DSC3 explained

Desmocollin-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DSC3 gene.^{[1] [2] [3]}

Gene

The desmosomal family members are arranged in two clusters on chromosome 18, occupying less than 650 kb combined. Alternative splicing results in two transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms.

Function

Desmocollin-3 is a calcium-dependent glycoprotein that is a member of the desmocollin subfamily of the cadherin superfamily. These desmosomal family members, along with the desmogleins, are found primarily in epithelial cells where they constitute the adhesive proteins of the desmosome cell-cell junction and are required for cell adhesion and desmosome formation. The loss of these components leads to a lack of adhesion and a gain of cellular mobility.

Clinical significance

Breast cancer

Through the process of epigenetic silencing, the expression of the desmocollin-3 protein is down regulated in many breast cancers.^[4]

Hereditary hypotrichosis

A consanguineous Afghan family in which 3 sisters, 12 to 18 years of age, and their 5-year-old brother displayed features of hereditary hypotrichosis, associated with vesicles on the scalp and skin.^[5] At birth, scalp hair was present, and after ritual shaving at 1 week of age, scalp hair grew back; however, the hair was fragile and began falling out at 2 to 3 months of age, eventually leaving only sparse hair on the scalp. Vesicles that were less than 1 cm in diameter were observed on the scalp and skin of most of the body, occasionally disappearing but then reappearing; intermittently, the vesicles would burst with a release of fluid, leaving scars on the site that took 3 to 4 months to heal. There were no mucosal vesicles. Upon examination, the affected individuals were nearly devoid of eyebrows, eyelashes, axillary hair, and body hair. Teeth, nails, palms, soles, sweating, and hearing were normal, as was electrocardiography. Serum IgA, IgE, and IgD were measured in 1 individual and showed no change compared to controls. The parents were clinically unaffected. A scalp biopsy of the 18-year-old sister showed slight follicular plugging, mild perivascular and periadnexal inflammatory cell presence, and normal hair follicles. The sebaceous glands appeared morphologically normal and connected to the hair follicles.^[5]

Mapping

Genotyping and linkage analysis of the consanguineous Afghan family resulted in a maximum 2-point load score of 2.68 (theta = 0.0) at markers D18S36 and D18S547. Multipoint analysis generated a maximum load score of 3.30 at marker D18S877. Recombination events defined an 8.30-cM critical interval on chromosome 18q12.1, flanked by markers D18S66 and D18S1139, containing 30 genes.^[5]

Molecular genetics

A nonsense mutation in the DSC3 gene (600271.0001) mapping to chromosome 18q12.1 was identified in the consanguineous Afghan family with hypotrichosis and recurrent skin vesicles (613102). The unaffected parents and 3 healthy siblings were heterozygous for the mutation, which was not found in 100 unrelated ethnically matched controls.^[5] In affected members of this family with hypotrichosis were homozygous for a 2129T-G transversion in exon 14 of the DSC3 gene, resulting in a leu710-to-ter (L710X; Ayub et al. 2009) substitution at the junction of the transmembrane and the C-terminal cytoplasmic domain, predicted to cause premature termination and nonsense mediated decay of the mRNA or instability of the truncated protein. The unaffected parents and 3 healthy siblings were heterozygous for the mutation, which was not found in 100 unrelated ethnically matched controls.^[5]

Interactions

DSC3 has been shown to interact with PKP3.^[6]

Further reading

• Arnemann J, Spurr NK, Wheeler GN . Chromosomal assignment of the human genes coding for the major proteins of the desmosome junction, desmoglein DGI (DSG), desmocollins DGII/III (DSC), desmoplakins DPI/II (DSP), and plakoglobin DPIII (JUP) . Genomics . 10 . 3 . 640–5 . 1991 . 1889810 . 10.1016/0888-7543(91)90446-L . etal.
• King IA, Sullivan KH, Bennett R, Buxton RS . The desmocollins of human foreskin epidermis: identification and chromosomal assignment of a third gene and expression patterns of the three isoforms . J. Invest. Dermatol. . 105 . 3 . 314–21 . 1995 . 7665906 . 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12319935 . free .
• Kawamura K, Watanabe K, Suzuki T . cDNA cloning and expression of a novel human desmocollin . J. Biol. Chem. . 269 . 42 . 26295–302 . 1994 . 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)47193-1 . 7929347 . etal. free .
• Buxton RS, Wheeler GN, Pidsley SC . Mouse desmocollin (Dsc3) and desmoglein (Dsg1) genes are closely linked in the proximal region of chromosome 18 . Genomics . 21 . 3 . 510–6 . 1994 . 7959727 . 10.1006/geno.1994.1309 . etal.
• Nuber UA, Schäfer S, Stehr S . Patterns of desmocollin synthesis in human epithelia: immunolocalization of desmocollins 1 and 3 in special epithelia and in cultured cells . Eur. J. Cell Biol. . 71 . 1 . 1–13 . 1997 . 8884173 . etal.
• Kurzen H, Moll I, Moll R . Compositionally different desmosomes in the various compartments of the human hair follicle . Differentiation . 63 . 5 . 295–304 . 1998 . 9810708 . 10.1046/j.1432-0436.1998.6350295.x . etal.
• Moll I, Houdek P, Schäfer S . Diversity of desmosomal proteins in regenerating epidermis: immunohistochemical study using a human skin organ culture model . Arch. Dermatol. Res. . 291 . 7–8 . 437–46 . 1999 . 10482015 . 10.1007/s004030050435 . 6183331 . etal.
• Hanakawa Y, Amagai M, Shirakata Y . Different effects of dominant negative mutants of desmocollin and desmoglein on the cell-cell adhesion of keratinocytes . J. Cell Sci. . 113 . 10. 1803–11 . 2000 . 10.1242/jcs.113.10.1803 . 10769211 . etal. free .
• Whittock NV, Hunt DM, Rickman L . Genomic organization and amplification of the human desmosomal cadherin genes DSC1 and DSC3, encoding desmocollin types 1 and 3 . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. . 276 . 2 . 454–60 . 2000 . 11027496 . 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3500 . etal.
• Gadhavi PL, Greenwood MD, Strom M . The regulatory region of the human desmocollin 3 promoter forms a DNA four-way junction . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. . 281 . 2 . 520–8 . 2001 . 11181078 . 10.1006/bbrc.2001.4375 . etal.
• Klus GT, Rokaeus N, Bittner ML . Down-regulation of the desmosomal cadherin desmocollin 3 in human breast cancer . Int. J. Oncol. . 19 . 1 . 169–74 . 2001 . 11408939 . 10.3892/ijo.19.1.169. etal.
• Weiske J, Schöneberg T, Schröder W . The fate of desmosomal proteins in apoptotic cells . J. Biol. Chem. . 276 . 44 . 41175–81 . 2001 . 11500511 . 10.1074/jbc.M105769200 . etal. free .
• Hatzfeld M, Green KJ, Sauter H . Targeting of p0071 to desmosomes and adherens junctions is mediated by different protein domains . J. Cell Sci. . 116 . Pt 7 . 1219–33 . 2003 . 12615965 . 10.1242/jcs.00275 . free .
• Bonné S, Gilbert B, Hatzfeld M . Defining desmosomal plakophilin-3 interactions . J. Cell Biol. . 161 . 2 . 403–16 . 2003 . 12707304 . 10.1083/jcb.200303036 . 2172904 . etal.
• Oshiro MM, Watts GS, Wozniak RJ . Mutant p53 and aberrant cytosine methylation cooperate to silence gene expression . Oncogene . 22 . 23 . 3624–34 . 2003 . 12789271 . 10.1038/sj.onc.1206545 . 9578959 . etal.
• Zhang Y, Wolf-Yadlin A, Ross PL . Time-resolved mass spectrometry of tyrosine phosphorylation sites in the epidermal growth factor receptor signaling network reveals dynamic modules . Mol. Cell. Proteomics . 4 . 9 . 1240–50 . 2005 . 15951569 . 10.1074/mcp.M500089-MCP200 . etal. free .

Notes and References

1. Amagai M, Wang Y, Minoshima S, Kawamura K, Green KJ, Nishikawa T, Shimizu N . Assignment of the human genes for desmocollin 3 (DSC3) and desmocollin 4 (DSC4) to chromosome 18q12 . Genomics . 25 . 1 . 330–2 . Jul 1995 . 7774948 . 10.1016/0888-7543(95)80154-E .
2. Buxton RS, Cowin P, Franke WW, Garrod DR, Green KJ, King IA, Koch PJ, Magee AI, Rees DA, Stanley JR . Nomenclature of the desmosomal cadherins . J Cell Biol . 121 . 3 . 481–3 . Jun 1993 . 8486729 . 2119574 . 10.1083/jcb.121.3.481 . etal.
3. Web site: Entrez Gene: DSC3 desmocollin 3.
4. Oshiro MM, Kim CJ, Wozniak RJ, Junk DJ, Muñoz-Rodríguez JL, Burr JA, Fitzgerald M, Pawar SC, Cress AE, Domann FE, Futscher BW . Epigenetic silencing of DSC3 is a common event in human breast cancer . Breast Cancer Res. . 7 . 5 . R669–80 . 2005 . 16168112 . 1242132 . 10.1186/bcr1273 . free .
5. Ayub M, Basit S, Jelani M, Ur Rehman F, Iqbal M, Yasinzai M, Ahmad W . A Homozygous Nonsense Mutation in the Human Desmocollin-3 (DSC3) Gene Underlies Hereditary Hypotrichosis and Recurrent Skin Vesicles . Am. J. Hum. Genet. . 85 . 4 . 515–20 . October 2009 . 19765682 . 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.08.015 . 2756559 .
6. Bonné S, Gilbert B, Hatzfeld M, Chen X, Green KJ, van Roy F . Defining desmosomal plakophilin-3 interactions . J. Cell Biol. . 161 . 2 . 403–16 . April 2003 . 12707304 . 2172904 . 10.1083/jcb.200303036 .