| German: italic=no|Deutsche Bahn AG | |
| Type: | State-owned enterprise (German: [[Aktiengesellschaft]]) |
| Hq Location: | Bahntower |
| Location City: | Berlin |
| Location Country: | Germany |
| Industry: | Rail transport, Logistics |
| Products: | Rail transport, cargo transport, services |
| Revenue: | €56.3 billion (2022)[1] |
| Area Served: | Europe |
| Predecessors: | Deutsche Reichsbahn (1949–1994) |
| Net Income: | €227 million (2022) |
| Num Employees: | 324,136 (2022) |
| Key People: | , CEO |
The German: italic=no|Deutsche Bahn AG (pronounced as /de/; abbreviated as DB or DB AG) is the national railway company of Germany, and a state-owned enterprise under the control of the German government. Headquartered in the Bahntower in Berlin, it is a joint-stock company (AG) and the largest railway company in the world.[2] [3] [4]
DB was founded after the merger between the Deutsche Bundesbahn and the East German Deutsche Reichsbahn in 1994 after the unification of Germany and has been operating ever since. German: italic=no|Deutsche Bahn is the second-largest transport company in Germany, after the German postal and logistics company German: italic=no|[[Deutsche Post]] / DHL. DB provides both long-distance and regional transport, serving around 132 million long distance passengers and 1.6 billion regional passengers in 2022. In 2022, DB transported 222 million tons of cargo.[5]
The group is divided into several companies, including DB Fernverkehr (long-distance passenger), DB Regio (local passenger services) and DB Cargo (rail freight). The Group subsidiary DB Netz also operates large parts of the German railway infrastructure, making it the largest rail network in Europe.
The company generates about half of its total revenue from operating rail transport, with the other half of the business comprising further transport and logistics businesses, as well as various service providers. The company generates further revenue through public transport contracts and support services for infrastructure maintenance and expansion. The Deutsche Bahn Group is divided into various organizational units that perform their tasks with subsidiaries.
DB Personenverkehr is the unit that manages passenger travel within Germany. Originally called German: italic=no|Reise & Touristik (English: Travel and Tourism), this group is responsible for the managing, servicing and running of German passenger services. This group is divided into German: italic=no|[[DB Fernverkehr]] and German: italic=no|[[DB Regio]].
See main article: DB Fernverkehr. German: italic=no|DB Fernverkehr AG is a semi-independent division of German: italic=no|Deutsche Bahn that operates long-distance passenger trains in Germany. It was founded in 1999 in the second stage of the privatisation of German Federal Railways under the name of German: italic=no|DB Reise & Touristik and renamed in 2003.
German: italic=no|DB Fernverkehr operates all Intercity Express and Intercity trains in Germany as well as in some neighboring countries and several EuroCity and EuroCityExpress trains throughout Europe. Unlike its sister companies German: italic=no|DB Regio and German: italic=no|DB Cargo, German: italic=no|DB Fernverkehr still holds a Latin: de facto monopoly in its segment of the market as it operates hundreds of trains per day, while all competitors' long-distance services combined amount to no more than 10–15 trains per day.
Additionally German: italic=no|DB Fernverkehr operated a few long-distance coach services throughout Germany, called German: italic=no|IC Bus, which since have been terminated.
See main article: DB Regio. DB Regio AG is the subsidiary of German: italic=no|Deutsche Bahn that operates passenger trains on short and medium distances in Germany. Unlike its long-distance counterpart, German: italic=no|DB Fernverkehr, it does not operate trains on its own account. Traffic is ordered and paid for by the German: italic=no|[[States of Germany|Bundesländer]] (states) or their respective regional train operation supervisors.
Some states have awarded long-term contracts to German: italic=no|DB Regio (usually 10 to 15 years), in others, DB Regio's operations are decreasing, in North Rhine-Westphalia, their market share is expected to be lower than 50%. German: italic=no|DB Regio rail services are divided into several regional companies:
The bus services consist of 25 bus companies, which have subsidiary companies themselves.
See main article: DB Cargo. The Transport and Logistics division acted in the market with the business units DB Schenker and DB Cargo, which were combined under the umbrella of DB Schenker, and the Intermodal division, which operates in combined transport. In 2016, rail freight transport was separated from logistics and DB Schenker Rail was renamed DB Cargo.
In cooperation with the logistics provider, DB also offers the transport of shipments weighing up to 20 kg on its EC/IC/ICE trains.[6]
The infrastructure division was divided into the DB Netz (rail infrastructure), DB Station&Service (stations and services) and DB Energie (Energy) business units. At the end of December 2023, DB Netz merged with DB Station&Service to create DB InfraGO AG. The new company is intended to reduce poor communication between the two previously separate infrastructure firms and to be more 'oriented towards the common good.' In fact, that is what the GO in InfraGO stands for in German: 'Gemeinwohlorientierte.' [7]
DB Engineering & Consulting, which is responsible for construction supervision, construction planning and maintenance, is also assigned to this department without being part of a business area. Via its subsidiary DB Engineering & Consulting, DB signed a memorandum of understanding with Iranian rail operator Bonyad Eastern Railways (BonRail) in May 2017 and shortly after a consulting contract with Islamic Republic of Iran Railways; both projects were abandoned after the United States imposed new sanctions against Iran and said firms doing business with Iran would be barred from doing business with the United States.[8]
The California High-Speed Rail Authority's (CHSRA) board approved on 15 November 2017 an early train operator contract with DB Engineering & Consulting USA.[9] The firm is the U.S. arm of Deutsche Bahn AG. As early train operator, DB Engineering & Consulting will assist CHSRA with planning, designing and implementing the state's high-speed rail program.
Deutsche Bahn purchased Arriva in August 2010 off the London Stock Exchange.[10] [11] To satisfy the European Commission, Arriva's German operations were rebranded Netinera and sold.[12] As of July 2022, Arriva operated 15,700 buses and 800 railway vehicles in 14 European countries, mainly in the United Kingdom and Ireland.[13] In 2019, Deutsche Bahn unsuccessfully tried to sell the business.[14] In October 2023, Deutsche Bahn agreed on terms to sell Arriva to I Squared Capital, with the transaction scheduled to be completed in 2024.[15] The sale was completed on 4 June 2024 at a reported price of £1.4bn.[16]
DB also has interests abroad, owning the United Kingdom's largest rail freight operator, DB Cargo UK, which also operates the British Royal Train[17] and also has interests in Eastern Europe. It is possible to obtain train times for any journey in Europe from German: italic=no|Deutsche Bahn's website.[18]
Trans-Eurasia Logistics is a joint venture with Russian Railways (RŽD) that operates container freight trains between Germany and China via Russia.
See also: History of rail transport in Germany.
See main article: Deutsche Reichsbahn. The railway network in Germany dates back to 1835 when the first tracks were laid on a 6km (04miles) route between Nuremberg and German: italic=no|Fürth. The Deutsche Reichsbahn operated from 1920[19] through the Weimar and Nazi eras until 1949,[20] when it was split between East and West Germany into two successor entities, Deutsche Reichsbahn and Deutsche Bundesbahn, respectively.[21] They remained separate throughout the Cold War era division of Germany, and joined after the 1989 fall of the Berlin Wall, and German reunification in 1990. On 1 January 1994 German: italic=no|[[Deutsche Reichsbahn (East Germany)|Deutsche Reichsbahn]] and German: italic=no|[[Deutsche Bundesbahn]] were merged to form one company, German: italic=no|Deutsche Bahn, the successor organisation to the Reichsbahn.[22] [23] [24] [25] At the same time, German: italic=no|Deutsche Bahn adopted its current logo and DB abbreviation. Kurt Weidemann modernised the logo and typographer German: italic=no|[[Erik Spiekermann]] designed a new corporate font known as DB Type. When Deutsche Bahn was formed in January 1994, it became a joint stock-company, and was designed to operate the railways of both the former East and West Germany after unification in October 1990 as a single, uniform, and private company.[26] There are three main periods of development in this unified German railway: its formation, its early years (1994–1999), and the period from 1999 to the present.
Originally, DBAG had its headquarters in German: italic=no|[[Frankfurt am Main]] but moved to German: italic=no|[[Potsdamer Platz]] in central Berlin in 1996, where it occupies a 26-storey office tower designed by German: italic=no|[[Helmut Jahn]] at the eastern end of the Sony Centre and named German: italic=no|[[Bahntower]]. As the lease was to expire in 2010, DB had announced plans to relocate to German: italic=no|[[Berlin Hauptbahnhof]], and in 2007 a proposal for a new headquarters by 3XN Architects won an architectural competition which also included Foster + Partners, French: [[Dominique Perrault]] and German: italic=no|[[Auer+Weber+Assoziierte|Auer + Weber]].[27] However, these plans were put on hold due to the financial crisis of 2008, and the German: italic=no|Bahntower lease was extended.[28] Construction of the new headquarters building was started in 2017 under the title "Cube Berlin" according to the designs by 3XN. Finished in February 2020, the Cube will house the legal offices of Deutsche Bahn, but not become the main headquarters.[29]
The second step of the German: italic=no|Bahnreform (railway reform) was carried out in 1999. All rolling stock, track, personnel, and real assets were divided between the subsidiaries of DBAG: German: italic=no|DB Reise & Touristik AG (long-distance passenger service, later renamed German: italic=no|DB Station & Service AG (operating the stations)). This new organisational scheme was introduced not least to implement European Community directive 91/440/EEC that requires open access operations on railway lines by companies other than those that own the rail infrastructure.
In December 2007, DB reorganised again, bringing all passenger services into its German: italic=no|[[DB Bahn]] arm, logistics under German: italic=no|[[DB Schenker]] and infrastructure and operations under German: italic=no|[[DB Netze]].
The DB is owned by the Federal Republic. By the Constitution, the Federal Republic is required to retain (directly or indirectly) a majority of the infrastructure (the present German: italic=no|DB Netze) stocks.
In 2008, it was agreed to "float" a portion of the business, meaning an end to the 100% share the German Federal Republic had in it, with a plan that 25% of the overall share would be sold to the private sector.[30] However the onset of the financial crisis of 2007–08 saw this cancelled.[31]
In 2014, the Jewish community of Thessaloniki demanded that the German: italic=no|Deutsche Bahn, which is the successor of the German: italic=no|[[Deutsche Reichsbahn]], should reimburse the heirs of Greek Holocaust victims of Thessaloniki for train fares that they were forced to pay for their deportation from Thessaloniki to German: italic=no|Auschwitz and Treblinka between March and August 1943.[32] [33]
In June 2018 controversy grew in the United Kingdom over widespread cancellations of railway services and numerous delayed services operated by Deutsche Bahn in Britain, under its Northern brand. This resulted in Britain's Minister of Transport, Chris Grayling, setting up an enquiry into whether the Deutsche Bahn subsidiary had breached its contractual agreement to provide railway services in the north of England. He warned that if the company was found to be in breach of its contractual agreements it could be banned from running railway services in the United Kingdom.[34]
Trains in Germany are classified by their stopping pattern, average speed and level of comfort provided:[35]
Just as ICE, EC and (few) IC cross European borders, train categories of other operators cross into Germany and are operated in cooperation with Deutsche Bahn:
There are several other operators in Germany which sometimes offer other categories, also, a local transport authority or tariff associations might brand the trains in a different way than DB does. For example, in the Nuremberg region, RE and RB trains are not differentiated, but called R instead. In some regions, such as German: italic=no|[[Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg]], private operators do use the RE and RB labels, in others, such as Saxony, they do not. In online and print information systems of DB, private trains officially labelled RB and RE by their operators, might get a different label, for example "ABR" for trains operated by Abellio, though on platforms, trains and maps or timetables issued by the local transport authority overseeing regional train services, these abbreviations usually do not appear.
DB offers two different pricing models for single or return tickets for routes that include long-distance trains:
Ticket prices generally rise degressively over distance, particularly for Sparpreise and Supersparpreise. Therefore, putting connecting local trains or excursions planned for the next morning on the same ticket is usually of advantage. Seat reservations are included only for first class tickets and seating capacity is not always assured, even for tickets valid on one particular connection only. Local trains (S, RB, RE, IRE) also accept tickets issued by local transport associations, which can also be used on buses, trams, and U-Bahn trains.
DB offers concessionary fares with the BahnCard discount cards, which are available as BahnCard 25 (25% discount on Flexpreis and Sparpreis), BahnCard 50 (50% discount on Flexpreis and 25% discount on Sparpreis), and BahnCard 100 (unlimited travel on all Deutsche Bahn trains, a few private train companies and also in many local transport associations).
Other special tickets, such as the Länder-Tickets ("state tickets"), which give unlimited journeys on local trains and in many transport associations within a state, and Interrail are also available. These Länder-Tickets offer group tickets, where up to five people can travel on a single ticket.[37]
Regular travellers usually use weekly, monthly or annual passes for their connection or region; day or sometimes weekend passes exist in local transport primarily.
The price system applies to some international destinations from Germany similarly, when bought at Deutsche Bahn, but it is often advisable to compare prices of the respective train operators involved.