DVB-T explained

DVB-T, short for Digital Video Broadcasting – Terrestrial, is the DVB European-based consortium standard for the broadcast transmission of digital terrestrial television that was first published in 1997^[1] and first broadcast in Singapore in February 1998.^{[2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]} This system transmits compressed digital audio, digital video and other data in an MPEG transport stream, using coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (COFDM or OFDM) modulation. It is also the format widely used worldwide (including North America) for Electronic News Gathering for transmission of video and audio from a mobile newsgathering vehicle to a central receive point.It is also used in the US by Amateur television operators.

Basics

Rather than carrying one data carrier on a single radio frequency (RF) channel, COFDM works by splitting the digital data stream into a large number of slower digital streams, each of which digitally modulates a set of closely spaced adjacent sub-carrier frequencies. In the case of DVB-T, there are two choices for the number of carriers known as 2K-mode or 8K-mode. These are actually 1,705 or 6,817 sub-carriers that are approximately 4 kHz or 1 kHz apart.

DVB-T offers three different modulation schemes (QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM).

DVB-T has been adopted or proposed for digital television broadcasting by many countries (see map), using mainly VHF 7 MHz and UHF 8 MHz channels whereas Taiwan, Colombia, Panama and Trinidad and Tobago use 6 MHz channels. Examples include the UK's Freeview.

The DVB-T Standard is published as EN 300 744, Framing structure, channel coding and modulation for digital terrestrial television. This is available from the ETSI website, as is ETSI TS 101 154, Specification for the use of Video and Audio Coding in Broadcasting Applications based on the MPEG-2 Transport Stream, which gives details of the DVB use of source coding methods for MPEG-2 and, more recently, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC as well as audio encoding systems. Many countries that have adopted DVB-T have published standards for their implementation. These include the D-book in the UK, the Italian DGTVi,^[9] the ETSI E-Book and the Nordic countries and Ireland NorDig.

DVB-T has been further developed into newer standards such as DVB-H (Handheld), which was a commercial failure and is no longer in operation, and DVB-T2, which was initially finalised in August 2011.

DVB-T as a digital transmission delivers data in a series of discrete blocks at the symbol rate. DVB-T is a COFDM transmission technique which includes the use of a Guard Interval. It allows the receiver to cope with strong multipath situations. Within a geographical area, DVB-T also allows single-frequency network (SFN) operation, where two or more transmitters carrying the same data operate on the same frequency. In such cases the signals from each transmitter in the SFN needs to be accurately time-aligned, which is done by sync information in the stream and timing at each transmitter referenced to GPS.

The length of the Guard Interval can be chosen. It is a trade-off between data rate and SFN capability. The longer the guard interval the larger is the potential SFN area without creating intersymbol interference (ISI).It is possible to operate SFNs which do not fulfill the guard interval condition if the self-interference is properly planned and monitored.

Technical description of a DVB-T transmitter

With reference to the figure, a short description of the signal processing blocks follows.

• Source coding and MPEG-2 multiplexing (MUX): Compressed video, compressed audio, and data streams are multiplexed into MPEG program streams (MPEG-PSs). One or more MPEG-PSs are joined together into an MPEG transport stream (MPEG-TS); this is the basic digital stream which is being transmitted and received by TV sets or home Set Top Boxes (STB). Allowed bit rates for the transported data depend on a number of coding and modulation parameters: it can range from about 5 to about 32 Mbit/s (see the bottom figure for a complete listing).
• Splitter: Two different MPEG-TSs can be transmitted at the same time, using a technique called Hierarchical Transmission. It may be used to transmit, for example a standard definition SDTV signal and a high definition HDTV signal on the same carrier. Generally, the SDTV signal is more robust than the HDTV one. At the receiver, depending on the quality of the received signal, the STB may be able to decode the HDTV stream or, if signal strength lacks, it can switch to the SDTV one (in this way, all receivers that are in proximity of the transmission site can lock the HDTV signal, whereas all the other ones, even the farthest, may still be able to receive and decode an SDTV signal).
• MUX adaptation and energy dispersal: The MPEG-TS is identified as a sequence of data packets, of fixed length (188 bytes). With a technique called energy dispersal, the byte sequence is decorrelated.
• External encoder: A first level of error correction is applied to the transmitted data, using a non-binary block code, a Reed–Solomon RS (204, 188) code, allowing the correction of up to a maximum of 8 wrong bytes for each 188-byte packet.
• External interleaver: Convolutional interleaving is used to rearrange the transmitted data sequence, in such a way that it becomes more rugged to long sequences of errors.
• Internal encoder: A second level of error correction is given by a punctured convolutional code, which is often denoted in STBs menus as FEC (Forward error correction). There are five valid coding rates: 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6, and 7/8.
• Internal interleaver: Data sequence is rearranged again, aiming to reduce the influence of burst errors. This time, a block interleaving technique is adopted, with a pseudo-random assignment scheme (this is really done by two separate interleaving processes, one operating on bits and another one operating on groups of bits).
• Mapper: The digital bit sequence is mapped into a base band modulated sequence of complex symbols. There are three valid modulation schemes: QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM.
• Frame adaptation: the complex symbols are grouped in blocks of constant length (1512, 3024, or 6048 symbols per block). A frame is generated, 68 blocks long, and a superframe is built by 4 frames.
• Pilot and TPS signals: In order to simplify the reception of the signal being transmitted on the terrestrial radio channel, additional signals are inserted in each block. Pilot signals are used during the synchronization and equalization phase, while TPS signals (Transmission Parameters Signalling) send the parameters of the transmitted signal and to unequivocally identify the transmission cell. The receiver must be able to synchronize, equalize, and decode the signal to gain access to the information held by the TPS pilots. Thus, the receiver must know this information beforehand, and the TPS data is only used in special cases, such as changes in the parameters, resynchronizations, etc.

• OFDM modulation: The sequence of blocks is modulated according to the OFDM technique, using 1705 or 6817 carriers (2k or 8k mode, respectively). Increasing the number of carriers does not modify the payload bit rate, which remains constant.
• Guard interval insertion: to decrease receiver complexity, every OFDM block is extended, copying in front of it its own end (cyclic prefix). The width of such guard interval can be 1/32, 1/16, 1/8, or 1/4 that of the original block length. Cyclic prefix is required to operate single frequency networks, where there may exist an ineliminable interference coming from several sites transmitting the same program on the same carrier frequency.
• DAC and front-end: The digital signal is transformed into an analogue signal, with a digital-to-analog converter (DAC), and then modulated to radio frequency (VHF, UHF) by the RF front end. The occupied bandwidth is designed to accommodate each single DVB-T signal into 5, 6, 7, or 8 MHz wide channels. The base band sample rate provided at the DAC input depends on the channel bandwidth: it is

f _{s} = (8)/(7) B samples/s, where B is the channel bandwidth expressed in Hz.

Available bit rates (Mbit/s) for a DVB-T system in 8 MHz channels

Modulation	Coding rate	Guard interval
		1/4	1/8	1/16	1/32
QPSK	1/2	4.976	5.529	5.855	6.032
	2/3	6.635	7.373	7.806	8.043
	3/4	7.465	8.294	8.782	9.048
	5/6	8.294	9.216	9.758	10.053
	7/8	8.709	9.676	10.246	10.556
16-QAM	1/2	9.953	11.059	11.709	12.064
	2/3	13.271	14.745	15.612	16.086
	3/4	14.929	16.588	17.564	18.096
	5/6	16.588	18.431	19.516	20.107
	7/8	17.418	19.353	20.491	21.112
64-QAM	1/2	14.929	16.588	17.564	18.096
	2/3	19.906	22.118	23.419	24.128
	3/4	22.394	24.882	26.346	27.144
	5/6	24.882	27.647	29.273	30.160
	7/8	26.126	29.029	30.737	31.668

Technical description of the receiver

The receiving STB adopts techniques which are dual to those ones used in the transmission.

• Front-end and ADC: the analogue RF signal is converted to base-band and transformed into a digital signal, using an analogue-to-digital converter (ADC).
• Time and frequency synchronization: the digital base band signal is searched to identify the beginning of frames and blocks. Any problems with the frequency of the components of the signal are corrected, too. The property that the guard interval at the end of the symbol is placed also at the beginning is exploited to find the beginning of a new OFDM symbol. On the other hand, continual pilots (whose value and position is determined in the standard and thus known by the receiver) determine the frequency offset suffered by the signal. This frequency offset might have been caused by Doppler effect, inaccuracies in either the transmitter or receiver clock, and so on. Generally, synchronization is done in two steps, either before or after the FFT, in such way to resolve both coarse and fine frequency/timing errors. Pre-FFT steps involve the use of sliding correlation on the received time signal, whereas Post-FFT steps use correlation between the frequency signal and the pilot carriers sequence.
• Guard interval disposal: the cyclic prefix is removed.
• OFDM demodulation: this is achieved with an FFT.
• Frequency equalization: the pilot signals are used to estimate the Channel Transfer Function (CTF) every three subcarriers. The CTF is derived in the remaining subcarriers via interpolation. The CTF is then used to equalize the received data in each subcarrier, generally using a Zero-Forcing method (multiplication by CTF inverse). The CTF is also used to weigh the reliability of the demapped data when they are provided to the Viterbi decoder.
• Demapping: since there are Gray-encoded QAM constellations, demapping is done in a "soft" way using nonlinear laws that demap each bit in the received symbol to a more or less reliable fuzzy value between -1 and +1.
• Internal deinterleaving
• Internal decoding: uses the Viterbi algorithm, with a traceback length larger than that generally used for the basic 1/2 rate code, due to the presence of punctured ("erased") bits.
• External deinterleaving
• External decoding
• MUX adaptation
• MPEG-2 demultiplexing and source decoding

Countries and territories using DVB-T or DVB-T2

Americas

• Bermuda (decided on 10 July 2007)^[10]
• Colombia (decided on 28 August 2008)^[11] (Uses DVB-T/H.264/MPEG-4 for SD and HD since 2011)^[12]
• Greenland (Nuuk TV)
• French Guiana
• Panama (decided on 12 May 2009)^[13] (uses DVB-T/MPEG-2 for SD and DVB-T/H.264/MPEG-4 for HD transmissions.)
  • (In 2008 KTV Ltd. implemented DVB-T, 64QAM, 7/8, 1/32, MPEG2 for both SD and HD transmissions)^[14]

Europe

• Albania (uses MPEG-2 for SD and H.264/MPEG-4 AVC for HD transmissions).
• Andorra
• Armenia
• Austria (transition to DVB-T2)
• Azerbaijan
• Belgium (uses DVB-T MPEG-2 and DVB-T2 H.264/MPEG-4 AVC)
• Belarus (uses DVB-T H.264/MPEG-4 AVC for SD and HD transmission and DVB-T2 for pay SD and HD transmissions)
• Bulgaria (H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, FEC=2/3, guard interval – 1/4, 64 QAM. Official simulcast started in March 2013, full switch has been done on 30 September 2013.)^{[15] [16]}
• Croatia From 2020 the transmission is on DVB-T2 H.265/HEVC with HD 1080p50 – see Television in Croatia
• Czech Republic (MPEG-2, DVB-T2 HEVC H.265 started in 2017)
• Cyprus (H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video)
• Denmark (uses H.264/AVC for SD and HD transmissions. See DVB-T in Denmark.)
• Estonia (uses H.264/AVC video)
• Faroe Islands
• Finland
• France (uses H.264/AVC for free HD, pay SD and pay HD transmissions. See Digital terrestrial television#France.)
• Germany (partly still DVB-T MPEG-2, SD only; since 2016 transition to DVB-T2 H.265/HEVC with HD 1080p50 – see Television in Germany)
  • Georgia Greece Both providers Digea and ERT use H.264/MPEG-4 AVC)
• Hungary (branded MinDigTV, uses H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video exclusively.)
• Iceland^[17]
• Ireland (uses H.264/MPEG-4 AVC for HD and SD transmissions, see Saorview)
• Italy (uses H.264/MPEG-4 AVC for SD and HD, alongside some limited HEVC adoption). MPEG-2 phased out in December 2022. Transition to DVB-T2 not precisely specified as of 2023.
• Latvia (uses H.264/MPEG-4 AVC)
• Lithuania (uses H.264/MPEG-4 AVC)
• Luxembourg (uses DVB-T MPEG-2 for SD and H.264/MPEG-4 AVC for HD)
• Malta
• (uses MPEG-2. H.264/AVC is being tested.)
• Montenegro
• Netherlands (uses DVB-T2, operated by Digitenne)
• (DVB-T in North Macedonia)
• Norway (uses H.264/MPEG-4 AVC for SD and HD transmissions)
• Poland (uses DVB-T2 with HEVC, except MUX3, belonging to state-owned TVP, which still is allowed to use H.264/AVC video for SD and HD transmissions until the end of 2023; see DVB-T in Poland)
• Portugal (uses H.264/AVC video;)
• Romania DVB-T was only used experimentally in two cities, and is being phased out. The official terrestrial broadcasting standard in Romania is DVB-T2, and implementations started in 2015.
• (uses DVB-T2 H.264/AVC^[18])
• Serbia (uses DVB-T2 H.264/AVC^[19])
• Slovakia (uses MPEG-2 for SD and H.264/MPEG-4 AVC for HD, testing DVB-T2 H.264/AVC)
• Slovenia (uses H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video since 2007. See DVB-T in Slovenia)
• Spain (uses DVB-T H.264/MPEG-4 for HD transmissions.)
• Sweden (uses MPEG-2 and H.264/MPEG-4 AVC) for SD, and DVB-T2 with H.264/AVC for SD and HD transmissions. See DVB-T in Sweden.)
• Switzerland (one regional DVB-T station remaining. Terrestrial national TV broadcasting restored using DVB-T2 near Austria, soon near France)^[20]
• Turkey (uses DVB-T2. Broadcasting license only given to state owned TRT channels.^{[21] [22]})
• (uses DVB-T MPEG-2 for SD and DVB-T2 H.264/AVC for HD transmissions. See DVB-T in United Kingdom.)
• Ukraine (uses DVB-T2 H.264/AVC for all nationwide broadcasts)

Oceania

• Australia (mostly uses MPEG-2 for SD transmissions and H.264/AVC for HD transmissions, refer to this list of digital television channels in Australia)
• New Zealand (uses MPEG-4/H.264 video; see Freeview New Zealand)
• Fiji
• Papua New Guinea
• Solomon Islands
• Vanuatu
• Kiribati
• Nauru
• Samoa
• Tonga
• Tuvalu
• Niue
• Cook Islands
• French Polynesia
• Wallis and Futuna

Asia

• Afghanistan (uses DVB-T2 MPEG-4 launched April 2015)^[23]
• Bahrain (in assessment)^[24]
• Bangladesh (Announced)^[25]
• Bhutan (uses DVB-T2)
• India (uses MPEG-2 for SD and MPEG-4 for HD transmissions)
• Indonesia (adopted DVB-T2 H.264/AVC^[26] on 2 February 2012)^[27]
• (uses DVB-T MPEG-4/H.264/AAC SD :720x576i HD :1920x1080i); since 2020 transition to DVB-T2 H.265/HEVC with HD 1080p50 – see Television in Iran)
• Iraq (started in Kurdistan region-Iraq by MIX Media 31 December 2011 uses MPEG-4)
• Israel (uses MPEG-4/H.264 video)
• Jordan^[24]
• Kuwait (will use DVB-T2)^[28]
• Kyrgyzstan (DVB-T2)^[29]
• Lebanon^[24]
• Malaysia (7 DVB-T channels across 2 transponders during trial, final system uses DVB-T2 nationwide, 17 TV channels and 14 radio channels across 2 transponders in UHF, analog shutdown on 31 Oct 2019. Uses H.264 video and AAC audio)
• Mongolia (uses DVB-T2)
• Myanmar
• (uses DVB-T2, trial began on 2012)^{[30] [31]}
• Oman (in assessment)^[24]
• (in assessment)
• Qatar^[32]
• Singapore (4 DVB-T Channels on 1 January 2007 and 7 DVB-T2 Channels on 13 December 2013)
• Saudi Arabia^[24]
• (using DVB-T, MPEG-2 and MPEG-4.)^[24]
• (uses DVB-T/MPEG-2 for SD and DVB-T/H.264/MPEG-4 for HD transmissions)
• Tajikistan (DVB-T2)^[33]
• Thailand (uses DVB-T2 H.264/AVC with HE-AAC codec for both SD and HD transmissions launched on April 1, 2014)
• (uses DVB-T2 H.264/AVC for both SD and HD transmissions)
• United Arab Emirates^[24]
• Uzbekistan
• Yemen^[24]

Africa

• Algeria
• Angola (Will be using ISDB-T)
• Benin
• Botswana (Will be using ISDB-T)
• Burundi
• Cameroon
• Cape Verde
• Central African Republic
• Chad
• Comoros (Experimental DTMB)
  • • Djibouti
• Egypt
• Gabon
• Gambia
• Ghana
  • Kenya (Will use DVB-T2 MPEG-4)
• Lesotho
• Madagascar (Will use DVB-T2 on paid network)
• Malawi
• Mali
• Mauritania
• Mauritius
• Morocco
• Mozambique
• Namibia
• Niger
• Nigeria
• Rwanda (is already using DVB-T/MPEG-4 and will soon migrate to DVB-T2)
• Sao Tome and Principe
• Senegal
• Seychelles
• Sierra Leone
• South Africa (will use DVB-T2, after briefly considering ISDB-T)^{[34] [35]}
• Sudan
• Swaziland
  • Togo
• Tunisia (experimental)
• Uganda
• Zambia

Countries and territories are available in DVB-T

Americas

• Aruba
  • • • • • Cayman Islands
• Montserrat (Experimental ISDB-T)

Europe

• Bosnia and Herzegovina

Oceania

• Tokelau
• Christmas Island
• Norfolk Island

Asia

• Turkmenistan (Only available in Ashgabat)

Africa

• Equatorial Guinea
• Guinea
• Guinea-Bissau
• Liberia
• Libya

DVB-T/T2 switch-off

DVB-T/T2 is switched off in Switzerland and the Flemish part of Belgium. The EU plans to switch off DVB-T/T2 in its member states by 2030.

• Belgium: In Flanders, VRT free-to-air broadcasting ended on 1 December 2018. In Flanders region, the encrypted TV platform TV Vlaanderen's Antenne TV service will be end on 1 September 2024.
• Switzerland: Swiss public broadcaster SRG SSR terminated DTT network on 3 June 2019. A regional station from the Geneva area has kept broadcasting. A DVB-T2 antenna was later activated in the east of the country to relay Swiss TV to Austrian cable operators. A similar broadcast is planned to cover Grand Geneva.

See also

• ATSC (Advanced Television Systems Committee, North American Standard)
• Digital Audio Broadcasting (low bit rate video suitable for moving receivers)
• Digital Video Broadcasting (technical standards underpinning DVB-T)
• DTV channel protection ratios
• DVB over IP
• DVB-T2
• Digital terrestrial television
• DMB-T – Digital Multimedia Broadcast-Terrestrial
• Interactive television
• ISDB – Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting
  • ISDB-T International
• Multimedia Home Platform (standard to deliver interactive TV applications over DVB)
• OFDM system comparison table
• Personal video recorder
• Spectral efficiency comparison table
• Teletext

References

• ETSI Standard: EN 300 744 V1.5.1, Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Framing structure, channel coding and modulation for digital terrestrial television, available at ETSI Publications Download Area (This will open ETSI document search engine, to find the latest version of the document enter a search string; free registration is required to download PDF.)

External links

• Website of the DVB Project
• Official factsheet of DVB-T
• DigiTAG website

Notes and References

1. Web site: ETSI EN 300 744 – Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Framing structure, channel coding and modulation for digital terrestrial television. October 2015. European Telecommunications Standards Institute. 66. https://web.archive.org/web/20160326000635/https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/300700_300799/300744/01.06.02_60/en_300744v010602p.pdf. 26 March 2016. live.
2. Web site: DATAONE LIMITED RESPONSE TO CONSULTATION PAPER ON DATACASTING. Infocomm Media Development Authority, Singapore.. https://web.archive.org/web/20200205010125/https://www.imda.gov.sg/-/media/imda/files/inner/archive/policies-and-regulation/policies_and_regulation_level3/fixed-wireless-broadband/response_-_dataone_limited.pdf. 5 February 2020. live.
3. Web site: TELEVISION BROADCAST FOR SINGAPORE – March 3, 1998. 1999-10-08. live. https://web.archive.org/web/19991008210659/http://advent.com.sg/files/Pressrel-3.3.pdf. 1999-10-08. 2020-02-05.
4. Web site: Advent Television launches the world's first digital terrestrial service in Singapore. 1999-10-08. live. https://web.archive.org/web/19991008193729/http://advent.com.sg/files/Pressrel-26.2.pdf. 1999-10-08. 2020-02-05.
5. Web site: The Future is in Digital Broadcasting and that future is with Advent Television.. 2001-04-11. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20010411205700/http://www.advent.com.sg/technology.html. 2001-04-11. 2020-02-05.
6. Web site: Press Release – April 27, 1998. 2000-06-04. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20000604105131/http://www.advent.com.sg/files/Pressrel-24.4.pdf. 2000-06-04. 2020-02-05.
7. News: S'pore testing digital TV format. 5 March 1998. The Business Times. 5 March 1998. 4.
8. News: SBA plans to launch digital TV after trying out systems. 9 March 1998. The Straits Times. 30.
9. Web site: DGTVi – Per la Televisione Digitale Terrestre . 2008-07-30 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080419092227/http://www.dgtvi.it/stat/DGTVi/Page1.html . 2008-04-19 . ymd-all . usurped . it.
10. Web site: About – DVB. 26 June 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20130901023746/http://dvb.org/about_dvb/dvb_worldwide/bermuda/index.xml. 1 September 2013. dead.
11. News: El Espectador. Colombia adopta el estándar europeo para la tv digital terrestre. es. 28 August 2008. 28 August 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20190413185825/http://elespectador.com/node/34794/. 13 April 2019. dead.
12. Web site: Evaluamos. TV Digital no ha llegado a toda Colombia y la CNTV ya piensa en modificar la norma. es. 21 July 2011.
13. Web site: Panama adopts DVB-T. DVB.org. 19 May 2009. 26 June 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20130903055251/http://dvb.org/news_events/news/panama-adopts-dvb-t/index.xml. 3 September 2013. dead.
14. Web site: KTV Ltd.. 26 June 2016.
15. Web site: Plan for the introduction of terrestrial digital television broadcasting (DVB-T) in the Republic of Bulgaria. . bg. 2012-12-17.
16. Web site: Digital Television. NURTS (TV tower operator). 2012-12-17. https://web.archive.org/web/20121201000256/http://nurts.bg/en/uslugi/%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F-dvb-t/. 1 December 2012. dead.
17. Web site: Digital Ísland. fjarskiptahandbokin.is. is. 2009-10-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20090831020837/http://www.fjarskiptahandbokin.is/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=75&Itemid=125. 31 August 2009. dead.
18. Web site: Russia adopts DVB-T2. September 29, 2011. dmy-all. Advanced-Television.com.
19. Web site: ETV: trial DVB-T2 network. sr. 2012-03-22. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120416011557/http://etv.rs/vesti/74-pilot-mreza. 16 April 2012. dmy-all.
20. Web site: Switzerland to switch off DTT on June 3, 2019. 6 December 2018.
21. Web site: TRT Kurumsal Profil - TRT Kurumsal .
22. Web site: RTÜK | Sayısal Yayıncılık Nedir? .
23. Web site: 100,000 likes – Oqaab reaches over 1 Mio TV Households. 31 March 2015. Oqaab.af. 26 June 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160323182055/http://www.oqaab.af/first-digital-terrestrial-television-network-dvb-t2-starts-broadcasting/. 23 March 2016. dead.
24. Web site: Samart eyes Middle East market for digital TV-enabled smartphone. Rapid TV News. 19 May 2014. 26 June 2016. Rebecca. Hawkes.
25. Web site: Digital TV services to be introduced in Bangladesh by 2014. Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union. 5 June 2012.
26. Web site: PERSYARATAN TEKNIS ALAT DAN PERANGKAT PENERIMA TELEVISI SIARAN DIGITAL BERBASIS STANDAR DIGITAL VIDEO BROADCASTING TERRESTRIAL – SECOND GENERATION. KomInfo.go.id. Ministry of Communication and Information Technology (Indonesia). 1 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20140331090643/https://web.kominfo.go.id/sites/default/files/Lampiran%20RPM%20Persyaratan%20Teknis%20Alat%20dan%20Perangkat%20Penerima%20Televisi%20Siaran%20Digital%20Berbasis%20Standard%20Digital%20Video%20Broadcasting%20Teresterial%20-%20Second%20Generation%20.pdf. 31 March 2014. live.
27. Web site: Standar Penyiaran Televisi Digital. KomInfo.go.id. Ministry of Communication and Information Technology (Indonesia). 19 February 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20170627030533/https://web.kominfo.go.id/sites/default/files/Permen%2037%20Standar%20Penyiaran%20TV%20Digital.pdf. 27 June 2017. dead.
28. Web site: Kuwait TV opts for Harris DVB-T2 technology . Hawkes . Rebecca. 26 February 2014 . Rapid TV News . 2014-04-11.
29. Web site: Kyrgyztelecom launches DVB-T2 & DVB-S2 . DVB.org . 7 November 2014 . 7 April 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160419082538/https://www.dvb.org/news/kyrgyztelecom-launches-dvb_t2--dvb_s2/country/kyrgyzstan . 19 April 2016 . dead .
30. Web site: 北朝鮮で4局が地上デジタル放送を実施中、ASUS ZenFone Go TVで確認 . ja . blogofmobile.com . 8 September 2019 . 24 June 2020.
31. Web site: Report: DPRK testing digital TV. Martyn. Williams. 17 March 2013. North Korea Tech – 노스코리아테크. 25 September 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190923145947/http://www.northkoreatech.org/2013/03/17/report-dprk-testing-digital-tv/. 23 September 2019. live.
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