DGLUCY explained

DGLUCY (D-glutamate cyclase) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DGLUCY gene.^[1]

Orthologs

The human gene, DGLUCY, is highly conserved in mammals and birds.^[2] Orthologs gathered from BLAST and BLAT searches reveal that the human DGLUCY mRNA sequence is conserved with a sequence identity of 98% in chimpanzees, 88% in mice, and 81% in platypus and chicken.^{[3] [4]} The following table contains a list orthologs that were gathered from BLAST searches. Sequence alignments were performed using blastn to derive sequence identity, score, and E-values between the human c14orf159 variant 1 mRNA and its orthologs.

Genus and species	Common name	NCBI accession number	Sequence length (bp)	Sequence identity	Score	E-value
Homo sapiens	Human	NM_001102366	3164	100%		0
Pan troglodytes	Chimpanzee	XM_510121	2974	98%	4281	0
Mus musculus	Mouse	NM_145448	3231	88%	495	0
Ornithorhynchus anatinus	Platypus	XM_00154336.1	1962	81%	217	0
Gallus gallus	Chicken	XM_421319	3389	81	50	0	+ Human C14orf159 Orthologs-mRNA

The protein that the human gene DGLUCY encodes has been found to be highly conserved among mammals, birds, amphibians, fish, tunicates, cnidarians, and echinoderms. However, no protein orthologs have been found in nematodes, arthropods, fungi, protists, plants, bacteria, or archea. Fungi and bacteria contain the DUF1445 conserved domain which is found in human c14orf159 and its orthologs. BLAST and BLAT searches have been utilized to find orthologs to the c14orf159 protein. The following table lists protein orthologs for the human protein with sequence identity, sequence similarity, scores, and E-values derived from blastp sequence comparisons.^[5]

Genus and species	Common name	NCBI accession number	Sequence length-amino acids	Sequence identity	Sequence similarity	Score	E-value
Homo sapiens	Human	NP_001095839.1	564	100%	100%		0
Pan troglodytes	Chimpanzee	XP_510121.2	724	557/621 (89%)	561/621 (90%)	1109	0
Ailuropoda melanoleuca	Panda	EFB15996.1	585	413/585 (70%)	461/585 (78%)	824	0
Rattus norvegicus	Rat	XP_343096.2	618	423/618 (68%)	470/618 (76%)	774	0
Mus musculus	Mouse	NP_663423.2	617	414/623 (66%)	468/621 (75%)	796	0
Equus caballus	Horse	XP_001916913.1	581	390/585 (66%)	433/585 (74%)	728	6E-115
Ornithorhynchus anatinus	Platypus	XP_001514386.1	653	358/628 (57%)	443/628 (70%)	696	0
Gallus gallus	Chicken	XP_421319.2	617	330/614 (53%)	414/614 (67%)	630	0
Xenopus tropicalis	Western clawed frog	CAJ82045.1	616	302/611 (49%)	399/611 (65%)	582	1E-170
Danio rerio	Zebrafish	AAI244131.1	621	284/607 (46%)	386/607 (63%)	530	6E-155
Branchiostoma floridae	Lancelet	XP_002612376.1	615	237/611 (38%)	334/611 (54%)	397	6E-115
Ciona intestinalis	Vase tunicate	XP_001173256	486	161/501 (32%)	241/501 (48%)	244	5E-69
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus	California purple sea urchin	XP_782739.1	631	9/33 (27%)	15/33 (45%)	320	5E-87
Nematostella vectensis	Starlet sea anemone	XP_001637867	529	134/501 (26%)	211/501 (42%)	120	1E-31
+ Human C14orf159 Orthologs-protein

Post-translational modification

The protein product of the DGLUCY gene is predicted^[1] and was found^{[6] [7]} to be translocated to mitochondrion.

Post-translational modifications are predicted for the protein DGLUCY. All predicted sites in human DGLUCY were compared to orthologs using multiple sequence alignments to determine likelihood of modification.^{[8] [9] [10] [11] [12]}

Regulation

Estrogen receptor alpha, in the presence of estradiol, binds to the DGLUCY gene and likely regulates its expression.^[13]

Further reading

• Maruyama K, Sugano S . Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides . Gene . 138 . 1–2 . 171–4 . 1994 . 8125298 . 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8 .
• Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K . Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library . Gene . 200 . 1–2 . 149–56 . 1997 . 9373149 . 10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3 . etal.
• Hartley JL, Temple GF, Brasch MA . DNA Cloning Using In Vitro Site-Specific Recombination . Genome Res. . 10 . 11 . 1788–95 . 2001 . 11076863 . 10.1101/gr.143000 . 310948 .
• Wiemann S, Weil B, Wellenreuther R . Toward a Catalog of Human Genes and Proteins: Sequencing and Analysis of 500 Novel Complete Protein Coding Human cDNAs . Genome Res. . 11 . 3 . 422–35 . 2001 . 11230166 . 10.1101/gr.GR1547R . 311072 . etal.
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH . Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 99 . 26 . 16899–903 . 2003 . 12477932 . 10.1073/pnas.242603899 . 139241 . etal . 2002PNAS...9916899M. free .
• Clark HF, Gurney AL, Abaya E . The Secreted Protein Discovery Initiative (SPDI), a Large-Scale Effort to Identify Novel Human Secreted and Transmembrane Proteins: A Bioinformatics Assessment . Genome Res. . 13 . 10 . 2265–70 . 2003 . 12975309 . 10.1101/gr.1293003 . 403697 . etal.
• Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T . Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs . Nat. Genet. . 36 . 1 . 40–5 . 2004 . 14702039 . 10.1038/ng1285 . etal. free .
• Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA . The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC) . Genome Res. . 14 . 10B . 2121–7 . 2004 . 15489334 . 10.1101/gr.2596504 . 528928 . etal.
• Cheng J, Kapranov P, Drenkow J . Transcriptional maps of 10 human chromosomes at 5-nucleotide resolution . Science . 308 . 5725 . 1149–54 . 2005 . 15790807 . 10.1126/science.1108625 . 2005Sci...308.1149C . 13047538 . etal.
• Kimura K, Wakamatsu A, Suzuki Y . Diversification of transcriptional modulation: Large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes . Genome Res. . 16 . 1 . 55–65 . 2006 . 16344560 . 10.1101/gr.4039406 . 1356129 . etal.
• Mehrle A, Rosenfelder H, Schupp I . The LIFEdb database in 2006 . Nucleic Acids Res. . 34 . Database issue . D415–8 . 2006 . 16381901 . 10.1093/nar/gkj139 . 1347501 . etal.

Notes and References

1. Web site: Entrez Gene: C14orf159 chromosome 14 open reading frame 159.
2. BLAST. NCBI. accessed 19 April 2010. http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi
3. http://genome.ucsc.edu/ UCSC Genome Browser website, BLAT.
4. http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi BLAST. NCBI.
5. Blastp. NCBI. http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi
6. Web site: RZPD CloneID DKFZp686J0759 . Mehrle A, Rosenfelder H . LifeDB: Database for Localization, Interaction, Functional assays and Expression of Proteins . German Cancer Research Center .
7. Wiemann S, Arlt D, Huber W, Wellenreuther R, Schleeger S, Mehrle A, Bechtel S, Sauermann M, Korf U, Pepperkok R, Sültmann H, Poustka A . From ORFeome to Biology: A Functional Genomics Pipeline . Genome Res. . 14 . 10B . 2136–44 . October 2004 . 15489336 . 528930 . 10.1101/gr.2576704 .
8. Prediction of glycosylation across the human proteome and the correlation to protein function. Gupta, R. and S. Brunak. Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing, 7:310-322, 2002 .
9. Locating proteins in the cell using TargetP, SignalP, and related tools Olof Emanuelsson, Søren Brunak, Gunnar von Heijne, Henrik Nielsen Nature Protocols 2, 953-971 (2007) http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/SignalP/.
10. Scanning the available Dictyostelium discoideum proteome for O-linked GlcNAc glycosylation sites using neural networks. R. Gupta, E. Jung, A.A. Gooley, K.L. Williams, S. Brunak and J. Hansen. Glycobiology: 9(10):1009-22, 1999 http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/DictyOGlyc/.
11. Analysis and prediction of mammalian protein glycation. Morten Bo Johansen, Lars Kiemer and Søren Brunak Glycobiology, 16:844-853, 2006 http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetGlycate/.
12. Sulfinator. Expasy tools. 2010. http://expasy.org/tools/sulfinator/.
13. Creekmore AL, Ziegler YS, Bonéy JL, Nardulli AM . Estrogen receptor α regulates expression of the breast cancer 1 associated ring domain 1 (BARD1) gene through intronic DNA sequence . Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. . 267 . 1–2 . 106–15 . March 2007 . 17275994 . 1933484 . 10.1016/j.mce.2007.01.001 .