on as the rising waters rapidly silenced the falls, submerged fishing platforms, and consumed the village of Celilo. Ancient petroglyphs were also in the area being submerged. Approximately 40 petroglyph panels were removed with jackhammers before inundation and were placed in storage before being installed in Columbia Hills State Park in the 2000s.[6]
The reservoir behind the dam is named Lake Celilo and runs up the river channel, to the foot of John Day Dam. The dam is operated by the USACE, and the power is marketed by the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA). It is part of an extensive system of dams on the Columbia and Snake Rivers.
The Dalles Dam Visitor Center, in Seufert Park on the Oregon shore, was built in 1981. A tour train was closed in autumn 2001, partly due to post-September 11 security concerns, and partly due to deteriorating track conditions and a small derailment.[7] The Columbia Hills State Park is nearby.
The Dalles Dam is one of the ten largest hydroelectric dams in the United States. Along with hydro power, the dam provides irrigation water, flood mitigation, navigation, and recreation. The Dalles Lock and Dam has been designated as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers.[8]
Prior to the construction of the dam, Celilo Falls was a hub for local Native American trading and fishing.[9] The area served as a spiritual monument as well, and continues to be the site of traditional ceremonies, during which people celebrate the end of winter and the beginning of the spring salmon run.[9]
The construction of the Dalles Dam was extremely damaging to salmon runs in the Columbia River. The physical dam makes it difficult for fish to navigate the river and reach their spawning grounds. Even with the installation of fish ladders, salmon populations have struggled.
Celilo Falls and the traditional rights of local Native American tribes to fish were protected by a government treaty, but with the onset of the Cold War and the legacy of Bonneville Dam, completed in 1938,[10] the USACE looked to develop another hydro power production facility on the Columbia River. The Dalles' location on the mid-Columbia River below the falls made it an ideal hydro power production site. The Dalles Dam was authorized under the 1950 Flood Control Act, with the federal government able to work around the treaty with local tribes by paying them a settlement. However, despite assurances from the USACE that they would work to improve living conditions in Celilo as part of the settlement, these efforts failed for lack of attention by the federal government.[11]
Since 2016, the USACE has worked on The Dalles Lock & Dam Tribal Housing Village Development Plan. This plan is designed to find a location for and construct a village for members of the tribes that historically relied on Celilo Falls for fishing. The Village Development Plan had been slated to be finished by fall of 2020, however, as of April 2023 it has not been completed. In 2017, various senators from the states of Oregon and Washington signed a letter to the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, expressing concern about the Office's plan to halt the project.[12]
In 2007, the USACE conducted a sonar survey of the riverbed of Celilo Falls to determine whether the former site of the falls had been destroyed by the construction of the dam. The survey found that the geological features on the riverbed match those observed in photos of the falls prior to the construction of the dam. Hypothetically, this establishes that the falls would return if the dam were to be removed.[13]